1/26/2016

DesignandModelViewController
CSC216

CSC216:ProgrammingConceptsSarahHeckman 1

Design
Goal:decidethestructureofthesoftwareandthe
hardwareconfigurationsthatsupportit.
Howindividualclassesandsoftwarecomponentswork
togetherinthesoftwaresystem
Smallprograms:~10classesandinterfaces
Mediumprograms:1000sofclassesandinterfaces
Designforsingleuserapplicationsdifferentfromweb
applicationsandmobileapplications
SoftwareArtifacts:designdocuments,classdiagrams,
otherUMLdiagrams

CSC216:ProgrammingConceptsSarahHeckman 2

1
 1/26/2016

OODesign
Discoverclasses(andtheirstate)
Whataretheusefulentitiesorconceptsinyour
projectrequirements?
Determinetheresponsibilitiesofeachclass
Whatshouldyourclassdo?Howdoesyouclass
manipulateitsdata?
Describetherelationshipsbetweentheclasses
Doclasseshaveinstancesofotherclasses?Doesa
methodofaclassneedtouseaninstanceofanother
class?
CSC216:ProgrammingConceptsSarahHeckman 3

FindingCandidateClassesandMethods
CandidateClasses(andstate)
Nouns
Youwilldetermineifthenounisanappropriate
objectorappropriatestate
CandidateMethods
Verbs
Youwilldeterminewhatclassthemethodismost
appropriatefor.
UseCRCcardstohelpidentifycandidateclasses

CSC216:ProgrammingConceptsSarahHeckman 4

2
 1/26/2016

UniversityRegistrationSystem
UniversityXYZhasthreetypesofstudents:
undergraduates,masters,andPhDs.All
studentscanregisterforcoursesusingthe
RegistrationSystem.

CSC216:ProgrammingConceptsSarahHeckman 5

UML
UML:UnifiedModelingLanguage
Modelsobjectorientedsoftware
Convergencefromthreeearliermodelinglanguages
OMT(JamesRumbaugh)
OOSE(Ivar Jacobson)
Booch (GradyBooch)

OverseenbytheObjectMentorGroup(OMG):
(www.omg.org)

CSC216:ProgrammingConceptsSarahHeckman 6

3
 1/26/2016

TypesofUMLDiagrams
UseCaseDiagrams
ClassDiagrams
SequenceDiagram
StateChartDiagram

CSC216:ProgrammingConceptsSarahHeckman 7

UseCaseDiagrams
Howthesystemprovidesservice(s)totheactors
thatwilluseit
Enter Player
Info

Visit Jail
Go to Jail
Pass Go Go to Free
Cell Parking
extend extend
extend extend

Roll Dice
Move include include
Player include
extend
Play More Than
One Turn in a
Purchase Round
Tradable Cell include
extend avoid
extend Switch Turn
include
Pay Rent

include
Draw Card

View Information
include
Bad Player
Trade
Buy House include
Get Out
of Jail
CSC216:ProgrammingConceptsSarahHeckman 8

4
 1/26/2016

ClassDiagrams
Classesandrelationshipsbetweenthem

CSC216:ProgrammingConceptsSarahHeckman 9

SequenceDiagram
Sequenceofactions(methodcalls)tocompleteascenario

CSC216:ProgrammingConceptsSarahHeckman 10

5
 1/26/2016

StateChartDiagrams
Howanobjectchangesstatewhenperformingatask

CSC216:ProgrammingConceptsSarahHeckman 11

CreatingUMLDiagrams
Commercialoropensourcetools
MicrosoftVisio
CommercialEclipsePlugins
VioletUML(opensource)
Dia (freeware)

CSC216:ProgrammingConceptsSarahHeckman 12

6
 1/26/2016

ClassDiagramsinDepth

CSC216:ProgrammingConceptsSarahHeckman 13

Classes

Name

State

Behaviors

CSC216:ProgrammingConceptsSarahHeckman 14

7
 1/26/2016

Classes

Name

State

Behaviors

CSC216:ProgrammingConceptsSarahHeckman 15

Generalization(isa)
Generalizationrelationshipsshowinheritance
Thechildclassesinheritthestateandbehavior
oftheparentclass
AnUndergraduateStudent isaStudent!

ParentClass

ChildClass

CSC216:ProgrammingConceptsSarahHeckman 16

8
 1/26/2016

Composition(hasa)
Compositioniswhenoneclasshasaninstanceofanotherclass
Fields
Parameters
ManywaystomodelinUMLdependingontypeofcomposition
relationship
Inassignments,requiringacompositionrelationshipmeans
thereMUSTbeahasarelationshipinthediagram
ItdoesnthavetousethecompositionUMLconnectorofasoliddiamond
Itmaybemodeledusingassociation(arrow)oraggregation(open
diamond)connectors

CSC216:ProgrammingConceptsSarahHeckman 17

Indicated by a solid arrow line from

Association the source class to the target class
Can be bi-directional represented
Connectors by lines without arrow heads

has-a

Dont usually put the

association down as an
attribute in the class

CSC326:SoftwareEngineeringNCStateSoftwareEngineeringFaculty L13 18

9
 1/26/2016

Properties:Attributesvs.Associations
Ifattributesandassociationsareessentiallythesame
thing,whenshouldIuseeachone?
Attributes
Smallthings(Strings,primitives,Dates,etc.)
Partofexistinglibrary
Immutablevalueobjects
Associations
Significantclasses
Partofwhatwillbeimplemented
Mutablereferences

CSC326:SoftwareEngineeringNCStateSoftwareEngineeringFaculty L13 19

Aggregationvs.CompositionConnectors
WholePartRelationship
Aggregation:strongerassociation(unidirectional)
Ex.Adept containsasetofemployees
Ex.Afacultycontainsasetofteachers
Awhitediamondattheendoftheassociationnexttothe
aggregateclass
Thepartcanexistseparatefromthewhole
Composition:strongeraggregation(unidirectional)
Ex.Invoice InvoiceLine
Ablackdiamondontheendofassociationnexttothe
compositeclass
Thepartcannotexistseparatefromthewhole

CSC326:SoftwareEngineeringNCStateSoftwareEngineeringFaculty L13 20

10
 1/26/2016

CompositionRelationship

Aggregation

Dependency
Association

CSC216:ProgrammingConceptsSarahHeckman 21

Relationships Interface

Implements

Composition
AbstractMethod

Abstract
Association Class
Inheritance

Dependency

CSC216:ProgrammingConceptsSarahHeckman 22

11
 1/26/2016

EvaluatingaClass/ClassDiagram
1. Intentionrevealingnaming:Doesthenameoftheobject
conveyitsabstractions?Doestheabstractionhaveanatural
meaninganduseinthedomain?
2. SingleResponsibility:Dothename,mainresponsibility
statementdataandfunctionsalign?

??

CSC326:SoftwareEngineeringNCStateSoftwareEngineeringFaculty L13 23

SequenceDiagrams
Howobjectscollaboratewithinaspecified
scenario
Behavioroftheobjects
Sequenceofmethodcalls
Anobjectslifetimeisrepresentedvertically
Arectangle(activationbar)representswhenthe
objectisactive
Methodisonthestack

CSC216:ProgrammingConceptsSarahHeckman 24

12
 1/26/2016

SequenceDiagrams(2)
Messagesarepassedbetweenobjectsusinga
solidarrow
Messagesmaybepassedwithinanobject(selfcall)
Returnmessagespointbacktothecallingobject
andareshownindashedarrows
Drawingsequencediagramshelpdevelopers
understandhowtoimplementascenario.

CSC216:ProgrammingConceptsSarahHeckman 25

SequenceDiagram

CSC216:ProgrammingConceptsSarahHeckman 26

13
 1/26/2016

DesignPatterns
Eachpatterndescribesaproblemwhichoccurs
overandoveragaininourenvironment,and
thendescribesthecoreofthesolutiontothat
problem,insuchawaythatyoucanusethis
solutionamilliontimesover,withouteverdoing
itthesamewaytwice.
ChristopherAlexander

CSC216:ProgrammingConceptsSarahHeckman 27

DesignPatterns(2)
Descriptionsofcommunicatingobjectsand
classes
Participatingclasses
Rolesandcollaborations
Distributionofresponsibilities
Customizedtosolveageneraldesignproblemin
aspecificcontext

CSC216:ProgrammingConceptsSarahHeckman 28

14
 1/26/2016

WhyDesignPatterns?
Dontneedtostartfromscratchtosolvea
programmingproblem
Reuseprevioususefulideas
Designpatternsaretheclosestthingwehaveto
aDesignHandbookforsoftwareengineering

Designpatternsarenotasilverbullet!!!
SometimesthebestdesignsdoNOTrequire
designpatterns!!!
CSC216:ProgrammingConceptsSarahHeckman 29

TheGangofFour
THEbookonDesignPatterns
23designpatterns
Moreinliterature
BookfocusesonC++,butwe
haveanonlinereferencefor
Java

Patternsarefound,not
created!
CSC216:ProgrammingConceptsSarahHeckman 30

15
 1/26/2016

PatternFamilies
Creational:processofobjectcreation
Singleton
Structural:compositionofclassesorobjects
Behavioral:waysinwhichclassesorobjects
interactanddistributeresponsibility
State/Strategy
Command

CSC216:ProgrammingConceptsSarahHeckman 31

ModelViewController(MVC)
Isolatesbusinessordomainlogicfromtheinputand
presentation
Model:dataunderlyingtheapplication
Changesinstaterequirenotifyingtheview
Modelabstractsthedatastorage(DB,POJOs,etc.)
View:UI
Amodelmayhavemanyviews
Controller:receivesinputandinitiatesresponsebycallingmodel

CSC216:ProgrammingConceptsSarahHeckman 32

16
 1/26/2016

MVCinWebApps
View:HTMLorXHTML
Controller:GETorPOSTinput
GivestheGETorPOSTinformationtotheobjects
Model:underlyingdomainlogic

CSC216:ProgrammingConceptsSarahHeckman 33

MVCinJava
View/Controller:verytightlycoupled
GUIApplications
View(howtheobjectispresented)andcontroller(how
eventsontheobjectareprocessed)belongtooneUI
object
Usegenericcomponents(i.e.JButton),whichdelegateto
theunderlyinglookandfeel(i.e.theoperatingsystem)
ConsoleApplications
View(consoleprompts)andcontroller(howuserinputis
processed)typicallybelongtoone(ormore)UIobjects.
Model:underlyingdomainlogic
CSC216:ProgrammingConceptsSarahHeckman 34

17
 1/26/2016

DesignBestPractices
Classesshouldhavecohesion
Theextenttowhichthecodeforaclassrepresentsasingle
abstraction
Degreetowhichthemembersofaclassarerelatedtothe
generalpurposeoftheclass
Allowsforreusabilityoftheclassinotherprograms
Examples:
Student:onlycontainsinformationrelevanttoastudent
Courses:onlycontainsinformationrelevanttocourses

CSC216:ProgrammingConceptsSarahHeckman 35

DesignBestPractices(2)
Aprogramshouldhavelowcoupling
Aconnectionbetweentwoclassesisadependencyor
coupling
Instanceofanobjectintheclass
Callanotherclasstocompleteatask
Internalcoupling:modifyinganotherclassdata avoidif
possible!
Parametercoupling:usingservicesprovidedbyanotherclass
unavoidable
Highlycoupledprogramsaredifficulttowriteand
maintain

CSC216:ProgrammingConceptsSarahHeckman 36

18
 1/26/2016

DesignBestPractices(3)
Dataandbehaviorshouldbeencapsulated
withinaclassorapackage
Usepackagestogrouptogethercommon
functionality
Example:InanAndroidapplication,allActivitiesarepart
oftheactivitypackage
Informationhiding:makedatamembersprivate
Detailsaboutimplementationarehiddenwithin
classandonlyexposedwithpublicmembers

CSC216:ProgrammingConceptsSarahHeckman 37

References
LaurieWilliams,UMLClassDiagramSlides:
http://agile.csc.ncsu.edu/SEMaterials/UMLClass
Diagrams.pdf
http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/rational/l
ibrary/content/RationalEdge/sep04/bell/
M.Fowler,UMLDistilled,ThirdEdition,Addison
Wesley,Boston,2004.

CSC216:ProgrammingConceptsSarahHeckman 38

19