460 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 57, NO.
2, FEBRUARY 2009
A Low-Profile Third-Order Bandpass
Frequency Selective Surface
Nader Behdad, Member, IEEE, Mudar Al-Joumayly, Student Member, IEEE, and
Mohsen Salehi, Student Member, IEEE
AbstractWe demonstrate a new class of low-profile frequency
selective surfaces (FSS) with an overall thickness of 24 and a
third-order bandpass frequency response. The proposed FSS is a
three layer structure composed of three metal layers, separated by
two electrically thin dielectric substrates. Each layer is a two-di-
mensional periodic structure with sub-wavelength unit cell dimen-
sions and periodicity. The unit cell of the proposed FSS is com-
posed of a combination of resonant and non-resonant elements.
It is shown that this arrangement acts as a spatial bandpass filter
with a third-order bandpass response. However, unlike traditional
third-order bandpass FSSs, which are usually obtained by cas-
cading three identical first-order bandpass FSSs a quarter wave-
length apart from one another and have thicknesses in the order of
2, the proposed structure has an extremely low profile and an
overall thickness of about 24, making it an attractive choice for
conformal FSS applications. As a result of the miniaturized unit
cells and the extremely small overall thickness of the structure, the
proposed FSS has a reduced sensitivity to the angle of incidence of
the EM wave compared to traditional third-order frequency selec-
tive surfaces. The principles of operation along with guidelines for
the design of the proposed FSS are presented in this paper. A pro-
totype of the proposed third-order bandpass FSS is also fabricated
and tested using a free space measurement system at C band.
Index TermsFrequency selective surfaces (FSSs), radomes,
spatial filters.
I. INTRODUCTION
REQUENCY selective surfaces (FSSs) have been the sub-
F ject of intensive investigation for their widespread appli-
cations as spatial microwave and optical filters for more than
four decades [1][4]. Several excellent books have also been de-
voted to the theoretical analysis and design of these structures
[5], [6]. Traditional FSSs are usually constructed from periodi-
cally arranged metallic patches of arbitrary geometries or their
complimentary geometries having aperture elements similar to
patches within a metallic screen [5]. These surfaces exhibit total
reflection or transmission in the neighborhood of the element
resonances for the patches and apertures respectively. The most
Manuscript received January 09, 2008; revised August 07, 2008. Current ver-
sion published March 20, 2009.
N. Behdad was with the Antennas, RF, and Microwave Integrated Systems
(ARMI) Laboratory, Department of EECS, University of Central Florida, Or-
lando, FL 32816-2362 USA. He is now with the ECE Department, University
of Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA 53706 (e-mail: nader@engr.wisc.edu).
M. Al-Joumayly and M. Salehi are with the Antennas, RF, and Microwave
Integrated Systems (ARMI) Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering
and Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816-2362
USA.
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TAP.2008.2011202
0018-926X/$25.00 2009 IEEE
important step in the design process of a desired FSS is the
proper choice of constituting elements for the array and appro-
priate determination of the structures periodicity. The element
type and geometry, the substrate parameters, the presence or ab-
sence of superstrates, and inter-element spacing are the most im-
portant parameters that will determine the overall frequency re-
sponse of the structure, such as its bandwidth, transfer function,
and the dependence of its frequency response on the incidence
angle and polarization of the incident EM wave. One common
feature of the traditional FSS design techniques, widely used
nowadays, is that they use resonant type constituting unit cells
such as a resonant dipole, slot, circular or rectangular rings, etc.
[5]. For example, unit cells composed of resonant loops [7], res-
onant dipoles of different shapes or fractals [8], and Jerusalem
cross [9] are among the most widely used resonant type building
blocks of FSSs designed using traditional techniques. In such
structures, the size of the resonant elements and the inter-ele-
ment spacing are generally comparable to one-third to half a
wavelength at the desired frequency of operation. However, in
practical applications, FSSs are not infinite in extent and have
finite dimensions. Therefore, to observe the desired frequency
response, the finite surface must include a large number of the
constituting elements and be illuminated by a planar phase front.
For some applications, such as low-frequency antenna radomes
or frequency selective EMI shielding, FSSs of relatively small
electrical dimensions that are less sensitive to incidence angle
and can operate for non-planar phase fronts are highly desirable.
Recently, a new type of frequency selective surface with
miniaturized elements was presented by the author in [10],
[11]. This type of FSS is composed of a periodic array of
sub-wavelength patches printed on one side of a dielectric
substrate and an inductive grid printed on the other side of the
same substrate. The combination of the capacitance of the patch
array and inductance of the wire mesh results in a parallel LC
combination, which acts as a first-order bandpass filter at the
resonant frequency of the structure. In [11], it was shown that
the sensitivity of the response of this FSS to the angle of inci-
dence can be reduced without using any dielectric superstrate
stabilizer. Moreover, it was demonstrated that a relatively small
finite panel of this structure, with panel sizes of about
demonstrates essentially the same frequency behavior as the
full-scale panel. One significant problem of this approach,
however, is that a double-layer structure is used to achieve a
first-order bandpass response [11]. This adds to the fabrication
complexity of the FSS panel. More importantly however,
the presence of a separating dielectric substrate between the
inductive and capacitive arrays increases the insertion loss of
the first-order FSS (by increasing the reflected power from the
BEHDAD et al.: A LOW-PROFILE THIRD-ORDER BANDPASS FSS
Fig. 1. Topology of the third-order bandpass FSS presented in Section II. (a) Three-dimensional view and (b) side view.
FSS). Therefore, using the structure presented in [11], it is not
possible to have a first-order bandpass response with zero (or
very small) insertion loss to fully utilize the benefits offered
by using the sub-wavelength periodic structures. Furthermore,
using this technique, achieving an FSS with a higher-order
bandpass response requires cascading multiple FSS panels
with quarter-wavelength impedance inverters. This results in
a bulky structure and offsets the advantages offered by using
sub-wavelength periodic structures as demonstrated in [11].
A single two-dimensional periodic array composed of res-
onant building blocks such as those presented in [5, Ch. 2] or
the non-resonant building blocks such as those presented in
[10][12] acts as a bandpass or band-stop FSS with a first-order
bandpass (or band-stop) frequency response. Traditionally,
to achieve a higher-order filter response, several identical
first-order FSS panels are cascaded with quarter-wavelength
spacing between each consecutive panel [5], [11]. Using this
approach, to achieve a third-order bandpass frequency response,
three first-order FSS panels should be cascaded with a panel
spacing of between each panel. This will result in a com-
posite FSS with an overall electrical thickness of roughly . metal layers separated from one anther by two very (electri-
Irrespective of the type of unit cell and the periodicity of the
structure, this relatively large electrical thickness significantly
increases the sensitivity of the response of the FSS to the angle
of incidence. Furthermore, it reduces the amenability of such a
structure to applications where conformal frequency selective
surfaces are required. Therefore, FSS design techniques that
allow for significantly reducing the profile (overall thickness)
of an higher-order FSSs are highly desirable.
In this paper, a new type of frequency selective surface is pre-
sented which provides an easy method for designing low-pro-
file bandpass spatial filters with higher-order filter responses.
This structure is composed of two arrays of sub-wavelength ca-
pacitive patches separated from a periodic array of miniaturized
slot antennas using two very thin dielectric substrates. The re-
sulting structure has three layers covered with metal patterns
and two very thin dielectric substrates. It is shown that the pro-
posed structure acts as an FSS with a third-order bandpass filter.
461
As a result of its low profile and sub-wavelength periodicity,
the frequency response of the proposed structure is less sen-
sitive to the angle of incidence of the EM wave compared to
other third-order bandpass FSSs designed using traditional tech-
niques. In what follows, the principles of operation of the FSS
along with the full-wave simulation results will be presented in
Section II. In Section III, the principles presented in Section II
are experimentally verified by fabricating a prototype of the pro-
posed FSS and measuring its frequency response using a free
space measurement system. Finally, a few concluding remarks
and a summary of the work are presented in Section IV.
II. FSS DESIGN
A. Principles of Operation
The topology of the proposed structure is shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1(a) shows a three-dimensional topology of different layers
of the structure. The structure is composed of three different
cally) thin dielectric substrates. The top and bottom metal layers
consist of identical two-dimensional periodic arrangements of
sub-wavelength capacitive patches. The center metal layer con-
sists of a two-dimensional periodic arrangement of miniaturized
slots etched into a ground plane. The capacitive patch layers
are identical and the dielectric substrates are also identical re-
sulting in a symmetric structure with respect to the plane con-
taining the miniaturized slots. Fig. 1(b) shows the side view of
the FSS. The overall thickness of the FSS, , is twice the thick-
ness of the dielectric substrates used to fabricate the structure
on. Generally, this thickness can be made as small as to
as large as . Fig. 2 shows the top view of different layers of
the unit cell of the proposed FSS. Each unit cell has maximum
physical dimensions of and in the and directions,
respectively, which are the same as the period of the structure
in the and directions. On the left hand side of Fig. 2, the top
view of a single capacitive patch is shown. Assuming that the
462 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 57, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2009
Fig. 2. Top view of the unit cell of the third-order bandpass FSS studied in
Section II. The view of the capacitive patch is shown on the left hand side and
the topology of the utilized miniaturized slot antenna is shown on the right hand
side.
structure has the same period in and directions, each capac-
itive patch will be in the form of a square metallic patch with
side length of , where is the separation between the two
adjacent capacitive patches. Since the structure has sub-wave-
length periods and dimensions, i.e. , the capacitive
patches are non-resonant and their 2-D periodic arrangement
simply presents a capacitive wave impedance to an incident EM
wave. The right hand side of Fig. 2 shows the top view of the
miniaturized slot used in the unit cell of the FSS. Unlike the ca-
pacitive patches, this element is a resonant element. However, it
is designed to occupy an overall area significantly smaller than
regular dipole or slot antennas. As seen in Fig. 2, the aperture
of each slot occupies an area of , where is only
a fraction of the unit cell size . The topology
of the miniaturized slot antenna used in the unit cell of the pro-
posed structure was first introduced in [13] and details of its
operation along with its behavior as a miniaturized slot antenna
are extensively discussed in this reference. The miniaturized slot
shown in Fig. 2 is single polarized and in the arrangement de-
picted in this figure, permits the transmission of an electric field
polarized in the direction. Therefore, the frequency response
of the proposed FSS utilizing this embodiment of the miniatur-
ized slot is polarization sensitive. If polarization discrimination
is not required, a dual-polarized version of the miniaturized slot
antenna shown in Fig. 2 may be used.
To understand the principles of operation of the proposed
FSS, it would helpful to consider its equivalent circuit. A simple
equivalent circuit of the proposed FSS, for a vertically polar-
ized TEM plane wave, is shown in Fig. 3. The circuit is com-
posed of a parallel LC resonator ( and ) with a parasitic se-
ries inductor , separated from two parallel capacitors
with two short sections of transmission lines with characteristic
impedance of and length of . The parallel resonator
represents the miniaturized slot resonator. The series inductor,
represents the parasitic inductance associated with the elec-
tric current flowing in the ground plane of the miniaturized slot.
The dielectric substrates supporting the structure are modeled
with two short pieces of transmission lines where the length
of each line, , is equal to the thickness of the substrate and
the characteristic impedance of each line is , onator) with element values that match those obtained in the
where is the free space impedance and is the
dielectric constant of the substrates used. Free space on both
sides of the FSS is modeled with two semi-infinite transmission
Fig. 3. Equivalent circuit model of the third-order bandpass FSS studied in
Section II.
lines with characteristic impedances of . This circuit model
is only valid for normal incidence. For oblique incidence, both
the characteristic impedances of the transmission lines and the
values of the capacitances and inductances need to be altered.
The equivalent circuit model of the FSS shown in Fig. 3 is basi-
cally a third-order bandpass microwave filter composed of two
slow-wave capacitively loaded transmission line resonators sep-
arated from a parallel LC resonator with two simple impedance
inverters. Fig. 4 shows the expanded equivalent circuit model of
the filter, where the impedance inverters, the slow-wave trans-
mission line resonators, and the parallel LC circuit are clearly
indicated. The impedance inverter is an inductive network with
a transmission line with negative electrical length. The prin-
ciples of operation of this inductive impedance inverter and its
other variations are thoroughly studied in [14]. Two inductive
impedance inverters separate two capacitively-loaded transmis-
sion line resonators from the parallel LC resonator. Therefore,
the combination of these three resonators and two impedance in-
verters results in the third-order bandpass filter shown in Fig. 3.
By comparing the two equivalent circuits, it is observed that the
negative length of the transmission lines used in the inductive
impedance inverter is absorbed in the positive length of the ca-
pacitively loaded transmission line, thereby further reducing the
transmission line length. Moreover, the inductors of the inverter
network, , are absorbed in the parallel LC resonator.
B. Design Procedure
The proposed FSS can be designed using a simple, three-step
design procedure described in this sub-section. The first step
in the design of the FSS is to obtain the appropriate element
values for the equivalent circuit model shown in Fig. 3. This
can be accomplished using a circuit simulation software such as
the Agilents Advanced Design Systems (ADS). For example,
to obtain a bandpass frequency response with center frequency
of operation of 4 GHz and the fractional bandwidth of 20%, the
equivalent circuit element values shown in Table I can be used.
In this case, it is assumed that a 1.524 mm thick dielectric sub-
strate with the dielectric constant of and loss tangent
of (RF-35 from Taconic corporation) is used.
The shape of the FSS transfer function can be optimized using
simple and rapid circuit based simulations. In the second step
of the design process, the miniaturized slot resonator must be
designed such that it has an equivalent circuit (parallel LC res-
previous step (e.g., and shown in Table I for the FSS
under examination here). The miniaturized slot resonator is es-
sentially a miniaturized slot antenna composed of a straight slot
BEHDAD et al.: A LOW-PROFILE THIRD-ORDER BANDPASS FSS 463

Fig. 4. Expanded equivalent circuit model of the third-order bandpass FSS studied in Section II. The impedance inverters and the slow-wave resonators are clearly
indicated.

TABLE I
PHYSICAL AND ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS OF A THIRD-ORDER FSS
WITH EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT MODEL SHOWN IN FIG. 3

section connected to two balanced spirals at each end. The ef-

fective electrical length of the antenna, from one end of one
balanced spiral to the corresponding end of the other balanced
spiral is about half a wavelength. Therefore this antenna is a
resonant structure, which is meandered in order to occupy a sig-
nificantly smaller area compared to non-miniaturized antennas
operating at the same frequency. This structure, which was first
introduced and thoroughly studied in [13], acts as a magnetic
Herzian dipole. Similar to any other electrically small antenna,
the quality factor (Q) of this structure is inversely proportional
to its occupied area [15], [16]. Therefore, by reducing the oc-
cupied area of the antenna (i.e. by reducing as seen
in Fig. 2) while maintaining the resonant frequency of the an-
tenna, the Q of the structure can be increased. This way, by ap-
propriately choosing the aperture dimensions of the miniatur-
Fig. 5. (a) A unit cell of the proposed FSS is placed inside a waveguide with
ized slot antenna, for a constant resonant frequency, the desired periodic boundary conditions to simulate the frequency response of the infinitely
values for and can be synthesized. In practice this pro- large third-order FSS studied in Section II. (b) Equivalent circuit model of a
cedure is carried out using full-wave EM simulations in con- simplified version of the FSS composed of ONLY the dielectric substrates and
the miniaturized slot. This equivalent circuit is used to optimize the topology
junction with circuit based simulations. An incomplete version of the miniaturized slot resonator to match its frequency response to that of this
of the unit cell of the proposed FSS, which consists of ONLY equivalent circuit.
the miniaturized slot resonator sandwiched between the two di-
electric substrates, is simulated using full-wave EM simulations
in CST Microwave Studio Suite using its finite element method full-wave simulations of the sandwiched resonator are matched
solver. The simulations are performed according to the topology to those of the equivalent circuit model of Fig. 5(b) with the
shown in Fig. 5(a), where the unit cell of the structure is placed element values obtained previously. After successful comple-
in a waveguide with periodic boundary conditions to emulate tion of this step, the design of the resonator is finalized. One
an infinite structure. Finite element method (FEM) simulations must note that in this step, we are assuming that the addition of
are performed to calculate the transmission and reflection coef- the capacitive patches on both sides of the slot does not affects
ficients of a vertically polarized TEM wave from this structure. the resonant frequency of this structure. This is a valid assump-
These full-wave simulation results are then matched to those tion, since the width of the slot lines in the miniaturized slot
obtained from the equivalent circuit model shown in Fig. 5(b), resonator are significantly smaller (more than 10 times smaller)
where only the effect of the miniaturized slot antenna and the di- than the thickness of the dielectric substrates covering the slot
electric substrates are taken into account. The dimensions of the on its both sides. Therefore, the effective dielectric constant that
slot resonator are then modified as necessary and this process is the slot resonator experiences will not be significantly changed
then repeated until the frequency response obtained through the after placing the capacitive patches underneath the slot, since
464
TABLE II
PHYSICAL AND ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS OF THE UNIT CELL OF THE
PROPOSED THIRD-ORDER BANDPASS FSS STUDIED IN SECTION II
Fig. 6. Transmission and reflection coefficients of a typical third-order band-
pass FSS with equivalent circuit parameters and dimensions shown in Tables I
and II. The results obtained using full-wave FEM simulations as well as those
obtained using the equivalent circuit model are shown here.
most of the slots electric fields are already concentrated in the
dielectric substrates covering the aperture on its both sides.
In the third and final step of the design process, the capacitive
patches corresponding to capacitors (in the equivalent circuit
model shown in Fig. 3) are added to the full-wave simulation
model. These capacitors are in the form of simple, sub-wave-
length, non-resonant patches with side lengths of , where
is the period of the structure and is equal to the
unit cell dimensions. To provide the desired capacitance value,
the initial dimensions of these capacitors can be approximated
using the formulae available in reference [17] for calculating
the capacitance between two printed metallic strips. Finally,
full-wave simulations are performed on the complete unit cell
of the proposed FSS consisting of the miniaturized resonator,
the capacitive patches, and the dielectric substrates. Based on
the results obtained from the final full-wave simulations, the di-
mensions of the capacitive patches are tuned to fine tune the
frequency response of the structure and obtain the desired fre-
quency response.
The design procedure outlined above was carried out for the
FSS with equivalent circuit parameter values shown in Table I
and the physical and geometrical parameters of this design are
presented in Table II. Fig. 6 shows the FSS frequency response
as obtained from full-wave EM simulations in CST Microwave
Studio as well as those predicted by the equivalent circuit model
presented in Fig. 3. It is observed that the equivalent circuit
model accurately predicts the FSS frequency response. The
frequency response of the proposed FSS is also calculated for
non-normal angles of incidence and the results are presented
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 57, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2009
Fig. 7. Transmission coefficients of the FSS studied in Section II with the pa-
rameters given in Tables I and II as a function of the angle of incidence. The
results are obtained using full-wave FEM simulations.
in Fig. 7. Fig. 7 shows the transmission coefficient of the FSS
for an obliquely incident plane wave [as shown in Fig. 1(b)]
for various angles of incidence ranging from to 50 in
10 degree steps. As observed from this figure, the frequency
response of the FSS is not considerably affected1 as the angle of
incidence increases from to . As is increased
beyond , however, the response starts to deviate from that of
the normal incidence. Nevertheless, the structure demonstrates
a rather stable frequency response as a function of angle of
incidence without the aid of any dielectric superstrates that are
commonly used to stabilize the frequency response of FSSs for
oblique angles of incidence [5].
III. EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION AND MEASUREMENT
RESULTS
The performance of the proposed FSS is experimentally
demonstrated using a simple free-space measurement setup.
Using this approach, a relatively large panel of the third-order
bandpass FSS operating at 4.0 GHz, with the dimensions of
(or equivalently 61 cm 46 cm), is designed and
fabricated. A wooden fixture with dimensions of 6 feet 4
feet, with an opening with dimensions of at its center
is also built. The wooden fixture is covered with 0.005 thick
copper plates on its both sides everywhere except on the aper-
ture opening. This fixture is placed between two double-ridge
horn antennas connected to the two ports of a vector network
analyzer. The horn antennas are not identical but their operating
bandwidths overlaps in the 35 GHz region, which entirely
covers the operational bandwidth of the proposed FSS. To
ensure that the FSS is excited with plane waves, the fixture
is placed in the far field of the two horn antennas. The trans-
mission coefficient of this structure without the presence of
the FSS (open aperture) is measured and this result is used for
calibration purposes. In the next step, the finite FSS panel is
placed in the opening of the fixture and the transmission results
are measured once again. Using these two measurement results,
the transmission response of the FSS is obtained.
1This is in comparison with a traditional third-order bandpass FSS obtained
by cascading three first order FSS panels a quarter-wavelength apart.
BEHDAD et al.: A LOW-PROFILE THIRD-ORDER BANDPASS FSS
Fig. 8. Photograph of the FSS measurement fixture used to characterize the
frequency response of the third-order bandpass FSS. The edges of the fixture are
covered with RF absorbers to reduce the effects of scattering on the performance
of the measurement. In the photograph, the FSS test sample is placed in the
opening and the photograph of the FSS test sample is also shown in the inset of
the figure.
Fig. 9. Measured and simulated transmission coefficients of the test sample
of the third-order FSS. Simulations are performed using FEM simulations in
Ansoft HFSS.
Fig. 8 shows a photograph of the FSS panel and the mea-
surement fixture. Fig. 9 shows the measured frequency response
(transmission coefficient) of the FSS along with the full-wave
EM simulation results obtained in Ansofts High Frequency
Structure Simulator (HFSS). As can be seen from this figure,
a relatively good agreement between the measured and sim-
ulated results is observed. The main differences observed be-
tween the simulated and measured results are mainly observed
in the stop band of the FSS. These discrepancies are attributed
to the leakage from the gaps that exist between the edges of
the FSS panel and the metal covered wooden fixture, scattering
from the edges of the fixture, as well as the finite size of the FSS
panel. By covering the opening of the fixture shown in Fig. 8
with a metal screen (instead of FSS panel) and performing a cal-
ibrated transmission measurement, the shielding effectiveness
of this particular fixture was measured to be about 25 dB av-
erage over the 3.05.0 GHz frequency range. Nevertheless, the
465
Fig. 10. Measured transmission coefficients of the third-order bandpass FSS
= 10
for various angles of incidence ranging from  50
to .
good general agreement observed between the measurement re-
sults and the simulation results confirms the fact that the pro-
posed structure acts as a third-order bandpass FSS and asserts
the validity of the design procedure presented in this paper. At
its center frequency of operation, the fabricated FSS demon-
strates a measured insertion loss of about 0.4 dB (for normal
incidence), which is mainly attributed to the Ohmic and the di-
electric losses of the structure. The transmission coefficients of
the FSS is also measured for oblique angles of incidence and the
results are presented in Fig. 10. As observed from this figure,
the frequency response of the FSS changes with the angle of in-
cidence; However, compared to third-order bandpass FSSs de-
signed using traditional techniques, the structure demonstrates a
more stable frequency response. Therefore, it may be possible to
further enhance the angular stability of the frequency response
of this structure using the techniques presented in [5]. Promi-
nent among these technique is the utilization of dielectric su-
perstrates on both sides of the FSS used to achieve angular sta-
bilities up to 85 as described in [5] and its cited references.
IV. CONCLUSION
A new technique for designing low-profile frequency selec-
tive surfaces with third-order bandpass responses was presented
in this paper. Unlike traditional FSS design techniques that
achieve higher-order bandpass responses by cascading multiple
bandpass FSSs of first order, the proposed technique allows
for designing third-order bandpass FSSs with an extremely
small overall profile. It was demonstrated that using this tech-
nique, third-order FSSs with an overall thickness of or
smaller can easily be designed. The principles of operation of
the proposed FSS along with a simple, three-step procedure
for designing the proposed structure was also presented in
this paper. Finally, the validity of the proposed concept was
experimentally demonstrated by fabricating an FSS test sample
and measuring its frequency response using simple free space
measurements. The frequency response of this test sample was
measured both for normal incidence and for oblique angles of
incidence. The measurement results for oblique angles of inci-
dence demonstrate that the frequency response of this structure
is not as sensitive to the angle of incidence of the EM wave
as those of traditional third-order bandpass FSSs. Therefore,
466 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 57, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2009
it may be possible to further enhance this stability by using
well-known stabilization techniques.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers of
this paper for their constructive comments and useful sugges-
tions that helped improve the quality of this paper. The authors
would also like to thank Taconic Corporation for donating the
dielectric substrates used in fabrication of the structures pre-
sented in this paper.
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nical, 1964.
Nader Behdad (S98M06) received the B.Sc. de-
gree from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran,
Iran, in 2000 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from
The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, in 2003 and
2006 respectively, all in electrical engineering.
From 2000 to 2001, he was with the Electronics
Research Center, Sharif University of Technology,
as an Antenna Design Engineer working on de-
sign of antennas for wireless local loop (WLL)
systems. From 2002 to 2006, he was a Research
Assistant in the Radiation Laboratory, University
of Michigan. From 2006 to 2008, he was with the School of Electrical Engi-
neering and Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL as
an Assistant Professor. In 2009, he joined the ECE Department, University
of Wisconsin-Madison, where he is currently an Assistant Professor. His
research interests include on-chip antennas and integrated wireless systems,
RF/Microwave circuits, frequency selective surfaces, phased arrays, and
reconfigurable RF front ends.
Dr. Behdad is the recipient of the Best Student Paper award in the Antenna
Applications Symposium held in Monticelo, IL in September 2003, second prize
in the student paper competition of the USNC/URSI National Radio Science
Meeting, Boulder, CO, in January 2004, the Horace H. Rackham Predoctoral
Fellowship from the University of Michigan in 20052006, and the Young Sci-
entist Award from the International Union of Radio Science (URSI) in 2008.
Mudar Al-Joumayly (S05) was born in Baghdad,
Iraq, in 1981. He received the B.Sc. degree from
Mutah University, Karak, Jordan, and the M.Sc.
degree from New York Institute of Technology,
Amman, Jordan, in 2003 and 2005, respectively.
Currently, he is working toward the Ph.D. degree at
the University of Central Florida, Orlando.
Since August 2006, he has been working as a
Research Assistant in the Antennas, RF, and Mi-
crowave Integrated Systems (ARMI) Laboratory,
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer
Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando. His research interests are in
antenna miniaturization, and frequency selective surfaces.
Mohsen Salehi (S06) was born in Isfahan, Iran,
on June 16, 1980. He received B.S. degree from
Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, in 2003
and the M.S. degree from Amirkabir University of
Technology, Tehran, Iran, in 2006, all in electrical
engineering. Currently, he is working toward the
Ph.D. degree at the University of Central Florida,
Orlando.
His main research interests are in microstrip an-
tennas, photonic bandgap structures, miniaturized an-
tennas and frequency selective surfaces.