Module 2.7: Environmental and Social Safeguards

Module 2.
7: Environmental and Social Safeguards

Contents
1.0 Introduction .......................................................................................1
2.0 Urban Environmental Issues in India .................................................1

2.1 Water Pollution .................................................................................1
2.2 Air Pollution......................................................................................3
2.3 Solid Waste ......................................................................................3
2.4 Noise...............................................................................................4
2.5 Urban Microclimate ............................................................................5
3.0 Need for Environmental Safeguards ...................................................5
4.0 Key Features of the Environmental Safeguard System of India ..........6

4.1 Environmental Legislations at the National Level ....................................8
4.1.1 Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 - As Amended In
1978 & 1988.......................................................................................8
4.1.2 The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 .....................9
4.1.3 The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 .........................................9
4.1.4 EIA Notification S.O. 1533 dated 14th September 2006 .................. 10
4.1.5 Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification: .................................. 14
4.1.6 Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000...................... 16
4.1.7 Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 - As Amended In 1988 .................. 16
4.1.8 Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2000 .......... 17
4.1.9 Bio-Medical Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1998............... 18
4.1.10 The Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 ..... 18
4.1.11 The Wildlife Protection Act, 2002 ............................................... 19
4.1.12 The Ancient Monuments & Archeological Sites & Remains Act, 1958 20
4.2 Environmental Policy and Guidelines at the National Level ..................... 21
4.2.1 National Environmental Policy ..................................................... 21
4.2.2 The National Water Policy, 2002 .................................................. 22
4.2.3 Urban Development Plans Formulation and Implementation Guidelines
...................................................................................................... 23
4.3 Social Legislations at the National Level.............................................. 23
4.3.1 The Land Acquisition Act, 1894.................................................... 23
4.3.2 Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 ....................... 24
4.3.3 Interstate Migrant Workmens (Regulation of Employment & Condition
of Service) Act, 1979 ......................................................................... 24
4.3.4 The Building & Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment
& Condition of Service) Act, 1979 ........................................................ 25
4.3.5 Right to Information Act, 2005 .................................................... 26
4.4 Social Policy and Guidelines at the National Level................................. 27
4.4.1 National Policy on Resettlement and Rehabilitation ......................... 27
i
5.0 Environmental Policies of International Funding Agencies ............... 27
6.0 Generic Environmental Impacts due to Urban Infrastructure Projects

............................................................................................................... 34
6.1 Land and Land Use .......................................................................... 34
6.2 Flora and Fauna .............................................................................. 35
6.3 Air Environment .............................................................................. 35
6.4 Noise Environment .......................................................................... 35
6.5 Water Environment.......................................................................... 35
7.0 Project Specific Environmental and Social Issues............................. 36

7.1 Sewerage and Sanitation Projects ...................................................... 36
7.1.1 Environmental Issues................................................................. 36
7.1.2 Social Issues ............................................................................ 37
7.2 Urban Roads and Transport Projects................................................... 38
7.2.1 Environmental Issues................................................................. 38
7.2.2 Social Issues ........................................................................... 39
7.3 Sub-Project Wise Issues-Water Supply ............................................... 40
7.4 Urban Infrastructure Project and Sub-project Components Vs.
Environmental Policy, Legislation and Guidelines ....................................... 47
7.5 Urban Infrastructure Project and Sub-project Components Vs.
Environmental Policy, Legislation and Guidelines ....................................... 48
8.0 Checklist for Urban Infrastructure Projects...................................... 49
9.0 Project Specific Environmental management Plan............................ 51

9.1 Project: Water Supply ...................................................................... 51
9.2 Project: Sewerage ........................................................................... 53
9.3 Project: Solid Waste Management...................................................... 56
9.4 Project: Road and Transportation ...................................................... 59
9.5 Project: Storm water drainage .......................................................... 63
List of Annex
Annex I: Application for obtaining authorisation for Solid Waste Processing and
Disposal Site from Pollution Control Board ( Form 1 of MSW Rules,2000 )
Annex II: Format if annual report to be submitted by Municipal Authority.
Annex III: Schedule ii of MSW Rules, 2000.
Annex IV: Schedule iii of MSW Rules, 2000.
Annex V: Schedule iv of MSW Rules, 2000
Annex VI: Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) checklist for Sewage
Treatment Plant component.
Annex VII: Checklist for Solid Waste Management component
Annex VIII: Best Practices in Construction Phase.
ii
1.0 Introduction
All developmental process invariably has some negative effect on the
environment. There is a popular perception that environment and development
cannot go hand in hand. This perception has given birth to what is known as
sustainable development, which strives for balancing the two diverse directions of
developmental process and environmental protection, and tries to meet them at a
point whereby one need not be sacrificed for another. Therefore it is a need of the
hour that we incorporate the environmental and social safeguards while planning
preparing and implementing any infrastructure project.
This module has been structured in a way to discuss the pertinent urban
environmental issues in India, National level environmental legislations, policies
and guidelines, project specific and generic environmental and social impact
arising out of different infrastructure projects and environmental and social
safeguards that need to be incorporated in different project stage.
2.0 Urban Environmental Issues in India

Population density in urban centers is increasing rapidly. The rate has been too
fast for the development of the infrastructure required to keep a city running
efficiently. Provision of housing, water supply, garbage disposal, sanitation
facilities, etc. has not been able to keep pace with the rate of urbanization. This
has led to polluted, overcrowded living conditions for many who move into a city
with hopes of a better life. On the other hand urban centers heavily draw on
resources like water, forest, fuel, and land, for their very existence. However,
they return these back to the environment as waste and pollutants. In short the
urban environment in general is deteriorating at a rapid rate. The crucial supports
for a healthy environment and good living conditions. Viz. air, water, and land,
are being adversely affected.
2.1 Water Pollution

Access to safe drinking water is a problem in most urban areas of India and the
world. Rivers running through most cities are seen as convenient places to let out
the untreated sewage and even industrial effluents. In earlier times the practice
of letting out waste into rivers was relatively harmless because the quantity and
quality of waste were such that it got diluted to safe levels and also allowed
natural biochemical processes to act. This broke down the wastes naturally.
However, with the increase in urbanization, the quantity and concentration of
wastes has increased, with the result that the river is not able to dilute the
increased quantity of wastes any more.
1
Module 2.7: Environmental and Social Safeguards
Contamination of piped drinking water by sewage is not uncommon, due to the

corrosion of the pipelines over time. The release of untreated industrial waste into
the domestic sewerage line also adds to the pollution of water bodies and hastens
the corrosion of the pipeline. Twenty one per cent of all communicable diseases in
India are water-borne.
Because of the concrete jungle of buildings and paved roads that our areas are
today, no percolation of water occurs, and almost the entire precipitation is lost
as runoff. Thus a natural source for the recharging of the much used ground
water is lost. The run-off water lost through storm drains wreaks havoc in low
laying areas by flooding them. The clogging of storm drains also results in rain
water overflowing and flooding the area.
Source: Tasa Graphic Arts
2 JnNURM - Rapid Training Programme

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2.2 Air Pollution

Polluted air is becoming an enormous and growing problem in the cities today.
This is attributed to the increase in the number of industries and vehicles on the
road. In major cities like Delhi and Mumbai, over half the quantity of air
pollutants is from vehicles. A major contributor to the increase in vehicular
pollution is the increasing number of vehicles on the road.
2.3 Solid Waste

Unplanned disposal of domestic or household garbage is a major source of
pollution in urban areas. The increased economic growth of a place is reflected in
the kind of waste it generates. Earlier the type of waste used to be mainly organic
wastes which are biodegradable, for example, leftover food, peels of vegetables
or fruits, paper, etc. today not only has the quantity of waste changed but the
composition of the waste, from being mainly reusable to disposable. These wastes
mainly comprise plastics, fused materials (in which more than one material
plastic and paper, or paper and aluminum, are joined or fused together, e.g. pan
masala pouches, tetrapacks), toxic material, etc., these wastes are not
biodegradable and remain on the land for a long time. They could contaminate
air, water and land with toxins.
On an average 0.3 to 0.5 kg of solid waste is generated by a single individual in

an urban area. The quantity of waste generated in a day varies from city to city.
Disposal of solid waste is a big challenge for any urban authority. The problem is
that there is not land available to dispose of the waste collected. New sites have
to be found and these are normally far away from the city. This means that the
waste has to be transported longer distances, resulting in increase use of fuel, as
well as resulting vehicular pollution, and possible spillage of the waste en route.

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The wastes are not segregated at sources and the mixed composition of the
waste makes degradation difficult. In many cases, during the rains, toxic
leachates (toxins released from the toxic waste when it comes in contact with
water) runoff into nearby water bodies and also percolate into the water tale,
polluting both the sources of water. The impact of this pollution may be felt not
only locally, but even at places located away from the source.
2.4 Noise
The increasing number of vehicles on the road, proliferation of small-scale
industries within the city, use of loudspeakers at religious, public and social
events, are some factors resulting in the increasing noise levels of the city. Sound
intensity is measured in terms of the unit decibel (db). On this scale each 10 db
rise indicates a ten-fold increase in sound pressure. Thus the rise in sound
intensity on the ear from 1 db to 20 db represents a hundred-fold increase in
sound level.
The noise levels in some of Indias major

cities vary from 60 to 90 db. Continuous
exposure to high levels of noise leads to both
mental and physical health problems among
people. Some of the effects are irritability,
aggression, rise in blood pressure, headache,
insomnia, permanent hearing loss, etc.

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2.5 Urban Microclimate

The climatic condition of the urban area is generally different from that of its
surroundings. Urban areas generally have higher temperatures than the nearby
suburbs and rural areas.
One reason for this is the heat generated due to the various urban activities, e.g.
greater number of vehicles on the road, and more industries (often polluting
ones). High rise buildings obstruct cooling winds and also absorb and radiate
heat. Paved roads also act as heat absorbers. A combination of these, results in
the creation of urban heat islands. At times, the urban heat islands of two hereby
urban areas merge, affecting the climate of the region.
3.0 Need for Environmental Safeguards

Infrastructure is an important component for development of a city. However,
development should not be at the cost of environment. Thus, development of a
city should go hand in hand with environment keeping in view hazards to
environment.
Good environmental and social management practice is a well-established

element of project preparation and implementation. It is even more important in
the context of a urban infrastructure projects, where additional criteria must be
considered, such as enhancing hazard risk management and strengthening
natural resilience to climatic and natural events. Thus our municipal engineers
and managers should keep in mind the environmental and social safeguards,
whiling planning, preparing or implementing an infrastructure project to achieve
the following objectives:
Enhance positive and sustainable environmental and social outcomes

associated with Project implementation
Support the integration of environmental and social aspects associated with
the numerous Sub-projects into the decision making process
Support displaced persons in their efforts to restore their livelihoods and
living standards and compensate any loss of livelihood or assets
Enhance positive environmental and social outcomes
Minimize environmental degradation as a result of either individual
subprojects or their cumulative effects
Protect human health
Minimize impacts on cultural property

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4.0 Key Features of the Environmental

Safeguard System of India
The responsibility of the Government of India to protect and improve the

environment is enshrined in the Constitution under the 42nd amendment, adopted
in January 1977. The Environment (Protection) Act of 1986 provides umbrella
legislation for the protection of the environment, established through various
preceding laws with responsibility to administer the legislation jointly entrusted to
the central Ministry of Environment and Forests Conservation (MOEF) and the
State Pollution Control Board, coordinated by the Central Pollution Control Board
(CPCB). In addition, the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1981,
Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1974, Environmental Impact
Assessment Act of 1994, Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 as well as various earlier
acts all provide for some level of regulation and control. In addition to legal acts,
relevant policy statements include the National Water Policy, 1987; National
Conservation Strategy and Policy Statement on Environment and Development,
1992; and Policy Statement for Abatement of Pollution, 1992.
In short, various laws have been formulated, in order to protect our environment.
Discussed below are some of the laws in context of urban infrastructure projects
as to how are they applicable while implementing urban infrastructure projects.
The primary objective of any legislation is to ensure social justice and well being
through enforcement of certain codes of conduct. Legislation for environmental
protection is also based on the recognition of the fact, it is necessary to abide by
the requirements to prevent damage to the environment which is a common
property. Traditionally, codes of conduct were framed with some stipulations of
do's and don'ts, the non-compliance of which was dealt by the society through
various forms of corrective measures. Most of the environment related laws
enacted by the Parliament have been based on the Articles 252 and 253 of the
Constitution. For instance, the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act,
1974 was promulgated as a Central Legislation under Article 252 of the
Constitution. Since water belongs to the State list, a Resolution from two or more
State Legislatures empowering the Parliament to enact the legislation on the
subject was required. Laws and regulations are a major tool in protecting the
environment. To put those laws into effect, government agencies create and
enforce regulations. In this section, one finds a basic description of how laws and
regulations come to be, what they are, and where to find them, with an emphasis
on environmental laws and regulations. The Indian constitution is amongst the
few in the world that contains specific provisions on environment protection.

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The table 4.1 below gives a comprehensive list of national policies, guidelines and
legislations that has some relevance to urban infrastructure projects.
Table 4.1 Comprehensive list of national policies, guidelines and legislations
Safeguard Status Policies/ Acts / Rules / Guidelines
Environmental National Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974

Safeguard Legislations The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
EIA Notification S.O. 1533 dated 14th September 2006
Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification of 1991
The Forest Conservation Act, 1980
Municipal Solid waste (Management and Handling) rules,
2000
The Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules,
2000
Noise pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules 2000
The Wildlife Protection Act, 2002
The Ancient Monuments & Archaeological Sites & Remains
Act, 1958
National National Environmental Policy

Policies and National Water Policy
Guidelines Urban Development Plans Formulation and
Implementation Guidelines, 1996
Social Safeguard National The Land Acquisition Act (LA) of 1894

Legislations Interstate Migrant Workmens (Regulation of Employment
& Condition of Service) Act, 1979
The Building & Other Construction Workers (Regulation of
Employment & Condition of Service) Act, 1979
Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 and
Rules
Right to Information Act, 2005
National National Policy on Resettlement and Rehabilitation for

Policies and Project Affected Families, 2003
Guidelines

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4.1 Environmental Legislations at the National Level

The major legislations pertaining to environmental issues at the national level are
discussed below.
4.1.1 Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 - As

Amended In 1978 & 1988
The Act vests regulatory authority on the State Pollution Control Boards and
empowers them to establish and enforce effluent standards for industries and
local authorities discharging effluents
This act gives certain powers and assigns responsibilities to the State Pollution
Control Boards which include: prevention, control or abatement of pollution of
streams and wells in the State; to organise mass education programmes relating
thereto; lay down, modify annul effluent standards for the sewage and trade
effluents and for the quality of receiving waters (not being water in an inter-State
stream) resulting from the discharge of effluents and to classify waters of the
State; to evolve economical and reliable methods of treatment of sewage and
trade effluents, etc.
Section 24 of the Act prohibits the use of stream or well on land for disposal of
polluting materials in accordance with the disposal standards laid down by the
State Pollution Control Board (SPCB).
It further states that no person shall cause or permit to enter into any stream any
other matter which may directly or indirectly impede the proper flow of water of
the stream in a manner leading or likely leading to pollution. But the section
permits the following Acts: Constructing, improving or maintaining in or across on
the bank or bed of any stream any building, bridge, weir, dam, sluice, dock, pier,
drain or sewer.
Section 25, restricts the operation or process, or any treatment and disposal
system or an extension or additions thereto, which is likely to discharge sewage
or trade effluent. It also restricts, bring into use of any new or altered outlets.
The section further makes the consent necessary establishment of any operation
or process or any treatment and disposal system or any extension or additions
thereto.
According to Section 32 of the Act, in case of any poisonous, noxious or polluting

matter is present in any stream or well or on land due to discharge of such
matter due to any accident or any other unforeseen act, the state board shall
take emergency measures such as prohibiting the discharge of any such matter.
Section 55 asserts that all local authorities shall render help and assistance and
furnish information to the board as it may require for discharge of its functions,

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and shall make available to the board for inspection and examination such
records, maps, plans and other documents as may be necessary
4.1.2 The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981

The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, provides for the
prevention, control and abatement of air pollution. The Air (Prevention and
Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 including Rules 1982 and 1983 was enacted to
prevent, control and reduce air and noise pollution. According to Section 21 of the
Act, no person shall establish or operate any activity, which can cause air
pollution. Urban infrastructure projects during its construction phase tend to lead
to huge quantity of dust production which leads to massive air pollution and
inconvenience to surrounding area dwellers. Thus special care should be taken
during construction phase of the project as of in excavation, or other stages
wherein loose dust is allowed to spread in air in general practice. Barriers should
be sued to protect the surroundings. Equipments used during construction phase
also produce some amount of air pollution. Hence well maintained equipments in
closed barriers and away from residential areas should be encouraged.
4.1.3 The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986

The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 was enacted by the parliament in the
year 1986, in the wake of the Bhopal Gas tragedy which took place in year 1984.
The Act was made under Article 253 of the constitution to implement the decision
of United Nations Conference on the Human Environment 1972.
The main objective of the Act enumerated under the Preamble of the Act is to
implement decisions taken at the United Nations Conference on the Human
environment held at Stockholm in June 1972, to take necessary steps for
protection and improvement of environment and to prevent hazards to human
beings other living creature, plants and property
The Environment (Protection) Act was conceived as an "umbrella legislation"

seeking to supplement the existing laws on the control of pollution (the water Act
and the Air Act) by enacting a general legislation for environment protection and
to fill the gaps in regulation of major environmental hazards. Section 6 empowers
Central government to make rules to regulate environmental pollution by
prescribing standards for the quality of air, water, soil for various areas and
purposes The urban local body has to ensure to cause no hazard to the
environment by any of its action under this Act, during the infrastructure project
implementation.

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4.1.4 EIA Notification S.O. 1533 dated 14th September 2006

As per section 3 of this notification, the Central Government forms a State Level
Environment Impact Assessment Authority.
Sec. 4 Categorization of the projects and activities: All projects and activities are
broadly categorized into two categories as Category A and B. The projects which
have been classified as Category A project are those having potential impacts on
human health and natural and man made resources. Those projects require prior
environmental clearance from the central government in the Ministry of
Environment and Forests (MoEF).
The projects categorized as Category B projects require prior environmental

clearance from the State/Union territory Environment Impact Assessment
Authority (SEIAA). The SEIAAs decisions are based on the recommendations of a
State or Union territory level Expert Appraisal Committee (SEAC) as to be
constituted for in this notification. In the absence of a duly constituted SEIAA or
SEAC, a Category B project is treated as a Category A project.
As per Section 7, following stages presented in table 4.2 are followed while
issuing Environmental Clearance.
Table 4.2: Stages in the Prior Environmental Clearance (EC) Process for New
Projects
Authority
Sr. Project
Stage responsible Purpose of the Stage Forms used
No Category
for EC
1 Screening Category B To check whether the 1
project requires
environmental impact
assessment or not
If EIA required :
Category B1
If EIA not required:
Category B2
2 Scoping Category A Expert
Appraisal To decide the Terms of
Committee Reference (TOR)
Scoping Category B1 State level addressing all relevant
Expert environmental
Appraisal concerns for EIA.
Committee
3 Public Category A State Public hearing at the
Consultation and Pollution site or in its close
Category B1 Control proximity- district
Board wise, to be carried out

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Authority
Sr. Project
Stage responsible Purpose of the Stage Forms used
No Category
for EC
(SPCB) or as prescribed in the
the Union notification.
territory obtain responses in
Pollution writing from other
Control concerned persons
Committee
(UTPCC)
4 Appraisal Category A Expert Final EIA
and Appraisal report,
Category B1 Committee outcome of
or State the public
Level Expert consultations
Appraisal including
Committee public hearing
proceedings
Appraisal Projects not Expert Form 1/ and
requiring Appraisal Detailed scrutiny of the Pre-feasibility
Public Committee documents submitted Report
Consultation or State by the applicant for
(excluding Level Expert grant of environmental
Item 8 of the Appraisal clearance.
schedule) Committee
Appraisal Item 8 of the Expert Form 1, Form
schedule: Appraisal 1A and the
Building and Committee conceptual
Construction or State plan
projects, Level Expert
Townships Appraisal
and Area Committee
Development
projects
Scoping is not required for Projects Construction/Township/Commercial

Complexes /Housing only (Category B). They are appraised by the State
level Expert Appraisal Committee based on the Form 1/ Form 1A &
conceptual plan.
Public Consultation is not required for following projects:

1. Modernization of irrigation projects (item 1(c) (ii) of the Schedule).
2. All projects or activities located within industrial estates or parks (item
7(c) of the Schedule) approved by the concerned authorities, and which
are not disallowed in such approvals.
3. Expansion of Roads and Highways (item 7 (f) of the Schedule) which do
not involve any further acquisition of land.

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4. All Building /Construction projects/Area Development projects and

Townships (item 8). 5. All Category B2 projects and activities.
6. All projects or activities concerning national defence and security or
involving other strategic considerations as determined by the Central
Government.
The infrastructure projects which require prior environmental clearance as per the
Schedule under section 2 of this notification are as below in table 4.3.
Table 4.3 : Activities requiring prior environmental clearance

Category with threshold limit
Project or Activity
A B Conditions if any
7 Physical Infrastructure including Environmental Services
7(a) Air ports All projects - -
7(c) Industrial estates/ If at least one Industrial estates Special condition

parks/ complexes/ industry in the housing at least shall apply
areas, export proposed one Category B
processing Zones industrial estate industry and area
(EPZs), Special falls under the <500 ha.
Economic Zones Category A, entire
(SEZs), Biotech industrial area
Parks, Leather shall be treated as
Complexes. Category A,
irrespective of the
area.
Industrial estates -Industrial estates Special condition

with area greater of area> 500 ha. shall apply
than 500 ha. And and not housing
housing at least any industry
Note:
one Category B belonging to
Industrial Estate of
industry. Category A or B.
area below 500 ha.
and not housing
any industry of
category A or B
does not require
clearance.
Industrial Estate of
area below 500 ha.
and not housing any
industry of category
A or B does not
require clearance.
7(d) Common hazardous All integrated All facilities General Condition
waste treatment, facilities having having land fill shall apply
storage and disposal incineration only
facilities (TSDFs) &landfill or
incineration alone

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Category with threshold limit

Project or Activity
A B Conditions if any
7(e) Ports, Harbours 5 million TPA of < 5 million TPA General Condition
cargo handling of cargo shall apply
capacity handling
(excluding capacity and/or
fishing harbours) ports/ harbours
10,000 TPA of
fish handling
capacity
7(f) Highways i) New National i) New State High General Condition

High ways; and ways; and shall apply
ii) Expansion of ii) Expansion of

National High National / State
ways greater than Highways greater
30 KM, involving than 30 km
additional right of involving
way greater than additional right of
20m involving way greater than
land acquisition 20m involving
and passing land acquisition.
through more than
one State.
7(h) Common Effluent All projects General Condition
Treatment Plants shall apply
(CETPs)
7(i) Common Municipal All projects General Condition

Solid Waste shall apply
Management Facility
(CMSWMF)
8 Building /Construction projects/Area Development

projects and Townships
8(a) Building and 20000 sq.mtrs #(built up area for
Construction projects and covered
construction; in the
case of facilities
<1,50,000
open to the sky, it
sq.mtrs. of built-
will be the activity
up area#
area )
++
8(b) Townships and Area Covering an area All projects under
Development 50 ha and or Item 8(b) shall be
projects. built up area appraised as
1,50,000 sq Category B1
.mtrs ++
Source: EIA Notification 2006

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General conditions will be applicable if any project or activity specified in Category

B will be treated as Category A, is located in whole or in part within 10 km from
the boundary of: (i) Protected Areas notified under the Wild Life (Protection) Act,
1972, (ii) Critically Polluted areas as notified by the Central Pollution Control
Board from time to time, (iii) Notified Eco-sensitive areas, (iv) inter-State
boundaries and international boundaries.
4.1.5 Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification:

A crucial element of the regulatory framework that holds significant implications
for project implementation is the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification of
1991. The CRZ Notification is the principle legislation governing development
activities and land use along Indias coasts in the area falling within 500 meters of
the high tide line and in the inter-tidal zone. Under the notification, all areas
within this zone are to be classified as CRZ I (i), I (ii), II, III or IV based on
geomorphology and various other criteria, including ecological significance,
existing developments and other features. The nature and kinds of land uses
permitted vary according to the specific zone within which an area falls, with
greater restrictions on CRZ-I areas, fewer on CRZ-II areas and variable
restrictions in CRZ-III areas, where there is considerable scope for varied
interpretation as well. Generally, the Notification is complex (this is compounded
by 17 amendments since 1991) and has been interpreted and applied in different
ways by both Centre and states.
The notification is applicable only to those urban local bodies that are located or
are planning for any infrastructure projects like installation of a seawater
desalination plant for water supply. In that case the considerations regarding the
type of activity permitted shall have to be taken into consideration and presented
in table 4.4
Table 4.4 : Activities permitted in CRZ requiring Environmental Clearance as per

Section 2 of the S.O. 114 (E) under Environmental Protection Act, 1986
Sr. Activities Requiring Environmental clearance from Ministry of Environment

No. and Forest
1. Construction activities related to projects of Department of Atomic Energy or Defence
requirements for which foreshore facilities are essential
2. Operational constructions for ports and harbours and light houses and constructions
for activities such as jetties, wharf, quays and slipways, pipelines, conveying systems
including transmission lines;
3. Exploration and extraction of oil and natural gas and all associated activities and
facilities thereto;
4. Thermal Power Plants activities requiring foreshore facilities

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Activities prohibited in CRZ as per Annexure to the notification S.O. 114

(E) under Environmental Protection Act, 1986:
1. Setting up of new industries and expansion of existing industries, except (a) those directly
related to water front or directly needing foreshore facilities and (b) Projects of Department
of Atomic Energy;
2. Manufacture or handling or storage or disposal of hazardous substances except transfer of

hazardous substances from ships to ports, terminals and refineries and vice versa in the port
areas
3. Setting up and expansion of fish processing units including warehousing (excluding hatchery
and natural fish drying in permitted areas);
4. Setting up and expansion of units/mechanism for disposal of waste and effluents, except
facilities required for discharging treated effluents into the water course with approval under
the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974; and except for storm water drains;
5. Discharge of untreated wastes and effluents from industries, cities or towns and other
human settlements.
6. Dumping of city or town waste for the purposes of landfilling or otherwise
7. Dumping of ash or any wastes from thermal power stations
8. Land reclamation, for all facilities that are essential for activities permissible under the
notification or for control of coastal erosion and maintenance or clearing of water ways,
channels and ports or for prevention of sandbars or for tidal regulator, storm water drains
or for structures for prevention of salinity ingress and sweet water recharge. Reclamation
for commercial purposes such as shopping and housing complexes, hotels and
entertainment activities shall not be permissible;
9. Mining of sands, rocks and other substrata materials, except (a) those rare minerals not
available outside the CRZ areas and (b) exploration and extraction of Oil and Natural Gas
10. Harvesting or withdrawal of ground water and construction of mechanisms therefore within
200 m of HTL; in the 200m to 500m zone it shall be permitted only when done manually
through ordinary wells for drinking, horticulture, agriculture and fisheries;
11. Any construction activity between the Low Tide Line and High Tide Line except facilities for
carrying treated effluents and waste water discharges into the sea, facilities for carrying
sea water for cooling purposes, oil, gas and similar pipelines and facilities essential for
activities permitted under this Notification;
12. Dressing or altering of sand dunes, hills, natural features including landscape changes for
beautification, recreational and other such purpose, except as permissible under this
Notification.

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4.1.6 Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000

Noise pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules 2000 was passed on 14th February
2000 by Ministry of Environment and Forests with the aim of maintaining ambient
quality.
Under this rule care has to be taken while implementing urban infrastructure
project which produce noise. Certain standards are specified within which noise
emission should take place. The rule defines 100 meters surrounding hospitals,
educational institutions and courts as a silence area, and imposes penalty of
doing any of the acts which cause noise exceeding 50 dB (A) noise at day time
and 40 dB (A) night time. Care also has to be taken by the urban local bodies so
as to ensure that minimum amount of noise is produced while running
equipments.
Article 21 of the Constitution guarantees life and personal liberty to all persons. It
is well settled by repeated pronouncements of the Supreme Court that right to life
enshrined in Article 21 is not of mere survival or existence. It guarantees a right
of persons to life with human dignity. Any one who wishes to live in peace,
comfort and quiet within his house has a right to prevent the noise as pollutant
reaching him.
4.1.7 Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 - As Amended In 1988

The Central Government enacted The Forest (Conservation) Act in 1980 to stop
large-scale diversion of forestland for non-forest use. As amended in 1988, as per
the Act, No State Government or any authority shall make, except with the prior
approval of the Central Government any order directing:
Reserved forest or any portion there of shall cease to be reserved;
Any forest land or any portion there of may be used for any non-forest
purpose;
Any forest land or any portion there of may be assigned by way of lease or
otherwise to any private person to any authority corporation, agency or any
other organization not owned, managed by Government; and
Any forest land or any portion there of may be cleared of trees, which have
grown naturally in that land or portion for the purpose of using it for re-
forestation.
Section 2 of the Act is important as it lays restriction on the de-reservation of

forests or use of forestland for non-forest purpose. It implies that no State
Government or other authority shall make use of the forestland for non-forest
purpose, except with the prior approval and order of the Central Government.

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Section 3 empowers Central Government to appoint an Advisory Committee, in

order to get permission to use the forestland for non-forest purposes and matters
connected therewith. This section also lays down penalty provisions in case of
contravention of the provisions of the Act.
The Act shall be applicable in all kind of urban infrastructure projects, which fall
within or near a forest area. The Act may be applicable in cases where any pocket
of reserved or declared forest falls within the ULB limits and may get affected due
to any infrastructure project.
4.1.8 Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules,

2000
These rules apply to the collection, segregation, storage, transportation and
disposal of solid waste management. As per rule 7, of the rules, the municipal
authority is responsible for managing the solid waste generated within the city or
town and to set up a waste processing and disposal facility.
As per the Schedule II under rules 6(1) and (3), 7(1), the solid waste
management consists of following steps: collection, segregation, storage,
transportation, processing and disposal of municipal solid waste.
Schedule III under rules 6(1) and (3), 7(2), gives details about the designing and
management of landfill sites. This schedule gives specifications for selection of
landfill site, facilities to be provided at landfill site, process of land filling,
measures to be adopted for pollution prevention, water, air quality monitoring,
plantation at the site, closure of the site and post-care.
Municipal authorities under the Act are responsible for implementation of the Act.
As such the Act imposes various responsibilities relating to proper handling of the
municipal waste which are as stated below:
The authority shall be responsible for implementation of the provisions of
the rules and for any infrastructure development for collection, storage,
segregation, transportation, processing and disposal of municipal solid
waste.
The authority is required to apply for grant of authorization for setting up
waste processing disposal facility including landfills from state pollution
board.
The authority shall comply with the provision of the rules by implementing
them according to the schedule given under the rules.
The authority shall furnish its annual report in the form given for the
purpose under the rules.
In case of any accident at any municipal solid wastes collection, segregation,
storage, processing, treatment and disposal facility or landfill site or during
the transportation of such wastes the municipal authority shall give report of
the same to the Secretary in-charge of the urban development department

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in metropolitan cities and to District collector or Deputy Commissioner in all

other cases.
Under Municipal Solid waste management rules, 2000, the urban local bodies
have to ensure that no hazardous waste is mixed or collected along with
municipal solid waste. Hazardous waste has to be segregated from municipal
solid waste and treated separately in accordance with Hazardous waste
management rules. With increase in the global population and the rising demand
for food and other essentials, there has been a rise in the amount of waste being
generated daily by each household. This waste is ultimately thrown into municipal
waste collection centres from where it is collected by the area municipalities to be
further thrown into the landfills and dumps. However, either due to resource
crunch or inefficient infrastructure, not all of this waste gets collected and
transported to the final dumpsites. If at this stage the management and disposal
is improperly done, it can cause serious impacts on health and problems to the
surrounding environment.
Responsibly of Collection, storage, transportation and disposal of Hazardous
waste and biomedical waste generated in the city lies with the generator of these
wastes however; the urban local bodies are responsible for implementation of
these rules.
4.1.9 Bio-Medical Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1998

Bio-medical waste is the waste generated during diagnosis, treatment and
immunization of human beings or animals and in research activities. As per
section 6, this waste should not be mixed with municipal solid waste and hence a
separate system for its management has been specified. It consists of
specifications for segregation, packaging, transportation and storage. The bio-
medical waste has been classified into 10 different categories under rule 5 and
the different categories have different colour codes / specifications for their
storage, packaging, transportation and disposal.(Schedule II under rule 6)
The State Government and Union Territories prescribe an authority for

implementing these rules in their respective jurisdictions who also grants
authorization to the occupiers for handling of the hazardous wastes.
Different Forms have been specified in the rules as: Application for Authorization
(Form I under rule 8), Annual report to be filed by the occupier / operator (Form
II under rule 10) and Accident reporting (Form III under rule 12)
4.1.10 The Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling)

Rules, 2000
This Rule talks about requirements of facilities to classify wastes into categories,
manage them as per the prescribed guidelines and obtain prior authorization from
the SPCB for handling, treatment, storage and disposal of Hazardous Wastes.

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Urban infrastructure projects have the potential to generate hazardous waste

during its construction and operational phases and such waste generation should
be properly monitored and managed. The following kinds of hazardous waste may
be generated from the construction phase of the project:
Spent oil and lubricants from construction equipments;
Spent oil and lubricants from DG sets;
Paint residues during the painting of the buildings;
Asbestos Contaminated Material (ACM) generated from dismantling of
temporary housing for construction workers.
Under the HW Rules, 1989, State Governments were entrusted with certain
responsibilities in relation to management of hazardous wastes. These were:
1. Identification of sites for the disposal of hazardous wastes in their States,

after ascertaining the suitability of the sites through Environment Impact
Assessment studies (Rule 8).
2. Preparation and maintenance of an inventory of such sites (Rule 8).
3. Preparation and notification of hazardous wastes dump sites (Rule 8).
4.1.11 The Wildlife Protection Act, 2002

Main objective of the Act is to protect wild animals, birds and plants. All the
matters connected in lines with this or ancillary or incidental thereto, are also
included as part of this Act, with a view of ensuring ecological and environmental
security of the country.
The Act lays overall guidelines for establishing authorities to be appointed or

constituted, prohibition or permission of hunting of wild animals, protection of
specified plants, Declaration of Sanctuary, National parks or closed area, Zoos
and Zoo authorities etc. Some of the chapters may be useful in the IVTI project:
Chapter 3: restricts certain activities like hunting of wildlife. However, it also

mentions about the permission of hunting of wildlife in certain cases, as well as
granting the permission for hunting for special purposes. Clauses related to the
protection of specified plants are specified in Chapter 3-A.
Chapter 4: classifies protected areas into three categories - Sanctuaries,

National Parks and Closed area. Aspects like declaration of a sanctuary, its
protection, authorizing powers to the Collector, restriction of entry in the
sanctuary, prohibition of destructive matters causing fire, ban on use of injurious
substances etc. are discussed in this chapter.
Chapter 5: the important declaration in this chapter is that the wild animals are
Government property. Regulation of transfer of animals, dealings in trophy and

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animal articles without license is also prohibited under this Act. The power to
suspend of cancel licenses is also given in this Act.
Chapter 6: formulates clauses with respect to prevention and detection of

offences are described in of the Act. It assigns power of entry, search, arrest and
detention to the Authority.
The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 may be an important reference if any of the
infrastructure project sites fall within a Protected Area, partly or fully. This Act is
also relevant if a part of any protected area falls within the area under any urban
local body, and subjected to any change due to infrastructure project. In either of
the above mentioned cases, the Act may be applicable in site planning, designing,
construction and post-construction management.
4.1.12 The Ancient Monuments & Archeological Sites &

Remains Act, 1958
This is an Act to provide preservation of ancient and historical monuments and
archaeological sites and remains of national importance, for the regulation of
archaeological excavations and for the protection of sculptures, carvings and
other like objects.
The Act classifies ancient monuments and archaeological sites into several
categories. Each category is described under various sections of the Act. The
responsibility of protection, conservation and maintenance of these important
sites are assigned w.r.t the particular category as described in the Act.
Ancient Monuments & Archaeological Sites & Remains of National

Importance: Section 3 and 4 of the Act discuss that certain monuments declared
as ancient monuments, etc. shall deemed to be of national importance. It also
assigns power to the Central Government to declare ancient monuments etc. to
be of national importance.
Protected Monuments: Section 5 of the Act describes acquisition of rights in a

protected monument. Section 6 discuss about the preservation of protected
monuments by agreement.
Protected Areas: Section 19 lays restrictions on enjoyment of property rights in

public areas and Section 20 imparts power to the Central Government to acquire
protected area.
Archaeological Excavation: Section 21 gives right to archaeological officer to

excavate in protected areas; Section 22 explains the method to be followed for
doing excavation in areas other than protected areas.

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Protection of Antiquities: Central Government is given power to control moving

of antiquities as per Section 25.
The Act may be applicable to Urban local bodies, which encompass within its
boundary any ancient monument, archaeological site or remains of national
importance
4.2 Environmental Policy and Guidelines at the

National Level
4.2.1 National Environmental Policy

The National Environment Policy (NEP, 2006) is a response to our national
commitment to a clean environment, mandated in the Constitution in Articles 48
A and 51 A (g), strengthened by judicial interpretation of Article 21. It is
recognized that maintaining a healthy environment is not the states responsibility
alone, but also that of every citizen. A spirit of partnership should thus be realized
throughout the spectrum of environmental management in the country. While the
state must galvanize its efforts, there should also be recognition by each
individual natural or institutional, of its responsibility towards maintaining and
enhancing the quality of the environment. The NEP, 2006 is also intended to be a
statement of Indias commitment to making a positive contribution to
international efforts.
National Environmental policy 2006 briefly discusses the key environmental

challenges currently and prospectively facing the country, the objectives of the
policy, normative principles underlying policy action, strategic themes for
intervention, broad indications of the legislative and institutional development
needed to accomplish the strategic themes, and mechanisms for implementation
and review. The policy identifies following environmental challenges, which the
country is facing.
1. Poverty
2. Economic growth
3. Population growth
4. Inappropriate technology and consumption rate
5. Unplanned urbanization
6. Institutional failures
7. Climate change
8. Ozone depletion
9. Bio diversity loss

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Main objectives, which the Policy seeks to achieve include

1. Conservation of critical environmental resources
2. Intra generation equity and inter generational equity
3. Livelihood security for the poor
4. Integration of environmental concern in economic and social development
5. Efficiency in environmental resource use
6. Environmental governance
7. Enhancement of resources for environmental conservation
Under this policy it is essential to create awareness regarding environment

through education. Enhancing environmental awareness is essential to harmonize
patterns of individual behaviour with the requirements of environmental
conservation. This would minimize the demands placed on the monitoring and
enforcement regimes; in fact, large-scale non-compliance would simply
overwhelm any feasible regulatory machinery. Awareness relates to the general
public, as well as specific sections, e.g. the youth, urban dwellers, industrial and
construction workers, municipal and other public employees, etc. Awareness
involves not only internalization of environmentally responsible behaviour, but
also enhanced understanding of the impacts of irresponsible actions, including to
public health, living conditions, and livelihood prospects. Environmental education
is Environmental education is the principal means of enhancing such awareness,
both among the public at large, and among focused groups. Such education may
be formal, or informal, or a combination of both. It may rely on educational
institutions at different levels; the print, electronic, or live media; and various
other formal and informal settings.
4.2.2 The National Water Policy, 2002

The National Water Policy adopted by the National Water Resource Council on
2002, mainly focuses on the planning, development and management of water
resources. This requires consideration of socio-economic aspects and issues such
as environmental sustainability, appropriate resettlement and rehabilitation of
project affected people and livestock.
The policy aims at bringing in the maximum water resources available under the
utilizable resources category to the maximum possible extent.
The water allocation priorities are decided in the sequence as: Drinking water,
Irrigation, Hydropower, Ecology, Agro-industries & non-agriculture industries and
Navigation and other uses.
The policy suggests that there should be water zoning of the country and the
economic activities should be guided and regulated in accordance with such
zoning. The policy requires the states to come up with a state water policy backed
by an operational action plan

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4.2.3 Urban Development Plans Formulation and

Implementation Guidelines
UDPFI Guidelines was the outcome of a research study conducted by Centre for
Research Documentation and Training, Institute of Town Planners, India, which is
the apex professional body in the country, as a result of the national workshop on
Master plan approach: Its Efficacy and Alternatives, held at Delhi in February
1996.
Keeping the recommendations of the workshop, the objectives of this research
study included
1.Urban Development Plans Formulation and Implementation guidelines

applicable to small and medium size towns and large cities incorporating
efficient implementation mechanism and innovative techniques for
promotion of planned socio-economic and spatial development of urban
centres;
2. Simplification of development promotion regulations and 3. Amending /

restructuring of town planning laws.
The relevance of these guidelines in the context of urban infrastructure

projects lies more in the part of physical environment, which deals with the
siting and construction related norms and standards.
4.3 Social Legislations at the National Level

4.3.1 The Land Acquisition Act, 1894
The private land acquisition will be guided by the provisions and procedures
outlined in this act. As per the LA act, the District Collector will function as the
Land Acquisition Officer on behalf of the Government. Usually, the land
acquisition is time consuming and takes about 2-3 years to complete the process.
A major cause of the delays in the land acquisition is regarding the amount of
compensation for the land and assets lost leading to legal proceedings. There is
also provision under section 17 of the act to acquire lands under emergency or
urgency clause by paying 80% of the initial estimated amount and take the
possession of the land and later complete the process to pay the balance amount
in case of emergency development activities. There is also provision for consent
award to reduce the time for processing if the land owners are willing to agree for
price fixed by the District collector. The option of acquiring lands through private
negotiations is also available.
Urban infrastructure projects like levelling of new roads, widening of existing

roads, water supply network and drainage network projects require land, while
other projects like solid waste management requires land for landfill site,

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composting, construction of transfer station etc. Thus this act plays a vital role in
all such cases where land needs to be acquired.
4.3.2 Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986

The Child labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 and Rules is a Social and
beneficial legislation. It is designed to protect the interest of children (below 14
years of age), who are deprived of protection due to their economic conditions.
The Act is divided into IV parts. Some important features of the Act are briefly
discussed below:
Part II of the Act imposes prohibition on employment of children in occupation

and processes specified in the Part A or Part B of the Schedule viz. Prohibition of
employment of children in certain occupations and process.
Regulation and conditions of work of children is mentioned in Part III of the Act.
It lays restrictions in terms of hours and period of work, working hours, one
weekly holiday to the child labour employed in an establishment. It also mentions
about provision for furnishing of information regarding employment of a child
labour to inspector.
Section 13 is important as it tells that the Government is required to make rules

for the health and safety of the child labour.
In many urban infrastructure project sites it is commonly found that child labour
are employed. The act may be helpful in framing guidelines for the urban local
bodies, which can help them in preventing exploitation of children working in such
projects.
4.3.3 Interstate Migrant Workmens (Regulation of Employment

& Condition of Service) Act, 1979
This Act is formulated to regulate the employment of inter-state migrant
workmen and to provide for their conditions of service and for matters connected
therewith.
Chapter II and chapter III of the Act, is important as they lay guideline with
respect to registration of establishments that employ inter-state migrant workers
and licensing of contractors.
Chapter IV mentions about duties and obligations to be performed by the

contractors.

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Chapter V is formulated to regulate the wage rates and other conditions of

service, welfare and other facilities to be provided to inter-state migrant
workman.
It is an interesting observation that in every state, most of the labour force

comes from other states of the country or neighbouring countries. Awareness
about this Act would be useful for the urban local body for controlling several
activities which is directly or indirectly linked to these labourers.
4.3.4 The Building & Other Construction Workers (Regulation of

Employment & Condition of Service) Act, 1979
This Act is devised in order to regulate the employment and conditions of service
of building and other construction workers. It is also formulated in order to
provide for their safety, health and welfare measures and for other matters
connected therewith or incidental thereto.
Section 3, 4 and 5 talks about formation of certain committees like Central

Advisory Committee, State Advisory Committee and Expert Committees
respectively. However, some relevant sections applicable for this project are as
mentioned below:
Section 24 of the Act mentions about constitution of a fund called the

Building & Other Construction Workers Welfare Fund.
Section 28 and 29 of the Act formulates rules for fixing the number of
working hours for workers, and provision of over-time remuneration.
Section 31 restricts the employer to employ worker whom he knows or has
reason to believe that he is a deaf or he has a defective vision or he has a
tendency to giddiness shall be required or allowed to work in any operation
of building or other construction work which is likely to involve a risk of any
accident either to the building worker himself or to any other person.
Section 32, 33, 34, 35, 36 and 37 directs the employer in terms of provision
of services like Drinking water, latrines / urinals, accommodation, crches,
first aid and canteen.
As per the Section 38 of the Act, every establishment employing more than
500 building workers, it is mandatory to constitute Safety Committee
The Act provides instructions for the construction contractors and labour agencies
in terms of providing services to its workers, some of which are mentioned above.
Engineers and supervisors of urban local bodies may use knowledge of this Act in
making tender documents for the construction work for different urban
infrastructure projects.

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4.3.5 Right to Information Act, 2005

Public disclosure has become a mandatory activity under The Right To
Information Act, 2005, which is an act to provide for setting out the practical
regime of right to information for citizens to secure access to information under
the control of public authorities, in order to promote transparency and
accountability in the working of every public authority. This act is extends to the
whole of India except the State of Jammu and Kashmir. "Information" according
to this act means any material in any form, including records, documents,
memos, e-mails, opinions, advices, press releases, circulars, orders, logbooks,
contracts, reports, papers, samples, models, data material held in any electronic
form and information relating to any private body which can be accessed by a
public authority under any other law for the time being in force.
The information accessible under this Act, which is held by or under the control of
any public authority includes the right to (i) inspection of work, documents,
records; (ii) taking notes, extracts or certified copies of documents or records;
(iii) taking certified samples of material; (iv) obtaining information in the form of
diskettes, floppies, tapes, video cassettes or in any other electronic mode or
through printouts where such information is stored in a computer or in any other
device
As per the act all information shall be disseminated widely and in such form and
manner which is easily accessible to the public. All materials shall be
disseminated taking into consideration the cost effectiveness, local language and
the most effective method of communication in that local area and the
information should be easily accessible, to the extent possible in electronic format
with the Public Information Officer available free or at such cost of the medium or
the print cost price as may be prescribed.
As a responsible agency, urban local bodies need to initiate actions at the local
level to keep people informed about the project with all available information. The
concerned local body, who will be in intimate relation with the local people, need
to be transparent about the proposed project and its activities. Every local body
may designate a PIO, who will be held responsible for any information, which
need to be proactively disseminated. For example he/she need to take necessary
steps to disseminate the following information by displaying in notice boards at
project sites, brochures or any other means with one copy, strictly in local
languages.
Siting Details along with site map
Project objectives, activities, outputs & benefits
Project Cost, Funding etc.
Likely Impacts and Entitlements

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Contact Person and Address (PIO)
4.4 Social Policy and Guidelines at the National Level
4.4.1 National Policy on Resettlement and Rehabilitation

The Government of India recently issued a National Policy on Resettlement and
Rehabilitation for Project Affected Families, 2003 through a Gazette notification
on February 17, 2004. The policy applies to all projects where more than 500
families are displaced in plain areas and more than 250 families in hilly and
scheduled areas. The policy mentions that proposed benefits and monetary grants
are minimum and state governments and project proponents are free to adopt
higher provisions than provided in the policy. However, the state Government and
other agencies are yet to come out with their own policies in line with the national
policy. Therefore, the principles and objectives laid down in this framework will be
the basis for mitigating any resettlement impacts. The rehabilitation grants and
other monetary benefits proposed in the Policy would be minimum and applicable
to all project affected families whether belonging to BPL or non-BPL families.
States where R&R packages are higher than proposed in the Policy are free to
adopt their own packages.
Any urban local body involved in any land acquisition process due to some
infrastructure project should be aware of this policy and act accordingly.
5.0 Environmental Policies of International

Funding Agencies
Environmental and natural resource management activities are increasingly being

integrated into sectoral (agriculture, water sanitation, urban, etc.) projects over
the world. Presently most of the international funding agencies have made their
environmental policy more stringent. The objective of the World Bank's
environmental and social safeguard policies is to prevent and mitigate undue
harm to people and their environment in the development process. A List of
relevant, World Bank operational Policies to safeguard environmental and social
issues, have been given in the table 5.1 below.

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Table 5.1 Relevant World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies
Objectives Operational Principles
A. Environmental Assessment (WB OP 4.01)

To help ensure the 1. Use a screening process for each proposed project, as early
environmental and as possible, to determine the appropriate extent and type of
social soundness and environmental assessment (EA) so that appropriate studies
sustainability of are undertaken proportional to potential risks and to direct,
investment projects. and, as relevant, indirect, cumulative, and associated
To support impacts. Use sectoral or regional environmental assessment
integration of when appropriate.
environmental and 2. Assess potential impacts of the proposed project on physical,
social aspects of biological, socio-economic and physical cultural resources,
projects into the including trans-boundary and global concerns, and potential
decision making impacts on human health and safety.
process. 3. Assess the adequacy of the applicable legal and institutional
framework, including applicable international environmental
agreements, and confirm that they provide that the
cooperating government does not finance project activities
that would contravene such international obligations.
4. Provide for assessment of feasible investment, technical, and
siting alternatives, including the no action alternative,
potential impacts, feasibility of mitigating these impacts,
their capital and recurrent costs, their suitability under local
conditions, and their institutional, training and monitoring
requirements associated with them.
5. Where applicable to the type of project being supported,
normally apply the Pollution Prevention and Abatement
Handbook (PPAH). Justify deviations when alternatives to
measures set forth in the PPAH are selected.
6. Prevent and, where not possible to prevent, at least
minimize, or compensate for adverse project impacts and
enhance positive impacts through environmental
management and planning that includes the proposed
mitigation measures, monitoring, institutional capacity
development and training measures, an implementation
schedule, and cost estimates.
7. Involve stakeholders, including project-affected groups and
local nongovernmental organizations, as early as possible, in
the preparation process and ensure that their views and
concerns are made known to decision makers and taken into
account. Continue consultations throughout project
implementation as necessary to address EA-related issues
that affect them.
8. Use independent expertise in the preparation of EA where
appropriate. Use independent advisory panels during
preparation and implementation of projects that are highly

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risky or contentious or that involve serious and multi-
dimensional environmental and/or social concerns.
9. Provide measures to link the environmental assessment
process and findings with studies of economic, financial,
institutional, social and technical analyses of a proposed
project.
10. Provide for application of the principles in this Table to
subprojects under investment and financial intermediary
activities.
11. Disclose draft EA in a timely manner, before appraisal
formally begins, in an accessible place and in a form and
language understandable to key stakeholders.
B. Natural Habitats (WB OP 4.04)
To promote 1. Use a precautionary approach to natural resources
environmentally management to ensure opportunities for environmentally
sustainable sustainable development. Determine if project benefits
development by substantially outweigh potential environmental costs.
supporting the 2. Avoid significant conversion or degradation of critical natural
protection, habitats, including those habitats that are (a) legally
conservation, protected, (b) officially proposed for protection, (c) identified
maintenance, and by authoritative sources for their high conservation value, or
rehabilitation of (d) recognized as protected by traditional local communities.
natural habitats and 3. Where projects adversely affect non-critical natural habitats,
their functions. proceed only if viable alternatives are not available, and if
appropriate conservation and mitigation measures, including
those required to maintain ecological services they provide,
are in place. Include also mitigation measures that minimize
habitat loss and establish and maintain an ecologically similar
protected area.
4. Whenever feasible, give preference to siting projects on
lands already converted.
5. Consult key stakeholders, including local nongovernmental
organizations and local communities, and involve such people
in design, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of
projects, including mitigation planning.
6. Provide for the use of appropriate expertise for the design
and implementation of mitigation and monitoring plans.
7. Disclose draft mitigation plan in a timely manner, before
appraisal formally begins, in an accessible place and in a
form and language understandable to key stakeholders.
C. Involuntary Resettlement (WB OP 4.12)
To avoid or minimize 1. Assess all viable alternative project designs to avoid, where
involuntary feasible, or minimize involuntary resettlement.
resettlement and, 2. Through census and socio-economic surveys of the affected
where this is not population, identify, assess, and address the potential
feasible, to assist economic and social impacts of the project that are caused
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improving or at least shelter, loss of assets or access to assets, loss of income
restoring their sources or means of livelihood, whether or not the affected
livelihoods and person must move to another location) or involuntary
standards of living in restriction of access to legally designated parks and
real terms relative to protected areas.
pre-displacement 3. Identify and address impacts also if they result from other
levels or to levels activities that are (a) directly and significantly related to the
prevailing prior to the proposed project, (b) necessary to achieve its objectives, and
beginning of project (c) carried out or planned to be carried out
implementation, contemporaneously with the project.
whichever is higher. 4. Consult project-affected persons, host communities and local
nongovernmental organizations, as appropriate. Provide
them opportunities to participate in the planning,
implementation, and monitoring of the resettlement
program, especially in the process of developing and
implementing the procedures for determining eligibility for
compensation benefits and development assistance (as
documented in a resettlement plan), and for establishing
appropriate and accessible grievance mechanisms. Pay
particular attention to the needs of vulnerable groups among
those displaced, especially those below the poverty line, the
landless, the elderly, women and children, Indigenous
Peoples, ethnic minorities, or other displaced persons who
may not be protected through national land compensation
legislation.
5. Inform displaced persons of their rights, consult them on
options, and provide them with technically and economically
feasible resettlement alternatives and needed assistance,
including (a) prompt compensation at full replacement cost
for loss of assets attributable to the project; (b) if there is
relocation, assistance during relocation, and residential
housing, or housing sites, or agricultural sites of equivalent
productive potential, as required; (c) transitional support and
development assistance, such as land preparation, credit
facilities, training or job opportunities as required, in addition
to compensation measures; (d) cash compensation for land
when the impact of land acquisition on livelihoods is minor;
and (e) provision of civic infrastructure and community
services as required.
6. Give preference to land-based resettlement strategies for
displaced persons whose livelihoods are land-based.
7. For those without formal legal rights to lands or claims to
such land that could be recognized under the laws of the
country, provide resettlement assistance in lieu of
compensation for land to help improve or at least restore
their livelihoods.
8. Disclose draft resettlement plans, including documentation of

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the consultation process, in a timely manner, before
appraisal formally begins, in an accessible place and in a
form and language that are understandable to key
stakeholders.
9. Apply the principles described in the involuntary resettlement
section of this Table, as applicable and relevant, to
subprojects requiring land acquisition.1.
10. Design, document, and disclose before appraisal of projects
involving involuntary restriction of access to legally
designated parks and protected areas, a participatory
process for: (a) preparing and implementing project
components; (b) establishing eligibility criteria; (c) agreeing
on mitigation measures that help improve or restore
livelihoods in a manner that maintains the sustainability of
the park or protected area; (d) resolving conflicts; and (e)
monitoring implementation.
11. Implement all relevant resettlement plans before project
completion and provide resettlement entitlements before
displacement or restriction of access. For projects involving
restrictions of access, impose the restrictions in accordance
with the timetable in the plan of actions.
12. Assess whether the objectives of the resettlement instrument
have been achieved, upon completion of the project, taking
account of the baseline conditions and the results of
resettlement monitoring.
D. Indigenous People (WB OP 4.10)
To design and 1. Screen early to determine whether Indigenous Peoples are
implement projects in present in, or have collective attachment to, the project area.
a way that fosters full Indigenous Peoples are identified as possessing the following
respect for characteristics in varying degrees: self-identification and
Indigenous Peoples recognition of this identity by others; collective attachment
dignity, human to geographically distinct habitats or ancestral territories and
rights, and cultural to the natural resources in these habitats and territories;
uniqueness and so presence of distinct customary cultural, economic, social or
that they: (a) receive political institutions; and indigenous language.
culturally compatible 2. Undertake free, prior and informed consultation with affected
social and economic Indigenous Peoples to ascertain their broad community
benefits; and (b) do support for projects affecting them and to solicit their
not suffer adverse participation: (a) in designing, implementing, and monitoring
effects during the measures to avoid adverse impacts, or, when avoidance is
development process. not feasible, to minimize, mitigate, or compensate for such
effects; and (b) in tailoring benefits in a culturally
appropriate manner.
3. Undertake social assessment or use similar methods to
assess potential project impacts, both positive and adverse,
on Indigenous Peoples. Give full consideration to options
preferred by the affected Indigenous Peoples in the provision

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of benefits and design of mitigation measures. Identify social
and economic benefits for Indigenous Peoples that are
culturally appropriate, and gender and inter-generationally
inclusive and develop measures to avoid, minimize and/or
mitigate adverse impacts on Indigenous Peoples.
4. Where restriction of access of Indigenous Peoples to parks
and protected areas is not avoidable, ensure that the
affected Indigenous Peoples communities participate in the
design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of
management plans for such parks and protected areas and
share equitably in benefits from the parks and protected
areas.
5. Put in place an action plan for the legal recognition of
customary rights to lands and territories, when the project
involves: (a) activities that are contingent on establishing
legally recognized rights to lands and territories that
Indigenous Peoples traditionally owned, or customarily used
or occupied; or (b) the acquisition of such lands.
6. Do not undertake commercial development of cultural
resources or knowledge of Indigenous Peoples without
obtaining their prior agreement to such development.
7. Prepare an Indigenous Peoples Plan that is based on the
social assessment and draws on indigenous knowledge, in
consultation with the affected Indigenous Peoples
communities and using qualified professionals. Normally, this
plan would include a framework for continued consultation
with the affected communities during project
implementation; specify measures to ensure that Indigenous
Peoples receive culturally appropriate benefits, and identify
measures to avoid, minimize, mitigate or compensate for any
adverse effects; and include grievance procedures,
monitoring and evaluation arrangements, and the budget for
implementing the planned measures.
8. Disclose the draft Indigenous Peoples Plan, including
documentation of the consultation process, in a timely
manner before appraisal formally begins, in an accessible
place and in a form and language that are understandable to
key stakeholders.
9. Monitor implementation of the Indigenous Peoples Plan,
using experienced social scientists.
E. Forests (WB OP 4.36)
To realize the 1. Screen as early as possible for potential impacts on forest
potential of forests to health and quality and on the rights and welfare of the
reduce poverty in a people who depend on them. As appropriate, evaluate the
sustainable manner, prospects for new markets and marketing arrangements.
integrate forests 2. Do not finance projects that would involve significant
effectively into conversion or degradation of critical forest areas or related

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sustainable economic critical natural habitats, or that would contravene applicable
development, and international environmental agreements.
protect the vital local 3. Do not finance natural forest harvesting or plantation
and global development that would involve any conversion or
environmental degradation of critical forest areas or related critical natural
services and values habitats.
of forests. 4. Support projects that adversely impact non-critical natural
forests or related natural habitats only if viable alternatives
to the project are not available and only if appropriate
conservation and mitigation measures are in place.
5. Support commercial, industrial-scale forest harvesting only
when the operation is certified, under an independent forest
certification system, as meeting, or having a time-bound
action plan to meet, internationally recognized standards of
responsible forest management and use.
6. Ensure that forest restoration projects maintain or enhance
biodiversity and ecosystem functionality and that all
plantation projects are environmentally appropriate, socially
beneficial and economically viable.
7. Give preference to small-scale community-level management
approaches where they best reduce poverty in a sustainable
manner.
8. Support commercial harvesting by small-scale landholders,
local communities or entities under joint forest management
where monitoring with the meaningful participation of local
communities demonstrates that these operations achieve a
standard of forest management consistent with
internationally recognized standards of responsible forest use
or that they are adhering to an approved time-bound plan to
meet these standards.
9. Use forest certification systems that require:
(a) compliance with relevant laws; (b) recognition of, and
respect for, legal or customary land tenure and use rights as
well as the rights of Indigenous Peoples and workers; (c)
measures to enhance sound community relations; (d)
conservation of biological diversity and ecological functions;
(e) measures to maintain or enhance environmentally sound
multiple benefits from the forest; (f) prevention or
minimization of environmental impacts; (g) effective forest
management planning; (h) active monitoring and
assessment of relevant forest management areas; and (i)
independent, cost effective, third-party assessment of forest
management performance against measurable performance
standards defined at the national level and compatible with
internationally accepted principles and criteria of sustainable
forest management through decision making procedures that
are fair, transparent, independent, designed to avoid conflict

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of interest and involve the meaningful participation of key
stakeholders, including the private sector, Indigenous
Peoples, and local communities.
10. Disclose any time-bound action plans in a timely manner,
11. before appraisal formally begins, in an accessible place and
12. in a form and language that are understandable to key
13. stakeholders.
F. Physical Cultural Resources (WB OP 4.11)
To assist in 1. Use an environmental assessment (EA) or equivalent process
preserving physical to identify PCR and prevent or minimize or compensate for
cultural resources adverse impacts and enhance positive impacts on PCR
and avoiding their through site selection and design.
destruction or 2. As part of the EA, as appropriate, conduct field based
damage. PCR surveys, using qualified specialists.
includes resources of 3. Consult concerned government authorities, relevant non-
archaeological, pale governmental organizations, relevant experts and local
ontological, historical, people in documenting the presence and significance of PCR,
architectural, assessing the nature and extent of potential impacts on
religious (including these resources, and designing and implementing mitigation
graveyards and burial plans.
sites), aesthetic, or 4. For materials that may be discovered during project
other cultural implementation, provide for the use of chance find
significance. procedures in the context of the PCR management plan or
PCR component of the environmental management plan.
5. Disclose draft mitigation plans as part of the EA or equivalent
process, in a timely manner, before appraisal formally
begins, in an accessible place and in a form and language
that are understandable to key stakeholders.
Source: www.worldbank.org
6.0 Generic Environmental Impacts due to

Urban Infrastructure Projects
The generic possible impacts on the sub-components of the environment are

identified in this section. The component of the environment is divided into land
and land use, air environment, noise environment, water environment, aesthetic
environment, and flora and fauna. The impacts due to generic urban
infrastructure projects are detailed in the subsequent sections.
6.1 Land and Land Use

Implementation of the urban infrastructure projects may cause impacts such as
Change in land use pattern, soil erosion, land pollution and changes in natural
drainage pattern.

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Erosion of soil can occur by activities like land clearing for construction, with
removal of vegetative cover. Road construction and other cut and fill activities
would clear off the previously vegetated land cover, alters natural drainage
pattern, changes the natural gradient, and create unconsolidated fill areas. The
projects like integrated area development and transportation systems will induce
changes in the pattern of land use and create compatibility problems with
adjacent areas. The disposal of solid and hazardous waste and polluted water are
likely to contribute to the process of land degradation in specific areas.
6.2 Flora and Fauna

Every developmental activity will have its impact on ecological system and there
by alters the ecological balance. The impact may vary from place to place
depending on the sensitivity of the area and the project scale. Loss and changes
in the natural habitat is a primary impact due to any action. Extensive activities
and vehicular movement for extended period will cause deserting of their nests.
Certain species of fish are affected by small amounts of solid material, or
discharge of untreated / under treated sewage may introduce nutrients, which
accelerate unhygienic condition in water body.
6.3 Air Environment

The impacts on air environment are basically depending on two factors, the
natural environment conditions and the emissions from the proposed activity. The
release of oxidants and particulate matter to air environment will have impact on
flora and fauna, and on human health. The adverse impacts on environment may
finally lead to major changes in existing land use pattern. Particulate emitted
during these activities like site preparation, demolition, removal and disposal,
excavation, operation and maintenance of equipment and vehicular movement
will cause primary and secondary impacts.
6.4 Noise Environment

Every activity creates some noise in the surrounding environment and the
severity of impacts mainly depend the noise level. The increase in noise levels will
lead to heath related problems and disturbances in the natural ecosystem. High
noise levels would be generated during construction activities due to usage of
heavy equipment. The impacts can be clubbed into;
Impacts due to change noise levels during construction stage
Impacts due to change in noise levels during operation stage
6.5 Water Environment

Water is essential for life systems and the impact on water will have multiple
impacts on any ecosystem. The impact on water environment essentially depends

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on the existing condition of water resources i.e existing quality and quantity of
water resource. The effluent disposal during construction and operation stage, run
off and the water extractions are the typical activities, which lead to degradation
of water environment. The generic impacts on water environment are as follows.
Decrease in Dissolved Oxygen (DO) levels
Impact on Aquatic life
Impacts related to ground water over exploitation
Salinity ingress due to dewatering at construction and operation stage
Impacts due to utilization of river water with changes in river water quality
7.0 Project Specific Environmental and Social

Issues
7.1 Sewerage and Sanitation Projects

7.1.1 Environmental Issues
A. Land and land use
Changes in hydrology and drainage patterns due to the construction
Water logging during operation and maintenance
Disposal of excavated soil during construction
Disposal of STP sludge and sewer silt during operation and maintenance
Environmental issues associated with disposal of sewage
Soil pollution due to seepage of sewerage from drains and sanitation
facilities
Change in land use due to odour nuisance arising from disposed sludge from
treatment plants
B. Air environment
Pollution from construction equipments
Air pollution due to sewerage treatment plants
C. Water environment
Surface and groundwater contamination due to leakages and leaching from
treatment plant
Water logging due to improper location of sanitation facilities
Contamination of groundwater and flooding due to improper location of
sanitation facilities/ leaching from toilets and septic tanks
Impact on surface and ground water quality due to disposal of effluent
Possible water source contamination due to location of disposal point
Decrease in DO levels of water bodies and eutrophication
due to disposal of treated waste/ sludge
Salinity ingress due to dewatering during construction phase

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Contamination of water bodies due to the runoff from agricultural fields

irrigated with sewerage
D. Noise environment
Noise during construction
Noise pollution due to operation and maintenance of the STPs
E. Flora and fauna

Loss of flora and fauna at the project site
Loss of aquatic life due to disposal of treated sludge into water bodies
Disturbance to natural habitat during construction period
Changes in species diversity
F. Aesthetic environment
Reduction in recreational value of the receiving body
Odour nuisance due to poor sanitation
G. Other impacts
Performance of existing and proposed treatment schemes
Disruption to local traffic during construction
Increase in the energy loads due to running of the treatment plant
machinery
Impacts due to usage of UV radiation for sewage treatment
7.1.2 Social Issues

A. Assets/ livelihood
Impact on public/private properties and other sensitive receptors along the
sewer lines during construction
Loss of private property due to land acquisition
Loss of prime agricultural and other important land uses due to treatment
plant construction
B. Communities
Impact on vulnerable communities due to displacement
Impact on encroachers and squatters in case of acquisition of public land
Conflict between construction workers from other areas and the local
community workers
C. Access
Equity issues in case of access to public/ common sanitation facilities
D. Health & safety

Health and safety concerns while working in closed drains/pipes

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Health and safety issues associated with storage and handling of chemicals
for STP operation
Nuisance due to insects and flies at the location of STPs
Health hazards due to vector formation
Health hazards due to usage of sewage with high chlorine content
7.2 Urban Roads and Transport Projects
7.2.1 Environmental Issues
A. Land and land use
Flooding/ water logging due to change in drainage pattern

Land pollution due to spillage of asphalt, tar and other hazardous materials
Change in surrounding landuse due to improved accessibility
Water logging due to improper cross drainage structures along roads
Slope stability and erosion control
Disposal of excavated soil
Loss of topsoil in borrow areas
Induced development and change in landuse along road
B. Air environment
Air pollution due to increase in traffic

Air pollution due to construction activity
C. Water environment
Water pollution due to spillage of asphalt, tar and other hazardous materials
Decrease in ground water recharge due to surfacing
Siltation of water bodies due to disposal of the excavated soil
D. Noise environment
Noise pollution due to increase in traffic

Noise level increase due to heavy machinery during construction period
E. Flora and fauna
Disturbance to natural habitat/ aquatic ecosystem during construction period

Destruction of roadside microhabitat/vegetation due to widening and
construction
Cutting of trees for road widening or new alignments

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Disturbance to forest and protected areas along with the risk of poaching
and logging
F. Aesthetic environment
Disturbance in the aesthetics of the residential areas adjoining the road

Other impacts Traffic congestion due to incorrect traffic projections
Traffic disturbance caused due to construction activity
Impacts due to mining of road construction materials
Protection of the service/ gas lines during road construction
7.2.2 Social Issues

A. Assets/ livelihood
Impact on public/private properties and other sensitive receptors along the

sewer lines during construction
Loss of private property due to land acquisition
Loss of prime agricultural and other important land uses due to widening
and new roads
Loss of livelihood of roadside informal vendors due to road widening
Loss of cultural/ religious property during widening
Loss of customary rights over land in case of tribal communities
B. Communities
Disturbance to roadside residential areas due to widening

Displacement of communities
Impact on vulnerable groups due to displacement
Community consultation before finalization of alignment/ widening
C. Access
Loss of connectivity and access during construction

Urban congestion due to increased access
Loss of access to forest resources for tribal communities
Loss of access to common property areas/ grazing lands
D. Health & safety
Increase in road accidents risk

Health and safety concerns of workers
Pedestrian safety issues

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7.3 Sub-Project Wise Issues-Water Supply

The sub-project wise potential environmental and social issues to be safeguarded in water supply sector have been covered in a
matrix form below.
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES SOCIAL ISSUES
FLORA ASSETS/ HEALTH

LAND AND AESTH LIVELIH COMMU &
SUB_PROJECT COMPONENTS USE LAND/SOIL WATER AIR NOISE FAUNA ETICS OOD NITIES SAFETY
1 Source development/ augmentation

(i) Selection of source
Surface Water
River/ stream
Lakes and ponds
Reservoir/ tank
Irrigation or other
canals
Ground water
Natural springs
Ground water
Rain water
Recycled waste water
(ii) Diversion structure
Dam
Check dam
Weir
Jack well
(iii) Intake structure
Surface water

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Impounding reservoirs
Intake well
Ground water
Dug wells
Infiltration or sunk
wells
Driven wells
Bore wells
Infiltration galleries
Radial collector wells
Filter basins
Siphon wells
(iv) Plant and Machinery
(v) Other Structures
2 Transmission and treatment of raw water

Raw Water
Transmission main
(i) (Pumping/ Gravity)
Civil works, Plant and
Machinery
(ii) Inlet Works
Primary Treatment
(Aeration,
Clarification)

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Chemical House and
Dosing systems

Rapid Mixing
Filter House, and
associated plant and
equipments
Clear Water Reservoir
and Pumping Station

Chlorine House and
chlorination systems
Control Room and
Laboratory

3 Transmission and storage of clear water
Transmission Main
(i) (Pumping/Gravity)
Master balancing
reservoir/ Ground
Level Service
Reservoirs/ Overhead
(ii) Service Reservoirs

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Booster Stations /
Control Rooms (Civil,
(iii) Plant, Equipment)
4 Distribution system
(i) Distribution pipeline

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Environmental and social impacts specific to a water supply distribution network

sub-project have been detailed below. The potential environmental and social
issues can be covered under three sub-heads; impact on the physical
environment, impact on the natural environment and social & cultural impacts.
Impact on the physical environment
1. Land use
Change in land use due to construction of storage reservoirs and pump
houses
2. Land/ soil environment

Impact due to excavation/ disposal of soil during laying of pipeline
3. Air environment
Impact on air quality due to dust and particulate matter during excavation.
(See Plate 3.2a)
Change in air quality due to increase in traffic of trucks and heavy
machinery
4. Water environment
Impact due to unsustainable source
of water
Contamination of treated water
supplies with sewage water due to
leakage
Contamination of water in
distribution network due to
intermittent supply and installation of online pumps
Contamination of supplied water due to improper design of junctions to have
minimum residual pressure
Impact due to increased waste water load.
5. Noise environment
Increase in noise levels due to construction and operation
Noise pollution due to heavy machinery for excavation work
6. Other impacts
Impact on other services due to overlap/ clash with distribution network
Traffic congestion during construction
Exploitation of resources due to improper resource accounting

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Impact on the natural environment
1. Flora and fauna

Impact on ecosystem (flora and fauna) due to construction activities
Impact on trees due to excavation and laying of pipeline (See Plate 3.2b)
Social impacts
1. Impacts on assets/
livelihood
Impact on public property/
assets during construction
and laying of pipeline
Impact on cultural/ religious
property during construction
2. Impact on communities
Impact on trees due to excavation

Disputes due to improper Source: Times of India, Ahmedabad, 6
consultation/ participation of
stakeholders
3. Impact on access
Loss of (or loss of access to) public utility services, civic services, common
property resources
Temporary disruption of existing access/ services
Disturbance to traffic and activities due to laying of pipeline
Impact on the community due to unavailability of alternate water source
during construction period
Hindrance to traffic and
access to communities due to
improper handling of
excavated earth
Access hindered because of
flooding due to leakages
during augmentation projects
4. Health & safety impacts

Impact on consumers health
and hygiene due to limited Inconvenience and hazard to people Source:
Author (Ahmedabad, 10.3.07)
supply and poor quality of
water
Contamination and wastage of stored water in households when 24 hours
supply is not given

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Inconvenience and hazard caused to the people due to improper stacking

and storing of the construction materials
Impact on the construction workers due to improper living conditions and
sanitation
Safety concerns on the streets due to piling of construction materials on the
roads
These impacts listed above arise during all the stages in the project cycle. The
matrix below shows the stages where the impacts are potentially caused and
hence need to be safeguarded in that stage.

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7.4 Urban Infrastructure Project and Sub-project Components Vs. Environmental Policy,
Legislation and Guidelines
Environmental Policy / Legislations / Guidelines
National Policy and
National Legislation Guidelines
Prcts and Water Air EP Noise Forest MSW HW Wild Monuments RTI
Subprojects Act Act Act Act Act Rules Rules Life Act Act Act NEP EIA CRZ UDPFI
Water Supply
Projects
Sewerage
Projects
Storm water
Drainage
Urban Road
Projects
Solid Waste
Management
Notation:
Water Act Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
Air Act The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
EP Act The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
Noise Act Noise pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules 2000
Forest Act The Forest Conservation Act, 1980 Note : Applicability of
MSW Rules Municipal Solid waste (Management and Handling) rules, 2000 the legislation , Policy
HW Rules The Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000
Wild Life Act The Wildlife Protection Act, 2002
and guidelines is
Monuments Act The Ancient Monuments & Archeological Sites & Remains Act, 1958 subjected to the size,
RTI Act Right to Information Act, 2005
scale and location of
NEP National Environmental Policy
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment these projects
CRZ Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification of 1991
UDPFI Urban Development Plans Formulation and Implementation Guidelines, 1996

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7.5 Urban Infrastructure Project and Sub-project Components Vs. Environmental Policy,
Legislation and Guidelines
Policy / Legislations / Guidelines

National Policy
National Legislation and Guidelines
Projects
LA IMW BOCW CL
and
Subprojects Act Act Act Act RTI Act NPRRPAF
Water Supply
Projects
Sewerage
Projects
Storm water
Drainage
Urban Road
Projects
Solid Waste
Management
Notation:
Note : Applicability of
LA Act The Land Acquisition Act (LA) of 1894 the legislation , Policy
Interstate Migrant Workmens (Regulation of Employment & Condition of Service)
IMW Act Act, 1979 and guidelines is
The Building & Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment & Condition
BOCW Act of Service) Act, 1979 subjected to the size,
CL Act Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 and Rules scale and location of
RTI Act Right to Information Act, 2005 these projects
National Policy on Resettlement and Rehabilitation for Project Affected Families,
NPRRPAF 2003

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8.0 Checklist for Urban Infrastructure Projects
Component Criteria
Overall Will avoid resettlement/relocation. If unavoidable the extent of
selection resettlement will be minimized.
criteria Will not result in destruction of or encroachment onto protected areas,
(applicable including reserved forests or biodiversity conservation hotspots (identified
to all in the State Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plans).
components) Will not result in destruction/disturbance to historical and cultural
places/values.
Will avoid conversion of prime agriculture areas for component
establishment.
Will not involve social conflicts.
Will reflect inputs from public consultation and disclosure for site selection.
Water Will not result in excessive abstraction of water affecting down stream
supply water users or impairing environmental flow of watercourses.
Will not result in excessive groundwater pumping leading to ground water
depletion and land subsidence or landslides.
Will ensure that no conflicts in abstraction of raw water for water supply
with other beneficial water uses for surface and ground water.
Will ensure adequate protection from pollution of intake works or wells.
Will ensure adequate buffer around treatment plants and pumping stations
to alleviate noise and other possible nuisances.
Will not result in unsatisfactory raw water supply (e.g. supply with
excessive pathogens or mineral constituents).
Will ensure safe handling of chlorine and not result in inadequate/poor
treatment and chlorination.
Will ensure proper and adequate treatment and disposal facilitates for
increased volumes of wastewater generation.
Will ensure networks and distribution systems are designed considering
vulnerability to landslides and earthquakes.
Sewerage Will ensure sewage treatment plant (STP) site selection is not in (i) close
and proximity to inhabited areas; (ii) flood and landslide prone areas; and (iii)
sanitation effluent disposal points close to water intake or water usage points.
Will ensure sewage pumping station locations avoids sensitive receptors
(e.g. proximity of high density residential, schools, hospitals, etc.)
Will ensure adequate buffer zone around pumping and treatment plants to
alleviate noise and odour nuisances, and protect facilities.
Will ensure networks and distribution systems are designed considering
vulnerability to landslides and earthquakes.
Will ensure alignment of sewer networks avoid impacts/structural damages
to properties.
Will ensure low cost sanitation measures proposed do not increase
vulnerability to landslides or result in pollution of groundwater.
1. Will not interfere with other utilities and block access to buildings, cause
nuisance to neighbouring areas due to noise, smell, and influx of insects,

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Component Criteria
rodents, etc.
Will not impair downstream water quality due to inadequate sewage
treatment or release of untreated sewage.
2. Will not cause overflows and flooding of neighbouring properties with raw
sewage.
Will ensure no environmental pollution due to inadequate sludge disposal or
industrial waste discharges illegally disposed in sewer.
Solid waste Will ensure landfill sites are located away from populated areas and areas
management with high development potential (based on the city growth assessments).
Will ensure landfill sites will not results in degradation of aesthetics and
property value loss.
Will ensure buffer of greenbelt and earth works around the land fill site to
avoid nuisance to neighbouring areas due to foul odor and influx of insects,
rodents, etc.
Will ensure proper treatment of leachate and regular cleaning of leachate
pits and pipes to avoid contamination of surface and groundwater.
Will ensure no land use conflicts.
Will ensure no hazards to public health due to inadequate management of
landfill site caused by inadequate institutional and financial capabilities for
the management of the landfill operation.
Will ensure no health and safety hazards to workers from toxic gases and
hazardous materials in the site.
Will ensure transfer stations are provided adequate protection measures to
minimize impacts on surrounding population.
Urban roads Will ensure minimal clearing of vegetation and disfiguring of slopes.
and street Will ensure sites for terminals and parking lots are not on low lying areas or
lighting areas vulnerable to landslip.
Will ensure no dislocation and involuntary resettlement of people living in
right of way.
Will not lead to alteration of surface water hydrology of streams/waterways
that may result in increased sediment load due to erosion from construction
sites.
Will ensure no hazardous driving conditions result where construction
interferes with pre-existing roads.

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9.0 Project Specific Environmental

management Plan
It is therefore important to internalize the mitigation measures at different stages
of a project, namely pre construction phase, construction phase and operation
phase. Project specific brief mitigation measures have been given in the table 8.2
below :
9.1 Project: Water Supply

Mitigation measures
Environmental Pre Monitoring Reference
Construction Operation
Impact construction Institution documents
Phase Phase
phase
Change in Study ground Ensure Ground water ULB CGWB
ground water water balance extraction to with drawl guidelines
quality and details be with in should be on
salinity permissible restricted, groundwater
intrusion in limits, so that controlled extraction
coastal aquifers the ground and regulated
due to over water budget
exploitation is maintained
Non-availability Care shall be ULB --
of water from taken while
source selecting the
source
depending
upon the
availability of
water
Detailed study
of the
availability of
water from
the source
shall be done
before opting
for the source
Contamination Proper safety Ensure ULB & State Water Act,
of water source measures testing of Pollution 1974
shall be taken water Control
during samples Board SPCB Norms
construction for waste
phase so that disposal into
the water streams
bodies are
not polluted

CEPT, Ahmedabad
Preparation of DPRs
Mitigation measures
Environmental Pre Monitoring Reference
Construction Operation
Impact construction Institution documents
Phase Phase
phase
Water logging All pipe Ensure proper Ensure ULB Conform to
due to leakages appurtenances design improved IS 11906:
and overflows should be network leakage 1986
tested before detection and CPHEEO
laying repair Manual
techniques
Ensure proper
maintenance
of network
Increase in Proper Check for ULB in co- Noise
Noise levels due measures noise levels ordination pollution
to running of should be during with State rules
treatment plant taken to operation Pollution Standard
arrest the Control noise levels
noise(Noise Board for specific
Barriers) land use
Land Pollution Ensure State Water Act,
due disposal of disposal site Pollution 1974
waste away from Control
treatment Board SPCB Norms
plant for waste
disposal
onto land
Impacts during Avoid State CPHEEO
operation and stagnant Pollution manual on
maintenance water pools Control water
and water Board supply
logging
Check for
water
contamination
during
transmission
Increase in Ensure less Ensure low Integrate Cumulative
energy loads number of energy with the records on
pumping consumption local energy
stations in pumps to topography consumption
network installed of the city
through
proper design

CEPT, Ahmedabad
Preparation of DPRs
9.2 Project: Sewerage

Mitigation measures Monitoring
Institution
Pre Construction Operation
Construction Phase Phase
Phase
Contamination Proper Minimize ULB SPCB norms
of construction detection and of waste
groundwater shall be done repair timing disposal
and surface for the system through IS: 458-
water sources and all the efficient 1988
and creation appurtenances methods (sewers)
of stagnant should comply Ensure proper IS 2064:
pools of with operation and 1993
wastewater standards. maintenance (installation
due to shall be done and
overflows and for the system maintenance
leakages and all the of sanitary
appurtenances appliances)
should comply IS 11272:
with 1985 for
standards basic
requirements
of drainage
system
Impacts due Ensure proper Ensure power ULB IS: 458-
to Overflow of designing of supply during 1988
Sewers sewer lines sewage (sewers)
pumping so
that sewers CPHEEO
do not Manual on
overflow. sewerage
Ensure the
self-cleaning
velocity of the
sewerage
network.
Change in Proper study Control of ULB IS
ground water shall be made nitrate and 11906:1986
quality due to regarding the microbial for
leaching from groundwater pollution of guidelines of
treatment table and soil ground water. lining
plant characteristics Solid waste
management
rules

CEPT, Ahmedabad
Preparation of DPRs

Institution
Phase
Decrease in Proper design Select Ensure proper State SPCB norms
DO Levels of of outfall disposal site treatment Pollution of waste
the water sewers according to efficiency as Control disposal into
bodies and Proper the water per design Board water bodies
Eutrophication selection of body standards and onto
due to water intake characteristics Ensure land
disposal of point confirm effluent
treated waste detailed study characteristics
/ sludge of receiving as per
water body standards
characteristics
and aquatic
life
Loss of Proper Protection of State Same as
Aquatic Life location of aquatic Pollution above
disposal point ecosystem Control
near outfall Board
location
Increase in proper Noise Adhere to CPHEEO
Noise levels selection of generating the manual for
due to treatment equipments standards design and
running of plant site should to the maintenance
treatment Ensure conform to GPCB CPCB
plant proper the standards standard
designing, noise levels
maintenance for specific
and provision land use
of adequate
buffer areas

CEPT, Ahmedabad
Preparation of DPRs

Institution
Phase
Nuisance due Cleanliness ULB --
to Insecticides near the
and flies pumping
stations,
septic tank,
and toilets
should be
maintained
Periodic
checks for
overflows and
leakages
should be
conducted,
stagnation of
water and
sewage should
not be there
Change in Proper Ensure proper ULB & State IS

ground water surfacing shall maintenance Pollution 2064:1993
quality due to be done to of toilets and Control for
leaching from avoid leaching constant Board construction
toilets and , in case water for CPHEEO
septic tanks shallow depth flushing manual
etc. ground water
it is advisable
to make
proper
arrangements
Conform to IS
12314:1987
for safety
distance from
other services

CEPT, Ahmedabad
Preparation of DPRs

Institution
Phase
Health Avoid leaks --
Hazards due and overflows
to vector from main
formation trunk lines
Stagnation of
water or
sewage should
be completely
avoided.
Spraying of
insecticides to
avoid spread
of vectors is
advisable
9.3 Project: Solid Waste Management

Environmental Mitigation measures Monitoring Reference
Impact Pre Construction Operation Institution Documents
Phase
Nuisance due to Wind direction Ensure ULB Municipal Solid
odour also due shall be taken proper Waste Rules,
to flies and into frequency 2000
insects from consideration of collection
dump sites while and regular (Refer to
selecting the disposal of Annex -III)
site waste
Avoid locating Ensure that
dumping sites no residue
near the is left after
water bodies, collection
residential Bins of
areas, sufficient
schools, capacity
colleges and should be
hospitals provided for
collection of
waste to
avoid
overflow
Ensure
proper

CEPT, Ahmedabad
Preparation of DPRs

Phase
safety
measures
like
spraying of
insecticides
etc at the
collection
centers to
avoid
spread of
epidemics.
Spillage of solid Avoid open IS 12402:
waste from trucks for 1988
trucks during transporting
transportation waste, if in Municipal Solid
case, Waste Rules,
ensure that 2000
the top is
covered
and there is
no
overloading
Identify
shortest
route from
collection
point to
disposal
point to
minimize
the travel
distance
and thereby
increasing
the
frequency
of trips
Health risk of Ensure ULB --
sanitation safety
workers measures
for workers
Provide
training to
the workers

CEPT, Ahmedabad
Preparation of DPRs

Phase
with respect
to health
risk, and
safety in
handling
solid waste
Air pollution Avoid ULB & State Municipal Solid
due to burning burning of Pollution Waste Rules,
of waste wastes Control 2000
which are Board
hazardous
in nature
e.g.,
plastics,
biomedical
wastes
Awareness
to workers
of effects of
air pollution
Location of Land acquired During ULB & State Municipal Solid
landfill sites for land fill construction Pollution Waste Rules,
sites shall not of landfill site Control 2000
be ensure 3m Board
agriculture, above the
cultivable ground water
waste or table
grazing Land
Contamination Conduct Ensure Municipal State Municipal Solid
of groundwater detailed proper solid waste Pollution Waste Rules,
resources due survey surfacing of managing Control 2000
to leaching regarding dumping site. authority Board
from solid ground water should Hazardous
waste table and soil ensure that waste
characteristics waste from management
before non- rules
selection of residential
dumping site areas for
to prevent disposal are
leachate approved
percolating to only after
ground water certification
from SPCB
that the

CEPT, Ahmedabad
Preparation of DPRs

Phase
waste is
non-
hazardous
Others Ensure ULB Bio-medical
Biomedical waste
waste is not management
mixed with rules
the
municipal
solid waste.
Ensure
proper
safety
measures
during
epidemics
9.4 Project: Road and Transportation

Mitigation measures Monit
Environmental oring Reference
Pre
Impact Construction institu documents
Construction Operation Phase
Phase tion
Phase
Flooding due to Careful Ensure alternative ULB IRC:15 -
change in planning and drainage facilities 1981:
drainage designing of IRC:19-
pattern road network 1977:
considering IRC:86-
the natural 1983:
drainage SP:20-1979
pattern for design
consideratio
ns
Land and water Ensure proper Careful operation State Hazardous
pollution due storage and and maintenance, Polluti Waste
to spillage of working and emergency on handling
asphalt, tar conditions for clean up of Contr and
and hazardous materials hazardous ol managemen
materials Ensure skilled materials Board t rules
workers to & ULB IRC
handle guidelines
hazardous
substances

CEPT, Ahmedabad
Preparation of DPRs

Pre
Phase tion
Phase
Decrease in Ensure Ensure Ensure alternative -- --
ground water alternative alternative arrangements for
recharge due arrangement arrangements groundwater
to surfacing s for for groundwater recharge
groundwater recharge
recharge
Traffic Check V/C ULB IRC
congestion ratio through guidelines
proper
projections
Air pollution Ensure proper Ensure standard State CPCB
and noise due arrangements to emissions from Polluti ambient air
to increase in control dust vehicles on quality
traffic pollution. Regular Contr standards
Provide green monitoring of the ol
belt along the noise levels on the Board
roads roads during
operational phase
will help in
keeping track of
the noise levels
over a period of
time
Ensure proper
maintenance of
the roads during
operational phase,
especially during
monsoons. One of
the main reason
for the high SPM
levels in the
ambient air is
poor condition of
road network

CEPT, Ahmedabad
Preparation of DPRs

Pre
Phase tion
Phase
Impacts due to Avoid mining Minimize usage Ensur Forest Act
mining of road in of construction e that
construction ecologically materials the Wild Act
materials sensitive and through proper minin
protected planning and g Bio-
areas designing areas diversity
are conservatio
not n rules
notifie
d by
the
Depar
tment
of
Enviro
nment
as
sensiti
ve
areas
Road accidents All Check the speed ULB, IS 12314:
street/road of the moving Traffic 1987
appurtenanc vehicles Police (safety
es like street Avoid stagnant distance )
lightning, etc water pools on the
should be network by care Safety
properly full design of road guidelines
planned, drainage facilities of IRC
designed and
maintained For traffic
signals and
road signs
compliance
to IRC:93-
1985;
IRC:67-
1977

CEPT, Ahmedabad
Preparation of DPRs

Pre
Phase tion
Phase
Change in land Ensure Proposed
use due proper land land use
construction use planning plan, if any
and Change in before
surrounding implementati Conform to
land use due to on of the IRC 5-
increased road projects 1985, IRC6-
accessibility 1966, IRC
11-1962,
IRC 22-
1986, IRC
21-1987,
IRC 40-
1970, IRC
54-1987,
IRC 103-
1988 for
implementa
tion

CEPT, Ahmedabad
Preparation of DPRs
9.5 Project: Storm water drainage

Impact Pre Construction Operation institution documents
Phase
Change in Avoid mixing State GPCB
water quality of up of Pollution norms for
receiving body domestic and Control disposal
industrial Board
effluent with
storm water
through
proper
checking and
maintenance
Check for
uncontrolled
run off from
contaminated
areas
Flooding of Ensure proper ULB IS 11272:
down stream selection of 1985 for
areas in case of outfall point drainage
improper with respect system
drainage to down
facilities stream areas
Increase in Proper design Ensure ULB Design as
sediment load of slope to regular per
of the water avoid operation CPHEEO
body scouring and and Manual
overflow due maintenance
choking of the
system

CEPT, Ahmedabad
Preparation of DPRs
References:
GoI, (1980): The Forest Conservation Act, 1980, Ministry of Environment and Forest,
Government of India
GoI, (2002): The Wildlife Protection Act, 2002, Ministry of Environment and Forest,
Government of India
GoI, (2002): CRZ Notification, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of India
GoI, (2006): EIA Notification, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of India
GoI, (1974):Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, Ministry of Environment
and Forest, Government of India
GoI, (1981): Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, Ministry of Environment and
Forest, Government of India
GoI, (1986): Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, Ministry of Environment and Forest,
Government of India
GoI, (1986): The Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986, Ministry of Environment and
Forest, Government of India
GoI, (2000):The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000, Ministry of
Environment and Forest, Government of India
GoI, (2000):The Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2000, Ministry of
GoI, (1989):Hazardous Wastes (Management & Handling) Rules, 1989, Ministry of
GoI, (1986):Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 and Rules, Government of
India
GoI, (1979):Interstate Migrant Workmens (Regulation of Employment & Condition of
Service) Act, 1979, Government of India
GoI, (1958):The Ancient Monuments & Archeological Sites & Remains Act, 1958,
Government of India
GoI, (1979):The Building & Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment &
Condition of Service) Act, 1979, Government of India
GoI, (1948):The Factories Act, 1948, Government of India
GoI, (2005): National Building Code of India, Bureau of Indian Standards, Government of
India
USAID, (2006): Eco-Housing Assessment Criteria, International Institute For Energy
Conservation, Mumbai, India
ITPI, (1996): Urban Development Plans Formulation and Implementation Guidelines,
Institute of Town Planners India, Ministry of Urban Affairs an Employment,
Government of India
BIS : IS Codes for Earthquake Resistant Design and Construction of Buildings
Code of Practice, Government of India
MNES, (2003): Solar Architecture: Sustainable Design for Comfortable Space, Urja Bharati,
Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources
GoI, (1998): Guidelines & Space Standards For Barrier- Free Built Environment For
Disabled & Elderly Persons, CPWD, Ministry of Urban Affairs &
Employment, and Government of India
GoI, (2001): Planning and Barrier Free Environment, Office of the Chief Commissioner for
the Persons with Disabilities, Govt. of India
GoI, (1995): The PWD Act, 1995
Golhar, Maithely, (2007), Safeguarding environmental and social issues in Municipal

services projects: Case of UIDSSMT in Gujarat state, Unpublished Thesis,
M. Tech Planning, School of Planning, CEPT University, Ahmedabad
Asian Development Bank, Environment Policy Of The Asian Development Bank, [Online],
Available: URL (http://www.asiandevbank.org/documents/policies/
environment/environment_policy.pdf), [27 Jan, 2007]
Asian Development Bank, Operations manual: Bank Policies, [Online], Available: URL
(http://www.asiandevbank.org/Documents/Manuals/Operations/OMF0125Sep 06.pdf), [27
Jan, 2007]
Asian Development Bank, The Bank's policy on Indigenous peoples, [Online], Available:
URL (http://www.asiandevbank.org/documents/Policies/Involuntary_
Resettlement/involuntaryresettlement.pdf), [27 Jan, 2007]
Asian Development Bank, Involuntary resettlement, [Online], Available: URL

(http://www.asiandevbank.org/documents/Policies/Indigenous_Peoples/ADB-1998-Policy-
on-IP.pdf), [27 Jan, 2007]
Asian Development Bank, Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist - Urban

development, [Online], Available: URL (http://www.asiandevbank.org/documents/
Guidelines/Environmental_Assessment/REA_Urban_Development.doc), [27 Jan, 2007]
Asian Development Bank, Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist - solid waste
management, [Online], Available: URL (http://www.asiandevbank.org/
documents/Guidelines/Environmental_Assessment/REA_Solid_Waste_Management.doc),
[27 Jan, 2007]
World Bank, The World Bank Operational Manual Operational Policies, [Online],
Avaliable: URL (http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/Institutional/Manuals/OpManual.nsf/), [10
August, 2006].
World Bank, Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project, Social and
Environmental Assessment Management Framework Volume 1 (SEAMF), [Online],
Available: URL (http://www-ds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContent
Server/WDSP/IB/2004/11/29/000160016_20041129115834/Rendered/PDF/e10380vol.01.
pdf), [21 Jan, 2007]
World Bank, Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project, Social and
Environmental Assessment Management Framework Volume 2 (SEAMF), [Online],
Available: URL (http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDS
ContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/11/29/000160016_20041129142312/Rendered/PDF/E1038
0vol.02.pdf), [21 Jan, 2007]
World Bank, Project Information Document, Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and
Municipal services project, [Online], Available: URL (www.wds.worldbank.org
/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/02/02/000104615_20050202145427/Rendere
d/PDF/APURMSP1PID0for0Appraisal.pdf), [21 April 2007].
World Bank (2005), Project Appraisal Document Vol.1, Third Tamil Nadu Urban
Development Project, [Online], Available: (http://wwwwds.worldbank.org
/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/06/16/000090341_20050616084634
/), [12 July 2007].
CEPT, Ahmedabad JnNURM - Rapid Training Programme

Preparation of DPRs
Annex-I
APPLICATION FOR OBTAINING AUTHORIZATION FOR SOLID WASTE
PROCESSING AND DISPOSAL SITE FROM POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD
(FORM 1 OF MSW RULES, 2000)
FORM I
[See rules 4(2) & 6(2)]
Application for obtaining authorization
To The Member Secretary
1. Name of the municipal authority/Name of the agency Appointed by the

municipal authority
2. Correspondence addresses Telephone No. Fax No.
3. Nodal Officer & designation (Officer authorized by the Municipal authority or

agency responsible for operation of processing or disposal facility)
4. Authorization applied for (Please tick mark)

a) Setting up & operation of waste processing facility
b) Setting up & operation of disposal facility
5. Detailed proposal of waste processing/disposal facility (to be attached) to

include
5.1 Processing of waste
i. Location of site
ii. Name of waste processing technology
iii. Details of processing technology
iv. Quantity of waste to be processed per day
v. Site clearance (from local authority)
vi. Details of agreement between municipal authority and operating
agency
vii. Utilization programme for waste processed (Product utilisation)
viii. Methodology for disposal of waste processing rejects (quantity and
quality)
ix. Measures to be taken for prevention and control of environmental
pollution
x. Investment on Project and expected returns
xi. Measures to be taken for safety of workers working in the plant

Preparation of DPRs
5.2 Disposal of waste
i. Number of sites identified

ii. Layout maps of site
iii. Quantity of waste to be disposed per day
iv. Nature and composition of waste
v. Details of methodology or criteria followed for site selection
vi. Details of existing site under operation
vii. Methodology and operational details of landfilling
viii. Measures taken to check environmental pollution
Date Signature of Nodal

Officer

Preparation of DPRs
Annex-II
FORMAT OF ANNUAL REPORT TO BE SUBMITTED BY MUNICIPAL
AUTHORITY (FORM I1 OF MSW RULES, 2000)
FORM II
[See rule 4(4) ]
Format of Annual Report to be submitted by Municipal Authority

(i) Name of City/Town:
(ii) Population
(iii) Name of Municipal body and Address
Telephone No:
Fax:
(iv) Name of incharge dealing with municipal solid waste with designation:
1. QUANTITY AND COMPOSITION OF SOLID WASTE

(i) Total quantity of waste generated per day
(ii) Total quantity of waste collected per day
(iii) Total quantity processed for:
(a) Composting
(b) Vermiculture
(c) Pellets
(d) Others, if any please specify
(iv) Total quantity of waste disposed by land filling
(a) No. of landfill sites used
(b) Area Used
(c) Whether weigh bridge facilities available : Yes/No
(d) Whether area is fenced : Yes/No
(e) Lighting facility on site: Yes/No
(f) Whether equipment like Bulldozer., Compactors etc. available. Please
specify:
(g) Total Manpower available on site:
(h) Whether covering is done on daily basis: Yes/No
(i) Whether covering material is used and whether it is adequately available:
(j) Provisions for gas venting provided: Available & provided / Not available
(k) Provision for leachate collection: Provisions made/provisions not made
2. STORAGE FACILITIES
(i) Area covered for collection of waste: ..
(ii) No. of houses covered
(iii) Whether house to house collection is practiced (if yes, whether done by Municipality
or through Private Agency or NGO)
(iv) Bins: Specifications existing proposed (Shape & Size) Numbers for future
(a) RCC bins (Capacity);

Preparation of DPRs
(b) Trolleys (Capacity);

(c) Containers (Capacity);
(d) Dumper Placers
(e) Others, please specify
(v) Whether all bins/collection spots are attended for daily lifting of garbage:
Yes/No
(vi) Whether lifting of garbage from dustbins etc. is manual or mechanical i.e.
for example by using of front end loaders (Please tick mark):
Manual/Loader/Others, please specify
3. TRANSPORTATION
Existing Actually Required/Proposed Number
1) Truck
2) Truck-Tipper
3) Tractor-Trailer
4) Refuse-collector
5) Dumper-places
6) Animal cart
7) Tricycle
8) Others (please specify)
4. WHETHER ANY PROPOSAL HAS BEEN MADE TO IMPROVE SOLID

WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
5. ARE ANY EFFORTS MADE TO CALL FOR PRIVATE FIRMS ETC. TO

ATTEMPT FOR PROCESSING OF WASTE UTILISING TECHNOLOGIES LIKE:
Waste Utilization Proposals Steps taken Technology (Quantity to be processed)
1. Composting
2. Vermiculture
3. Pelletisation
4. Others if any, please specify
6. WHAT PROVISIONS ARE AVAILABLE AND HOW THESE ARE

IMPLEMENTED TO CHECK UNHYGIENIC OPEATIONS OF:
(i) Dairy related activities
(ii) Slaughter houses and unauthorised slaughtering
(iii) Malba (Construction debris) lifting
(iv) Encroachment in Parks, Footpaths etc.
(v) HOW MANY ARE IDENTIFIED AND WHETHER THESE ARE
PROVIDED WITH SANITATION FACILITIES
7. ARE MUNICIPAL MAGISTRATES APPOINTED FOR TAKING PENAL

ACTION: Yes/No If yes, how many cases registered & settled during last
three years (give year-wise details)

Preparation of DPRs
8. HOSPITAL WASTE MANAGEMENT

1. How many Hospitals/Clinics under the control of Corporation
2. What methods are followed for disposal of medical waste?
3. Do you have any proposal for setting up of common treatment facility for
disposal of biomedical wastes.
4. How many private Nursing Homes, Clinics etc. are operating in the
city/town and what steps have been taken to check disposal of their waste
Dated: Signature of Municipal Commissioner

Preparation of DPRs
Annex-III
SCHEDULE II OF MSW RULES, 2000
(See Rules 6(I) and (3), 7(1))
Management of Municipal Solid Wastes
Sr.
Parameters Compliance Criteria
No
1 COLLECTION OF 1. Littering of municipal solid waste shall be prohibited in cities,
MUNICIPAL towns and in urban areas notified by the State Government, To
SOLID WASTES prohibit littering, and facilitate compliance, the following steps
shall be taken by the municipal authority, namely
(i) Organising house to house collection of municipal solid
wastes through any of the methods, like containerised collection,
community bin collection (central bin), house to house
collection, collection on regular pre-informed timings and
scheduling by using ringing of musical vehicle (without
exceeding permissible noise levels).
(ii) Collection of waste from slums and squatter areas of
localities including hotels/restaurants/office complexes and
commercial areas
(iii) Wastes from slaughter houses, fruits and vegetable
markets, which are biodegradable in nature, shall be managed
to make use of such wastes
(iv) Bio-medical wastes and industrial wastes shall not be mixed
with municipal solid wastes and such wastes shall follow the
rules separately specified for the purpose
(v) Collected waste from residential and other areas shall be
transferred to community bin by hand-driven containerised
Carts.
(vi) Horticulture and construction/demolition wastes/debris shall
be separately collected and disposed off following proper norms.
Similarly wastes generated at dairies shall be regulated in
accordance with State laws.
(vii) Waste (garbage, dry leaves) shall not be burnt
(viii) Stray animals shall not be allowed to move around waste
storage facilities or at any other place in city/town and shall be
managed as per State Laws.
2. Municipal authority shall notify waste collection schedule and
the likely method to be adopted for public benefit in a city/town.
3. It shall be the responsibility of generator of wastes to avoid
littering and ensure delivery of wastes in accordance with the
collection and segregation system to be notified by the municipal
authority as per para 1 (2) of this schedule

Preparation of DPRs
Sr.
No
2 Segregation Of In order to encourage the citizens, municipal authority shall
Municipal Solid organise awareness programmes for segregation of wastes and
Wastes shall promote recycling or reuse of segregated materials. The
Municipal authority shall undertake phased programme to
ensure community participation in waste segregation. For this
purpose, regular meetings at quarterly intervals shall be
arranged by the municipal authorities with representatives of
local resident welfare associations and non-governmental
organizations.
3 Storage Of Municipal authorities shall establish and maintain storage
Municipal Solid facilities in such a manner as they do not create
Wastes unhygienic/unsanitary conditions around it. Following criteria
shall be taken into account while establishing and maintaining
storage facilities, namely
(i) storage facilities shall be created/established by taking into
account quantities of waste generation in a given area and the
pollution densities. A storage facility shall be so placed that it is
accessible to users.
(ii) Storage facilities to be set up the Municipality authorities or
any other agency shall be so designed that waste stored shall
not be exposed to open atmosphere and shall be aesthetically
acceptable and user-friendly
(iii) Storage facilities or bins shall have easy to operate design
for handling, transfer and transportation of waste. Bins for
storage of biodegradable wastes shall be painted green, those of
storage of recyclable wastes shall be painted white and those for
storage of other wastes shall be painted black
(iv) Manual handling of waste shall be prohibited. If unavoidable
due to constraints, manual handling shall be carried out under
proper precaution with due care for safety of workers.
4 Transportation Vehicles used for transportation of wastes shall be covered.
Of Municipal Waste should not be visible to public, nor exposed to open
Solid Wastes environment preventing their scattering. The following criteria
shall be met namely,
(i)The storage facilities set up by Municipal authorities shall be
daily attended for clearing of wastes. The bins or containers
wherever placed shall be cleaned before they start overflowing
(ii) Transportation vehicles shall be so designed that multiple
handling of wastes, prior to final disposal, is avoided
5 Processing Of Municipal authorities shall adopt suitable technology or
Municipal Solid combination of such technologies to make use of wastes so as to
Wastes minimize burden on landfill. Following criteria shall be adopted,
namely

Preparation of DPRs
Sr.
No
(i) The biodegradable wastes, shall be processed by composting,
vermin-composting, anaerobic digestion or any other
appropriate biological processing for stabilization of waste. It
shall be ensured that compost or any other end product shall
comply with standards as specified in Schedule IV
(ii) Mixed waste containing recoverable resources shall follow
the route of recycling. Incineration with or without energy
recovery including pelletisation can also be used for processing
wastes in specific cases. Municipal authority or the operator of a
facility wishing to use other state-of-the-art technologies shall
approach the Central Pollution Control Board to get the
standards laid down before applying for grant of authorization.
6 Disposal Of Land filling shall be restricted to non-biodegradable i.e., insert
Municipal Solid waste and other waste that are not suitable either for recycling
Wastes or for biological processing. Land filling shall also be carried out
for residues of waste processing facilities as well as pre-
processing rejects from waste, processing facilities. Land filling
of mixed waste shall be avoided unless same is found unsuitable
for waste processing. Under unavoidable circumstances or till
installation of alternative facilities land-filling shall be done
following proper norms. Land filling shall meet the specifications
as given in Schedule III.

Preparation of DPRs
Annex IV:
SCHEDULE III OF MSW RULES, 2000
[See rule 6(1) and (3), 7(2)]
SPECIFICATIONS FOR LANDFILL SITES
Site Selection
1. In areas falling under the jurisdiction of Development Authorities; it shall
be the responsibility of such Development Authorities to identity the
landfill sites and hand over the sites to the concerned municipal authority
for development, operation and maintenance. Elsewhere, this
responsibility shall lie with the concerned municipal authority.
2. Selection of landfill sites shall be based on examination of environmental
issues. The Department of Urban Development of the State or the Union
territory shall co-ordinate with the concerned organisations for obtaining
the necessary approvals and clearances.
3. The landfill site shall be planned and designed with proper documentation
of a phased construction plan as well as a closure plan.
4. The landfill sites shall be selected to make use of nearby wastes
processing facility. Otherwise, wastes processing facility shall be planned
as an integral part of the landfill site.
5. The existing landfill sites which continue to be used for more than five
years, shall be improved in accordance of the specifications given in this
Schedule.
6. Biomedical wastes shall be disposed off as per the bio-medical wastes
(management and handling) rules, 1998. Hazardous wastes shall be
managed as per the Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules
1989 as amended from time to time.
7. The landfill site shall be large enough to last for 20-25 years
8. The landsite shall be away from habitation clusters, forest areas,
monuments, National parks, wetlands and places of important cultural,
historical or religious interest.
9. A buffer zone of no-development be maintained around landfill site and
shall be incorporated in the Town Planning Departments land-use plans.
10. Landfill site shall be away from airport including airbase. Necessary
approval of airport or airbase authorities prior to the setting up of the
landfill site shall be obtained in cases where the site is to be located within
20 km of an airport or airbase.
Facilities at the Site

1. Landfill site shall be fenced/hedged and provided with proper gate to
monitor incoming vehicles/ or other modes of transportation.

Preparation of DPRs
2. The landfill site shall be well protected to prevent entry of unauthorized

persons and stray animals.
3. Approach and other internal roads for free flow of vehicles and other
machinery shall exist at the landfill site.
4. The landfill site have wastes inspection facility to monitor wastes brought
in for landfill, office facility for record keeping and shelter for keeping
equipment and machinery including pollution monitoring equipment.
5. Provisions like weigh bridge to measure quantity of waste brought at
landfill site, fire protection equipments and other facilities as may be
required, shall be provided
6. Utilities such as drinking water (preferably bathing facilities to workers)
and lighting arrangements for easy landfill operations when carried out in
night hours shall be provided.
7. Safety provisions including health inspections of workers at landfill site
shall be periodically made.
Specifications for Land filling

1. Wastes subjected to land filling shall be compacted in thin layers using
landfill compactors to achieve high density of the wastes. In high rainfall
areas where heavy compactors cannot be used alternative measures shall
be adopted.
2. Wastes shall be covered immediately or at the end of each working day
with minimum 10 cm of soil inert debris in construction materials till such
time waste processing facilities for composting or recycling or energy
recovery are set up as per Schedule I.
3. Prior to the commencement of monsoon season, an intermediate cover of
4-65 cm thickness of soil shall be placed on the landfill with proper
compaction and grading to prevent infiltration during monsoon. Proper
drainage berms shall be constructed to divert run-off away from the active
cell of the landfill.
4. After completion of landfill, a final cover shall be designed to minimize
infiltration and erosion. The final cover shall meet the following
specifications, namely;
(i) The final cover shall have a barrier soil layer comprising of 60
cms of clay/amended soil with permeability coefficient less that
7
1 x 10 cm/sec.
(ii) On top of the barrier soil layer, there shall be a drainage layer
of 15 cm.
(iii) On top of the drainage layer, there shall be a vegetative layer
of 45 cm to support natural plant growth and to minimize
erosion.

Preparation of DPRs
Pollution prevention
1. In order to prevent pollution problems from landfill operations, the
following provisions shall be made, namely;
(i) Diversion of storm water drains to minimize leachate generation
and prevent pollution of surface water and also for avoiding
flooding and creation of marshy conditions:
(ii) Construction of a non-permeable lining system at the base and
wall of waste disposal area. For landfill receiving residues of
waste processing facilities or mixed waste or waste having
contamination of hazardous materials (such as aerosols,
bleaches, polishes, batteries, waste oils, paint products and
pesticides) minimum liner specifications shall be a composite
barrier having 1.5 min high density polyethylene (HDPE) geo-
membrane or equivalent overlying 90 cm of soil (clay/amended
soil) having permeability coefficient not greater than 1 x 10 7
cm/sec. The highest level of water table shall be at least 2
meter below the base of clay/amended soil barrier layer.
(iii) Provision for management of leachates collection and treatment
shall be made. The treated leachates shall meet the standards
specified in Schedule IV.
(iv) Prevention of run-off from landfill area entering any stream,
river lake or pond.
Water Quality Monitoring

1. Before establishing any landfill site, baseline data of ground water quality
in the area shall be collected and kept in record for future reference. The
ground water quality within 50 metres of the periphery of landfill site shall
be periodically monitored to ensure that the ground water is not
contaminated beyond acceptable limit as decided by the Ground Water
Board or the State Board or the Committee. Such monitoring shall be
carried out to cover different seasons in a year that is, summer monsoon
and post-monsoon period.
2. Usage of groundwater in and around landfill sites for any purposes
(including drinking and irrigation) is to be considered after ensuring its
quality. The following specifications for drinking water quality shall apply
for monitoring purpose, namely;
Sr. No. Parameters IS 10500: 1991 Desirable limit (mg/1

except for pH)
1 Arsenic 0.05
2 Cadmium 0.01
3 Chromium 0.05
4 Copper 0.05

Preparation of DPRs
Sr. No. Parameters IS 10500: 1991 Desirable limit (mg/1

except for pH)
5 Cyanide 0.05
6 Lead 0.05
7 Mercury 0.001
8 Nickel -
9 Nitrate as NO 45.0
10 PH 6.5-8.5
11 Iron 0.3
12 Total hardness (as CaCO3) 300.0
13 Chlorides 250
14 Dissolved solids 500
15 Phenolic compounds (C6 H5 OH) 0.001
16 Zinc 5.0
17 Sulphate (as SO4) 200
Ambient Air Quality Monitoring

1. Installation of landfill gas control system including gas collection system
shall be made at landfill site to minimize odour generation, prevent off-site
migration of gases and to protect vegetation planted on the rehabilitated
landfill surface
2. The concentration of methane gas generated at landfill site shall not

exceed 25 per cent of the lower explosive limit (LEL).
3. The landfill gas from the collection facility at a landfill site shall be utilized
for either direct thermal applications or power generation, as per viability.
Otherwise, landfill gas shall be burnt (flared) and shall not be allowed to
directly escape to the atmosphere or for illegal tapping. Passive venting
shall be allowed if its utilisation or flaring is not possible.
4. Ambient air quality at the landfill site and at the vicinity shall be monitored
to meet the following prescribed standards, namely;
5. The ambient air quality monitoring shall be carried out by the concerned
authority as per the following schedule, namely;
(i) Six times in a year for cities having population of more than fifty
lakhs,
(ii) Four times in a year for cities having population between ten and
fifty lakhs.

Preparation of DPRs
Sr. Parameters Acceptable Levels

No
(i) Sulphur dioxide 120 g/m 3 (24 hours)
(ii) Suspended particulate matter 500 g/m 3 (24 hours)
(iii) Methane Not to exceed 25 per cent of the lower
explosive limit (equivalent to 650 mg/m3)
(iv) Ammonia Daily average 0.4 mg/m3 (400 g/m 3)
(Sample duration 24 hrs)
(v) Carbon Monoxide 1 hour average: 2 mg/m3 8 hour average: 1
mg/m3
(iii) Two times in a year for town or cities having population between
one and ten lakhs
Plantation at Landfill site
1. A vegetative cover shall be provided over the completed site in accordance
with the following specifications, namely;
I. Selection of locally adopted non-edible perennial plants that are
resistant to drought and extreme temperatures shall be allowed to
grow
II. The plants grown be such that their roots do not penetrate more
than 30 cms. This condition shall apply till the landfill is stabilised.
III. Selected plants shall have ability to thrive on low-nutrient soil with
minimum nutrient addition
IV. Plantation to be made in sufficient density to minimize soil erosion
Closure of Landfill site and post-care

1. The post closure care of landfill site shall be conducted for at least fifteen
years and long term monitoring / care plan shall consist of the following,
namely;
I. Maintaining the integrity and effectiveness of final cover, making
repairs and preventing run-on and run-off from eroding or otherwise
damaging the final cover.
II. Monitoring leachate collection system in accordance with the
requirement.
III. Monitoring of ground water in accordance with requirements and
maintaining ground water quality.
IV. Maintaining and operating the landfill gas collection system to meet
the standards.
2. Use of closed landfill sites after fifteen years of post-closure monitoring

can be considered for human settlement or otherwise. Only after
ensuring that gaseous and leachate analysis complied with the laid down
standards.

Preparation of DPRs
Special provisions for hilly areas

1. Cities and towns located on hills, shall have location-specific methods
evolved for final disposal of solid wastes by the municipal authority with
the approval of the concerned State Board of the Committee. The
Municipal authority shall set up processing facilities for utilization of
biodegradable wastes. The inert and non-biodegradable waste shall be
used for building roads or filling up of appropriate areas on hills. Because
of constraints in finding adequate land in hilly areas, wastes not suitable
for road-laying or filling up shall be disposed of in specially designed
landfills.

Preparation of DPRs
Annex V:
SCHEDULE IV OF MSW RULES, 2000

[See rules 6(1) and (3), 7(2)]
Standards for Composting, Treated Leachates and Incineration
1. The waste processing or disposal facilities shall include composting,

incineration, pelletisation, energy recovery or any other facility based on
state-of-the-art technology duly approved by the Central Pollution Control
Board.
2. In case of engagement of private agency by the municipal authority, a
specific agreement between the municipal authority and the private
agency shall be made particularly, for supply of solid waste and other
relevant terms and conditions.
3. In order to prevent pollution problems from compost plant and other
processing facilities, the following shall be complied with, namely;
I. The incoming wastes at site shall be maintained prior to further
processing. To the extent possible, the waste storage area should be
covered. If such storage is done in an open area, it shall be provided
with impermeable base with facility for collection of leachate and
surface water run-off into lined drains leading to a leachate
treatment and disposal facility;
II. Necessary precautions shall be taken to minimise nuisance of odour,
flies, rodents, bird menace and fire hazard;
III. In case of breakdown or maintenance of plant, waste intake shall be
stopped and arrangements be worked out for diversion of wastes to
the landfill site;
IV. Pre-process and post-process rejects shall be removed from the
processing facility on regular basis and shall not be allowed to pile at
the site. Recyclables shall be routed through appropriate vendors.
The non-recyclables shall be sent for well designed landfill site(s);
V. In case of compost plant, the windrow area shall be provided with
impermeable base. Such a base shall be made of concrete or
compacted clay, 50 cm thick, having permeability coefficient less
than 10 7 cm/sec. The base shall be provided with 1 to 2 percent
slope and circled by lined drains for collection of leachate or surface
run-off.
VI. Ambient air quality monitoring shall be regularly carried out
particularly for checking odour nuisance at down-wind direction on
the boundary of processing plant.
VII. In order to ensure safe application of compost, the following
specifications for compost quality shall be met, namely;

Preparation of DPRs
Parameters Concentration not to exceed (mg/kg dry basis, except pH

value and C/N ratio) *
Arsenic 10.00
Cadmium 5.00
Chromium 50.00
Copper 300.00
Lead 100.00
Mercury 0.15
Nickel 50.00
Zinc 1000.00
C/N ratio 20-40
PH 5.5-8.5
* Compost (final product) exceeding the above stated concentration limits shall not be
used for food crops. However, it may be utilized for purposes other than growing food
crops.
4. The disposal of treated leachates shall follow the following standards, namely;
Sr. Parameter Standards (Mode of Disposal)
No.
Inland
Public Land
surface
sewers disposal
water
1 Suspended solids, mg/1, Max 100 600 200
2 Dissolved solids (inorganic) mg/1, max 2100 2100 2100
3 PH value 5.5 to 9.0 5.5 to 5.5 to 9.0
9.0
4 Ammonical nitrogen (as N), mg/1, max 50 50 -
5 Total Kjeldahl nitorgen (as N), mg/1, max 100 - -
6 Biochemical oxygen demand (3 days at 30 350 100
27 C) Max (mg/1)
7 Chemical oxygen demand, mg/1 max 250 - -
8 Arsenic (as As), mg/1 max 0.2 0.2 0.2
9 Mercury (as Hg) mg/1, max 0.01 0.01
10 Lead (as Pb), mg/1, max 0.1 1.0
11 Cadmium (as Cd) mg/1 max 2.0 1.0
12 Total chromium (as Cr), mg/1, max 2.0 2.0
13 Copper (as Cu) mg/1, max 3.0 3.0
14 Zinc A(as Zn) mg/1, max 5.0 15
15 Nickel (as Ni) mg/1, max 3.0 3.0
16 Cyanide (as CN) mg/1, max 0.2 2.0 0.2
17 Chloride (as CI) mg/1, max 1000 1000 600
18 Fluoride (as F), mg/1, max 2.0 1.5 -
19 Phenolic compounds (as C6H5OH) mg/1, 1.0 5.0
-
max
Note: While discharging treated leachates into inland surface waters, quantity of leachates
being discharged and the quantity of leachates being discharged and the quantity of
dilution water available in the receiving water body shall be given due consideration.

Preparation of DPRs
Annex VI:
RAPID ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (REA) CHECKLIST FOR
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT COMPONENT
SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS

A. PROJECT SITING
IS THE PROJECT AREA
DENSELY POPULATED?
HEAVY WITH DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES?
ADJACENT TO OR WITHIN ANY ENVIRONMENTALLY

SENSITIVE AREAS?
CULTURAL HERITAGE SITE
PROTECTED AREA
WETLAND
MANGROVE
ESTUARINE
BUFFER ZONE OF PROTECTED AREA
SPECIAL AREA FOR PROTECTING BIODIVERSITY
POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

WILL THE PROJECT CAUSE
Impairment of historical/cultural monuments/areas and
loss/damage to these sites?
interference with other utilities and blocking of access to
buildings; nuisance to neighboring areas due to noise,
smell, and influx of insects, rodents, etc.?
dislocation or involuntary resettlement of people
impairment of downstream water quality due to

inadequate sewage treatment or release of untreated
sewage?
overflows and flooding of neighboring properties with raw
sewage?
Environmental pollution due to inadequate sludge
disposal or industrial waste discharges illegally
disposed in sewers?
noise and vibration due to blasting and other civil works?
Discharge of hazardous materials into sewers, resulting in

damage to sewer system and danger to workers?
Inadequate buffer zone around pumping and treatment
plants to alleviate noise and other possible nuisances, and
protect facilities?
social conflicts between construction workers from other

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areas and community workers?
road blocking and temporary flooding due to land
excavation during the rainy season?
noise and dust from construction activities?
traffic disturbances due to construction material transport

and wastes?
temporary silt runoff due to construction?
hazards to public health due to overflow flooding, and

groundwater pollution due to failure of sewerage system?
deterioration of water quality due to inadequate sludge
disposal or direct discharge of untreated sewage water?
contamination of surface and ground waters due to sludge
disposal on land?
health and safety hazards to workers from toxic gases and
hazardous
materials which maybe contained in sewage flow and
exposure to pathogens in sewage and sludge?

Preparation of DPRs
Annex VII:
CHECKLIST FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT COMPONENT
A. PROJECT SITING
IS THE PROJECT AREA
DENSELY POPULATED?

HEAVY WITH DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES?
ADJACENT TO OR WITHIN ANY ENVIRONMENTALLY

SENSITIVE AREAS?
CULTURAL HERITAGE SITE
PROTECTED AREA
WETLAND
MANGROVE
ESTUARINE
BUFFER ZONE OF PROTECTED AREA

SPECIAL AREA FOR PROTECTING BIODIVERSITY
BAY
B. POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

WILL THE PROJECT CAUSE
impacts associated with transport of wastes to the
disposal site or treatment facility
Impairment of historical/cultural monuments/areas
and loss/damage to these sites?
Degradation of aesthetic and property value loss?
Nuisance to neighboring areas due to foul odor and influx of
insects, rodents, etc.?
dislocation or involuntary resettlement of people
Public health hazards from odor, smoke from fire, and
diseases transmitted by flies, insects, birds and rats?
Deterioration of water quality as a result of contamination of
receiving waters by leacheate from land disposal system?
Contamination of ground and/or surface water by leach ate
from land disposal System?
Land use conflicts?
Pollution of surface and ground water from leach ate coming

form sanitary landfill sites or methane gas produced from
decomposition of solid wastes in the absence of air, which
could enter the aquifer or escape through soil fissures at
places far from the landfill site?
Inadequate buffer zone around landfill site to alleviate
nuisances?
Social conflicts between construction workers from other
areas and community workers?

Preparation of DPRs
Road blocking and/or increased traffic during construction of

facilities?
Noise and dust from construction activities?
Temporary silt runoff due to construction?
hazards to public health due to inadequate management of

landfill site caused by inadequate institutional and financial
capabilities for the management of the andfill operation?
Hazards to public health due to inadequate management of
landfill site caused by inadequate institutional and financial
capabilities for the management of the landfill operation?
Emission of potentially toxic volatile organics from land
disposal site?
Surface and ground water pollution from leach ate and
methane gas migration?
Loss of deep-rooted vegetation (e.g. tress) from landfill gas?
Explosion of toxic response from accumulated landfill gas in

buildings?
Contamination of air quality from incineration?
Public health hazards from odor, smoke from fire, and

diseases transmitted by flies, rodents, insects and birds, etc.?
Health and safety hazards to workers from toxic gases and
hazardous materials in the site?

Preparation of DPRs
ANNEX VIII:
Best Practices in Construction Phase
In any of the urban infrastructure projects, construction phase is supposed to be
the most environmentally disturbing phase. Thus the concerned authority should
take immense precautions to mitigate the adverse impact.
Best practices in the construction activities are typically covered in four major
areas such as
a. Energy: Reducing energy consumption, being more energy efficient and using
renewable energy and alternative technology
b. Materials: Choosing, using, re-using and recycling materials during design,
manufacture, construction and maintenance to reduce resource requirements
c. Waste: Producing less waste and recycling more
d. Pollution: Producing less toxicity, noise, water and spatial pollution
The major environmental issues associated with the construction sector include
potential impacts to biodiversity due to land conversions, emissions to air of
gaseous pollutants and particulates, noise generation, vibrations and air blast,
water use, wastewater discharge and generation of hazardous and non-
hazardous waste materials. Each of these issues along with the good practices
generally followed are mentioned in the subsequent paragraphs.
Land Conversion
Excavation activities at construction sites as well as raw materials extraction sites
often involve major topographical and land-cover changes to allow extraction
activities, often including clearing of pre-existing vegetation. Techniques to
minimize the land conversion impacts include
1. Selection of appropriate low-impact extraction methods that result in final

site contours supportive of habitat restoration principles and final land use
2. Establishment of buffer zones from the edge of extraction areas
considering the characteristics of the natural habitats and the type of
extraction activities
3. Vegetation translocation and relocation techniques should be used as
necessary (e.g., vegetation cover such as native local plants, topsoil,
overburden, or spoils feasible for sustaining growth should be removed in
separate operations and segregated for later use during site reinstatement
and materials to be used for site reinstatement should be stockpiled and
protected from wind and water erosion as well as contamination)
4. Smaller, short-lived sites should be reclaimed immediately and lager sites
with a useful lifespan beyond 3-5 years should be subject to ongoing
rehabilitation

Preparation of DPRs
5. To the extent possible the affected land should be rehabilitated to

acceptable uses as required by the permit
6. Test pits, interim roads, buildings, installations and structures of no
beneficial use should be removed and the land should be appropriately
rehabilitated
The general practices followed during demolition process are listed as follows. The
first phase of demolition is asbestos abatement and lead-based paint removal.
Depending on the extent of asbestos and lead-based paint, either the whole
building or portions of the building should be enclosed in plastic sheeting.
Specially trained workers with protective clothing and hand tools should be
entrusted with the work of removing the paints. The disposed material should be
sealed in bags and taken to licensed landfill sites. Dust emissions as well as noise
pollution are the major environmental issues associated with the demolition and
site clearance works
Dust
Dust is generated during all phases of exploitation and processing from fugitive
sources such as shovelling, ripping, drilling, blasting, transport, crushing,
grinding, screening and stockpiling. The main sources of dust emissions include
crushing-grinding, drilling, blasting and transport. For dust emissions, the
recommended pollution prevention and control techniques should take the
ecological and human toxicity of the dust into account and include the following:
1. Land clearing, removal of topsoil and excess materials, location of haul

roads, tips and stockpiles, and blasting should be planned with due
consideration to meteorological factors (precipitation, temperature, wind
direction and speed) and location of sensitive receptors
2. A simple, linear layout for materials-handling operations to reduce the
need for multiple transfer points should be designed and installed
(processing plants should be located within the quarry area where
practical
3. Dust emissions from drilling activities should be controlled at the source by
dust extractors, collectors and filters and wet drilling and processing
should be adopted whenever possible
4. Dust emissions from processing equipment (crushers, grinders, screens)
should be adequately controlled through dust collectors or wet processing
5. Dust control applications should consider the final use of extracted
material (e.g. wet processing stages are preferred when wet materials or
high water contents would not negatively affect their final use)
6. Procedures to limit the drop height of falling materials should be adopted
7. Use of mobile and fixed-belt transport and conveyors should be preferred
to hauling the material by trucks through internal roads(enclosed rubber-

Preparation of DPRs
belt conveyors for dusty materials are recommended in conjunction with

cleaning devices)
8. Internal roads should be adequately compacted and periodically graded
and maintained
9. A speed limit for trucks should be considered ( generally not more than 10
miles per hour or 16 km per hour) on unpaved roads
10. Water spraying is the most effective method for reducing dust emissions.
Along with water spraying, surface treatment such as provision of
hygroscopic media, such as calcium chloride and soil natural or chemical
binders) of roadways and exposed stockpiles using a sprinkler system or a
water mist cannon should be implemented
11. Exposed surfaces of stockpiled material should be vegetated where
practical
Noise
Noise emissions are commonly associated with all the extraction activities
including construction material and stone quarrying. Noise is produced during all
phases of exploitation and processing (shovelling, ripping, drilling, blasting,
flame-jet cutting, piling, transport, crushing, grinding, sizing and stockpiling). The
main issues on site thus include noise during the night, noisy plants in sensitive
areas such as residences, schools or hospitals
For noise emissions the recommended minimization and control techniques

include the following:
1. Reduction of noise from drilling rigs by using down hole drilling or
hydraulic drilling
2. Implementation of enclosure and cladding of processing plants where
practical
3. Installation of proper sound barriers and (or) noise containments, with
enclosures and curtains at or near the source equipment (e.g. crushers,
grinders and screens)
4. Use of rubber-lined or soundproof surfaces on processing equipment such
as screens, chutes, transfer points and buckets
5. Use of rubber-belt transport and conveyors
6. Installation of natural barriers at facility boundaries such as vegetation
curtains or soil berms
7. Optimization of internal traffic routing particularly to minimize vehicle
reversing alarm and to maximize distances to the closest sensitive
receptors
8. Use of electrically driven machines
9. A speed limit for trucks should be considered
10. Avoidance of jet-flame cutting
11. Construction of berms for visual and noise screening wherever practical

Preparation of DPRs
12. Use of mufflers or silencers to reduce noise transmitted along pipes and
ducts; minimizing the drop height by a factor of 10 reduces the noise by
about 10 dB
13. Use rubber lining on the tippers in sensitive areas
14. Wherever possible fabricate off-site
15. Shut down plant when not in use or adopt a no idling policy
16. Adopt working hours to restrict the noise activity.
Vibrations
The most significant vibration emissions are usually associated with blasting
activities, whereas minor emissions are commonly associated with the use of rock
hammers. For blasting related emissions (vibrations, overpressure, fly rock), the
following control and minimization techniques are recommended
1. Use of special blasting plans; correct charging procedures and blasting

ratios; delayed; micro-delayed or electronic detonators; and specific in
situ blasting tests i.e. the use of down hole initiation with short-delay
detonators improves fragmentation and reduces the ground vibrations
2. Development of blast design including a blasting surfaces survey to avoid
over-confined charges and a drill-hole survey to check for deviation and
consequent blasting recalculations
3. Implementation of ground vibration and overpressure control with
appropriate drilling grids (grid versus holes length and diameter,
orientation of blasting faces) and appropriate charging and stemming
process of bore holes to limit potential issues with fly rock and air blasts
4. Hydraulic hammers or other mechanical methods should be preferred to
improve rock fragmentation and minimize fly-rock risks instead of using
secondary blast (plaster blasting)
5. Mechanical ripping should be used where possible to avoid or minimize the
use of explosives
Other sources of vibrations are primary crushers and plant screening equipment
where adequately designed foundations would sufficiently limit vibrations
Other Good Management Guidelines

Labour camps on site should be as per Indian norms. Clean and well-maintained
toilets should be made available at the construction site.
1. If there is any eco-sensitive habitat in the vicinity of the construction site,

care should be taken to ensure that there are no adverse impacts on the
habitat. Any existing streams and drains within, and adjacent to the site
should be kept safe and free from any debris and any excavated materials
arising from the works.

Preparation of DPRs
2. Construction waste generated should be properly stored on site and

disposed by filling low-lying areas after obtaining the required local
permissions.
3. Liquid spills of lubricant, fuel and oil within the site should be attended at
the earliest in order to minimize land & groundwater contamination.
4. Temporary fencing around the project site should be provided to regulate
the entry and exit of material, personnel and equipment.
5. Construction workers, managers and visitors to the site should use
personnel protective equipment such as helmets, gloves, safety boots and
goggles.
6. Waste water generated from wash-pits, wheel washing, equipment
cleaning, etc can be a source of water pollution if the drainage system is
ineffective. Additionally sanitary waste generated by the temporary
construction workers can pollute the surface/under-ground water. There is
the added risk of mosquito breeding, if water around the construction site
is allowed to stagnate. Temporary drainage works should be constructed
and maintained.

Preparation of DPRs

Module 2.7: Environmental and Social Safeguards

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Module 2.

7: Environmental and Social Safeguards

1.0 Introduction .......................................................................................1

2.0 Urban Environmental Issues in India .................................................1

3.0 Need for Environmental Safeguards ...................................................5

4.0 Key Features of the Environmental Safeguard System of India ..........6

6.0 Generic Environmental Impacts due to Urban Infrastructure Projects

7.0 Project Specific Environmental and Social Issues............................. 36

8.0 Checklist for Urban Infrastructure Projects...................................... 49

9.0 Project Specific Environmental management Plan............................ 51

2.0 Urban Environmental Issues in India

2.1 Water Pollution

Contamination of piped drinking water by sewage is not uncommon, due to the

Source: Tasa Graphic Arts

2 JnNURM - Rapid Training Programme

2.2 Air Pollution

2.3 Solid Waste

On an average 0.3 to 0.5 kg of solid waste is generated by a single individual in

3 JnNURM - Rapid Training Programme

The noise levels in some of Indias major

4 JnNURM - Rapid Training Programme

2.5 Urban Microclimate

3.0 Need for Environmental Safeguards

Good environmental and social management practice is a well-established

Enhance positive and sustainable environmental and social outcomes

5 JnNURM - Rapid Training Programme

4.0 Key Features of the Environmental

The responsibility of the Government of India to protect and improve the

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Table 4.1 Comprehensive list of national policies, guidelines and legislations

Safeguard Status Policies/ Acts / Rules / Guidelines

Environmental National Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974

National National Environmental Policy

Social Safeguard National The Land Acquisition Act (LA) of 1894

National National Policy on Resettlement and Rehabilitation for

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4.1 Environmental Legislations at the National Level

4.1.1 Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 - As

According to Section 32 of the Act, in case of any poisonous, noxious or polluting

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4.1.2 The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981

4.1.3 The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986

The Environment (Protection) Act was conceived as an "umbrella legislation"

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4.1.4 EIA Notification S.O. 1533 dated 14th September 2006

The projects categorized as Category B projects require prior environmental

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Scoping is not required for Projects Construction/Township/Commercial

Public Consultation is not required for following projects:

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4. All Building /Construction projects/Area Development projects and

Table 4.3 : Activities requiring prior environmental clearance

7(c) Industrial estates/ If at least one Industrial estates Special condition

Industrial estates -Industrial estates Special condition

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Category with threshold limit

7(f) Highways i) New National i) New State High General Condition

ii) Expansion of ii) Expansion of

7(i) Common Municipal All projects General Condition

8 Building /Construction projects/Area Development

Source: EIA Notification 2006

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