Problems

Section 3-2 Kirchhoff’s Laws

P3.2-1

Apply KCL at node a to get 2 + 1 = i + 4 ⇒ i = -1 A

The current and voltage of element B adhere to the passive convention so (12)(-1) = -12 W is
power received by element B. The power supplied by element B is 12 W.

Apply KVL to the loop consisting of elements D, F, E, and C to get

4 + v + (-5) – 12 = 0 ⇒ v = 13 V

The current and voltage of element F do not adhere to the passive convention so (13)(1) = 13 W
is the power supplied by element F.

Check: The sum of the power supplied by all branches is

-(2)(-12) + 12 – (4)(12) + (1)(4) + 13 – (-1)(-5) = 24 +12 – 48 + 4 +13 –5 = 0

P3.2-2

Apply KCL at node a to get 2 = i2 + 6 = 0 ⇒ i2 = −4 A

Apply KCL at node b to get 3 = i4 + 6 ⇒ i4 = -3 A

Apply KVL to the loop consisting of elements A and B to get

-v2 – 6 = 0 ⇒ v2 = -6 V

Apply KVL to the loop consisting of elements C, D, and A to get

-v3 – (-2) – 6 = 0 ⇒ v4 = -4 V

Apply KVL to the loop consisting of elements E, F and D to get

4 – v6 + (-2) = 0 ⇒ v6 = 2 V

Check: The sum of the power supplied by all branches is

−(6)(2) – (-6)(-4) – (-4)(6) + (-2)(-3) + (4)(3) + (2)(-3) = -12 - 24 + 24 + 6 + 12 – 6 = 0

P3.2-3
KVL : −12 − R 2 (3) + v = 0 (outside loop)
v − 12
v = 12 + 3R 2 or R 2 =
3
12
KCL i+ − 3 = 0 (top node)
R1
12 12
i = 3− or R1 =
R1 3−i

(a) v = 12 + 3 ( 3) = 21 V
12
i = 3− =1 A
6
(b) 2 − 12 10 12
R2 = = − Ω ; R1 = =8Ω
3 3 3 − 1.5
(checked using LNAP 8/16/02)
(c) 24 = − 12 i, because 12 and i adhere to the passive convention.
12
∴ i = − 2 A and R1 = = 2.4 Ω
3+ 2
9 = 3v, because 3 and v do not adhere to the passive convention
3 − 12
∴ v = 3V and R 2 = = −3 Ω
3
The situations described in (b) and (c) cannot occur if R1 and R2 are required to be
nonnegative.
P3.2-4
12
i = =2A
1 6
20
i = = 5A
2 4
i = 3−i = − 2 A
3 2
i = i +i = 3A
4 2 3

Power absorbed by the 4 Ω resistor = 4 ⋅ i 2 = 100 W

2
Power absorbed by the 6 Ω resistor = 6 ⋅ i 2 = 24 W
1
2
Power absorbed by the 8 Ω resistor = 8 ⋅ i = 72 W
4 (checked using LNAP 8/16/02)

P3.2-5
v1 = 8 V
v2 = −8 + 8 + 12 = 12 V
v3 = 2⋅ 4 = 8 V
v2
4Ω : P = 3 = 16 W
4
v22
6Ω : P = = 24 W
6
v2
8Ω : P = 1 = 8 W
(checked using LNAP 8/16/02) 8

P3.2-6

P2 mA = − ⎡⎣3 × ( 2 ×10−3 ) ⎤⎦ = −6 × 10−3 = −6 mW

P1 mA = − ⎡⎣ −7 × (1×10−3 ) ⎤⎦ = 7 × 10−3 = 7 mW

(checked using LNAP 8/16/02)

P3.2-7

P2 V = + ⎡⎣ 2 × (1× 10−3 ) ⎤⎦ = 2 × 10−3 = 2 mW

P3 V = + ⎡⎣3 × ( −2 × 10−3 ) ⎤⎦ = −6 × 10−3 = −6 mW

(checked using LNAP 8/16/02)

P3.2-8

KCL: iR = 2 + 1 ⇒ iR = 3 A
KVL: vR + 0 − 12 = 0 ⇒ vR = 12 V
vR 12
∴ R= = =4Ω
iR 3

(checked using LNAP 8/16/02)

P3.2-9

KVL: vR + 56 + 24 = 0 ⇒ vR = −80 V
KCL: iR + 8 = 0 ⇒ iR = −8 A
vR −80
∴ R= = = 10 Ω
iR −8

(checked using LNAP 8/16/02)

P3.2-10

KCL at node b: 5.61 3.71 − 5.61 12 − 5.61 −1.9

= + ⇒ 0.801 = + 1.278
7 R1 5 R1
1.9
⇒ R1 = = 3.983 ≈ 4 Ω
1.278 − 0.801

3.71 3.71 − 5.61 3.71 − 12 −8.29

KCL at node a: + + = 0 ⇒ 1.855 + ( −0.475 ) + =0
2 4 R2 R2
8.29
⇒ R2 = = 6.007 ≈ 6 Ω
1.855 − 0.475

(checked using LNAP 8/16/02)

P3.2-11
The subscripts suggest a numbering of the sources. Apply KVL to get

v1 = v 2 + v 5 + v 9 − v 6

i1 and v1 do not adhere to the passive convention, so

p 1 = i1 v 1 = i1 ( v 2 + v 5 + v 9 − v 6 )

is the power supplied by source 1. Next, apply KCL to get

i 2 = − ( i1 + i 4 )

i 2 and v 2 do not adhere to the passive convention, so

 p 2 = i 2 v 2 = − ( i1 + i 4 ) v 2

is the power supplied by source 2. Next, apply KVL to get

v3 = v6 − (v5 + v9 )

i 3 and v 3 adhere to the passive convention, so

(
p 3 = −i 3 v 3 = −i 3 v 6 − ( v 5 + v 9 ) )
is the power supplied by source 3. Next, apply KVL to get

v 4 = v 2 + v5 + v8

i 4 and v 4 do not adhere to the passive convention, so

p 4 = i4 v 4 = i4 (v 2 + v5 + v8 )

is the power supplied by source 4. Next, apply KCL to get

( )
i 5 = i 3 − i 2 = i 3 − − ( i1 + i 4 ) = i1 + i 3 + i 4

i 5 and v 5 adhere to the passive convention, so

p 5 = −i 5 v 5 = − ( i 1 + i 3 + i 4 ) v 5

is the power supplied by source 5. Next, apply KCL to get

i 6 = i 7 − ( i1 + i 3 )

i 6 and v 6 adhere to the passive convention, so

(
p 6 = −i 6 v 6 = − i 7 − ( i 1 + i 3 ) v 6)
is the power supplied by source 6. Next, apply KVL to get

v 7 = −v 6

i 7 and v 7 adhere to the passive convention, so

 p 7 = − i 7 v 7 = −i 7 ( − v 6 ) = i 7 v 6

is the power supplied by source 7. Next, apply KCL to get

i 8 = −i 4

i 8 and v 8 do not adhere to the passive convention, so

p 8 = i 8 v 8 = ( −i 4 ) v 8 = − i 4 v 8

is the power supplied by source 8. Finally, apply KCL to get

i 9 = i1 + i 3

i 9 and v 9 adhere to the passive convention, so

p 9 = −i 9 v 9 = − ( i 1 + i 3 ) v 9

is the power supplied by source 9.

9
(Check: ∑p
n =1
n = 0 .)

P3.2-12
The subscripts suggest a numbering of the circuit elements. Apply KCL to get

i 2 + 0.2 + 0.3 = 0 ⇒ i 2 = −0.5 A

The power received by the 6 Ω resistor is

p 2 = 6 i 2 2 = 6 ( −0.5 ) = 1.5 W
2

Next, apply KCL to get

i 5 = 0.2 + 0.3 + 0.5 = 1.0 A

The power received by the 8 Ω resistor is

p 5 = 8 i 5 2 = 8 (1) = 8 W
2
Next, apply KVL to get

v 7 = 15 V

The power received by the 20 Ω resistor is

v 72 15 2
p7 = = = 11.25 W
20 20

is the power supplied by source 7. Finally, apply KCL to get

i 9 = 0.2 + 0.5 = 0.7 A

The power received by the 5 Ω resistor is

p 9 = 5 i 9 2 = 5 ( 0.7 ) = 2.45 W
2

P3.2-13
We can label the circuit as follows:

The subscripts suggest a numbering of the circuit elements. Apply KCL at node b to get

i 4 + 0.25 + 0.75 = 0 ⇒ i 4 = −1.0 A

Next, apply KCL at node d to get

i 3 = i 4 + 0.25 = −1.0 + 0.25 = −0.75 A

Next, apply KVL to the loop consisting of the voltage source and the 60 Ω resistor to get

v 2 − 15 = 0 ⇒ v 2 = 15 V
Apply Ohm’s law to each of the resistors to get

v2 15
i2 = = = 0.25 A ,
60 60

v 3 = 10 i 3 = 10 ( −0.75 ) = −7.5 V
and
v 4 = 20 i 4 = 20 ( −1) = −20 V

Next, apply KCL at node c to get

i1 + i 2 = i 3 ⇒ i1 = i 3 − i 2 = −0.75 − 0.25 = −1.0 A

Next, apply KVL to the loop consisting of the 0.75 A current source and three resistors to get

v 6 − v 4 − v 3 − v 2 = 0 ⇒ v 6 = v 4 + v 3 + v 2 = −20 + (−7.5) + 15 = −12.5 V

Finally, apply KVL to the loop consisting of the 0.25 A current source and the 20 Ω resistor to
get
v 5 + v 4 = 0 ⇒ v 5 = −v 4 = − ( −20 ) = 20 V

(Checked: LNAPDC 8/28/04)

P3.2-14
We can label the circuit as follows:

The subscripts suggest a numbering of the

circuit elements. Apply KCL at node b to get

i1 + 1.5 = 0 ⇒ i1 = −1.5 A

Apply KCL at node d to get

i 5 + 0.5 = 1.5 ⇒ i 5 = 1.0 A

Apply KCL at node f to get

i 8 + 0.5 = 0 ⇒ i 8 = −0.5 A

Apply Ohm’s law to each of the 10 Ω resistors to get

 v1 = 10 i1 = 10 ( −1.5 ) = −15 V , v 5 = 10 i 5 = 10 (1) = 10 V and v 8 = 10 i 8 = 10 ( −0.5 ) = −5 V

Apply KVL to the loop consisting of the voltage sources and the 25 Ω resistor to get

−5 + 15 + v 4 = 0 ⇒ v 4 = −10 V

Apply Ohm’s law to the 25 Ω resistor to get

v4 −10
i4 = = = −0.4 A
25 25
Apply KCL at node a to get

i1 + i 2 = i 4 ⇒ i 2 = i 4 − i1 = −0.4 − (−1.5) = 1.1 A

Apply KCL at node e to get

i 6 + i8 = i 4 ⇒ i 6 = i 4 − i 8 = −0.4 − (−0.5) = 0.1 A

Apply KVL to the loop consisting of the 1.5 A current source, the 5 V voltage source and two 10
Ω resistors to get

v1 + v 3 − v 5 + 5 = 0 ⇒ v 3 = −5 + v 5 − v1 = −5 + 10 − ( −15) = 20 V

Finally, apply KVL to the loop consisting of the 0.5 A current source, the 15 V voltage source
and two 10 Ω resistors to get

v 7 + v 8 − 15 + v 5 = 0 ⇒ v 7 = 15 − ( v 5 + v 8 ) = 15 − (10 + ( −5 ) ) = 10 V

(Checked: LNAPDC 8/28/04)

P3.2-15
We can label the circuit as shown.

The subscripts suggest a numbering of the

circuit elements. Apply KVL to node the left
mesh to get

20
15 i1 + 25 i1 − 20 = 0 ⇒ i1 = = 0.5 A
40

Apply KVL to node the left mesh to get

 v 2 − 25 i1 = 0 ⇒ v 2 = 25 i1 = 25 ( 0.5 ) = 12.5 V

Apply KCL to get i m = i 2 . Finally, apply Ohm’s law to the 50 Ω resistor to get

v2 12.5
im = i2 = = = 0.25 A
50 50

(Checked: LNAPDC 9/1/04)

P3.2-16
We can label the circuit as shown.

The subscripts suggest a numbering of the

circuit elements. Ohm’s law to the 8 Ω resistor
to get
v1
i1 =
8

Apply KCL at the top node of the CCCS to get

v1
i1 + 0.25 v1 = i 2 ⇒ i 2 = i1 + 0.25 v1 = + 0.25 v1 = 0.375 v1
8

Ohm’s law to the 12 Ω resistor to get

v 2 = 12 i 2 = 12 ( 0.375 v1 ) = 4.5 v1

Apply KVL to the outside loop to get

20
v1 + v 2 − 20 = 0 ⇒ v1 + 4.5 v1 = 20 ⇒ v1 = = 3.636 V
5.5

Apply KCL to get i m = i 2 . Finally,

i m = i 2 = 0.375 v1 = 0.375 ( 3.636 ) = 1.634 A

(Checked: LNAPDC 9/1/04)

P3.2-17
We can label the circuit as shown.

The subscripts suggest a numbering of the

circuit elements. Ohm’s law to the 48 Ω
resistor to get
v1 = 48 i1

Apply KCL at the top node of the CCCS to get

i1 + 5 i1 = i 2 ⇒ i 2 = 6 i1

Ohm’s law to the 4 Ω resistor to get

v m = 4 i 2 = 4 ( 6 i1 ) = 24 i1

Apply KVL to the outside loop to get

24 1
v1 + v m − 24 = 0 ⇒ 48 i1 + 24 i1 = 24 ⇒ i1 = = A
72 3

Finally,
⎛1⎞
v m = 24 i1 = 24 ⎜ ⎟ = 8 V
⎝ 3⎠

(Checked: LNAPDC 9/1/04)

P3.2-18
We can label the circuit as shown.

The subscripts suggest a numbering of the

circuit elements. Apply KCL at the top node of
the current source to get

i1 = i 2 + 0.25

Apply Ohm’s law to the resistors to get

v1 = 20 i1 and v 2 = 60 i 2 = 60 ( i1 − 0.25 ) = 60 i1 − 15

Apply KVL to the outside to get

 v 2 + 80 i1 + v1 = 0 ⇒ ( 60 i 1 − 15 ) + 80 i1 + 20 i1 = 0 ⇒ i1 =
15
160
= 0.09375 A

Finally,
v m = 80 i1 = 80 ( 0.09375) = 7.5 V

(Checked: LNAPDC 9/1/04)

P3.2-19
4.8 3.6
i= = 0.4 A and v = = 7.2 V
12 0.5

12 − 7.2 7.2
R1 = = 12 Ω and R 2 = =8 Ω
0.4 0.4 + 0.5

(Checked: LNAPDC 9/28/04)

P3.2-20
Apply KCL at node a to
determine the current in the
horizontal resistor as shown.

Apply KVL to the loop

consisting of the voltages source
and the two resistors to get

-4(2-i) + 4(i) - 24 = 0 ⇒ i = 4 A

P3.2-21
2
−18 + 0 − 12 − va = 0 ⇒ va = −30 V and im = va + 3 ⇒ im = 9 A
5

P3.2-22
18
−va − 10 + 4va − 8 = 0 ⇒ va = = 6 V and vm = 4 va = 24 V
3
Section 3-3 Series Resistors and Voltage Division

P3.3-1
6 6
v = 12 = 12 = 4 V
1 6+3+5+ 4 18
3 5 10
v = 12 = 2 V ; v = 12 = V
2 18 3 18 3
4 8
v = 12 = V
4 18 3

(checked using LNAP 8/16/02)

P3.3-2

(a) R = 6 + 3 + 2 + 4 = 15 Ω
28 28
(b) i = = = 1.867 A
R 15
( c ) p = 28 ⋅ i =28(1.867)=52.27 W
(28 V and i do not adhere
to the passive convention.)

(checked using LNAP 8/16/02)

P3.3-3

i R2 = v = 8 V
12 = i R1 + v = i R1 + 8
⇒ 4 = i R1

8 8 4 4 ⋅ 100
(a) i= = ; R1 = = = 50 Ω
R 2 100 i 8
4 4 8 8 ⋅ 100
(b) i = = ; R2 = = = 200 Ω
R1 100 i 4
4 8
( c ) 1.2 = 12 i ⇒ i = 0.1 A ; R1 = = 40 Ω; R2 = = 80 Ω
i i
(checked using LNAP 8/16/02)

P3.3-4
Voltage division
16
v1 = 12 = 8 V
16 + 8
4
v3 = 12 = 4 V
4+8

KVL: v3 − v − v1 = 0
v = −4 V

(checked using LNAP 8/16/02)

P3.3-5
⎛ 100 ⎞ ⎛v ⎞
using voltage divider: v = ⎜ ⇒ R = 50 ⎜ s − 1⎟
0 ⎝ 100 + 2 R ⎟⎠ s
v
⎜v ⎟
⎝ o ⎠
with v = 20 V and v > 9 V, R < 61.1 Ω ⎫
s 0 ⎪
⎬ R = 60 Ω
with v = 28 V and v < 13 V, R > 57.7 Ω ⎪
s 0 ⎭
P3.3-6

⎛ 240 ⎞
a.) ⎜ ⎟ 18 = 12 V
⎝ 120 + 240 ⎠
⎛ 18 ⎞
b.) 18 ⎜ ⎟ = 0.9 W
⎝ 120 + 240 ⎠
⎛ R ⎞
c.) ⎜ ⎟ 18 = 2 ⇒ 18 R = 2 R + 2 (120 ) ⇒ R = 15 Ω
⎝ R + 120 ⎠
R
d.) 0.2 = ⇒ ( 0.2 )(120 ) = 0.8 R ⇒ R = 30 Ω
R + 120

(checked using LNAP 8/16/02)

P3.3-7
All of the elements are connected in series.

Replace the series voltage sources with a single equivalent voltage having voltage

12 + 20 – 18 = 14 V.

Replace the series 15 Ω, 5 Ω and 20 Ω resistors by a single equivalent resistance of

15 + 5 + 20 = 40 Ω.

By voltage division

⎛ 10 ⎞ 14
v=⎜ ⎟14 = = 2.8 V
⎝ 10 + 40 ⎠ 5

(checked: LNAP 6/9/04)

P3.3-8

Use voltage division to get

⎛ 10 ⎞
va = ⎜ ⎟ (120 ) = 20 V
⎝ 10 + 50 ⎠
Then
i a = 0.2 ( 20 ) = 4 A

The power supplied by the dependent source is given by

p = (120 ) i a = 480 W

(checked: LNAP 6/21/04)

P3.3-9
(a) Use voltage division to get

aR p
vm = v s = av s
(1 − a ) R p + R p
therefore
⎛ vs ⎞
vm = ⎜ ⎟θ
⎝ 360 ⎠

So the input is proportional to the input.

⎛1⎞
(b) When vs = 24 V then v m = ⎜ ⎟ θ . When θ = 45o then vm = 3 V. When vm = 10 V then
⎝ 15 ⎠
θ = 150 .
o

(checked: LNAP 6/12/04)

P3.3-10
Replace the (ideal) voltmeter with the equivalent open
circuit. Label the voltage measured by the meter. Label
some other element voltages and currents.

Apply KVL the left mesh to get

8 i a + 4 i a − 24 = 0 ⇒ i a = 2 A

Use voltage division to get

 5 5
vm = 4 ia = 4 ( 2) = 5 V
5+3 5+3
(checked using LNAP 9/11/04)

P3.3-11

⎛ 3 ⎞
From voltage division v3 = 12 ⎜ ⎟ = 3V
⎝ 3+9 ⎠
v3
then i = =1A
3

The power absorbed by the resistors is: (12 ) ( 6 ) + (12 ) ( 3) + (12 ) ( 3) = 12 W

The power supplied by the source is (12)(1) = 12 W.

P3.3-12
P = 6 W and R1 = 6 Ω
P 6
i2 = = = 1 or i =1 A
R1 6
v0 = i R1 =(1) (6)=6V

from KVL: − v+ i (2 + 4 + 6 + 2) = 0
s
⇒ v = 14 i = 14 V
s
Section 3-4 Parallel Resistors and Current Division
P3.4-1
1
6 1 1
i = 4= 4= A
1 1 + 1 + 1 +1 1+ 2 + 3 + 6 3
6 3 2 1
1
3 2
i = 4 = A;
2 1 + 1 + 1 +1 3
6 3 2 1
1
i = 2 4 =1 A
3 1 + 1 + 1 +1
6 3 2 1
1
i = 4=2A
4 1 + 1 + 1 +1
6 3 2

P3.4-2

1 1 1 1 1
(a) = + + = ⇒ R = 2Ω
R 6 12 4 2
(b) v = 6 ⋅ 2 = 12 V
(c) p = 6 ⋅12 = 72 W

P3.4-3

8 8
i= or R1 =
R1 i
8 8
8 = R 2 (2 − i ) ⇒ i = 2 − or R 2 =
R2 2−i

8 4 8
(a) i = 2− = A ; R1 =
4
=6Ω
12 3
3
8 2 8
(b) i = = A ; R2 =
2
=6Ω
12 3 2−
3
 1
(c) R1 = R 2 will cause i= 2 = 1 A. The current in both R1 and R 2 will be 1 A.
2
R1 R 2 1
2 ⋅ = 8 ; R1 = R 2 ⇒ 2 ⋅ R1 = 8 ⇒ R1 = 8 ∴ R1 = R 2 = 8 Ω
R1 + R 2 2

P3.4-4
Current division:

8
i =
1 16 + 8
( −6 ) = −2 A

8
2 8+8( )
i = −6 = −3 A

i = i −i = +1 A
1 2

P3.4-5
⎛ R ⎞
current division: i = ⎜ 1 ⎟ i and
2 ⎜R + R ⎟ s
⎝ 1 2⎠

Ohm's Law: v = i R yields

o 2 2
⎛ v ⎞⎛ R + R ⎞
i = ⎜ o ⎟⎜ 1 2⎟
s ⎜ R ⎟⎜ R ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 1 ⎠
plugging in R = 4Ω, v > 9 V gives i > 3.15 A
1 o s
and R = 6Ω, v < 13 V gives i < 3.47 A
1 o s
So any 3.15 A < i < 3.47 A keeps 9 V < v < 13 V.
s o
P3.4-6

⎛ 24 ⎞
a) ⎜ ⎟ 1.8 = 1.2 A
⎝ 12 + 24 ⎠
⎛ R ⎞
b) ⎜ ⎟ 2 = 1.6 ⇒ 2 R = 1.6 R + 1.6 (12 ) ⇒ R = 48 Ω
⎝ R + 12 ⎠
R
c) 0.4 = ⇒ ( 0.4 )(12 ) = 0.6 R ⇒ R = 8 Ω
R + 12

P3.4-7
(a) To insure that ib is negligible we require

≥ 10 (10 × 10−6 ) = 10−3

15
i1 =
R1 + R 2
So
R1 + R 2 ≤ 150 kΩ

To insure that the total power absorbed by R1 and R2 is no more than 5 mW we require

152
≤ 5 ×10−3 ⇒ R1 + R 2 ≥ 45 kΩ
R1 + R 2

Next to cause vb = 5 V we require

R2
5 = vb = 15 ⇒ R1 = 2 R 2
R1 + R 2

For example, R1 = 40 kΩ, R 2 = 80 kΩ, satisfy all three requirements.

(b) KVL gives
(80 ×10 ) i 3
1 + v b − 15 = 0
KCL gives
vb
i1 = + 15 × 10−6
40 ×103
Therefore
⎛ ⎞
(80 ×10 ) ⎜ 40 ×10
vb
3
3
+ 15 ×10−6 ⎟ + v b = 15
⎝ ⎠
Finally
13.8
3v b + 1.2 = 15 ⇒ vb = = 4.6 V
3

P3.4-8
All of the elements of this circuit are connected in parallel. Replace the parallel current sources
by a single equivalent 2 – 0.5 + 1.5 = 3 A current source. Replace the parallel 12 Ω and 6 Ω
12 × 6
resistors by a single = 4 Ω resistor.
12 + 6

By current division

⎛ 4 ⎞ 12
i=⎜ ⎟3 = = 1.714 A
⎝ 3+ 4 ⎠ 7

(checked: LNAP 6/9/04)

P3.4-9

Each of the resistors is connected between

nodes a and b. The resistors are connected in
parallel and the circuit can be redrawn like this:

Then
40 & 20 & 40 = 10 Ω
So
v = 10 ( 0.003) = 0.03 = 30 mV

(checked: LNAP 6/21/04)

P3.4-10
2
RL = = 80 Ω
0.025

12 + R L
5 × 10−3 =
R1 + (12 + R L )
( 30 ×10 )
−3

so
1 92
= ⇒ R1 = 410 Ω
6 R1 + 92
(checked: LNAP 6/21/04)

P3.4-11
Use current division to get

ia = −
75
25 + 75
( 30 × 10−3 ) = −22.5 mA
So
v b = 50 ( −22.5 × 10−3 ) = −1.125 V

The power supplied by the dependent source is

given by

p = − ( 30 × 10 −3 ) ( −1.125 ) = 33.75 mW
(checked: LNAP 6/12/04)

P3.4-12
(a) Using current division

20 ⎛ 30 ⎞
=⎜ ⎟1 ⇒ 20 ( R + 30 ) = R ( 30 ) ⇒ R = 60 Ω
R ⎝ R + 30 ⎠

(b) The power supplied by the current source is

p = iv = (1) ⎡⎣(1)(10 ) + 20 ⎤⎦ = 30 W

P3.4-13
Using voltage division
 R1 1 R1 ( R 2 + 40 )
8= × 24 ⇒ =
40 R 2 3 R1 R 2 + 40 ( R1 + R 2 )
R1 +
R 2 + 40

R1 R 2 + 40 ( R1 + R 2 ) = 3R1 R 2 + 120 R1
40 R 2
⇒ ⇒ R1 =
2R 2 + 80
Using KVL
24 = 8 + R 2 (1.6 ) ⇒ R 2 = 10 Ω
Then
40 (10 )
R1 = =4Ω
2 (10 ) + 80

P3.4-14
Using KCL
0.384 0.384
.024 = 0.0192 + ⇒ R2 = = 80 Ω
R2 0.0048
Using current division

0.384 R1 R1 R 2 80 R1
= × 0.024 ⇒ 16 = = ⇒ R1 = 40 Ω
R2 R1 + ( R 2 + 80 ) R1 + R 2 + 80 R1 + 160

P3.4-15
Replace the (ideal) ammeter with the equivalent
short circuit. Label the current measured by the
meter.

Apply KCL at the left node of the VCCS to get

va 1.2
1.2 = + 0.2 v a = 0.3 v a ⇒ va = =4V
10 0.3

Use current division to get

30 30
im = 0.2 v a = 0.2 ( 4 ) = 0.6 A
30 + 10 30 + 10
(checked using LNAP 9/11/04)
Section 3-5 Series Voltage Sources and Parallel Current Sources

P3.5-1
The voltage sources are connected in series and
can be replaced by a single equivalent voltage
source. Similarly, the parallel current sources can
be replaced by an equivalent current source.

After doing so, and labeling the resistor currents,

we have the circuit shown.

Apply KCL at the top node of the current source to get

i1 + 1.75 = i 2
Apply KVL to the outside loop to get

5 + 2 i 2 + 2 i1 = 0
so
5 + 2 ( i1 + 1.75 ) + 2 i1 = 0 ⇒ i1 = −
8.5
= −2.125 A
4
and
i 2 = −2.125 + 1.75 = −0.375 A

The power supplied by each sources is:

Source Power delivered

8-V voltage source −8 i1 = 17 W
3-V voltage source 3 i1 = −6.375 W
3-A current source 3 × 2 i 2 = −2.25 W
1.25-A current source −1.25 × 2 i 2 = 0.9375 W

(Checked using LNAP, 9/14/04)

1
P3.5-2
The 20-Ω and 5-Ω resistors are connected in parallel. The
20 × 5
equivalent resistance is = 4 Ω . The 7-Ω resistor is
20 + 5
connected in parallel with a short circuit, a 0-Ω resistor.
0× 7
The equivalent resistance is = 0 Ω , a short circuit.
0+7

The voltage sources are connected in series and can be

replaced by a single equivalent voltage source.

After doing so, and labeling the resistor currents, we have

the circuit shown.

The parallel current sources can be replaced by an

equivalent current source.

Apply KVL to get

−5 + v1 − 4 ( 3.5 ) = 0 ⇒ v1 = 19 V

The power supplied by each sources is:

Source Power delivered

8-V voltage source −2 ( 3.5) = −7 W
3-V voltage source −3 ( 3.5) = −10.5 W
3-A current source 3 ×19 = 57 W
0.5-A current source 0.5 ×19 = 9.5 W

(Checked using LNAP, 9/15/04)

2
P3.5-3
The voltage sources are connected in series and
can be replaced by a single equivalent voltage
source. Similarly, the parallel current sources can
be replaced by an equivalent current source.

After doing so, and labeling the resistor currents,

we have the circuit shown.

Apply KCL at the top node of the current source to get

i1 + 1.75 = i 2
Apply KVL to the outside loop to get

5 + 2 i 2 + i1 = 0
so
5 + 2 ( i1 + 1.75 ) + 2 i1 = 0 ⇒ i1 = −
8.5
= −2.125 A
4
and
i 2 = −2.125 + 1.75 = −0.375 A

The power supplied by each sources is:

Source Power delivered

8-V voltage source −8 i1 = 17 W
3-V voltage source 3 i1 = −6.375 W
3-A current source 3 × 2 i 2 = −2.25 W
1.25-A current source −1.25 × 2 i 2 = 0.9375 W

(Checked using LNAP, 9/14/04)

3
Section 3-6 Circuit Analysis

P3.6-1

48 ⋅ 24
(a) R = 16 + = 32 Ω
48 + 24
32 ⋅ 32
(b ) v = 32 + 32 24 = 16 V ;
32 ⋅ 32
8+
32 + 32
16 1
i= = A
32 2
48 1 1
(c) i2 = ⋅ = A
48 + 24 2 3

P3.6-2

3⋅ 6
(a) R1 = 4 + =6Ω
3+ 6
1 1 1 1
(b) = + + ⇒ R p = 2.4 Ω then R 2 = 8 + R p = 10.4 Ω
Rp 12 6 6
(c) KCL: i2 + 2 = i1 and − 24 + 6 i2 + R 2i1 = 0
⇒ − 24 + 6 (i1 − 2) + 10.4i1 = 0
36
⇒ i1 = =2.195 A ⇒ v1 =i1 R 2 =2.2 (10.4)=22.83 V
16.4
1
(d ) i2 =
1 1 1
6 ( 2.195) = 0.878 A,
+ +
6 6 12
v2 = ( 0.878 ) (6) = 5.3 V
6
(e) i3 = i2 = 0.585 A ⇒ P = 3 i32 = 1.03 W
3+ 6

P3.6-3
Reduce the circuit from the right side by repeatedly replacing series 1 Ω resistors in parallel with
a 2 Ω resistor by the equivalent 1 Ω resistor

This circuit has become small enough to be easily analyzed. The vertical 1 Ω resistor is
equivalent to a 2 Ω resistor connected in parallel with series 1 Ω resistors:
 1+1
i1 = (1.5) = 0.75 A
2 + (1 + 1)

P3.6-4
(a) 1 1 1 1 (10 + 8) ⋅ 9
= + + ⇒ R2 = 4 Ω R1 = = 6Ω
R2 24 12 8
and
b g
10 + 8 + 9

(b)

First, apply KVL to the left mesh to get −27 + 6 ia + 3 ia = 0 ⇒ ia = 3 A . Next,

apply KVL to the left mesh to get 4 ib − 3 ia = 0 ⇒ ib = 2.25 A .
(c)
 1
i2 = 8 2.25 = 1125
. A and v1 = − 10 b gLM b10 +98g + 9 3OP = −10 V
1 1 1
+ +
24 8 12
N Q
P3.6-5

30
v1 = 6 ⇒ v1 = 8 V
10 + 30

R2
12 = 8 ⇒ R2 = 20 Ω
R2 + 10

20 =
b
R1 10 + 30 g ⇒ R1 = 40 Ω
b
R1 + 10 + 30 g
Alternate values that can be used to change the numbers in this problem:

meter reading, V Right-most resistor, Ω R1, Ω

6 30 40
4 30 10
4 20 15
4.8 20 30
P3.6-6

P3.6-7
24
1×10−3 = ⇒ R p = 12 ×103 = 12 kΩ
12 ×103 + R p

12 ×10 = R p
3
=
( 21×10 ) R
3

⇒ R = 28 kΩ
( 21×10 ) + R
3

P3.6-8

⎛ 130 500 ⎞
Voltage division ⇒ v = 50 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 15.963 V
⎝ 130 500 + 200 + 20 ⎠
⎛ 100 ⎞ ⎛ 10 ⎞
∴v = v ⎜ ⎟ = (15.963) ⎜ ⎟ = 12.279 V
h ⎝ 100 + 30 ⎠ ⎝ 13 ⎠
v
∴ i = h = .12279 A
h 100
P3.6-9
P3.6-10

15 ( 20 + 10 )
Req = = 10 Ω
15 + ( 20 + 10 )
60 ⎛ 30 ⎞ ⎛ 60 ⎞ ⎛ 20 ⎞
ia = − = −6 A, ib = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 4 A, vc = ⎜ ⎟ ( −60 ) = −40 V
Req ⎝ 30 + 15 ⎠ ⎝ Req ⎠ ⎝ 20 + 10 ⎠

P3.6-11 a)

(24)(12)
Req = 24 12 = =8Ω
24 + 12

b) from voltage division:

100
⎛ 20 ⎞ 100 5
v = 40 ⎜ ⎟ = V∴ i = 3 = A
x ⎝ 20 + 4 ⎠ 3 x 20 3

⎛ 8 ⎞ 5
from current division: i = i =
x ⎜⎝ 8 + 8 ⎟⎠
A
6
P3.6-12
9 + 10 + 17 = 36 Ω
36 (18 )
a.) = 12 Ω
36+18

36 R
b.) = 18 ⇒ 18 R = (18 )( 36 ) ⇒ R = 36 Ω
36+R

P3.6-13
2 R( R ) 2
Req = = R
2R + R 3
v 2 240
Pdeliv. = = =1920 W
to ckt Req 2 R
3
Thus R =45 Ω

P3.6-14

R = 2 +1+
eq ( 6 12 ) + ( 2 2 ) = 3 + 4 +1 = 8 Ω

40 40
∴i = = =5 A
Req 8
Using current division

⎛ 6 ⎞
i1 = i ⎜ ⎟ =
⎝ 6 + 12 ⎠
(5) ( 13 ) =5
3
A
⎛ 2 ⎞
and i2 = i ⎜
⎝ 2+2⎠
1 ( )
⎟ = ( 5) 2 = 2 A
5
P3.6-15
4 6
( R & 4 R ) + ( 2 R & 3R ) = R + R = 2R
5 5
(
R + 2R & ( R + ( 2R & 2R ) ) ) = R + ( 2R & 2R ) = 2R
So the circuit is equivalent to

Then
12 = 0.1( R + ( 2 R & 2 R ) ) = 0.1( 2 R ) ⇒ R = 60 Ω
(checked: ELAB 5/31/04)

P3.6-16
The circuit can be redrawn as

R & ( R + ( R & 2R )) 5
va = vs = vs
2R + R & ( R + ( R & 2R )) 21

R & 2R 2 2
vc = vs = va = vs
R + ( R & 2R ) 5 21

R 1 1
vb = vc = vc = vs
R+R 2 21

(Checked using LNAP 5/23/04)

P3.6-17
vo =
(10 & 10 ) v = 5 v = v s
10 + (10 & 10 )
s s
15 3

2
vR + vo − vs = 0 ⇒ vR = vs
3
vR 2
iR = = vs
10 30

2
⎛ 2 ⎞ 4 1 90 3 10
P = ⎜ v s ⎟ (10 ) = v s 2 ≤ ⇒ vs ≤ = = 2.37 V
⎝ 30 ⎠ 90 4 16 4

(checked: LNAP 5/31/04)

P3.6-18
vs vs
The voltage across each strain gauge is so the current in each strain gauge is .
2 240
v s2
0.2 ×10−3 ≥ ⇒ v s ≤ 96 × 10−3 = 0.31 V
480

(checked: LNAP 6/9/04)

P3.6-19
(a)
R1 = 10 & ( 30 + 10 ) = 8 Ω
R 2 = 4 + (18 & 9 ) = 10 Ω
R3 = 6 & ( 6 + 6) = 4 Ω

(b)
i =1 A
v1 = 8 V, v 2 = 4 V
(c)
10
v4 = − 8 = −2 V
10 + 30
9 1
i5 = − 1= − A
9 + 18 3
⎛ 1⎞
v 7 = −18 ⎜ − ⎟ = +6 V
⎝ 3⎠
4 1
i6 = = A
12 3
(checked: LNAP 6/6/04)

P3.6-20

Replace series and parallel combinations of resistances

by equivalent resistances. Then KVL gives

( 20 + 4 + 8 + 16 ) i = 48 ⇒ i = 0.5 A

v a = 20 i = 10 V , v b = 16 i = 8 V and v c = 8 i = 4 V

Compare the original circuit to the equivalent circuit

to get

⎛ 10 || (10 + 30) ⎞ ⎛ 8 ⎞
v1 = − ⎜ ⎟va = −⎜ ⎟10 = −4 V
⎝ 12 + 10 || (10 + 30) ⎠ ⎝ 12 + 8 ⎠

v 2 = −v c = −4 V

⎛ 20 ⎞ ⎛1⎞
i3 = − ⎜ ⎟ i = − ⎜ ⎟ ( 0.5 ) = −0.1 A
⎝ 20 + 80 ⎠ ⎝ 5⎠

⎛ 30 ⎞ ⎛1⎞
v4 = −⎜ ⎟ v 1 = − ⎜ ⎟ ( −4 ) = 1 V
⎝ 10 + 30 ⎠ ⎝ 4⎠

⎛ 4 ⎞ ⎛1⎞
v5 = ⎜ ⎟ v c = ⎜ ⎟ ( 4) = 1 V
⎝5+6+6⎠ ⎝ 4⎠
 ⎛ 16 ⎞ ⎛1⎞
i 6 = − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ i = − ⎜ ⎟ ( 0.5 ) = −0.25 A
⎝ 16 + ( 4 + 6 + 6 ) ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠

(checked: LNAP 6/10/04)

P3.6-21

Replace parallel resistors by equivalent

resistors:

6 || 30 = 5 Ω and 72 || 9 = 8 Ω

A short circuit in parallel with a resistor is

equivalent to a short circuit.

R eq = 36 || ( 8 + 10 ) = 12 Ω

8 4
v= v ab = (18 ) = 8 V
8 + 10 9

v
i= =1 A
8
(checked: LNAP 6/21/04)

P3.6-22

Replace parallel resistors by an equivalent

resistor:

8 || 24 = 6 Ω

A short circuit in parallel with a resistor is

equivalent to a short circuit.

Replace series resistors by an equivalent

resistor:
4+6 = 10 Ω
Now
9 = R eq = 5 + (12 || R ||10 )
so
60
R×
4= 11 ⇒ R = 15 Ω
60
R+
11
(checked: LNAP 6/21/04)

P3.6-23
R eq = ( R || ( R + R) || R ) || ( R || ( R + R) || R )

R 2
R || ( R + R ) || R = 2 R || = R
2 5

2 2 R
R eq = R || R = ⇒ R = 5 R eq = 250 Ω
5 5 5

(checked: LNAP 6/21/04)

P3.6-24
9.74
ia = = 1.2175 A
8

⎛ 9.74 ⎞ ⎛ 9.74-6.09 ⎞ V
9.74 − 6.09 = r i a = r ⎜ ⎟ ⇒ r =⎜ ⎟8 = 3
⎝ 8 ⎠ ⎝ 9.74 ⎠ A

v b = 12 − 9.74 = 2.26 V

6.09 9.74 2.26

gv b + + − =0 ⇒ gv b = −1.696 A
8 8 8

gv b −6.696
g= = = −0.75
vb 2.26

(checked: LNAP 6/21/04)

P3.6-25
20 & 20 1
va = vs = vs
20 + ( 20 & 20 ) 3

⎛ 12 ⎞
⎟ (10v a ) = × 10 × v s = 2v s
3 1
vo = ⎜
⎝ 12 + 8 ⎠ 5 3
V
So vo is proportional to vs and the constant of proportionality is 2 .
V

P3.6-26
⎛ 40 ⎞ vs ⎛ 4 ⎞ ⎛ vs ⎞ 4
ia = ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = vs
⎝ 40 + 10 ⎠ 2 + ( 40 & 10 ) ⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ 10 ⎠ 50

⎛ 40 ⎞ 100 ⎛ 4 ⎞
⎟ ( 50i a ) = −
8
io = − ⎜ ⎜ ⎟ vs = − vs
⎝ 20 + 40 ⎠ 3 ⎝ 50 ⎠ 3

8 A
The output is proportional to the input and the constant of proportionality is − .
3 V

P3.6-27
Replace the voltmeter by the equivalent open circuit and
label the voltage measured by the meter as vm.

The 10-Ω resistor at the right of the circuit is in series

with the open circuit that replaced the voltmeter so it’s
current is zero as shown. Ohm’s law indicates that the
voltage across that 10-Ω resistor is also zero. Applying
KVL to the mesh consisting of the dependent voltage
source, 10-Ω resistor and open circuit shows that

v m = 8 ia
The 10-Ω resistor and 40-Ω resistor are connected in
parallel. The parallel combination of these resistors is
equivalent to a single resistor with a resistance equal to

40 × 10
=8 Ω
40 + 10
Figure a shows part of the circuit. In Figure b, an equivalent resistor has replaced the parallel
resistors. Now the 4-Ω resistor and 8-Ω resistor are connected in series. The series combination
of these resistors is equivalent to a single resistor with a resistance equal to 4 + 8 = 12 Ω . In
Figure c, an equivalent resistor has replaced the series resistors.

Here the same three circuits with the order reversed. The earlier sequence of figures illustrates
the process of simplifying the circuit by repeatedly replacing series or parallel resistors by an
equivalent resistor. This sequence of figures illustrates an analysis that starts with the simplified
circuit and works toward the original circuit.

Consider Figure a. Using Ohm’s law, we see that the current in the 12-Ω resistor is 2 A. The
current in the voltage source is also 2 A. Replacing series resistors by an equivalent resistor does
not change the current or voltage of any other element of the circuit, so the current in the voltage
source must also be 2 A in Figure b. The currents in resistors in Figure b are equal to the current
in the voltage source. Next, Ohm’s law is used to calculate the resistor voltages as shown in
Figure b.

Replacing parallel resistors by an equivalent resistor does not change the current or voltage of
any other element of the circuit, so the current in the 4-Ω resistor in Figure c must be equal to the
current in the 4-Ω resistor in Figure b. Using current division in Figure c are yields

⎛ 40 ⎞
ia = ⎜ ⎟ 2 = 1.6 A
⎝ 40 + 10 ⎠
Finally,
v m = 8 i a = 8 × 1.6 = 12.8 V
P3.6-28
Replace the ammeter by the equivalent short circuit and
label the current measured by the meter as im.

The 10-Ω resistor at the right of the circuit is in parallel

with the short circuit that replaced the ammeter so it’s
voltage is zero as shown. Ohm’s law indicates that the
current in that 10-Ω resistor is also zero. Applying KCL
at the top node of that 10-Ω resistor shows that

i m = 0.8 v a

Figure a shows part of the circuit. The 2-Ω resistor and 4-Ω resistor are connected in series. The
series combination of these resistors is equivalent to a single resistor with a resistance equal to

2+4 = 6 Ω

P3.6-29
Use current division in the top part of the circuit to get

⎛ 40 ⎞
ia = ⎜ ⎟ ( −3) = −2.4 A
⎝ 40 + 10 ⎠

Next, denote the voltage measured by the voltmeter as vm and use voltage division in the bottom
part of the circuit to get
⎛ R ⎞ ⎛ −5 R ⎞
vm = ⎜ ⎟ ( −5 i a ) = ⎜ ⎟ ia
⎝ 18 + R ⎠ ⎝ 18 + R ⎠

Combining these equations gives:

⎛ −5 R ⎞ 12 R
vm = ⎜ ⎟ ( −2.4 ) =
⎝ 18 + R ⎠ 18 + R
When vm = 4 V,
12 R 4 × 18
4= ⇒ R= =9 Ω
18 + R 12 − 4

P3.6-30
Use voltage division in the top part of the circuit to get

⎛ 12 ⎞
⎟ ( −v s ) = − v s
2
va = ⎜
⎝ 12 + 18 ⎠ 5

Next, use current division in the bottom part of the circuit to get

⎛ 16 ⎞ ⎛ 80 ⎞
im = − ⎜ ⎟ (5 v a ) = ⎜ − ⎟ va
⎝ 16 + R ⎠ ⎝ 16 + R ⎠

Combining these equations gives:

⎛ 80 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 32 ⎞
im = ⎜ − ⎟ ⎜ − vs ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ vs
⎝ 16 + R ⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ 16 + R ⎠

a. When vs = 15 V and im = 5 A

⎛ 32 ⎞ 400
5=⎜ ⎟ 15 ⇒ 80 + 5 R = 480 ⇒ R = = 80 Ω
⎝ 16 + R ⎠ 5

b. When vs = 15 V and R = 24 Ω
⎛ 32 ⎞
im = ⎜ ⎟ 15 = 12 A
⎝ 16 + 24 ⎠

c. When im = 3 A and R = 24 Ω

⎛ 32 ⎞ 4 15
3=⎜ ⎟ vs = vs ⇒ vs = = 3.75 V
⎝ 16 + 24 ⎠ 5 4
P3.6-31
R eq = ( ( R + 4 ) || 20 ) + 2 =
( R + 4 ) × 20 + 2 = 20 R + 80 + 2
( R + 4 ) + 20 R + 24

20 R + 80 20 R + 80
a. 12 = + 2 ⇒ 10 = ⇒ R + 24 = 2 R + 8 ⇒ R = 16 Ω
R + 24 R + 24

20 (14 ) + 80
b. R eq = + 2 = 11.5 Ω
14 + 24

(Checked: LNAPDC 9/28/04)

P3.6-32

Replace the ideal voltmeter with the equivalent open circuit and label the voltage measured by
the meter. Label the element voltages and currents as shown in (b).

Using units of V, A, Ω and W: Using units of V, mA, kΩ and mW:

a.) Determine the value of the voltage a.) Determine the value of the voltage
measured by the meter. measured by the meter.

Kirchhoff’s laws give Kirchhoff’s laws give

12 + v R = v m and −i R = −i s = 2 ×10−3 A 12 + v R = v m and −i R = −i s = 2 mA

Ohm’s law gives Ohm’s law gives

( )
v R = − 25 ×103 i R
v R = −25 i R

Then Then
 ( ) (
v R = − 25 ×103 i R = − 25 ×103 −2 ×10−3 )( ) v R = −25 i R = −25 ( −2 ) = 50 V

= 50 V
v m = 12 + v R = 12 + 50 = 62 V
v m = 12 + v R = 12 + 50 = 62 V

b.) Determine the power supplied by each b.) Determine the power supplied by each
element. element.
voltage
source
( ) (
12 i s = −12 −2 × 10−3 ) voltage source ( )
12 i s = −12 ( −2 )
= −24 × 10−3 W = −24 mW
current
source
( )
62 2 ×10−3 = 124 ×10−3 W current source 62 ( 2 ) = 124 mW

resistor (
v R i R = 50 −2 × 10 −3 ) resistor v R i R = 50 ( − 2 )
= −100 × 10 −3 W = −100 mW
total 0 total 0

P3.6-33
40 × 10
12 + + 4 = 12 Ω
40 + 10

P3.6-34
( 60 + 60 + 60 ) × 60 = 45 Ω
( 60 + 60 + 60 ) + 60
Section 3-8 How Can We Check …

P3.8-1
(a)
7 + ( −3 ) = 4 (node a )
4 + ( −2 ) = 2 (node b)
− 5 = − 2 + ( −3 ) (node c)
(b)
− 1 − ( − 6 ) + ( −8 ) + 3 = 0 (loop a - b - d - c - a )
− 1 − 2 − ( −8 ) − 5 = 0 (loop a - b - c - d - a )

The given currents and voltages satisfy these five Kirchhoff’s laws equations.

*P3.8-2
vs
(a) i=
R1 + R 2
vs
from row 1 2.4 =
R1
vs
from row 2 1.2 =
R1 + 10
so
2.4 R1 = v s = 1.2 ( R1 + 10 ) ⇒ R1 = 10 Ω
then
v s = 2.4 (10 ) = 24 V

24 24 R 2
(b) i= and v =
10 + R 2 10 + R 2

24 480
When R2 = 20 Ω then i = = 0.8 A and v = = 16 V .
30 30
720
When R2 = 30 Ω then v = = 18 V .
40
24
When R2 = 40 Ω the i = = 0.48 A .
50
 24
(c) When R2 = 30 Ω then i = = 0.6 A .
40
960
When R2 = 40 W then v = = 19.2 V .
50
(checked: LNAP 6/21/04)

P3.8-3
R1
(a) i= is
R1 + R 2
From row 1
4 R1
= is ⇒ 4R1 + 40 = 3R1i s
3 R1 + 10
From row 2
6 R1
= is ⇒ 6R1 + 120 = 7 R1i s
7 R1 + 20
So
4 R1 + 40 6 R1 + 120
= is = ⇒ 28R1 + 280 = 18 R1 + 360 ⇒ R1 = 8 Ω
3 R1 7 R1
Then
4 8
= is ⇒ is = 3 A
3 8 + 10

8 24 24 R 2
(b) i= ( 3) = and v = R 2 i =
8 + R2 8 + R2 8 + R2

24 960
When R2 = 40 Ω then i = = 0.5 A and v = = 20 V . These are the values in the table so
48 48
tabulated data is consistent.

24 3 24 ( 80 ) 240
(c) When R2 = 80 Ω then i = = A and v = = V.
88 11 88 11

(checked: LNAP 6/21/04)

P3.8-4
KVL bottom loop: − 14 + 0.1iA + 1.2iH = 0
KVL right loop: − 12 + 0.05iB + 1.2iH = 0
KCL at left node: iA + iB = iH
This alone shows the reported results were incorrect.
Solving the three above equations yields:
iA = 16.8 A iH = 10.3 A
iB = −6.49 A
∴ Reported values were incorrect.

P3.8-5

⎛ 1 ⎞
Top mesh: 0 = 4 i a + 4 i a + 2 ⎜ i a + − i b ⎟ = 10 ( −0.5 ) + 1 − 2 ( −2 )
⎝ 2 ⎠

( )
Lower left mesh: vs = 10 + 2 i a + 0.5 − i b = 10 + 2 ( 2 ) = 14 V

Lower right mesh: vs + 4 i a = 12 ⇒ vs = 12 − 4 (−0.5) = 14 V

The KVL equations are satisfied so the analysis is correct.

P3.8-6
Apply KCL at nodes b and c to get:

KCL equations:

Node e: −1 + 6 = 0.5 + 4.5

Node a: 0.5 + i c = −1 ⇒ i c = −1.5 mA

Node d: i c + 4 = 4.5 ⇒ i c = 0.5 mA

That's a contradiction. The given values of ia

and ib are not correct.

P3.8-7

KCL at node a: i = i + i
3 1 2
− 1.167 = − 0.833 + ( −0.333)
− 1.167= − 1.166 OK
KVL loop consisting of the vertical
6 Ω resistor, the 3 Ω and4Ω resistors,
and the voltage source:
6i + 3i + v + 12 = 0
3 2
yields v = −4.0 V not v = −2.0 V