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Experiment #1

Evaporative Cooling as it Relates to Intermolecular Forces


Adapted by Tom Schultz
from Laboratory Experiments in Inorganic Chemistry
by Seattle U. Chemistry Faculty
temperatur containing) molecules we can determine relative
In e is directly strengths of intermolecular forces between them.
proportion
tr
al to the Part of your pre-lab exercise will be to develop a
o average the hypothesis relating the strength of intermolecular
d Intermole average forces to some structural or physical property of
u cular kinetic organic molecules that are provided below. You will
forces are energy. If
c then test your hypothesis by measuring the
responsibl the kinetic
ti evaporative cooling of four different organic
e for energy of a
o molecules to see if they prove or disprove you
substance molecule is hypothesis. Some ideas you might use for a
n s being in greater hypothesis would be to organize them by molecular
the solid, than the weight, density, number of hydrogen atoms. Some
liquid, or strength of physical properties of the organic molecules that
gaseous the you will be analyzing are given below. Part of the
state. intermolec scientific method is to revise hypotheses after
This ular force experimentation to support the experimental data,
means then that which you will do, as part of this experiment.
that molecule Certainly consulting with others is part of this
molecules can process, but not copying someone elses idea
with weak evaporate verbatim. You will submit your cooling data on the
intermole thus classroom computer, which will be posted on the
cular leaving the course web site, so that you can again change and
forces are liquid with revise your hypothesis to explain the entire class set
going to a lower of data on a larger group of organic substances in
exist in average the discussion (conclusion) portion of your lab
the kinetic report.
gaseous energy or
state and temperatur
molecules e. This is
with where we
strong get the
intermole concept of
cular evaporative Learning
forces are cooling. By Objectives
going to measuring
be solids. the rate or
Recall amount of
from the cooling
kinetic between a Pre Lab
molecular series of
theory different
that organic
absolute (carbon
Disposal relative proportional to the average kinetic energy of
to molecules it can be used indirectly to determine the
support relative strengths of intermolecular forces. During
a evaporation molecules with the highest kinetic
propose energy evaporate thus lowering the average kinetic
1. Gain d energy of the remaining molecules, or lowering the
practi hypoth temperature of the liquid. Another way of looking
cal esis. at this is that the molecules with the weakest
hand intermolecular forces evaporate faster than those
s on On Tuesday with stronger intermolecular forces thus causing
experi you and more cooling. This means that the change in
ence your lab temperature, T, is inversely proportional to relative
of partner will strengths of intermolecular forces. Your task is to
gener be assigned formulate a hypothesis to predict the relative
ating a set of strength of intermolecular forces. For example,
and organic perhaps the molecular weight is directly, or
modif molecules indirectly proportional to the strength of
ying a to intermolecular forces. Or maybe density could be
hypot formulate a used to predict strength. Graphing T vs. a physical
S hesis. hypothesis constant of your choice would give credence to your
a 2. Use regarding hypothesis. A second part is to change your
labora intermolec hypothesis to fit the entire set of class data listed on
f
tory ular forces. the course website.
e
experi Your
t hypothesis 1. Organic molecules are always a fire hazard and
ments
y to should be should not be used around open flames, such as
suppo submitted a Bunsen burner.
rt to your 2. Liquids used in todays lab are poisonous.
and/o instructor 3. Organic molecules often have unpleasant orders
r at the and should be used under the laboratory hoods.
revise beginning 4. Most organic substances can be absorbed
a of the through the skin or eyes.
hypot laboratory 5. Keep lids (stoppers) on the organic liquids under
W hesis. session on your hood.
a 3. a sheet of
Organi paper and Place liquid soaked filter paper rolls in the dish
s under the waste hood.
zing also
t recorded in
and
e correl your
ating laboratory
labora notebook.
tory Since
temperatur Experimental
data
e is directly Procedure
calculat perature probe as a guide wrap the provided
or filter paper around the probe and secure it
Eight by wrapping the copper wires around the
pieces filter paper to prevent unraveling of the filter
of filter paper. You will need 8 rolls of filter paper.
paper 3. Clamp the test tubes containing two liquids
Und (2.5 cm to be measured to the ring stands in a
e by 2.5 vertical position.
r cm) 4. Place one the rolled filter paper cylinders on
Eight to the tip of each temperature probe being
t Four small sure that the bottom of the filter paper is
h test pieces even with the tip of the temperature probe.
e tubes of 5. Dip both temperature probes with installed
containi copper filter paper into the liquid and start recording
h ng four wire to the temperature. Remove the temperature
o differen hold probe after about 30 seconds and clamp it to
o t the the
d organic rolled ring stand.
liquids filter 6. Continue to monitor the temperature until
Two paper the process is complete (temp. begins to
ring increase). Sketch the curve from the
stands 1. Wor computer into your lab notebook.
equip k in 7. To analyze the data press the soft key below
ped the the plot. Select Plot 1 or plot 2 using the
with hoo up/down keys to get the plot from probe 1 or
clamp d probe 2 and press enter to see the
s for that temperature vs. time plot
holdin cont 8. The curve may show the temperature rising
g test aini when the probe is put into the solution as it
tubes ng equilibrates with the liquid (or it may stay
and the relatively constant) and then dropping as the
tempe com probe is removed from the liquid and
rature pou evaporation takes place. After reaching a
probe nds minimum it may again begin to rise as
s. you evaporation ceases and the probe is warmed
2 wer by room air. T is obtained from the
Vernie e differences between the maximum
r assi temperature and the minimum temperature
tempe gne of this curve.
rature d. 9. You will use the right/left keys to move the
probe 2. Usin curser to the maximum to read Tmax and then
s and g to the minimum to read Tmin.
the the and T. Be sure to do this process for both
tem curves.
tow record your data on to the classroom
10. Ins liqui computer
tal ds. 12. These curves should be sketched into your
l Carr laboratory notebook showing the minimum,
ne y maximum points.
w out
pi thre Compound Molecular Boiling Pt Density Dipole
ec e Weight C g/mL Moment
g/mol (debetes)
es trial Acetone 58.08 56 0.790 2.88
of s of 1-butanol 74.12 117 0.810 1.66
filt the butanone 72.12 79 0.805 2.70
er last heptane 100.21 98 0.684 0 (very small)
2-heptanone 114.19 151 0.811 ?
pa two hexane 86.18 69 0.660 0.08
pe liqui 1-hexanol 102.18 158 0.814 ?
r ds methanol 32.04 64.6 0.791 1.69
on in nonane 128.26 150 0.718 0 (very small)
ea the pentane 72.15 36 0.626 0 (very small)
1-pentanol 88.15 137 0.814 1.8
ch sam 3-pentanone 86.14 101 0.814 ?
pr e 1-propanol 60.11 97 0.804 1.68
ob man
e ner
an as
d befo
re re.
pl 11. Be
ac sure
e to
th save
e the
tw data
o to
cla your
m flas
pe h
d driv
liq e
ui and
ds
wi
th
th
e
ne
xt
Compounds
Group #1 H2 H2
H2 H2
C C C C CH3
H3 C C CH3 H3C C C
H2 H2 H2
Pentane Hexane

H2 H2 H2 H2
H2 H2 C
C C C C
C C
H3C C C H3 C C C
CH3 H2 H2 H2
H2 H2
Heptane Octane
H2 H2 H2
H2 C
C OH C C
H3C C OH H3C
HO CH3 H3C C H2
H2
Group #2 Methanol 1-Propanol 1-butanol 1-
O O
O O H2
C C C
C C CH3 CH3 H3C C
H3C C
H3C CH3 H3C C H2 H2
H2
Acetone Butanone 3-Pentanone 2-H
O
Group #3 H2 H2 H2 H2
C C C C C
CH3
H3C C CH3 H3C C C H3C
H2 H2 H2
Pentane Hexane 3-P

H2 H2
Group #4 C C OH
H3C C C
H2 H2

1-Pentanol
O O H2
H2 H2
C C OH C C C
CH3 H3C C H3C C CH3 H3C C
H3C H
H2 H2
Acetone 1-Propanol 3-Pentanone 1-Pe

Group #5

Group #6
H2 H2 H2 H2 H2
C C CH3 C C C
H3C C C H3C C C CH3
H2 H2 H2 H2

Hexane Heptane
O H2 H2
H2 H2 C C C
C C OH C C
H3C CH3
H3C C C H2 H2
H2 H2

1-Pentanol 2-Heptanone

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