TOPIC 2

PROJECT LIFE
CYCLE

Understand Project Life

Cycle and its phases

a. Diagram
b. Characteristics
c. Explanation
Diagram of Project Lifecycle
 Characteristics of project life cycle
1. Cost and staffing levels ( Kos dan tahap pengambilan pekerja)
The concentration of cost and staffing are slight at the beginning, increasing toward the
completion and decreasing rapidly toward the finishing of the project.

2. Adding value (Nilai tambah untuk kawalan kos hingga projek siap)
The ability to control costs and add value to the projects output is at its greatest during
the Conceptual Phase and at its least during the Finishing Phase.

3. Probability of project success (Kemungkinan kejayaan projek)

At the start of the project, the chance of successfully completing the project is lowest;
therefore, the risk and uncertainty are highest. The likelihood of successful completion
generally gets progressively higher as the project continues.

4. Potential savings and cost to change (Potensi penyimpanan dan

perubahan kos)
As a project progresses, the cost of alteration or addition increases. The earlier in the project
life cycle that errors are identified, the cheaper they are to correct. As the project progresses,
the ability to achieve savings diminishes. Similarly, the cost to change increases as the
project progresses through the Project Life Cycle.
Characteristics of project life cycle
5. Ability of stakeholders influence (Kebolehan aliran pemegang
saham)
Generally, at the start of the project, the stakeholders are able to influence the final
characteristics of the projects outcome and the final cost of the project.

6. Uncertainty and financial commitment (Komitmen kewangan dan

kemungkinan)
The level of uncertainty and risk is highest during the Conceptual and Development
Phases and, as more information about the project is known, it will gradually be
reduced through the Execution Phase. Unlike financial commitment, it is usually lower
during the initial phases and much higher during the Execution Phase.

7. Production of information (informasi pengeluaran)

The information developed during the Conceptual and Development Phases will be
used in the Execution and Finishing Phases. Thus, it is important to ensure that the
project management information system and communication plans are established
early
 Explain the phases of
project lifecycle
1. INITIATION AND THE BASIC PROCESSES
i. Project document
The Project Initiation Document provides a reference point throughout the
project for both the customer and the Project Team.
A Project Initiation Document often contains the following

Project Goals

Scope

Project Organization

Business Case

Constraints
ii. Project feasibility document
To provide insight to the purpose and process of conduct project feasibility studies
and/or business cases as a necessary prelude to approving the commencement of a
project of any type or size. The workshop will demonstrated the relationship of
feasibility studies to the project initiation phase and to the determination of project fit
with corporate goals and objectives.
The feasibility study model
The technical feasibility process
The market feasibility process
The financial/economic feasibility process
Other feasibility considerations

Work force impact

Community/social/public relations impacts

Political impact

Feasibility discussion workshops

Products of the feasibility study/business case processes
iii. Project concept document
The Project Concept Document provides an understanding of what the project, if
initiated, is designed to accomplish or produce. It involves an in-depth understanding
of why an agency is interested in spending money and applying resources to undertake
a new project. The Project Concept Document and its
inputs are described in detail in this subsection.
iv. Project charter
The project charter establishes the authority assigned to the project manager,
especially in a matrix management environment. It is considered industry best
practice.

The purpose of the project charter is to document:

Reasons for undertaking the project

Objectives and constraints of the project

Directions concerning the solution

Identities of the main stakeholders

In-scope and out-of-scope items

High level risk management plan

Communication plan

Target project benefits

High level budget and spending authority
The three main uses of the project charter are:
To authorize the project - using a comparable format, projects can be
ranked and authorized by Return on Investment.
Serves as the primary sales document for the project - ranking stakeholders
have a 1-2 page summary to distribute, present, and keep handy for fending
off other project or operations runs at project resources.
Serves as a focal point throughout the project. For example, it is a baseline
that can be used in team meetings and in change control meetings to assist
with scope management.
2. PROJECT PLANNING
Management planning process. Consider the five steps you might take to plan a
career.
1. Set a career goal, such as work as a management consultant.
2. Analyze the situation to assess your skills and to determine the prospects.
3. Determine your alternative courses of actionthe paths you might follow
(college
major, summer experiences, etc.) to reach your goal.
4. Evaluate your alternatives.
5. Finally, formulate your plan (including a budget).

Project scope definition is a core project planning process (see figure 6.x). It
involves identifying and describing the work that is needed to produce the
product of the project in sufficient detail to ensure that:

The project team understands what it must do.

All of the reasonably knowable project work has been identified.

Appropriate management controls can be applied.

3. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION @ EXECUTION
Nearly all good process improvement advice emphasizes that process improve-ment
must be run like a project, with a project manager, plan, resources, and the other
essentials for any project. This includes having a good plan and tailoring a set of
process descriptions for the implementation project. Activities include the following:
i Create Implementation Plan. The organization must create a process
improvement implementation plan that includes the tasks in this list, an appro-
priate time frame for each, and the resources needed. Tailor the organizations
project management process to apply to the process groups project for
implementing processes. (If this process is unusable, that is a good signal that it
needs to be improved first.) Be sure to identify and mitigate implementation risks.
Follow the plan in implementing processes. Periodically revisit the plan and make
adjustments as needed.
ii Track Progress. In addition, the process improvement group must track the
progress of the process improvement effort against that plan. Are the planned
resources being provided? Are training courses and audits being held?
Not only is tracking required to keep the project moving toward its goals, but new
appraisal requirements [CMMI 2001] designate the organizations own assessment
of its implementation progress is an important input into a Capability Maturity
Model -Integrated (CMMI) appraisal.
Capability Maturity Model and CMMI are registered in the U.S. Patent and
Trademark Office. SCAMPISM is a service mark of Carnegie Mellon University.
4. PROJECT CLOSURE
The Project Closure Phase is the fourth and last phase in the project life
cycle. In this phase, you will formally close your project and then report its
overall level of success to your sponsor.
Project Closure involves handing over the deliverables to your customer,
passing the documentation to the business, cancelling supplier contracts,
releasing staff and equipment, and informing stakeholders of the closure of
the project.
After the project has been closed, a Post Implementation Review is
completed to determine the projects success and identify the lessons
learned.
The activities taken to close a project and the templates which help you to
complete each activity, are shown in the following diagram. Click the links
below to learn how these templates can help you to close projects efficiently.
Activities

Perform
Project Closure
2.
Review
Project Completion