Tap ch Nghien cu va Phat trien, so 5 (122) .

2015 17

VE NIEN HIEU CAN THONG CUA VUA MAC

HIEN CON TREN CHUONG CHUA VIEN MINH CAO BANG
Chu Xuan Giao*

Li m: Nien hieu Can Thong, vua Mac Knh Cung, va di vat

trong yeu
Trc nay, gii nghien cu Viet Nam thng chu yeu da vao ghi chep
trong ai Viet thong s, ai Viet s ky toan th va ai Viet s ky tuc bien, ma
xem vng trieu Mac thi ky Cao Bang (1593-1683) tng co 3 nien hieu noi tiep
nhau: Can Thong (Mac Knh Cung), Long Thai (Mac Knh Khoan), Thuan
c (Mac Knh Vu/Hoan) [inh Gia Thuyet 1925: 106-112; Tran Trong Kim
2008 (1928): 311-337; Hoang Le 1988: 47-51; Nguyen Minh Tng 1996: 289-
296; inh Khac Thuan 2001: 406-407; Ban Lien lac ho Mac 2007; Phan ang
Nhat 2011]. Vao nam 2000, qua oi sanh s lieu Viet Nam va Trung Quoc, nha
s hoc ngi Trung Quoc la Ngu Quan Khai a e cap en nien hieu th t
tiep sau Thuan c, la Vnh Xng [Ngu Quan Khai 2000, 2012, 2013]. en
nam 2010, trong mot tham luan cho hoi thao Vng trieu Mac trong lch s
Viet Nam, khi gii thieu ve ket qua nghien cu tren cua Ngu Quan Khai, toi
co at nghi van ve o tin cay cua thong tin ve nien hieu th t, nh sau: Ngu
Quan Khai biet c nien hieu Vnh Xng khong phai la bang s lieu cua pha
Trung Quoc, ma thu v la, lai t t lieu dang van hoc cua pha Viet Nam. T
lieu o la cuon Nam thien tran d tap hien ban goc c lu gi tai Vien Nghien
cu Han Nom vi ky hieu A.1517. Sach nay c xem la do Vu Xuan Tien bien
soan vao au the k XX (bai ta viet nam Khai nh th 2 - 1917) tren c s
tham khao Cong d tiep ky cua Vu Phng e(). Xin cam n tac gia Ngu
Quan Khai a tm ra c t lieu nay cua pha Viet Nam (ma ban than cac nha
s hoc Viet Nam co le bo qua), tuy nhien, neu ch da vao mot dong ghi chep
nh tren trong Nam thien tran d tap ma cho rang co nien hieu Vnh Xng
th cha that chac chan [Chu Xuan Giao 2010: 120]. Dong ghi chep nhac
tren ay la mot cau trch t truyen Bach Van am ky (ve Nguyen Bnh Khiem)
trong Nam thien tran di tap, nh sau: Cac vua Kien Thong [Can Thong],
Long Thai, Thuan c, Vnh Xng lui ve gi Cao Bang suot ba bon i,
mai 70 nam sau mi dt han [Vien Nghien cu Han Nom (Tran Ngha chu
bien) 1997: 1132]. Gan ay, vao cuoi nam 2012, trong mot cuon sach hoc thuat
be the au tien nc ngoai ve nha Mac va ho Mac va cung chnh la thanh qua
nghien cu nhieu nam cua ban than Ngu Quan Khai c xuat ban,(1) e cu the
hoa them iem a trnh bay hn mi nam trc, ong thi cung ta nh la
tra li cho nhng nghi van nh cua toi tren, Ngu a dan them mot so t lieu

* Vien Nghien cu Van hoa, Vien Han lam Khoa hoc Xa hoi Viet Nam.
18 Tap ch Nghien cu va Phat trien, so 5 (122) . 2015

khac co chep nien hieu Vnh Xng. Tat ca eu la t lieu cua pha Viet Nam
va eu la nhng ghi chep lien quan en Nguyen Bnh Khiem, cu the nh sau:
1) Sach Danh than danh Nho truyen ky (ky hieu A.1309, Th vien
Vien Nghien cu Han Nom), trang 63; 2) Sach Lch trieu hien chng loai ch
cua Phan Huy Chu, ieu muc Nguyen Bnh Khiem trong phan
Nhan vat ch; 3) Sach Hai Dng phong vat ch bien soan thi
Gia Long (ky hieu HM 2188, Th vien Hoi chau A Paris), trang 82 [Ngu Quan
Khai 2012: 58]. Vi nhng c lieu tren (Nam thien tran d tap, Danh than danh
Nho truyen ky, Lch trieu hien chng loai ch, Hai Dng phong vat ch), en
nay, chung ta co the tam thi tan ong vi e xuat ve nien hieu th t la Vnh
Xng cua Ngu Quan Khai.
Bat luan la co ba hay bon nien hieu, th Can Thong , hay Kien
Thong theo mot cach phien am khac, eu la nien hieu m au trong he thong
nien hieu cua nha Mac thi ky Cao Bang. Du Mac Knh Cung khong phai la
ngi au tien ong vai tro thu lnh vung Cao Bang trong ca oi noi va oi
ngoai (ngi o la Mac Knh Dung, chnh thc c nha Minh cho cai quan phu
Cao Bang vao nam At Mui 1595, v nay khong at ngoi(2)), nhng nien hieu Can
Thong cua ong co y ngha chnh tr ac biet quan trong cho: m ra ca thi ky
Cao Bang cua nha Mac keo dai en 90 nam (1593-1683).
Xin nhac lai co bo sung ve hai iem lien quan ma chung toi tng trnh bay
trong mot bai viet trc ay [Chu Xuan Giao 2013: 254]. Mot la, cac vua nha
Mac thi ky Cao Bang ve c ban eu khong than phuc Le-Trnh, t at nien
hieu rieng (tr thi gian ngan cuoi thi Mac Knh Khoan mang tnh gia v,
va mot chut xao long cua Mac Nguyen Thanh vao nam 1667). Trong khoang
thi gian co ba the lc cung ton tai th, Le-Trnh ang Ngoai va Nguyen
ang Trong eu dung chung nien hieu cua nha Le (tc s hu va s dung mot
loai lch), ch co Mac la at nien hieu rieng (tc s hu va s dung mot loai
lch khac). Hai la, cac vua nha Mac thi ky Cao Bang eu c hai trieu Minh-
Thanh ke tiep nhau phong chc v the tap, la An Nam o thong s (trc o la
An Bnh lenh hoac Cao Bnh lenh). o cung la chc v ma Thai to Mac ang
Dung a nhan t nha Minh. Sau nay, vi nha Le, cho en gan het thap nien
1640 cung ch c nha Minh phong lam An Nam o thong s, tc la ngang
chc v vi nha Mac Cao Bang; mai en nam Phuc Thai 4 (1647), sau nhieu
lan b t choi, nha Le mi c phong la An Nam quoc vng [Vien Khoa hoc
Xa hoi Viet Nam 2009c: 291-292]. Ch en khoang thi gian 1682-1683, nha
Thanh mi tc bo chc v An Nam o thong s cua Mac Knh Quang. T khi
mat chc v o th thi ky nha Mac Cao Bang mi chnh thc cham dt.
Theo ai Viet s ky toan th va ai Viet thong s, nien hieu Can Thong
bat au t thang 3 nam Quy T (ngang vi nam Van Lch 21 cua nha Minh,
va nam Quang Hng 16 cua nha Le), tc nam 1593, khi Mac Knh Cung con
chau Van Lan, tc khu vc tnh Lang Sn ma cha phai tnh Cao Bang ngay
nay,(3) vi s tr lc to ln cua Mac Ngoc Lien [Vien Khoa hoc Xa hoi Viet Nam
2009c: 221; Le Quy on 2012b: 240]. Nhng cuon s gia toc, nh Hoan Chau
Tap ch Nghien cu va Phat trien, so 5 (122) . 2015 19

ky, cung chep tng t nh vay: nien hieu Can Thong bat au t nam Quy T
1593 [Nguyen Canh th 2011: 163]. Nam 1905, khi xay dng nien bieu Viet
Nam vi c s la nguon chnh s bang Han van, Leopold Cadiere cung tnh
nam Quy T 1593 la nam bat au, va nam At Su 1625 la nam ket thuc cua
nien hieu Can Thong, Mac Knh Cung lam vua 33 nam [Leopold Cadiere 1905:
122]. Rieng Cao Bang thc luc cua Be Hu Cung (Nguyen Hu Cung), lai co cho
ghi nam Can Thong 1 la ngang vi nam Hoang nh 2, tc nam Tan Su 1601,
muon rat nhieu so vi nam Quy T 1593.(4) Co le tac gia Cao Bang thc luc a
nham lan, hoac ngi sao chep van ban nay a chep thieu hay chep nham.
Mot kho khan ln trong nghien cu thi ky Cao Bang cua nha Mac, nh
chung toi a tng nhac en cac bai viet trc ay, la hien vat tai cho co nien
ai ro rang va mang thong tin hu ch (nh bia ky dang nguyen vat hay thac
ban, tng th, o gom tai cho hoac trong cac su tap, an chng, cong trnh
hay chi tiet kien truc, binh kh, chuong ong) cua thi ky nay qua hiem hoi.
Neu thi ky Thang Long - Dng Kinh (1527-1593) con khoang 160 n v bia
ky (van ang c tiep tuc phat hien) va mot so n v chuong co li minh, th
thi ky Cao Bang hau nh cha thay bat c n v nao. bai viet nay, vi cac
can c se c trnh bay di ay, chung toi i en nhan nh rang: chuong
chua Vien Minh hien con thay tai Cao Bang ch thc mang nien hieu Can
Thong. o la nien hieu thay trc tiep tren chuong, ma khong phai nien hieu
suy oan/d oan nh trong cac nghien cu lien quan trc ay. Chuong chua
Vien Minh mang nien ai Can Thong chac chan la mot trong nhng di vat
trong yeu bac nhat trong nghien cu ve nha Mac thi ky Cao Bang. ong thi,
viec ghi Long phi Can Thong hay Long tap Can Thong trong nien ai cua
chuong cung a en cho chung ta mot nhan thc mi ve van e Long phi a
c quan tam lau nay.
1. Chuong chua Vien Minh trong cac ghi chep va nghien cu i trc
Thong tin quan trong can nhac en au tien la: nguyen vat chuong chua
Vien Minh hien van c bao quan tai khu vc chua Vien Minh va mieu Quan
Trieu Cao Bang. a ch chnh xac la chua Vien Minh, cung c quen goi
la chua a Quan, xa Hng ao thanh pho Cao Bang tnh Cao Bang,(5) cach
trung tam thanh pho khoang 10km (qua cau Hien Giang, i theo hng ng
ve Pac Bo).
Chua Vien Minh hien nam trong mot khuon vien vi mieu Quan Trieu
(xem Anh 1 va Anh 2). cung trong khuon vien nay, hien thay co hai chiec
chuong ong c ln. Chuong th nhat ch thc la chuong chua Vien Minh,
hien treo trong gac chuong mi c xay cat nam ben trai chua Vien Minh,
tren co khac mot bai minh ch Han m au vi Vien Minh t chung minh
va co mang mot lo thung (xem Anh 4). Chuong th hai con nam
trong mot gac chuong cu va thap trc mieu Quan Trieu, mieng chuong nam
sat at, than chuong khong thay ch Han va khong co lo thung. hai ben au
hoi chua Vien Minh, co hai gac chuong mi c xay cat be the. thi iem
cuoi nam 2012, gac ben trai a treo chuong chua Vien Minh, con gac ben phai
20 Tap ch Nghien cu va Phat trien, so 5 (122) . 2015

van e trong (chuong trc mieu Quan Trieu cung se c chuyen ve ay

chang ?).(6) Co le hai chiec chuong tren c uc cung mot thi ky, tc la vao
thi Can Thong, nhng bai nay, chung toi mi khao cu c ve chuong th
nhat. Them na, cung mi ch i sau vao dong nien ai hien thay tren than
chuong ma thoi.
Chuong chua Vien Minh (chua a Quan) a c nhan Bang Cong nhan Di
tch Lch s-Van hoa cap quoc gia nam 1995 theo Quyet nh so 2861-VH/Q
ngay 04/9/1995 cua Bo trng Bo Van hoa-Thong tin (xem Anh 3).
Hai qua chuong hien con khuon vien chua Vien Minh va mieu Quan
Trieu c gii chuyen mon anh gia la vao loai nhng chuong ln nc ta.
Qua chuong th nhat c khao cu bai nay cao 1m55 va co mieng rong 95cm
(qua th hai cao 1m75 va co mieng rong 1m07) [Cung Van Lc - Chu Quang
Tr: 1994].
Tap ch Nghien cu va Phat trien, so 5 (122) . 2015 21

Ve phong cach nghe thuat cua ca hai qua chuong, nhom Cung Van Lc va
Chu Quang Tr a co nhng mieu ta chi tiet. Ve van t khac tren qua chuong
th nhat, hai tac gia nay co nhan nh: Thoat nhn, mat chuong khong thay
minh van, nhng quan sat ky se thay mat qua chuong nho co khac ch vuong
tat ca cac o. Trong o, nhng o thuoc na tren a m gan het ch, nhng o
thuoc na di con ro hn. o co khac phan au cua bai van a oc c hau
het cac ch vuong la ch Han [Cung Van Lc - Chu Quang Tr 1994]. Chung
toi kiem tra lai bang mat thng tren thc a th thay qua ung nh vay. Tc
la, bon o thuoc phan tren cua mat chuong (cac o anh ky hieu A trong Anh 4)
von co khac ch Han, nhng a m/mon hau nh toan bo, ch con co the oc
c mot vai ch le cac canh bien, nen khong the biet ve noi dung. Con trong
bon o thuoc phan di cua mat chuong (cac o anh ky hieu B trong Anh 4), th
co hai o mang van t co the oc c. Dong nien ai nam o mang van t so
2 (xem o B2 trong Anh 5 va Anh 6).
Van ban sm nhat e cap en chuong chua Vien Minh co le la cuon Cao
Bang thc luc a nhac tren do Be Hu Cung soan au thi Gia Long
[Nguyen Hu Cung 1810: 93-95]. muc Vien Minh t ,(10) sach co gii
thieu van tat ve dien cach cung hien trang cua chua va chuong chua. ac biet,
sach co chep li bai minh va ca nien ai khac tren hai o thuoc phan di cua
mat chuong (cac o anh ky hieu B). Co le o la ban chep trc tiep cua Be Hu
Cung tren thc a vao au the ky XIX, tc la thi iem cach nay ti hai
the ky. Con neu von la ban chep trc o ti mot na the ky na cua Phan Le
Phien th la ban chep ra giay sm nhat (Phan la ngi tng gi chc oc tran
Cao Bang vao au thap nien 1760 va cung soan mot cuon Cao Bang thc luc;
cuon ay cung c Be Hu Cung tham khao, nhng hien ang b that lac).
ay, tam xem la ban cua Be Hu Cung chep vao thap nien 1800-1810.
Qua ban chep cua Be Hu Cung, co the biet c rang: au the ky XIX,
cac o thuoc phan tren cua mat chuong cung a m gan het ch (nen tac gia
khong chep c g), va hai o khac ch phan di cung a rat kho oc. Bi
vay, ngay phan nien ai chuong, Be Hu Cung cung chep khong ung toan bo
vi thc te van ban con thay hien nay, mang ti cam giac la ta nh ong va
oc va phai oan. Cu the th, ve nien ai cua chuong, Cao Bang thc luc ghi
Long phi Can Thong chi thap cu nien Tan Hi coc nhat
(Ngay tot nam Tan Hi nien hieu Can Thong th 19).
Tiep theo, en thi T c (1848-1883), khi bo ai Nam nhat thong ch
c to chc bien soan, quyen XXV (tnh Cao Bang) cung danh mot dong rat
gian lc cho chua Minh Vien (co le viet lam t Vien Minh ma ra): Chua
Minh Vien: xa Xuan Lnh huyen Thach An, nay trong chua co mot qua
chuong, khac ch Kien Thong thap cu nien Tan Hi chu (uc nam Tan Hi
Kien Thong th 19) [Quoc S Quan trieu Nguyen 2006: 493]. Nh vay, du rat
ngan, ai Nam nhat thong ch ghi lai iem quan trong nhat cua qua chuong la:
no mang nien ai Can [Kien] Thong 19 (nam can chi la Tan Hi). Tuy nhien,
qua thc, tren qua chuong nay ch thc co dong Long phi Can Thong chi thap
cu nien Tan Hi coc nhat nh ghi chep cua Cao Bang thc luc, hay Can
22 Tap ch Nghien cu va Phat trien, so 5 (122) . 2015

Thong thap cu nien Tan Hi chu nh ghi chep cua ai Nam nhat thong ch
hay khong, th chung toi se dien giai phan tiep theo.
Ngoai hai t lieu tren, chuong chua Vien Minh va nhng cau chuyen
mang mau sac ky b lien quan con c ghi vao ong Khanh a d ch va mot
so sach v co nien ai muon hn. Tuy nhien, cac t lieu nay thng chep lan
chuyen t ni nay vao ni kia, va khong cung cap can c goc lam sang to nien
ai cua chuong chua Vien Minh, nen ay tam khong e cap en.
Nghien cu c ban au tien cua khoa hoc hien ai ve chuong chua Vien
Minh chnh la bai viet chung a nhac tren cua nhom tac gia Cung Van Lc
- Chu Quang Tr ang tren tap ch Han Nom nam 1994. Bai viet o ghi lai ket
qua khao sat nhanh tai thc a cua mot nhom cac nha nghien cu trung ng
ve tham d mot hoi thao to chc tai Cao Bang vao thang 2 nam 1993 (gom ba
v la Tran Quoc Vng, Cung Van Lc, Chu Quang Tr), ket hp vi viec oi
chieu ghi chep trong ai Nam nhat thong ch (nh a thuat tren). Bai viet
cung cap mot mieu ta chi tiet au tien ve hnh dang, kch thc, phong cach
nghe thuat cua chuong chua Vien Minh, ac biet, con thc hien viec phien
am va dch ngha bai minh tren chuong. Cac tac gia a rat co gang oc ch
Han con thay hai o thuoc phan di cua mat chuong, du rat m, e tong hp
vi cac chi tiet mang tnh ky thuat my thuat ma a ra kien giai quan trong:
phong cach chuong chua Vien Minh thuoc hau ky thi Mac, ma khong phai la
thuoc phong cach nghe thuat cuoi Tran au Le nh mot nha nghien cu trc
o a oan nh ch bang nhn hnh dang chuong. Hai ong i en li tam ket
rang: rat co the chuong chua Vien Minh c uc khi nha Mac ang chiem
gi Cao Bang va ong o ngay tai ay (). Chuong thi Mac en nay con rat
hiem. Nhng ang van th hay cua thi Mac cung chang con c bao nhieu. Va
ngay ca nhng nhan thc ve thi Mac cung cha thong nhat. Dau sao i na
qua chuong vi bai minh tren kia van la nhng t lieu rat quy. Bai viet co gia
tr hoc thuat cao cua hai ong, ac biet la phan khao ta va phan phien am dch
ngha bai minh, sau nay c nhieu nha nghien cu s dung, trch dan [Hoang
Trieu An 2010; inh Khac Thuan 2010: 533-534; ang Hong Sn - Pham Van
Chien - Nguyen Xuan Toan 2011: 155-160; Ban Lien lac ho Mac Cao Bang 2012:
125-130; Nguyen ai ong 2012: 156-157(11)]. Tuy nhien, ieu can lu y la, ban
than nhom tac gia Cung Van Lc cung khong oc c do net ch khac a qua
m, hay vo y ma bo qua mat dong nien ai ghi ngay tren mat chuong, nen phai
da vao ghi chep nh a dan cua ai Nam nhat thong ch e suy oan. Them
na, thi iem o, e co t lieu oi sanh, tm ra c nien ai tuyet oi la
nam Kien Thong 19, tc nam 1611, hai tac gia Cung Van Lc - Chu Quang
Tr mi ch da vao ai Nam nhat thong ch, ma cha s dung Cao Bang thc
luc du cuon nay t lau a khong con xa la vi hoc gii noi chung va nhng nha
nghien cu ve Cao Bang hay ve nhng toc ngi Tay - Nung Cao Bang noi
rieng (chang han Be Nhat Hoang 1992; Chu Xuan Giao 2000, 2002a-b).
Nam 2011, trong mot tham luan cho hoi thao Nha Mac trong thi ky Cao
Bang to chc vao thang 6 cung nam tai Cao Bang, e lam ro them mot so noi
Tap ch Nghien cu va Phat trien, so 5 (122) . 2015 23

dung lien quan en chuong chua Vien Minh, inh Khac Thuan a s dung cac
ghi chep trong Cao Bang thc luc. Co hai iem quan trong nh sau trong bai
o. Mot la, a phien am va dch lai bai minh/bai tan tren chuong da theo ban
chep cua Be Hu Cung vao au the ky XIX (co mot vai cho khac vi ban oc
trc tiep nam 1993 cua nhom Cung Van Lc); hai la, nhac en mot nien ai
lien quan cua chuong la Nam Long phi Can Thong chi thap cu nien, Tan Hi
coc nhat [inh Khac Thuan 2011: 310]. Tuy nhien, do mi ch lam viec qua
Cao Bang thc luc, ma cha co dp khao sat chuong nguyen vat tren thc a,
nen ong ch xem nam Long phi Can Thong 19 la mot nien ai lien quan, ma
khong he biet o chnh la nien ai cua bai minh, tc nien ai cua qua chuong.
Bi vay, du a phien am dch ngha bai minh va nhac en nam Long phi Can
Thong 19, nhng inh Khac Thuan van viet: Ro rang ay la bai tan tren
chuong c viet vao thi Le, khi tu tao ngoi chua von c xay dng t thi
Mac nay (Sd, trang 310).
Cung co mot so ky thuat hien ai khac xem bai minh o c viet vao
thi Le. Chang han tren website Di tch Lch s quoc gia (ditichlichsuquocgia),
co viet ve bai minh tren chuong a Quan nh sau: Thoat nhn, mat chuong
khong thay minh van, nhng quan sat ky se thay mat qua chuong nho co khac
ch vuong tat ca cac o. Trong o, nhng o thuoc na tren a m gan het ch,
nhng o thuoc na di con ro hn. o co khac phan au cua bai van a oc
c hau het cac ch vuong la ch Han ca ngi ve ep cua chau Thach Lam
luc bay gi va s phuc hoi cua chua Vien Minh sau khi nha Le khoi phuc lai
at Cao Bang(12) [CXG nhan manh]. Khi viet nh vay, nhom bien tap vien cua
website nay han a tham khao mot tai lieu nghien cu nao o.
Bang nhng dien giai di ay, chung toi
cho rang, bai minh tren chuong chua Vien Minh
khong phai c viet vao thi Le e ca ngi
ve ep cua chau Thach Lam noi chung va chua
Vien Minh noi rieng sau khi nha Le chiem lai
c Cao Bang. Ma hoan toan ngc lai, o la
bai minh c viet vao au thi k Cao Bang cua
nha Mac, ca ngi chnh canh thai bnh thnh tr
thi Can Thong, the hien tam trang hao sang
trc khung canh nui song ti ep.
2. Nien hieu Can Thong va tiet Hoa
Trieu vao thang Hai nam Tan Hi (1611)
Nh a noi tren, nguyen ban bai minh
noi tieng tren chuong chua Vien Minh nam
tren hai o phan di cua mat chuong, tam goi
la o B1 va o B2 (xem Anh 5). Noi chnh xac th
bai minh nam vat t B1 sang B2 (m au t B1
va ket thuc B2). O B1 di la tng ng vi Anh 5: Hai o mang van ban bai
o A1 tren co mang mot lo thung. minh tren chuong (o B1 va B2).
24 Tap ch Nghien cu va Phat trien, so 5 (122) . 2015

Tieu e va dong m au cua bai minh nam pha canh ng ben phai cua
o B1, tc la ve pha co hai num chuong (num tren va num di; xem Anh 6
a-b). Co the thay rat ro tren chuong tieu e Vien Minh t chung minh, tan viet
(tam dch: Bai minh chuong chua Vien Minh, tan rang/ca ngi
rang), va dong m au Thien khai Nam Viet, a tch Cao Bang/Bnh
(Tri m ra Nam Viet, at dng nen Cao Bang/Cao Bnh).

Dong noi tiep cua bai minh B2 (bat au t B1) th nam ngay au B2,
tc la pha canh ng ben phai cua o o (xem Anh 7). Cung thay rat ro dong
o tren chuong la Am cong ky hien, dng bao tat vinh
(Cong c ngam giup a rang r, s en ap coi dng at se ve vang). T
thc te van ban chuong tren thc a, ay cha phai la cau ket cua bai minh.
Nhng ban phien am va dch ngha cua nhom Cung Van Lc, cung nh cua
inh Khac Thuan da theo Cao Bang thc luc, eu dng ay, xem no nh
la cau ket. Thc te th con co 4 cau na sau cau nay, nhng tnh trang van
ban rat m, co oc c mot so ch va tam hieu ngha chung chung nhng
khong ghep c thanh cau lien mach. Chang han, cau ke tiep ngay cau tren
la Minh lng..., hy khi ca khang ... (Vua sang toi hien..., tren
di hoa muc cung nhau ca hat xng hoa), tc la b mat (khong oc c ro)
hai ch sau minh lng. ai y th cau nay cho thay tam the hao sang cua
nhng be toi la tr thc Nho hoc song trong canh tr bnh. Ve nghe thuat cau
ch, th minh lng (vua sang toi hien) va hy khi (vua toi hoa thuan, tren
di hoa muc, trong ngoai hp sc)
eu la nhan ng mang ham y ngi
ca, co khi c dung ghep lai thanh
minh lng hy khi hay hy khi
minh lng.
Cau cuoi thc s cua bai minh hien
ch con oc c ba ch, gom mot
ch au cau va hai ch cuoi cau:
Anh 7: O B2 co cha dong lac khoan ghi nien hieu ......, .... (Ngo ....., .....t minh)
Can Thong (cho khoanh anh dau). (Toi......, ..... bai minh nay). Co the
Tap ch Nghien cu va Phat trien, so 5 (122) . 2015 25

tam hieu y cau nay la: toi (chung toi) gi nhng suy ngh va cam tng tren
vao bai minh nay. Nh vay, toan bai minh gom co 23 cau lien ket vi nhau
bang van anh(g)/inh, moi cau 8 ch gom hai ve (ve tren 4 ch, ve di 4 ch).
Dong tieu e va 18 cau au nam tren o B1, con 5 cau cuoi va dong lac khoan
ghi nien ai nam o B2. Gia cau cuoi cua bai minh vi dong lac khoan c
e mot khoang trong (khong thay co ch).
Sau dong lac khoan th co thay mot so ten ngi, ay la nhng th chu
a cong c tai vat va nhng v lien quan en viec che tac chuong. Trc ay,
nhom Cung Van Lc cung a oc c ten cua mot ngi la Pham Th Ngoc
Yen, va co le can c vao ch Ngoc trong ten lot ma d oan ba thuoc vao
dong quyen quy. Tiep xuc vi chuong nguyen vat, chung toi thay oan ghi ten
nhng ngi hng cong nay cung b m rat nhieu, ch oc c ba v sau. Mot v
nam co ten la c Thai (khong ro ho v qua m, va ban than hai ch c
Thai chung toi cung tam nh nh vay). V cua v nay la ba Pham
Th Ngoc Yen . Nguyen van chung toi oc c la c Thai
tnh the Pham Th Ngoc Yen (c Thai va v la
Pham Th Ngoc Yen). Ngi th ba c ghi cuoi cung, la Nguyen
T Nhu san (Nguyen T Nhu san [nh]). Co the v co ten
Nguyen T Nhu nay la ngi trc tiep khac bai minh len chuong.
Nguyen van cua dong lac khoan ghi nien hieu Can Thong th co
the xem Anh 8. Ve c ban, dong lac khoan nay a rat m, khong
he de oc. Co le v vay ma khoang hai the ky hay hai the ky ri
trc, luc en xem chuong, ong quan la Be Hu Cung (hay la Phan
Le Phien) a khong chep ung. Roi en nam 1993, nhom Cung Van
Lc th khong nhn thay nen a bo qua ma khong chep. Lan nay,
qua khao sat bang mat thng tai thc a va sau o la x ly anh
chup ky thuat so, chung toi tam e xuat cach oc nh sau ay cho
dong lac khoan tren chuong chua Vien Minh.
Toan lac khoan co 19 ch, viet chan phng va khong k huy, c
phan thanh cac loai nh sau. 1) Nhng ch tam oan c t c s
la mot phan van t nao o con nhn thay, chung toi e trong dau
moc n bnh thng. Co 3 ch dang nay la van, thap, coc ()()
(); 2) Vi nhng ch hoan toan khong oc c (van t m hoan
toan) ma chung toi manh dan suy luan ra t ng canh chung, ket
hp vi di chep trong Cao Bang thc luc va ai Nam nhat thong
ch, th e trong dau moc vuong. Co 3 ch lien nhau dang nay la
Anh 8: Dong van nien chi [] [] []; 3) Nhng ch nao khong c at trong
lac khoan hai dau tren (moc n, moc vuong) th la van t nhn thay tng
mang nien oi ro bang mat thng tren thc a, hoac sau khi x ly anh ky
hieu Can thuat so (co 13 ch loai nay). Nh vay, co 13 ch tren 19 ch cua
Thong Tan
Hi (nguyen
dong lac khoan con co the oc c, 6 ch con lai la suy oan theo
anh khong hai mc o a trnh bay. Ngoai ra, ta nh con co mot ch na
gia but). ngay sau ch th 19, nhng chung toi khong chac (khong ro la
26 Tap ch Nghien cu va Phat trien, so 5 (122) . 2015

co ch hay khong, v en het ch 19 th dong lac khoan a co the coi nh u

ngha), nen tam s dung dau cham hoi trong moc vuong [?] e ch bao. Cu the
nh sau:
(1) Nguyen van dong lac khoan (ban khoi phuc): ()
[][] []()() [?].
(2) Phien am Han Viet (ban oc theo ung nguyen van): Long
tap Can Thong (van) [van] [nien] [chi] (thap) cu, tue
tai Tan Hi, Hoa Trieu tiet (coc) nhat [?].
(3) Phien am Han Viet (ban tong hp sau khi x ly anh ky
thuat so va oi chieu cac nguon t lieu tham khao): Long tap
Can Thong van van nien chi thap cu, tue tai Tan Hi, Hoa
Trieu tiet coc nhat.
(4) Dch ngha: Ngay tot vao tiet Hoa Trieu, nam Tan Hi,
nam th 19 nien hieu Can Thong [se trng ton] van van nam.
Ve cac con ch quan trong la Can Thong, Tan Hi, thap
cu, Hoa Trieu, Long tap th tnh trang hien th tren
chuong nguyen vat hien nay nh sau:
Anh 9: (1) Trong hai ch Can Thong , ch Can tng oi de
Bon ch m au oc, con ch Thong th khong ro lam nhng van u e
dong lac khoan nhan ra. ay la lan au tien chung toi c tiep xuc trc tiep
la Long tap Can vi nien hieu Can Thong tren hien vat ch thc (xem cho
Thong .
co hai ng ke doc trong Anh 9). Hai ch Long tap
trc nien hieu Can Thong th khong net lam nhng de oc
hn so vi tnh trang cua ch Thong (xem cho co mot ng
ke doc trong Anh 9).
(2). Hai ch Tan Hi khong net lam, nhng u e nhan
ra t dang cua nam can chi nay (xem cho co hai ng ke doc
trong Anh 10). Hai ch tue tai (cho co mot ng ke
doc) trc hai ch Tan Hi cung thay tng oi ro. Cac ch
Hoa Trieu tiet (cho ba ng ke doc) va coc nhat
(cho co mot ben moc vuong) c viet nho hn va thanh
2 dong sau hai ch Tan Hi.
(3). Hai ch thap cu nam trc hai ch tue tai, trong
o, ch cu ( oan co hai ng ke doc Anh 11) th nhan
ra c, con ch thap trc o th la suy oan t t dang gia
nh ket hp vi ghi chep cua Cao Bang thc luc, ai Nam
nhat thong ch.
That ra, khi oc c nien hieu Can Thong va nam can chi
la Tan Hi, th chung ta co the tnh ngay ra c nam dng
Anh 10: lch tng ng la 1611,(13) ma cha can s dung en thong tin
Cac ch tue tai
Tan Hi, Hoa Trieu thap cu. Tuy nhien, neu biet c ch xac la thap cu
tiet (coc) nhat th chung ta se xac nh c nam bat au cua nien hieu Can
(). Thong. Theo dong lac khoan tren chuong nay, ro rang Can
Tap ch Nghien cu va Phat trien, so 5 (122) . 2015 27

Thong nam au se la 1593, ung nh ghi chep cua ai Viet

thong s va ai Viet s ky toan th.
Tu trung lai, dong lac khoan cho chung ta biet viec uc
chuong va khac bai minh len chuong (co the bao gom ca viec
xay cat hay trung tu chua Vien Minh) la vao tiet Hoa Trieu
cua nam Tan Hi tng ng vi nam Can Thong 19 cua vua
Mac Knh Cung. Lac khoan tren chuong nguyen vat la Long
tap Can Thong van van nien chi thap cu, tue tai Tan Hi,
Hoa Trieu tiet coc nhat. Con Long phi Can Thong chi thap
cu nien Tan Hi coc nhat nh ghi chep cua Cao Bang thc
luc, hay Can Thong thap cu nien Tan Hi chu nh ghi
chep cua ai Nam nhat thong ch ro rang la khong hoan toan
chnh xac, tuy co gia tr tham khao ac biet.
Rat hiem trng hp chung ta c gap Hoa Trieu tiet
, tc hoi Thng hoa hay tet Ngam hoa, trong lac khoan
tren minh van (chuong ong, trong ong, o gom, bia a, te
Anh 11: Cac ch kh,). Hoa Trieu tiet la nghi le hay le hoi trong nam co
(thap) cu tue tai nguon goc t Trung Quoc, c ghi trong cac sach nh Mong
()
khoang gia
lng luc cua Ngo T Muc i Tong hay e kinh tue thi ky
dong lac khoan thang cua Phan Vinh Luc i Thanh. Ve thi gian, la vao
thang Hai am lch, nhng khong thong nhat ve ngay cu the
gia cac vung mien va cac trieu ai, sm nhat la ngay mong hai, muon nhat la
ngay ram. Ngi ta to chc cac hoat ong nh cung than hoa, ngam hoa, trong
hoa, ngam vnh ca xng Trong dan gian, co quan niem rang, neu vao dp
Hoa Trieu ma tri trong xanh th ca nam cay coi se tot ti, hoa trai se c
mua [Chu Van Bach (Chu bien) 1992: 603]. Phong tuc nay chac a c truyen
sang ai Viet t lau. Trong An Nam ch lc, tac gia Le Tac la ngi cua the
ky XIV co mieu ta hoi Xuan ai to chc vao thang Hai, co s tham gia cua vua
va hoang gia i Tran: Thang Hai lam mot cai nha, goi la Xuan ai, cac con
hat hoa trang lam mi hai v than, mua hat tren ai. Vua coi cac tro tranh ua
trc san, va coi cac lc s va tre con au nhau, ai thang th c thng. Cac
cong hau th ci nga va anh trai cau, quan nho th anh c, anh vu bo (bai
the), a bong va thi ua cac tro chi khac [Le Tac 2009: 69]. Sach o cung lai
chep ve ngay Lap xuan: Theo gia le, ngay Lap xuan i du xuan, khien cac ton
trng dat trau at, xong roi, cac quan lai giat hoa vao au e vao ai noi d
tiec (Sd: 69). Ta nh co bong dang cua tiet Hoa Trieu trong sinh hoat cung
nh thi Tran, nhng khong con ro rang, chac la a c cai bien. Khong ro la
en thi Le, roi thi Mac, va Le Trung hng, tiet Hoa Trieu c to chc nh
the nao trong kinh thanh Thang Long. Nhng ro rang, vi t lieu chuong chua
Vien Minh, chung ta biet en Hoa Trieu trong sinh hoat cua vng trieu Mac
thi ky Cao Bang. Ta nh, vao trung tuan thang Hai am lch, khi tiet tri a
am len, kinh o nha Mac cung nh ngoai dan gian (bao gom cac toc ngi
Tay, Nung, Kinh, Dao), ngi ta to chc hoi ngam hoa hay trong hoa. Mng
tng nay ket hp vi noi dung cua bai minh tren chuong chua Vien Minh,(14)
28 Tap ch Nghien cu va Phat trien, so 5 (122) . 2015

cho phep chung ta quyen suy tng ve nhng ngay thang an vui, sung tuc,
thong tha, em a cua vng trieu Mac au thi ky Cao Bang. Trong long khong
thc s thay an vui, ngi ta khong the to chc c hoi Hoa Trieu, tham ch
khong con co the ngh c ve no. Cuoc song khong em a, khong the nhan tan
ngam hoa hay trong hoa trong kinh thanh vao thang Hai am lch. Trieu nh
va dan gian khong sung tuc, th khong the uc nen nhng ai hong chung nh
thay trong khuon vien chua Vien Minh ngay nay, cung khong the ban en
chuyen vua sang toi hien hay tren di hoa muc cung nhau ca hat xng
hoa. Gia tr tran quy cua nguyen vat chuong chua Vien Minh cung li minh
tren o chnh la giup chung ta co mot cai nhn va can canh lai va tong quan
nh vay ve nhng nam thang tr bnh Cao Bang cua vua Mac Knh Cung.
Vt qua nhng t anh pha ac liet va tan diet kinh o Cao Bang cua the lc
Le-Trnh, lai qua bao phen binh hoa suot t thi Tay Sn cho en gan ay, bao
nhieu dau be oi thay nh vay, nguyen vat chuong chua Vien Minh c uc
nam Can Thong Tan Hi (1611) van ang nam rat oi th tha va bnh d trong
gac chuong chua Vien Minh.
3. Can Thong vi Long phi va Long tap
Van e Long phi va Long tap (hai ch Long phi hay Long tap
xuat hien trong dong nien ai cua cac di vat nh bia ky, chuong ong, hoanh
phi, ai t, cau oi, sach v Viet Nam) tng thu hut s chu y cua khong t
nha nghien cu s hoc, van hoc, van ban hoc, van hoa dan gian trong va
ngoai nc. Thch ngha theo loi n gian, th Long phi la rong bay len, con
Long tap la rong tu lai.
trong nc, nam 1987, trong mot bai ang tren tap ch Han Nom, inh
Khac Thuan a a ra nhng kien giai au tien t thc te nghien cu cua ban
than ong en thi iem o. Ong co a mot ket luan tam thi rang: Long phi
c dung ca thi Khai nh va Bao ai. Chung toi cha u c lieu e xac
nh Long phi c dung ghi nien ai t nien hieu nao. Song cung nh Thien
van, Long phi tng trng cho mot giai oan - chac chan no ton tai giai oan
cuoi Nguyen ma sm nhat khong the vt qua nien hieu T c c [inh
Khac Thuan 1987]. T kinh nghiem thc a, chung toi cung nhan thay rang,
qua thc Long phi thng gan vi thi ky muon cua nha Nguyen (may ong vua
cuoi cua trieu ai nay), nhng van can canh giac e suy tnh ky lng ti tng
trng hp van ban. Co mot trng hp Long phi khong con nh nhan nh cua
inh Khac Thuan, rang chac chan no ton tai giai oan cuoi Nguyen ma sm
nhat khong the vt qua nien hieu T c c, ma a vt len ti nam Canh
Hng th 47, tc la sm hn thi T c rat nhieu. ay la trng hp cua
Long phi tren tam bia Hau than bi ky chua Linh Thong (con goi chua Cao
hay Cao Ninh) thuoc thon Ninh Sn xa Phung Chau huyen Chng My tnh
Ha Tay (cu) a c Nguyen Xuan Dien phat hien roi cong bo vao nam 2001
[Nguyen Xuan Dien 2001]. Dong lac khoan tren tam bia o, theo Nguyen Xuan
Dien la Le trieu van van nienLong phiCanh Hng t thap that, tue tai Bnh
Ngo, quy xuan thng can . T o,
Nguyen Xuan Dien a ra hai iem sau trong cach hieu ve Long phi: 1) La hai
Tap ch Nghien cu va Phat trien, so 5 (122) . 2015 29

ch c dung vi y ngha ton knh e ch thi gian tr v cua vua ng trieu;

2) Viec dung hai chLong phitrong dong nien ai hay lac khoan khong phai la
bat au t thi Nguyen, cang khong phai khong the sm hn nien ai T c.
Theo t lieu cua mot so nha nghien cu nc ngoai, ben canh Long phi,
con xuat hien ca Long tap (chung toi se trnh bay cu the van e nay mot
dp khac). Cung xin ghi chu them la hai nha nghien cu Viet Nam tren mi
ch e mat ti Long phi, ma cha nhac en Long tap. Chnh qua chuong ln
uc nam Can Thong 19 tai kinh o Cao Bang nay co lien quan ti ca Long phi
va Long tap. Neu ch can c theo ghi chep cua Be Hu Cung hoac cua Phan
Le Phien trong Cao Bang thc luc th la Long phi (nguyen van Long phi Can
Thong ). en nay, can c theo nguyen ban tren nguyen vat, nh a
trnh bay tren, th chung toi xac nh la Long tap (nguyen van Long tap Can
Thong ). Khong ro tac gia cua Cao Bang thc luc nhn nham t Long
tap ra Long phi, hay t xem hai cai nay co the s dung lan cho nhau.
Nien ai che tac cua chuong chua Vien Minh Cao Bang tnh ra dng
lch la nam 1611, ro rang la cach rat xa so vi nam Canh Hng 47 (1786) tren
bia chua Linh Thong Ha Tay cu, ch cha can noi en thi T c (1848-
1883). Nh vay, trng hp Long tap Can Thong thi vua Mac Knh Cung nay
cung cap mot t lieu thu v va chac chan e chung ta tiep tuc suy ngh ve Long
phi va Long tap.
Li tam ket
Trong he thong nien hieu cua cac vua Mac thi ky Cao Bang, Can Thong
cua vua Mac Knh Cung - ngi xay dng kinh o Cao Bang - c chnh s
ai Viet trieu Le Trung hng va Nguyen sau nay ghi chep nhieu hn ca. Chung
toi cha lam thong ke chi tiet, nhng co the phong oan la tan suat xuat hien
trong cac bo chnh s thi Le Trung hng cua nien hieu Can Thong (1593-1625)
nhieu hn han cac nien hieu ke tiep. ai Viet s ky toan th va ai Viet thong
s eu co chep s kien cac tng Phan Ngan, Ngo nh Nga, Bui Van Khue
phan Le ve vi nha Mac vao nam Canh Ty 1600 (khi o Mac Knh Dung a qua
i; Mac Knh Cung a at nien hieu c khoang 7 nam, mi chuyen a ban
ve Cao Bang va c nha Minh cong nhan; me cua Mac Mau Hp chuan b ve
Thang Long trong t cach quoc mau). Nhom Phan Ngan quy phu nha Mac, a
s dung nien hieu Can Thong e tap hp lc lng va chieu du cac a phng
(dung nien hieu Can Thong cua ho Mac trong cac bang yet th hoac lenh cam)
[Vien Khoa hoc Xa hoi Viet Nam 2009c: 256; Le Quy on 2012b: 255]. Co the
neu nhieu dan chng tng t nh vay t chnh s va cac nguon sach tham
khao khac. Nhng trc tiep mang nien hieu Can Thong ch thc tren di vat
cua chnh thi Can Thong th chuong chua Vien Minh Cao Bang co the xem
la duy nhat hien nay. ay ch thc la chuong chua,(15) trong khu vc ke can cua
kinh thanh Cao Bang, nhng nam thang au tien vi cam quan chung t noi
dung bai minh la thi ky tr bnh, vua sang toi hien, trong trieu ngoai noi sung
tuc. Nhan manh them mot lan na nh vay ve tnh trong yeu trong nghien cu
nha Mac thi ky Cao Bang cua chuong chua Vien Minh, la va e tam ong lai
30 Tap ch Nghien cu va Phat trien, so 5 (122) . 2015

bai viet nay va chuan b cho viec i sau tm hieu noi dung cua bai minh c
khac tren o ma chung toi se cong bo nhng dp khac.
Ha Noi, thang 1 va thang 7 nam 2013
Chnh ly lan cuoi vao thang 5 nam 2015 tai Osaka
CXG
CHU THCH
(1) Xem Ngu Quan Khai, 2012. Sach xuat ban vao thang 11 nam 2012. Nen tang cua sach nay
la luan van hoc v cua Ngu Quan Khai a e trnh tai ai hoc Trung Sn nam 2003 vi tieu
e tam dch la Trieu cong va bang giao - Nghien cu ve quan he Trung-Viet thi cuoi Minh
au Thanh (1593-1702).
(2) Xem Le Quy on 2012b: 245-247. Trc tiep la oan: Thang 7 nam ay (Quang Hng 18, At
Mui, 1595, trieu nh nha Minhgoi Mac Knh Dung ti xem tan mat, Dung than t cung
khai, quan nha Minh tam cho y an thap mot ni, va xin lay phu Cao Bang e an tr bon Knh
Dung, lay chau Bao Lac, Hai ong e an tr bon Knh Chng, Knh Cung, e bao ton viec
te t cua tong toc nha Mac. en thang 4 nam 1597 (Quang Hng 20), trong mot t bieu tau
ve trieu nh cua quan Tong oc Tran ai Khoa (nha Minh) cung viet: at ai cua ho Mac
a b mat het t trc roi, ch co ho Mac Knh Dung con sot lai khong bao nhieu Nen cat
mot ni phu tr Cao Bang cap cho Knh Dung e an tr y ay (Sd: 251).
(3) Theo sach ai Nam nhat thong ch soan thi T c th, chau Van Lan (ten t thi Le) trc
von co ten chau Yen Lan (ghi trong D a ch cua Nguyen Trai), en thi Gia Long oi thanh
chau Van Quan (Quoc S Quan trieu Nguyen 2006: 431).
(4) muc Tien Giao s luc cua sach nay co ghi: Tan Su Le trieu Hoang nh nh nien, Mac
tiem hieu Can Thong nguyen nien. Mac thi kien o Cao Bang Manh Tuyen chi a, sang
che cung ien (Nguyen Hu Cung 1810: 46). oan nay tam dch nh sau: Vao nam
Hoang nh th hai trieu Le, tc nam Tan Su, nha Mac tiem xng Can Thong nam au.
Mac dng kinh o Cao Bang at Manh Tuyen, xay cat cung ien.
(5) Trc thang 9 nam 2012, la xa Hng ao th xa Cao Bang (va trc na th la xa Hng
ao huyen Hoa An tnh Cao Bang). Thanh pho Cao Bang c thanh lap tren c s toan
bo dien tch t nhien, dan so va cac n v hanh chnh trc thuoc cua th xa Cao Bang, theo
Ngh quyet so 60/NQ-CP cua Chnh phu Ve viec thanh lap thanh pho Cao Bang thuoc tnh
Cao Bang do Thu tng ky ngay 25 thang 9 nam 2012. Co the xem van ban Ngh quyet
tren website Cong thong tin ien t Chnh phu: http://www.chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/
chinhphu/hethongvanban?class_id=509&_page=1&mode=detail&document_id=163852.
(6) thi iem nam 1993, hai tac gia Cung Van Lc va Chu Quang Tr mieu ta hien trang
chua Vien Minh va hai gac chuong cu nh sau: Chua a Quan ten ch la Vien Minh t,
hien thuoc xa Hng ao huyen Hoa An tnh Cao Bang, nay a tan hoang, nhng trong khu
at nen chua con co hai quan nho reu phong, ben trong treo hai qua chuong ln (Cung Van
Lc - Chu Quang Tr 1994).
(7) Tat ca cac anh khong co chu thch rieng trong bai nay eu cua tac gia bai viet, cung chup
vao ngay 29 thang 11 nam 2012. Khi o, toi i mot mnh, vao gi chieu muon.
(8) Anh lay t bai Chuong chua a Quan tren website http://ditichlichsuquocgia.violet.vn/chi-
tiet-di-tich-lich-su-van-hoa/1065/1065.html
(9) Chung toi tam anh ky hieu A vao cac o ben tren, va ky hieu B cho cac o ben di cua
mat chuong.
(10) Theo khao cu cua Tran Van Giap, sach Cao Bang thc luc la cua Nguyen Hu Cung (Be
Hu Cung) co mang bai ta e nam Gia Long 9 (1810), trong o, co oan la ong trch va
sa cha lai t sach Thc luc. T o, Tran Van Giap a ra gia thiet: Nguyen Hu Cung a
dung sach Thc luc cua Phan Le Phien va mot phan sach cua ho Phan con c ghi lai
trong sach cua Nguyen Hu Cung (Tran Van Giap 1984: 386). Van theo Tran Van Giap,
Phan Le Phien hay Phan Trong Phien (1734-1809, ngi lang ong Ngac Ha Noi) tng
soan Cao Bang thc luc (Tran Van Giap 1971: 338-339). Phan Le Phien tng lam quan oc
tran Cao Bang vao khoang au thap nien 1760, trong mot vai nam, nen co the a soan
Cao Bang thc luc khi o. Cao Bang thc luc cua Nguyen Hu Cung co s dung Cao Bang
thc luc cua Phan Le Phien nh mot tai lieu tham khao, nhng tiec la van ban hien con cua
Tap ch Nghien cu va Phat trien, so 5 (122) . 2015 31

no tai Th vien Vien Nghien cu Han Nom khong cho ta biet ro oan nao la von la cua Phan
Le Phien va nhng oan nao do Nguyen Hu Cung viet them hoac nhuan sac. V vay, toan
oan ve chua Vien Minh trong Cao Bang thc luc khong biet la ban viet cu cua Phan Le
Phien hay cua Nguyen Hu Cung.
(11) Mot so nghien cu nay s dung hoac trch dan gan nh ca bai, nhng co khi quen ghi xuat x.
(12) Bai Chuong chua a Quan, a ch sau: http://ditichlichsuquocgia.violet.vn/chi-tiet-di-tich-
lich-su-van-hoa/1065/1065.html
(13) Nam can chi Tan Hi ng vi cac nam dng lch sau: 1551, 1611, 1671, 1731, 1791. T
cac nam nay, chung ta se xac nh c Can Thong Tan Hi se la 1611.
(14) Noi dung cua bai minh, hien tai co the xem ban dch cua nhom Cung Van Lc - Chu Quang
Tr va cua inh Khac Thuan.
(15) Gan ay, tac gia Nguyen Minh c co suy oan qua chuong nay (chuong nho, co mot lo
thung) va qua chuong ln hn cung trong khuon vien chua Vien Minh va mieu Quan Trieu
la chuong tran. Ch hoan toan la suy tng ca nhan, ma khong co bat c chng c thuyet
phuc nao, nhng tac gia a i en ket luan: Nh vay, hai qua chuong nha Mac chua a
Quan ngay nay chac chan la chuong tran. Trong lch s chien tranh hau nh ta cha thay
co nguon s lieu nao noi ve viec s dung nhng qua chuong ln nh vay e lam hieu lenh
ch huy mat tran (S Khoa hoc va Cong nghe Hai Phong - Hoi Khoa hoc Lch s Viet Nam
- Trung tam Bao tr Van hoa Ky thuat truyen thong (RCTCT) 2012: 118).
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO/TRCH DAN
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hp ban Phia Chang, Luan van Thac s Van hoa dan gian, 349 trang, hien lu tai Th vien
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7. Chu Xuan Giao, 2002a,
8
(Nghien cu Dan tuc hoc ve thay Tao trong nhom Nung An thuoc toc ngi Nung ong
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ngi Nung An ong Bac Viet Nam, in trong sach Van hoa va lch s cac dan toc trong
nhom ngon ng Thai Viet Nam (Hoi ngh Thai hoc Viet Nam lan th III, Chng trnh Thai
hoc Viet Nam, Nxb Van hoa-Thong tin), pp.100-117.
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bc au ve nien ai va ve thi iem ket thuc cua trieu Mac Cao Bang, qua tham khao ket
qua nghien cu cua cac nha s hoc Trung Quoc, in trong Ky yeu Hoi thao khoa hoc Vng
trieu Mac trong lch s Viet Nam (Trung tam Bao ton Khu di tch Co Loa - Thanh co Ha Noi,
Van phong Ban ch ao Quoc gia 1.000 nam Thang Long, Hoi S hoc Ha Noi), Ha Noi, 2010,
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sach Nha Mac va hau due tren at Vnh Phuc (Ky yeu hoi thao khoa hoc), S Van hoa, The
thao va Du lch Vnh Phuc xuat ban, pp. 235-395.
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lieu quy ve thi Mac Cao Bang, tap ch Han Nom so 1 nam 1994.
32 Tap ch Nghien cu va Phat trien, so 5 (122) . 2015

12. ang Hong Sn - Pham Van Chien - Nguyen Xuan Toan, 2011, Di san van hoa nha Mac
thi ky Cao Bang qua cac nh, chua, mieu, tap hp trong S Khoa hoc va Cong nghe tnh
Cao Bang 2011 (Ky yeu Hoi thao khoa hoc Nha Mac trong thi ky Cao Bang), tr. 155-169.
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Ha Noi, Le Van Tan.
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(3). Ban trc tuyen tren website Vien Nghien cu Han Nom: http://hannom.org.vn/web/tchn/
data/8702v.htm#thuan3
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Nxb Hai Phong.
17. inh Khac Thuan, 2011, Dau tch van hoa thi Mac qua tai lieu Cao Bang thc luc, tap hp
trong S Khoa hoc va Cong nghe tnh Cao Bang 2011 (Ky yeu Hoi thao khoa hoc Nha Mac
trong thi ky Cao Bang), tr. 306-317.
18. Hoang Le (Bien soan), 1988, Mac th the pha hp bien (Lu hanh noi bo).
19. Hoang Trieu An, 2010, Cao Bang qua van th xa (20/04/2010), Website Cong thong
tin ien t tnh Cao Bang: http://www.caobang.gov.vn:10040/wps/wcm/connect/Web+Content/
caobang/vietvecaobang/4806c500422f2b99a4acbe40f0083290?presentationtemplate=PT+-
+Print&presentationtemplateid=45183700422ff7f1a662be40f0083290
20. Le Quy on (Ngo The Long dch), 2012a (1749), ai Viet thong s - Quyen 1, TP Ho Ch
Minh, Nxb Tre - Nxb Hong Bang.
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Minh, Nxb Tre - Nxb Hong Bang.
22. Le Tac, 2009, An Nam ch lc, Nxb Lao ong - Trung tam Van hoa Ngon ng ong Tay.
23. Nguyen Canh th (Nguyen Th Thao dch, Tran Ngha khao nh va gii thieu), 2011, Thien
Nam liet truyen Hoan Chau ky, Ha Noi, Nxb The gii.
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25. Nguyen Hu Cung (Be Hu Cung ), 1810, Cao Bang thc luc , Ban
chep tay hien lu tai Th vien Vien Nghien cu Han Nom, ky hieu A.1129 (ban chup phuc
vu ban oc vi ky hieu VHc.1438).
26. Nguyen Minh Tng, 1996, Nha Mac sau nam 1592, in trong Vien S hoc 1996, tr. 279-305.
27. Nguyen Xuan Dien, 2007 (2001), Hai ch Long phi trong dong nien ai bia thi Le, Thong
bao Han Nom hoc 2001, Ban trc tuyen tren website Vien Nghien cu Han Nom: http://www.
hannom.org.vn/detail.asp?param=189&Catid=255 (len mang ngay 23/3/2007).
28. Ngu Quan Khai , 2000, , tap ch ong Nam A - Nam A nghien
cu /Southeast Asian and South Asian Studies, so 3-4 (67), tr. 45-51,
Nguyen ban tieng Trung cua Ngu Quan Khai, 2013.
29. Ngu Quan Khai, 2012, (Hau due vng that
va ke phan loan: Nghien cu ve quan he cua nha Mac Viet Nam vi Trung Quoc), :
, 326 trang.
30. Ngu Quan Khai (Chu Xuan Giao dch va chu giai), 2013, Bc au nghien cu ve nha Mac
Cao Bang va hau Cao Bang, in trong sach Nha Mac va hau due tren at Vnh Phuc (Ky
yeu Hoi thao khoa hoc), S Van hoa, The thao va Du lch Vnh Phuc xuat ban, tr.114-142.
31. Phan ang Nhat, 2011, Nha Mac va ho Mac - Y ch va muc tieu chien lc, Ha Noi, Nxb Dan tr.
32. Quoc S Quan trieu Nguyen (Vien S hoc phien dch va chu giai: Pham Trong iem dch,
ao Duy Anh hieu nh), 2006, ai Nam nhat thong ch, tap 4 (Tai ban lan th hai), Hue,
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33. S Khoa hoc va Cong nghe Cao Bang, 2011, Ky yeu Hoi thao khoa hoc Nha Mac trong thi
ky Cao Bang (Chu nhiem e tai: Nguyen Minh c). Tap ban thao che ban tren hai mat
giay, kho B5 gom 427 trang (ba mau xanh co in chm hnh trong ong ong Sn).
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tr Van hoa va Ky thuat truyen thong (RCTCT), 2012, D thao Bao cao ket qua nghien cu
khoa hoc - e tai Thc trang va giai phap bao ton, phat huy cac gia tr di san phi vat the nha
Mac tai co o Dng Kinh - Hai Phong (Ma so: T.XH.2008.511; Chu nhiem e tai: Nguyen
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Minh c; n v thc hien: Trung tam Bao tr Van hoa Ky thuat truyen thong). Tap ban
thao che ban tren mot mat giay kho A4 gom 172 trang (ba mau xanh nhat).
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tren at Vnh Phuc - Tom tat cac tham luan, Tai lieu in ba mem gom 65 trang s dung trong
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theo ban khac nam Chnh Hoa th 18 - 1697), Tap I, Nxb Khoa hoc Xa hoi.
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TOM TAT
Bai viet trnh bay ket qua khao cu t t lieu ien da va oi chieu th tch cua tac gia ve
dong lac khoan cua bai minh hien con thay tren chuong chua Vien Minh (cung goi la chua a
Quan) Cao Bang. Dong lac khoan nay a b m mon, rat kho oc nen lau nay c ghi lai khong
thong nhat trong cac tai lieu th tch cung nh cac cong trnh nghien cu gan ay. Ket qua khao
cu cho biet viec uc chuong va khac bai minh len chuong la vao tiet Hoa Trieu nam Tan Hi,
nien hieu Can Thong th 19 di thi vua Mac Knh Cung, dng lch la nam 1611. Ket qua nay
gop phan khang nh gia tr quy bau cua chuong chua Vien Minh trong viec cung cap cac c lieu
van hoa-lch s lien quan en thi ky au cua nha Mac Cao Bang. ong thi, ay cung la mot
c lieu chac chan e tm hieu them viec dung cac t ton xng trieu ai nh Long phi, Long tap
kem theo nam can chi trong th tch xa.
ABSTRACT
ABOUT CAN THONG REIGN OF THE MAC KING
ON THE EXISTING BELL OF VIEN MINH PAGODA IN CAO BANG PROVINCE
The paper presents research results from fieldwork data comparing to the authors
bibliography about the writing at the bottom of the epitaph on the bell of Vien Minh Pagoda (also
called a Quan Pagoda) in Cao Bang. The writing is blurred and eroded, which makes it hard
to read, leading to the dissimilarity among recent bibliographies and research works. Results
of the research proved that the cast of the bell and the engraving of the epitaph were in Hoa
Trieu seasonal segment, the year of the Pig, 1611 A.D, the 19th year of the Can Thong reign
of King Mac Knh Cung. The results confirm worthy values of the bell in Vien Minh Pagoda and
provide cultural and historical evidence related to the early days of the Mac Dynasty in Cao Bang.
Besides, they are exact data to find out the use of imperial titles, such as Long phi, Long tap and
the five signs of the Heavenly Stems and of the Earthly Branches in ancient bibliographies.