20 Trigonometery-1

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Trigonometric Functions-II
MODULE - IV
Functions
17 Notes
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS-II
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In the previous lesson, you have learnt trigonometric functions of real numbers, draw and interpret
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the graphs of trigonometric functions. In this lesson we will establish addition and subtraction
formulae for cos ( A B ) , sin ( A B ) and tan ( A B ) . We will also state the formulae for
the multiple and sub multiples of angles and solve examples thereof. The general solutions of
simple trigonometric functions also discussed in the lesson.
ing
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OBJECTIVES
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After studying this lesson, you will be able to :

yC
x
write trigonometric functions of x, , x y, x, x where x, y are real nunbers;
2 2
establish the addition and subtraction formulae for :
kM
cos (A B) = cos A cos B m sin A sin B,

pic
tanA tanB
sin (A B) = sin A cos B cos A sin B and tan ( A B ) =
1 m tanAtanB
w.
solve problems using the addition and subtraction formulae;

state the formulae for the multiples and sub-multiples of angles such as cos2A, sin 2A, tan
ww
A A A
2A, cos 3A, sin 3A, tan 3A, sin ,cos and tan ; and
2 2 2
solve simple trigonometric equations of the type :
sinx = 0,cosx = 0 , tanx = 0,
sinx = sin , cosx = cos , tanx = tan
MATHEMATICS 99
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MODULE - IV EXPECTED BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE
Functions
Definition of trigonometric functions.
Trigonometric functions of complementary and supplementary angles.
Trigonometric identities.
Notes
17.1 ADDITION AND MULTIPLICATION OF
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
In earlier sections we have learnt about circular measure of angles, trigonometric functions,
values of trigonometric functions of specific numbers and of allied numbers.
You may now be interested to know whether with the given values of trigonometric functions of
any two numbers A and B, it is possible to find trigonometric functions of sums or differences.
m
You will see how trigonometric functions of sum or difference of numbers are connected with
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those of individual numbers. This will help you, for instance, to find the value of trigonometric
5
functions of and etc.
ing
12 12

can be expressed as
ch
12 4 6
5
oa
can be expressed as +
12 4 6
yC
7
How can we express in the form of addition or subtraction?
12
kM
In this section we propose to study such type of trigonometric functions.

17.1.1 Addition Formulae
pic
For any two numbers A and B,
cos ( A + B) = cosAcosB s i n A s i n B
w.
ww
In given figure trace out
SOP = A
POQ = B
SOR = B
Fig. 17.1
where points P, Q, R, S lie on the unit circle.
Coordinates of P, Q, R, S will be (cos A, sin A), [cos (A + B), sin (A + B)],
[ cos ( B) ,sin ( B) ] , and (1, 0).

From the given figure, we have
100 MATHEMATICS
side OP = side OQ MODULE - IV
Functions
POR = QOS (each angle = B + QOR)
side OR = side OS
POR QOS (by SAS)
PR = QS Notes
PR = (cosA cosB) + (sinA sin ( B ))

2 2
Fig. 17.2
QS = (cos ( A + B) 1) + (sin (A + B) 0)
2 2
Since PR 2 = QS2
m
cos 2 A + cos 2 B 2cosAcosB + sin 2 A+ sin 2 B+ 2 s i n A s i n B
.co
= cos2 (A + B) +1 2cos ( A + B) + sin 2 (A + B )

cosAcosB sinAsinB = cos (A + B)

ing
1 + 1 2 ( c o s A c o s B sinAsinB) = 1 + 1 2cos (A + B )
(I)
ch
oa
Corollary 1
For any two numbers A and B, cos (A B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
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Proof : Replace B by B in (I)

cos ( A B) = cosAcosB + sinAsinB
kM
[Q cos ( B) = cosB and sin ( B ) = sinB ]

pic
Corollary 2
w.
For any two numbers A and B

sin ( A + B) = sinAcosB + cosAsinB
ww

Proof : We know that cos A = s i n A
2

and sin A = c o s A
2

sin ( A + B ) = cos (A + B)
2

= cos A B
2
MATHEMATICS 101
MODULE - IV

Functions = cos A cosB + sin A sinB
2 2
or sin ( A + B) = sinAcosB + cosAsinB .....(II)
Corollary 3
Notes For any two numbers A and B
sin ( A B) = sin A c o s B c o s A s i n B
Proof : Replacing B by B in (2), we have

sin ( A + ( B ) ) = sinAcos ( B) + cosAsin ( B )
or sin ( A B) = sinAcosB c o s A s i n B
m
Example 17.1
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(a) Find the value of each of the following :
5 7
ing
(i) sin (ii) cos (iii) cos
12 12 12
1 1
ch
(b) If sinA = , sinB= show that A + B =
10 5 4
oa
Solution :
5
= sin + = sin cos + cos sin
yC
(a) (i) sin

12 4 6 4 6 4 6
3 +1
kM
1 3 1 1
= + =
2 2 2 2 2 2
pic
5 3 +1
sin =
12 2 2
w.

(ii) cos = cos
12 4 6
ww

= cos cos + sin sin
4 6 4 6
1 3 1 1 3 +1
= + =
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 +1
cos =
12 2 2
5
Observe that sin = cos
12 12
102 MATHEMATICS
MODULE - IV
7
(iii) cos = cos + Functions
12 3 4

= cos cos sin sin
3 4 3 4
1 1 3 1 1 3
= = Notes
2 2 2 2 2 2
7 1 3
cos =
12 2 2
(b) sin ( A + B ) = sinAcosB + cosAsinB
m
1 3 1 2
cosA = 1 = and cosB = 1 =
10 10 5 5
.co
Substituting all these values in (II), we get
ing
1 2 3 1
sin ( A + B) = +
10 5 10 5
ch
5 5 5 1
= + = = =sin
10 5 50 5 2 2 4
oa

or A + B=
yC
4
kM
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 17.1

pic
1. (a) Find the values of each of the following :

2 2
(i) sin (ii) sin cos + cos sin
w.
12 9 9 9 9
(b) Prove the following :
ww
1
(i) sin + A = ( cosA + 3 sinA) (ii) sin A = ( cosA sinA)
1
6 2 4 2
8 5
(c) If s i n A = and sinB = , find sin ( A B )
17 13
5
2. (a) Find the value of cos .
12
(b) Prove the following :

(i) cos + sin = 2cos (ii) 3 sin cos = 2sin
4 6
MATHEMATICS 103
MODULE - IV (iii) cos ( n + 1)A cos ( n 1) A + sin ( n +1 ) Asin ( n 1 ) A = cos2A
Functions

(iv) cos + A cos B + sin + A sin B = cos ( A + B )
4 4 4 4
Corollary 4 : tan ( A + B) = tanA + tanB

Notes 1 tanAtanB
sin (A + B)
Proof : tan ( A + B ) =
cos ( A + B)
sin A cosB + c o s A s i n B
=
cosAcosB sin A sinB
Dividing by cos A, cos B, we have
m
sinAcosB c o s A s i n B
.co
+
cosAcosB cosAcosB
( )
tan A+ B =
cosAcosB s i n A s i n B

cosAcosB cosAcosB
tanA + tanB
ing
ch
or tan ( A+ B) = ......(III)
1 tanAtanB
oa
tanA tanB
Corollary 5 : tan ( A B) =
1 + tanAtanB
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Proof : Replacing B by B in (III), we get the required result.

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cotAcotB 1
Corollary 6 : cot ( A+ B) =
cotB + cotA
pic
cos ( A + B ) cosAcosB sinAsinB

Proof : cot ( A + B) = =
sin ( A + B ) sinAcosB + cosAsinB
w.
Dividing by sin A sin B, we have ......(IV)

cotAcotB 1
ww
cot ( A+ B) =
cotB + cotA
1 + tanA
Corollary 7 : tan + A =
4 1 tanA

tan + tanA
4
Proof : tan + A =
4 1 tan t a n A
4
1 + tanA
= as tan = 1
1 t a n A 4
104 MATHEMATICS
Similarly, it can be proved that MODULE - IV
Functions
1tanA
tan A =
4 1 + tanA

Example 17.2 Find tan
12 Notes

tan tan

Solution : tan = tan = 4 6
12 4 6 1 + tan tan

4 6
1
1
= 3 = 3 1
m
1 + 1.
1 3 +1
3
.co
( 3 1 ) ( 3 1 ) 4 2 3
= =
( 3 + 1) ( 3 1)
ing
2

= 2 3 tan = 2 3
ch
12
Example 17.3 Prove the following :
oa
7 7
cos + sin
36 36 = tan 4
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(a)
7 7 9
cos sin
36 36
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(b) tan 7 A tan 4 A tan3A = tan7A tan4A tan3A

7 5
= tan + 2tan
pic
(c) tan
18 9 18
7
w.
Solution : (a) Dividing numerator and denominator by cos , we get

36
ww
7 7 7
cos + sin 1 + tan
L.H.S. = 36 36 = 36
7 7 7
cos sin 1 tan
36 36 36
7
tan + tan
= 4 36
7
1 tan tan
4 36
7
= tan +
4 36
MATHEMATICS 105
MODULE - IV 16 4
= tan = tan = R.H.S.
Functions 36 9
tan4A + tan3A
(b) tan 7 A = tan ( 4A + 3A ) =
1 tan4A tan3A
or tan 7 A tan7A tan 4 A tan 3A = tan4A + tan3A

Notes
or tan7A tan4A tan3A =tan7Atan4Atan3A
5 2
tan + tan
7 5 2 18 18
(c) tan = tan + =
18 18 18 1 tan 5 2
tan
18 18
m
7 7 5 2 5 2
tan tan tan tan = tan + tan .....(1)
.co
18 18 18 18 18 18
7 2
tan = tan = cot = cot
ing
18 2 9 9 18
(1) can be written as
ch
7 2 5 2 5
tan cot tan tan = tan + tan
18 18 18 18 18 9
oa
7 5
tan = tan + 2tan
yC
18 9 18
kM

pic
1. Fill in the blanks :

w.
(i) sin + A sin A = ......... (ii) cos + cos = .........

4 4 3 4 3 4
ww
2. (a) Prove the following :

cotAcotB + 1
(i) tan + tan = 1. (ii) cot ( A B ) =
4 4 cotB cot A

(iii) tan + tan + tan tan = 1
12 6 12 6
a c
(b) If tan A = ; tan B = , Prove that
b d
ad + bc
tan ( A + B ) = .
bd ac
106 MATHEMATICS
MODULE - IV
11
(c) Find the value of cos . Functions
12
3. (a) Prove the following :
3 cos + sin
(i) tan + A tan
+ A = 1 (ii) = tan +
4 4 cos sin 4 Notes
cos sin
(iii) = tan
cos + sin 4
17.2 TRANSFORMATION OF PRODUCTS INTO SUMS

AND VICE VERSA
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17.2.1 Transformation of Products into Sums or Differences
We know that
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sin ( A + B ) = sin A c o s B + cosAsinB
sin ( A B ) = sinAcosB c o s A s i n B
cos ( A + B) = cosAcosB sinAsinB

ing
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cos ( A B ) = cosAcosB + s i n A s i n B
oa
By adding and subtracting the first two formulae, we get respectively

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2 s i n A c o s B = sin ( A + B ) + sin ( A B ) .....(1)
2 c o s A s i n B = sin ( A + B ) sin ( A B )
kM
and .....(2)
Similarly, by adding and subtracting the other two formulae, we get
pic
2cosAcosB = cos ( A + B) + cos ( A B ) ....(3)

w.
and 2 s i n A s i n B = cos ( A B ) cos ( A + B ) ....(4)

ww
We can also quote these as

2 s i n A c o s B = sin ( sum ) + sin ( difference )
2 c o s A s i n B = sin ( sum ) sin ( difference )
2cosAcosB = cos ( sum ) + cos ( difference )
2 s i n A s i n B = cos ( difference ) cos ( sum )
17.2.2 Transformation of Sums or Differences into Products

In the above results put
MATHEMATICS 107
MODULE - IV A+B=C
Functions and A B = D
C+D CD
Then A = and B = and (1), (2), (3) and (4) become
2 2
C+D CD
sinC + sin D = 2sin cos
Notes 2 2
C+D CD
sinC sin D = 2cos sin
2 2
C+D CD
cosC + cosD = 2cos cos
2 2
m
C+D CD
cosD cosC = 2sin sin
.co
2 2
17.2.3 Further Applications of Addition and Subtraction Formulae
ing
We shall prove that
(i) sin ( A + B ) sin ( A B ) = sin 2 A sin 2 B
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(ii) cos ( A + B ) cos ( A B ) = cos 2 A sin 2 B or cos 2 B sin 2 A
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Proof : (i) sin ( A + B ) sin ( A B )

= ( sin A c o s B + cosAsinB ) ( sinAcosB cosAsinB )
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= sin 2 Acos 2 B cos 2 Asin 2 B

kM
= sin 2 A ( 1 sin 2 B ) ( 1 sin 2 A ) sin 2 B
= sin 2 A sin 2 B
pic
(ii) cos ( A + B ) cos ( A B )

w.
= ( cosAcosB sin A s i n B ) ( cosAcosB + s i n A s i n B )

ww
= cos 2 Acos 2 B sin 2 Asin 2 B
= cos 2 A ( 1 sin 2 B ) ( 1 cos 2 A ) sin 2 B
= cos 2 A sin 2 B
= ( 1 sin 2 A ) ( 1 cos 2 B )
= cos 2 B sin 2 A
Example 17.4 Express the following products as a sum or difference

5
(i) 2sin3 c o s 2 (ii) cos6 cos (iii) sin sin
12 12
108 MATHEMATICS
10
Solution : MODULE - IV
(i) 2sin3 cos2 = sin ( 3 + 2 ) + sin ( 3 2 ) Functions
= sin5 + sin
1
(ii) cos6 cos = ( 2cos6 cos )
2 Notes
1
= [ cos ( 6 + ) + cos ( 6 ) ]
2
1
= ( cos7 + cos5 )
2
5 1 5
=
m
(iii) sin sin 2sin 12 sin 12
12 12 2
.co
1 5 5 +
= cos 12 cos 12
2
=
1
cos 3 cos 2
ing
ch
2
Example 17.5 Express the following sums as products.
oa
5 7 5 7
(i) cos + cos (ii) sin + cos
yC
9 9 36 36
Solution :
kM
5 7 5 + 7 5 7
(i) cos + cos = 2cos cos
9 9 92 92
pic
2
= 2cos cos Q cos 9 = cos 9
3 9
w.

= 2cos cos
3
ww

= 2cos cos
3 9
1
= cos
9 Q cos 3 = 2
5 7 13 7
(ii) sin + cos = sin + cos
36 36 2 36 36
13 7
= cos + cos
36 36
MATHEMATICS 109
11
MODULE - IV = 2cos
13 + 7
cos
13 7
Functions 36 2 36 2
5
= 2cos cos
18 12
cos7A cos9A
Notes Example 17.6 Prove that = tan8A
sin9A sin7A
Solution :
7A + 9A 9A 7A
2sin sin
L.H.S. = 2 2
9A + 7A 9A 7A
2cos sin
2 2
m
sin8A sinA sin8A
= = = tan8A = R.H.S.
.co
cos8A sin A cos8A

4

4
ing
(i) cos 2 A sin 2 B = sin ( A + B ) cos ( A B )

ch
A A
(ii) sin 2 + sin 2 = sinA
1
oa
8 2 8 2 2
Solution :
yC
(i) Applying the formula

cos 2 A sin 2 B = cos ( A + B ) cos ( A B ) , we have
kM

L.H.S. = cos A + B cos A + B
4 4 4 4
pic

= cos ( A + B) cos ( A B)
2
w.
= sin ( A + B ) cos ( A B ) = R.H.S.

ww
(ii) Applying the formula

sin 2 A sin 2 B = sin ( A + B ) sin ( A B ) , we have
A A A A
L.H.S. = sin + + sin + +
8 2 8 2 8 2 8 2

= sin sin A
4
1
= sinA = R.H.S.
2
110 MATHEMATICS
12
Example 17.8 Prove that MODULE - IV

Functions
2 4 1
cos cos cos cos =
9 9 3 9 16
2 4
Solution : L.H.S. cos cos cos cos
3 9 9 9 Notes
1 1 2 4 1
= 2cos
2 2 9
cos cos
9 9 Q cos 3 = 2
1 4
= cos + cos cos
4 3 9 9
m
1 4 1 4
= cos + 2cos cos
.co
8 9 8 9 9
1 4 1 5
ing
= cos + cos + cos
8 9 8 9 3
ch
1 4 1 5 1
= cos + cos + .....(1)
8 9 8 9 16
oa
5 4 4
Now cos = cos = cos .....(2)
yC
9 9 9
From (1) and (2), we get

kM
1
L.H.S. = = R.H.S.
pic
16
w.

ww
1. Express each of the following as sums or differences :

(a) 2cos3 s i n 2 (b) 2sin4 sin2

(c) 2cos cos (d) 2sin cos
4 12 3 6
2. Express each of the following as a product :
(a) sin6 + s i n 4 (b) sin7 sin3
(c) cos2 cos4 (d) cos7 + cos5
MATHEMATICS 111
13
MODULE - IV 3. Prove the following :
Functions
7
cos cos
5 4 9 18 = 1
(a) sin + cos = cos (b) 7
18 9 9 sin sin
18 9
Notes
5 7 5 7
(c) sin sin + sin =0 (d) cos + cos + cos =0
18 18 18 9 9 9
4. Prove the following :
(a) sin 2 ( n + 1 ) sin 2 n = sin ( 2n + 1 ) sin
(b) cos cos ( 2 ) = cos 2 sin 2 ( )
m
3
.co
(c) cos 2 sin 2 =
4 12 4

ing

5. Show that cos 2 + sin 2 is independent of .
4 4
ch
sin + sin3 + sin5 + s i n 7
oa
(a) = tan 4
cos + cos3 + cos5 + cos 7
yC
5 5 7 1
(b) sin sin sin sin =
18 6 18 18 16
kM

(c) ( cos + cos ) + ( sin + sin ) = 4cos 2
2 2
2
pic
17.3 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF

MULTIPLES OF ANGLES
w.
(a) To express sin 2A in terms of sin A, cos A and tan A.

ww
We know that
sin ( A + B ) = sin A c o s B + cosAsinB
By putting B = A, we get
sin2A = sinAcosA + cosAsinA
= 2sinAcosA
sin 2A can also be written as
2sinAcosA
sin2A = ( Q 1 = cos 2 A + sin 2 A )
cos 2 A + sin 2 A
Dividing numerator and denomunator by cos 2 A , we get
112 MATHEMATICS
14
MODULE - IV
2
sin A c o s A
Functions
cos 2 A 2 tan A
sin2A = =
2
cos A sin A 2 1 + tan 2 A
+
cos 2 A cos2 A
(b) To express cos 2A in terms of sin A, cos A and tan A.
Notes
We know that
cos ( A + B ) = cosAcosB s i n A s i n B
Putting B = A, we have
cos2A = cosAcosA sin A s i n A
or cos2A = cos 2 A sin 2 A
m
Also cos2A = cos 2 A ( 1 cos 2 A )
.co
= cos2 A 1 + cos 2 A
1 + cos2A
cos 2 A =
ing
i.e, cos2A = 2cos 2 A 1
2
Also cos2A = cos 2 A sin 2 A
ch
= 1 sin 2 A sin 2 A
oa
1 cos2A
i.e., cos2A = 1 2sin 2 A sin 2 A =
2
yC
cos 2 A sin 2 A
cos2A =
cos 2 A + sin 2 A
kM
Dividing the numerator and denominator of R.H.S. by cos 2 A , we have
1 tan 2 A
pic
cos2A =
1 + tan 2 A
w.
(c) To express tan 2A in terms of tan A.

tanA + tanA
tan2A = tan ( A + A ) =
ww
1 tanAtanA
2tanA
=
1 tan 2 A
Thus we have derived the following formulae :
2tanA
sin2A = 2 s i n A c o s A =
1 + tan 2 A
1 tan 2 A
cos2A = cos A sin A =2cos A 1 =1 2sin
2 2
2
A 2
=
1 + tan 2 A
MATHEMATICS 113
15
MODULE - IV 2tanA
tan2A =
Functions 1 tan 2 A
1 + cos2A 1 cos2A
cos 2 A = , sin 2 A =
2 2

Example 17.9 If A = , verify the following :
Notes 6
2tanA
(i) sin2A = 2 s i n A c o s A =
1 + tan 2 A
1 tan 2 A
(ii) cos2A = cos 2 A sin2A = 2cos 2 A 1 = 1 2sin 2 A =
1 + tan 2 A
2tanA
(iii) tan2A =
m
1 tan 2 A
.co
Solution :
3
(i) sin2A = sin =
ing
3 2
1 3 3
2 s i n A c o s A = 2sin cos = 2 =
ch
6 6 2 2 2
oa

2 1
2tan
2tanA
= = 6 3 = 2 3 = 3
1 + tan 2 A 1 + tan 2
yC
1 3 4 2
1+
6 3
kM
Thus, it is verified that

2tanA
sin2A = 2 s i n A c o s A =
1 + tan 2 A
pic
1
(ii) cos2A = cos =
w.
3 2
2
3 2
1 = 3 1= 1
ww
cos 2 A sin 2 A = cos 2 sin 2 =

6 6 2 2 4 4 2
2
3
2cos 2 A 1= 2cos 2 1 = 2 1
6 2
3 1
= 2 1=
4 2
1 2
= 1 2 = 1 2 =
1 1
1 2sin 2 A = 1 2sin
6 2 4 2
114 MATHEMATICS
16
MODULE - IV
2
1 1 1 Functions
1 tan 2 1
1 tan 2
A 6 = 3 = 3 = 2 3= 1
=
1 + tan A 1 + tan 2
2 2 1
1 1+ 3 4 2
6 1 + 3

3
Thus, it is verified that Notes

1 tan 2A
cos2A = cos 2 A sin 2 A = 2cos 2 A 1 = 1 2sin 2 A =
1 + tan A
2

(iii) tan 2 A = tan = 3
3
1
2tan 2
m
2tanA 6 3 = 2 3 =
= = 3.
1 tan 2 A 1 tan 2 1
1 3 2
.co
6 3
2tanA
ing
Thus, it is verified that tan2A =
1 tan 2 A
sin2A
= tanA
ch
Example 17.10 Prove that
1 + cos2A
oa
sin2A 2sinAcosA
Solution : =
1 + cos2A 2cos 2 A
yC
sinA
=
= tan A
cosA
kM
Example 17.11 Prove that cot A tan A = 2cot2A.

1
Solution : cotA tan A = tan A
pic
tanA
1 tan 2 A
=
w.
tan A
2 ( 1 tan 2 A )
ww
=
2tanA
2
=
2 t a nA

1 tan 2 A
2
= = 2cot2A.
tan2A
3
Example 17.12 Evaluate cos 2 + cos 2 .
8 8
MATHEMATICS 115
17
MODULE - IV 3
Functions 1 + cos 1 + cos
3
Solution : cos 2 + cos 2 = 4 + 4
8 8 2 2
1 1
1+ 1
= 2 + 2
Notes 2 2
( 2 + 1 ) + ( 2 1)
= =1
2 2
cosA A
Example 17.13 Prove that = tan + .
1 sinA 4 2
m
A
+ tan tan
A
Solution : R.H.S. = tan
.co
+ = 4 2

4 2 1 tan tan A
4 2
sin
A ing
ch
1+ 2
A A A
cos cos + sin
= 2 = 2 2
oa
A A A
sin cos sin
1 2 2 2
yC
A
cos
2
kM
cos A + sin A cos A sin A

= 2 2 2 2
pic
cos A A 2
sin
2 2
w.
cosA s i n A
[Multiplying Numerator and Denominator by
2 2
ww
A A
cos 2 sin 2
= 2 2
A A A A
cos 2 + sin 2 2cos sin
2 2 2 2
cosA
= = L.H.S .
1 sinA

( cos cos )2 + ( sin sin )2 = 4sin 2
2
116 MATHEMATICS
18
MODULE - IV
Solution : ( cos cos )2 + ( sin sin )2
Functions
= cos 2 + cos 2 2cos cos + sin 2 + sin 2 2sin sin
= 2 2 ( cos cos + in sin )
= 2 {1 cos ( )}
Notes

= 2 2sin 2 = 4sin 2
2 2

1. If A = , verify that
3
m
2tanA
(a) sin2A = 2 s i n A c o s A =
.co
1 + tan 2 A
1 tan 2 A
(b) cos2A = cos A sin A =2cos A 1 =1 2sin
=
2 2 2 2
A

ing 1 + tan 2 A
ch
2. Find the value of sin 2A when (assuming 0 < A < )
2
oa
3 12 16
(a) c o s A = (b) s i n A = (c) tan A = .
5 13 63
yC
3. Find the value of cos 2A when

15 4 5
(a) c o s A = (b) s i n A = (c) tan A =
kM
17 5 12
4. Find the value of tan 2A when
pic
3 a
(a) tan A = (b) tan A =
4 b
3
w.
5. Evaluate sin 2 + sin 2 .

8 8
ww

1 + sin2A cot 2 A + 1
(a) = tan 2 + A (b) = sec2A
1 sin2A 4 cos2 A 1
sin2A
7. (a) Prove that = cosA (b) Prove that tan A + cotA = 2cosec2A .
1 cos2A
cosA A
8. (a) Prove that = tan
1 + sinA 4 2

(b) Prove that ( cos + cos ) + ( sin sin ) = 4cos 2
2 2
2
MATHEMATICS 117
19
MODULE - IV 17.3.1 Trigonometric Functions of 3A in Terms of those of A
Functions (a) sin 3A in terms of sin A
Substituting 2A for B in the formula
sin ( A + B ) = sin A c o s B + cosAsinB , we get
sin ( A + 2A ) = sinAcos2A + cosAsin2A

Notes
= sinA ( 1 2sin 2 A ) + ( cosA 2 s i n A c o s A )
= sinA 2sin 3 A + 2sinA ( 1 sin 2 A )
= sinA 2sin 3 A + 2sinA 2sin3 A

sin3A = 3 s i n A 4sin3 A ....(1)
m
(b) cos 3A in terms of cos A
.co
Substituting 2A for B in the formula
cos ( A + B ) = cosAcosB s i n A s i n B, we get
ing
cos ( A + 2A ) = cosAcos2A sinAsin2A
= cosA ( 2cos 2 A 1 ) ( sin A ) 2sinAcosA

ch
= 2cos3 A cosA 2cosA ( 1 cos 2 A )
oa
= 2cos3 A cosA 2cosA +2cos3 A

yC
cos3A = 4cos3 A 3 c o s A ....(2)

kM
(c) tan 3A in terms of tan A

Putting B = 2A in the formula
pic
tanA + tan B
tan ( A + B ) = , we get
1 tanAtanB
w.
tanA + tan2A
tan ( A + 2A ) =
1 tanAtan2A
ww
2tanA
tanA +
= 1 tan 2 A
2tanA
1 tan A
1 tan 2 A
tan A tan3 A + 2 t a n A
= 1 tan 2 A
1 tan 2 A 2tan 2 A
1 tan 2 A
118 MATHEMATICS
20
MODULE - IV
3tanA tan 3 A
= ....(3) Functions
1 3tan 2 A
(d) Formulae for sin 3 A and cos3 A

Q sin3A = 3 s i n A 4sin3 A
4sin3 A = 3 s i n A sin3A Notes
3sinA sin 3A
or sin3 A =
4
Similarly, cos3A = 4cos3 A 3 c o s A
3cosA + cos3A = 4cos 3 A
m
3cosA + cos3A
or cos 3 A =
.co
4
Thus, we have derived the following formulae :
ing
sin3A = 3 s i n A 4sin3 A
cos3A = 4cos3 A 3 c o s A
ch
3tanA tan 3 A
tan3A =
1 3tan 2 A
oa
3sinA sin 3A
sin3 A =
yC
4
3cosA + cos3A
kM
cos 3 A =
4

pic
Example 17.15 If A = , verify that

4
(i) sin3A = 3 s i n A 4sin3 A (ii) cos3A = 4cos3 A 3 c o s A
w.
3tanA tan 3 A
ww
(iii) tan3A =
1 3tan 2 A
Solution :
3 1
(i) sin3A = sin =
4 2

3sinA 4sin3 A =3sin 4sin3
4 4
1 3
4
1
= 3
2 2
MATHEMATICS 119
21
MODULE - IV 3 4 1
= =
Functions 2 2 2 2
Thus, it is verified that sin3A = 3 s i n A 4sin3 A
3 1
(ii) cos3A = cos =
4 2
Notes
1 3
4cos 3 A 3cosA = 4
1
3
2 2
4 3 1
= =
2 2 2 2
Thus, it is verified that cos3A = 4cos3 A 3 c o s A
m
3
(iii) tan3A = tan = 1 ,
.co
4
3tanA tan 3 A 3 1 13 2
= = = 1
1 3tan A
2 131 2 2
Thus, it is verified that tan3A =

ing
3tanA tan 3 A
ch
1 3tan 2 A
1 1 1 1
oa
Example 17.16 If cos = a + , prove that cos3 = a 3 + 3

2 a 2 a
yC
Solution : cos3 = 4cos3 3cos
1 3
= 4 a + 3 a +
1 1 1
kM
2 a 2 a
pic
1 1 1 1 3a 3
= 4 a3 +3a 2 + 3a 2+ 3
8 a a a 2 2a
w.
a3 1 1 1
= + 3 = a3 + 3
ww
2 2a 2 a
1
sin sin + sin = s i n 3
3 3 4

Solution : sin sin + sin
3 3
1 2
= sin cos2 cos
2 3
120 MATHEMATICS
22

MODULE - IV
1
= sin 1 2sin 2 1 2sin
2 Functions
2 3
1
=2 sin sin 2 sin 2
2 3
Notes
3 3sin 4sin 3 1
= sin sin 2 = = s i n 3
4 4 4
3
cos 3 Asin3A + sin 3 Acos3A = sin4A
4
Solution : cos 3 Asin3A + sin 3 Acos3A
m
= cos3 A ( 3sinA 4sin 3 A ) + sin3 A ( 4cos3 A 3 c o s A )
.co
= 3sinAcos3 A 4sin 3 Acos3 A + 4sin 3 Acos 3 A 3sin3 A c o s A
= 3sinAcos3 A 3sin 3 A c o s A
= 3sinAcosA ( cos 2 A sin 2 A ) = ( 3sinAcosA ) cos2A

ing
ch
3sin2A
= cos2A
oa
2
3 sin4A 3
= = sin4A .
yC
2 2 4

kM
3
Example 17.19 Prove that cos 3 + sin 3 = cos + sin
9 18 4 9 18
pic
1 1
Solution : L.H.S. = 3cos + cos + 3sin sin
4 9 3 4 18 6
w.
3 11 1
= cos 9 + sin 18 + 4 2 2
ww
3
= cos 9 + sin 18 = R.H.S.
4

3
(a) sin3A = 3 s i n A 4sin3 A (b) cos3A = 4cos3 A 3 c o s A
MATHEMATICS 121
23
MODULE - IV 3tanA tan 3 A
Functions (c) tan3A =
1 3tan 2 A
2 p
2. Find the value of sin 3A when (a) s i n A = (b) sinA = .
3 q
Notes 1 c
3. Find the value of cos 3A when (a) c o s A = (b) cosA = .
3 d

Prove that cos cos cos + = cos3.
1
4.
3 3 4
2 3 2
5. (a) Prove that sin3 sin 3 = sin sin
m
9 9 4 9 9
.co
sin3A cos3A
(b) Prove that is constant.
sin A cosA
6. (a) Prove that cot3A = ing

cot 3 A 3 c o t A
3cot 2 A 1
ch
(b) Prove that
oa
cos10A + cos8A + 3cos4A + 3cos2A = 8cosAcos3 3A

yC
17.4 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF

SUBMULTIPLES OF ANGLES
kM
A A A
, , are called submultiples of A.
2 3 4
pic
It has been proved that

w.
1 cos2A 1 + cos2A 1 cos2A

sin 2 A = , cos 2 A = , tan 2 A =
2 2 1 + cos2A
ww
A A
Replacing A by , we easily get the following formulae for the sub-multiple :
2 2
A 1 cosA A 1 + cosA A 1 cosA

sin = , cos = and tan =
2 2 2 2 2 1 + cosA
We will choose either the positive or the negative sign depending on whether corresponding
A
value of the function is positive or negative for the value of . This will be clear from the
2
following examples
122 MATHEMATICS
24
MODULE - IV
Example 17.20 Find the values of cos and cos . Functions
12 24
A 1 + cosA
Solution : We use the formulae cos = and take the positive sign, because
2 2

cos and cos are both positive.
12 24 Notes

1 + cos
6
cos =
12 2
3
1+
= 2
2
m
2+ 3
.co
=
22
4+2 3
ing
=
8
( )
2
( )
ch
3 +1 2
= Q 4 + 2 3 =1 +3 +2 3 = 1 + 3
8
oa
3 +1
=
yC
2 2

1 + cos
kM
cos = 12
24 2
3 +1
pic
1+
= 2 2
w.
2
2 2 + 3 +1
ww
=
4 2
4+ 6+ 2
=
8

Example 17.21 Find the values of sin and cos .
8 8
A 1 cosA
Solution : We use the formula sin =
2 2

and take the lower sign, i.e., negative sign, because sin is negative.
8
MATHEMATICS 123
25
MODULE - IV
Functions 1 cos

sin = 4
8 2
1
1
Notes = 2
2
2 1 2 2
= =
2 2 2

1 + cos

Similarly, cos = 4
m
8 2
.co
1
1+
= 2
2 +1
2
ing
ch
=
2 2
oa
2+ 2
=
yC
2+ 2
kM
=
2
pic
7 3
Example 17.22 If c o s A = and < A < 2 , find the values of
25 2
w.
A A A
(i) sin (ii) cos (iii) tan
2 2 2
ww
Solution : Q A lies in the 4th-quardrant, 3 < A < 2

2
A
3 < <
4 2
A A A
sin > 0 , cos < 0 , tan < 0.
2 2 2
A 1 cosA 1 7
18 9 3
sin = = 25 = = =
2 2 2 50 25 5
124 MATHEMATICS
26
MODULE - IV
A 1 + cosA 1+ 7
32 16 4 Functions
cos = = 25 = = =
2 2 2 50 25 5
A 1 cosA 1 7
18 9 3
and tan = = 25 = = =
2 1 + cosA 1+ 7
25
32 16 4
Notes

3
1 cosA 1 + cosA
m
A A
(a) sin = (b) cos =
2 2 2 2
.co
A 1 cosA
(c) tan =
ing
2 1 + cosA

ch
2. Find the values of sin and sin .
12 24
oa
3. Determine the values of

yC
(a) sin (b) cos (c) tan .

8 8 8
kM
Example 17.23 Prove that following :
5 1 10 + 2 5
= =
pic
(a) sin and cos

10 4 10 4
w.
5 +1 10 2 5
(b) cos = and sin =
5 4 5 4
ww

Solution : (a) Let A = 5A =
10 2

2A = 3A
2

sin2A = sin 3A = cos3A
2
2 s i n A c o s A = 4cos 3 A 3 c o s A
or cosA 2sinA 4cos 2 A + 3 = 0 .....(1)
MATHEMATICS 125
27
MODULE - IV As cosA 0 and 1 sin 2 A = cos 2 A
Functions
(1) becomes 2sinA 4 ( 1 sin 2 A ) + 3 = 0
4sin 2 A + 2 s i n A 1 = 0
2 4 + 16 1 5
sinA = =
Notes 8 4
5 1
sinA =
4
5 1
sin =
10 4
m
2
5 1 10 + 2 5
Now cos = 1 sin 2 = 1 =
.co
10 10 4 4
ing
(b) Let A = , 2A =
10 5
cos2A = 1 2sin 2 A
ch
2
5 1 6 2 5 2 +2 5
cos = 1 2 = 1 2 =
oa
5 4 16 8
yC
5 +1
=
4
kM
10 2 5
Now sin = 1 cos 2 =
5 5 4
pic

w.
tan + 2tan2 + 4tan4 + 8cot8 = cot

Solution : We have to prove that
ww
tan cot +2tan2 +4tan4 +8cot8 =0
sin cos
or + 2 tan 2 + 4 t a n 4 + 8cot8 = 0
cos sin
2 c o s 2
or + 2 t a n 2 +4 tan 4 +8cot8 =0
2sin cos
c o s 2
or 2 + 2 t a n 2 + 4 t a n 4 + 8cot8 = 0
s i n 2
126 MATHEMATICS
28
or 2cot2 + 2tan2 + 4tan4 + 8cot8 = 0 ......(1) MODULE - IV
Functions
Combining 2cot2 + 2 t a n 2
(1) becomes 4cot4 + 4tan4 + 8cot8 = 0 ......(2)
Combining 4cot4 + 4 t a n 4 ; L.H.S. of (2) becomes

Notes
8cot8 + 8cot8 = 0 = R.H.S. of (2)
17.5 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS

You are familiar with the equations like simple linear equations, quadratic equations in algebra.
You have also learnt how to solve the same.
m
Thus, (i) x 3 = 0 gives one value of x as a solution.
(ii) x 2 9 = 0 gives two values of x.
.co
You must have noticed, the number of values depends upon the degree of the equation.
ing
Now we need to consider as to what will happen in case x's and y's are replaced by trigonometric
functions.
Thus solution of the equation sin 1 = 0 , will give
ch
5 9
sin = 1 and = , , ,....
oa
2 2 2
Clearly, the solution of simple equations with only finite number of values does not necessarily
yC
hold good in case of trigonometric equations.

So, we will try to find the ways of finding solutions of such equations.
kM
17.5.1 To find the general solution of the equation sin = 0

It is given that sin = 0
pic
But we know that sin 0, sin , sin2 ,....,sinn are equal to 0

= n , n N
w.
But we know sin ( ) = sin = 0

ww
sin ( ) , sin ( 2 ) , sin ( 3 ) ,....,sin ( n ) = 0

= n , n I.
Thus, the general solution of equations of the type sin = 0 is given by = n where n is an
integer.
17.5.2 To find the general solution of the equation cos = 0
It is given that cos = 0

But in practice we know that cos = 0 . Therefore, the first value of is
2

= .....(1)
2
MATHEMATICS 127
29
MODULE - IV
Functions We know that cos ( + ) = cos or cos + 2 = cos 2 =0.
3
or cos =0
2
In the same way, it can be found that
Notes
5 cos7 9
cos , , cos ,....., cos ( 2n + 1 ) are all zero.
2 2 2 2

= ( 2n + 1 ) ,nN
2
But we know that cos ( ) = cos
m
3 5

.co
cos =cos =cos = cos
.... = ( 2n
1) + 0=
2 2 2 2
ing

= ( 2n + 1 ) , nI
2
ch
Therefore, = ( 2n + 1 ) is the solution of equations cos = 0 for all numbers whose
2
oa
cosine is 0.
17.5.3 To find a general solution of the equation tan = 0
yC
It is given that tan = 0

kM
sin sin = 0
or =0 or
cos
pic
i.e. = n, n I.
w.
We have consider above the general solution of trigonometric equations, where the right hand
is zero. In the following, we take up cases where right hand side is non-zero.
ww
17.5.4 To find the general solution of the equation sin = sin

It is given that sin = sin
sin sin = 0
+
or 2cos sin =0
2 2
+
Either cos = 0 or sin 2 = 0
2
128 MATHEMATICS
30
+
MODULE - IV
= ( 2p + 1 ) or = q, p, q I Functions
2 2 2
= ( 2p + 1 ) or = 2q + ....(1)
From (1), we get
= n + ( 1 ) , n I as the geeneral solution of the equation sin = sin

n Notes
17.5.5 To find the general solution of the equation cos = cos
It is given that, cos = cos

cos cos = 0
+
2sin sin =0
m
2 2
+
.co
Either, sin =0 or sin =0
2 2
+
ing
= p or = q, p,q I
2 2
= 2p or = 2p + ....(1)
ch
From (1), we have
oa
= 2n , n I as the general solution of the equation cos = cos
17.5.6 To find the general solution of the equation tan = tan

yC
It is given that, tan = tan

kM
sin sin
=0
cos cos
pic
sin cos sin cos = 0

sin ( ) = 0
w.
= n, n I
ww
= n + n I
Similarly, for cosec = cosec , the general solution is
= n + ( 1 )
n
and, for sec = sec , the general solution is

= 2n
and for cot = cot
= n + is its general solution
MATHEMATICS 129
31
MODULE - IV If sin 2 = sin 2 , then
Functions
1 cos2 1 cos2
=
2 2
cos2 = cos2
Notes 2 = 2n 2 , n I
= n
Similarly, if cos 2 = cos 2 , then
= n , n I
Again, if tan 2 = tan 2 , then
m
1 tan 2 1 tan 2
=
.co
1 + tan 2 1 + tan 2
cos2 = cos2

ing
2 = 2n 2
= n , n I is the general solution.
ch
Example 17.25 Find the general solution of the following equations :
oa
1 3
(a) (i) sin = (ii) sin =
yC
2 2
3 1
(i) cos = (ii) cos =
kM
(b)
2 2
(c) cot = 3 (d) 4sin 2 = 1
pic
Solution :

w.
1
(a) (i) sin = = sin
2 6
ww

= n + ( 1 )
n
, n I
6
3 4
(ii) sin = = sin = sin + = sin
2 3 3 3
4
= n + ( 1 )
n
, n I
3
3
(b) (i) cos = = cos
2 6
130 MATHEMATICS
32

MODULE - IV
= 2n , n I Functions
6
1 2
(ii) cos = = cos = cos = cos
2 3 3 3
2 Notes
= 2n , nI
3
(c) cot = 3
1 5
tan = = tan = tan = tan
3 6 6 6
m
= n + , nI
6
.co
1 1 2
(d) 4sin 2 = 1 sin 2 = = = sin 2
ing
4 2 6

sin = sin
ch
6
oa

= n , nI
6
yC
Example 17.26 Solve the following :

(a) 2cos 2 + 3sin = 0 (b) cos4x = cos2x
kM
(c) cos3x = sin2x (d) sin2x + sin 4 x + sin6x = 0

Solution :
pic
(a) 2cos 2 + 3sin = 0
2 ( 1 sin 2 ) + 3sin = 0
w.

ww
2sin 2 3sin 2 = 0
( 2sin + 1 )( sin 2 ) = 0
1
sin = or sin = 2
2
Since sin = 2 is not possible.
7
sin = sin = sin + = sin
6 6 6
7
= n + ( 1 )
n
,nI
6
MATHEMATICS 131
33
MODULE - IV (b) cos4x = cos2x
Functions i.e., cos4x cos2x = 0
2sin3xsinx = 0
sin3x = 0 or sinx = 0
3x = n or x = n
Notes
n
x= or x = n nI
3
(c) cos3x = sin2x

cos3x = cos 2x
2
.co
3x = 2n 2x nI
2
Taking positive sign only, we have
3x = 2n +

2
2x ing
ch

5x = 2n +
oa
2
2n
yC
x= +
5 10
kM
Now taking negative sign, we have

3x = 2n + 2x x = 2n nI
pic
2 2
(d) sin2x + sin 4 x + sin6x = 0
w.
or ( sin6x + sin2x ) + sin4x = 0

ww
or 2sin4xcos2x + sin 4 x = 0
or sin4x [ 2cos2x + 1 ] = 0
1 2
sin4x = 0 or cos2x = = cos
2 3
2
4x = n or 2x = 2n ,nI
3
n
x= or x = n nI
4 3
132 MATHEMATICS
34
MODULE - IV
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 17.7 Functions
1. Find the most general value of satisfying :
3
(i) sin = (ii) cosec = 2
2 Notes
3 1
(ii) sin = (ii) sin =
2 2
1 2
(i) cos = (ii) sec =
2 3
m
3
.co
(iii) cos = (iv) sec = 2
2
(i) tan = 1 (ii) tan = 3 ing

(iii) cot = 1
ch
oa
1 1 1
(i) s i n 2 = (ii) c o s 2 = (iii) tan3 =
2 2 3
yC
3 3 1
(iv) cos3 = (v) sin 2 = (vi) sin 2 2 =
2 4 4
kM
3
(vii) 4cos 2 = 1 (viii) cos 2 2 =
4
pic
5. Find the general solution of the following :

(i) 2sin 2 + 3 cos + 1 = 0 (ii) 4cos 2 4sin =1
w.
(iii) cot + tan = 2 cosec

ww
LET US SUM UP
l sin ( A B ) = sin A c o s B cosAsinB ,
cos ( A B ) = cosAcosB m s i n A s i n B
tanA + tan B tanA tan B

tan ( A + B ) = , tan ( A B ) =
1 tanAtanB 1 + tanAtanB
MATHEMATICS 133
35
MODULE - IV cotAcotB 1 cotAcotB + 1
cot ( A + B ) = , cot ( A B ) =
Functions cotB + c o t A cotB cot A
l 2 s i n A c o s B = sin ( A + B ) + sin ( A B )
2 c o s A s i n B = sin ( A + B ) sin ( A B )
2cosAcosB = cos ( A + B ) cos ( A B )
Notes
2 s i n A s i n B = cos ( A B ) cos ( A + B )
C+D CD
l sinC + sin D = 2sin cos
2 2
C+D CD
sinC sin D = 2cos sin
2 2
m
C+D CD
cosC + cosD = 2cos cos
.co
2 2
C+ D D C
cosC cosD =2sin sin
2 2
l
ing
sin ( A + B ) sin ( A B ) = sin 2 A sin 2 B
ch
cos ( A + B ) cos ( A B) = cos 2 A sin 2 B
oa
2tanA
l sin2A = 2 s i n A c o s A =
1 + tan 2 A
yC
1 tan 2 A
l cos2A = cos 2 A sin 2 A =2cos 2 A 1 =1 2sin
2A =
1 + tan 2 A
kM
2tanA
l tan2A =
1 tan 2 A
pic
1 cos2A 1 + cos2A 1 cos2A

l sin 2 A = , cos 2 A = , tan 2 A =
2 2 1 + cos2A
w.
l sin3A = 3 s i n A 4sin3 A , cos3A = 4cos3 A 3 c o s A

ww
3tanA tan 3 A
tan3A =
1 3tan 2 A
3sinA sin 3A 3cosA + cos3A
l sin3 A = , cos 3 A =
4 4
A 1 cosA A 1 + cosA
l sin = , cos =
2 2 2 2
A 1 cosA
tan =
2 1 + cosA
134 MATHEMATICS
36
MODULE - IV
5 1 5 +1
l sin = , cos = Functions
10 4 5 4
l sin = 0 = n , nI

cos = 0 = ( 2n + 1 ) , nI
2 Notes
tan = 0 = n , nI
= n + ( 1) ,
n
l sin = sin nI
l cos = cos = 2n , nI
l tan = tan = n + , nI
m
l sin 2 = sin 2 = n , nI
.co
l cos 2 = cos 2 = n , nI
l tan 2 = tan 2 = n , nI
NS ing
ch
oa
SUPPORTIVE WEB SITES

l http://www.wikipedia.org
yC
l http://mathworld.wolfram.com
kM
pic
TERMINAL EXERCISE
w.
cos 2 B cos 2 A
1. Prove that tan ( A + B ) tan ( A B ) = 2
cos B sin 2 A
ww

2. Prove that cos 3sin = 2cos +
3

3. If A + B =
4
Prove that ( 1 + tanA ) (1 + tan B ) = 2 and ( cot A 1 ) ( cosB 1 ) = 2
4. Prove each of the following :
sin ( A B ) sin ( B C ) sin ( C A )
(i) + + =0
cosAcosB cosBcosC cosCcosA
MATHEMATICS 135
37
MODULE - IV 2 2
Functions (ii) cos A cos + A + cos A cos + A = cos2A
10 10 5 5
2 4 9 1 13 17 43
(iii) cos cos cos = (iv) cos + cos + cos =0
9 9 9 8 45 45 45

(v) tan A + + cot A =
Notes 1
6 6 sin2A sin
3
sin + s i n 2 cos + sin

(vi) = tan (vii) = tan 2 + sec2
1 + cos + c o s 2 cos sin
2
1 sin
= tan 2
m
(viii)
1 + sin 4 2
.co

(ix) cos 2 A + cos 2 A + + cos 2 A =
3
3 3 2
(x)
sec8A 1 tan8A
=
sec 4 A 1 tan2A
ing
(xi) cos

30
cos
7
30
cos
11
30
cos
13 11
30
=
16
ch
13 1
(xii) sin + sin =
oa
10 10 2
5. Find the general value of ' ' satisfying
yC
1 3
(a) sin = (b) sin =
kM
2 2
1
(c) sin = (d) cosec = 2
pic
2
w.
1 2
(a) cos = (b) sec =
2 3
ww
3
(c) cos = (d) sec = 2
2
7. Find the most general value of ' ' satisfying
1
(a) tan = 1 (b) tan = 1 (c) cot =
3
1
(a) sin 2 = (b) 4cos 2 = 1 (c) 2cot 2 = cosec2
2
136 MATHEMATICS
38
9. Solve the following for : MODULE - IV
Functions
(a) cosp = cos q (b) sin9 = sin
(c) tan5 = cot
10. Solve the following for :

Notes
(a) sinm + sin n = 0 (b) tan m + cotn = 0
(c) cos + cos2 + cos3 = 0 (d) sin + sin2 + sin3 + sin4 = 0
m
.co
ing
ch
oa
yC
kM
pic
w.
ww
MATHEMATICS 137
39
MODULE - IV
Functions ANSWERS

3 1 3 21
1. (a) (i) (ii) (c)
Notes 2 2 2 221
3 1
2. (a)
2 2

( 3 + 1)
m
cos 2 A sin 2 A 1
1. (i) (ii) 2. (c)
.co
2 4 2 2

1. (a) sin5 sin ;

ing
(b) cos2 cos6

ch
(c) cos + cos (d) sin + sin
3 6 2 6
oa
2. (a) 2sin5 cos (b) 2cos5 s i n 2

(c) 2sin3 sin (d) 2cos6 cos
yC

kM
24 120 2016
2. (a) (b) (c)
25 169 4225
pic
161 7 119
3. (a) (b) (c)
289 25 169
w.
24 2ab
4. (a) (b) 5. 1
ww
7 b2 a 2
2. (a)
22
(b)
(
3pq 2 4p3 ) 3. (a)
23
(b)
4c3 3cd 2
27 q3 27 d3
2. (a)
3 1
,
(4 2 6 )
2 2 2 2
138 MATHEMATICS
40
MODULE - IV
2 2 2+ 2 Functions
3. (a) (b) (c) 2 1
2 2

(i) = n + ( 1) (ii) = n + ( 1)
n n
1. , n I , n I
3 4 Notes
4 5
(iii) = n + ( 1 ) (iv) = n + ( 1 )
n n
, n I , n I
3 4
2 5
2. (i) = 2n ,n I (ii) = 2n , n I
3 6
3
(iii) = 2n , n I (iv) = 2n , nI
m
6 4
.co
3
3. (i) = n + , nI (ii) = n + , n I
4 3
(iii) = n

4
, n I ing
ch
n n
4. (i) = + ( 1) , n I (ii) = n , n I
oa
2 12 6
n 2n 5
(iii) = + , n I (iv) = , nI
yC
3 18 3 18
n
kM
(v) = n , n I (vi) = , n I
3 2 12
n
pic
(vii) = n , n I (viii) = , n I
3 2 12
w.
5
(ii) = n + ( 1)
n
5. (i) = 2n , n I , n I
6 6
ww

(iii) = 2n , n I
3
TERMINAL EXERCISE

(a) = n + ( 1) (b) = n + ( 1)
n n
5. , n I , n I
4 3
5
(c) = n + ( 1) (d) = n + ( 1)
n n
, n I , n I
4 4

6. (a) = 2n , n I (b) = 2n , n I
3 6
MATHEMATICS 139
41
MODULE - IV 5 2
Functions (c) = 2n ,nI (d) = 2n , n I
6 3
3
7. (a) = n + , n I (b) = n + , n I
4 4
Notes (c) = n + 2 , n I
3

8. (a) = n , n I (b) = n , n I
4 3

(c) = n , n I
4
m
2n n
9. (a) = , n I (b) = or ( 2n + 1) , n I
pm q 4 10
.co

(c) = ( 2n + 1) ,nI
ing
12
( 2k + 1) 2k ( 2k + 1)
10. (a) = or , k I (b) = ,kI
2(m n)
ch
m n m+ n
2
oa
(c) = ( 2n + 1) or 2n , n I
4 3
yC
2n
(d) = or = n , n I or = ( 2n 1) , n I
5 2
kM
pic
w.
ww
140 MATHEMATICS
42

20 Trigonometery-1

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After studying this lesson, you will be able to :

cos (A B) = cos A cos B m sin A sin B,

solve problems using the addition and subtraction formulae;

In this section we propose to study such type of trigonometric functions.

For any two numbers A and B,

In given figure trace out

[ cos ( B) ,sin ( B) ] , and (1, 0).

PR = (cosA cosB) + (sinA sin ( B ))

cosAcosB sinAsinB = cos (A + B)

Proof : Replace B by B in (I)

[Q cos ( B) = cosB and sin ( B ) = sinB ]

For any two numbers A and B

Proof : Replacing B by B in (2), we have

(a) (i) sin

(b) sin ( A + B ) = sinAcosB + cosAsinB

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 17.1

1. (a) Find the values of each of the following :

Corollary 4 : tan ( A + B) = tanA + tanB

Proof : Replacing B by B in (III), we get the required result.

cos ( A + B ) cosAcosB sinAsinB

Dividing by sin A sin B, we have ......(IV)

(b) tan 7 A tan 4 A tan3A = tan7A tan4A tan3A

Solution : (a) Dividing numerator and denominator by cos , we get

or tan 7 A tan7A tan 4 A tan 3A = tan4A + tan3A

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 17.2

1. Fill in the blanks :

(i) sin + A sin A = ......... (ii) cos + cos = .........

2. (a) Prove the following :

17.2 TRANSFORMATION OF PRODUCTS INTO SUMS

cos ( A + B) = cosAcosB sinAsinB

By adding and subtracting the first two formulae, we get respectively

2 s i n A c o s B = sin ( A + B ) + sin ( A B ) .....(1)

2cosAcosB = cos ( A + B) + cos ( A B ) ....(3)

and 2 s i n A s i n B = cos ( A B ) cos ( A + B ) ....(4)

We can also quote these as

2 c o s A s i n B = sin ( sum ) sin ( difference )

2cosAcosB = cos ( sum ) + cos ( difference )

2 s i n A s i n B = cos ( difference ) cos ( sum )

17.2.2 Transformation of Sums or Differences into Products

Proof : (i) sin ( A + B ) sin ( A B )

= sin 2 Acos 2 B cos 2 Asin 2 B

= sin 2 A ( 1 sin 2 B ) ( 1 sin 2 A ) sin 2 B

(ii) cos ( A + B ) cos ( A B )

= ( cosAcosB sin A s i n B ) ( cosAcosB + s i n A s i n B )

= cos 2 Acos 2 B sin 2 Asin 2 B

= cos 2 A ( 1 sin 2 B ) ( 1 cos 2 A ) sin 2 B

Example 17.4 Express the following products as a sum or difference

Example 17.7 Prove the following :

(i) Applying the formula

= sin ( A + B ) cos ( A B ) = R.H.S.

(ii) Applying the formula

Example 17.8 Prove that MODULE - IV

From (1) and (2), we get

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 17.3

1. Express each of the following as sums or differences :

(b) cos cos ( 2 ) = cos 2 sin 2 ( )

17.3 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF

(a) To express sin 2A in terms of sin A, cos A and tan A.

Dividing the numerator and denominator of R.H.S. by cos 2 A , we have

(c) To express tan 2A in terms of tan A.

Thus, it is verified that

cos 2 A sin 2 A = cos 2 sin 2 =