Professional Documents
Culture Documents
For
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About iSquare
iSquare
(InterOperability & InterChangeability Solutions)
Pune, INDIA
2 i2
Focus Areas:
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Relationships:
l InterOperability:
With International TechneGroup Incorporated, USA
having more than 20 years of Experience in CAD
Data InterOperability technology, solutions and
services.
4 i2
Relationships:
InterChangeability:
With Dimensional Control Systems, USA having
more than 15 years of experience in Dimensional
Control techniques, solutions and Services.
5 i2
Our Offerings:
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Our Offerings:
InterChangeability:
Focused & Customized Training Programs on:
Dimensional Management : Understanding and appreciation of computer aided tools for.
Takes participants thru evolution, various approaches and real life problems from their
application areas.
7 i2
Training Programs in Dimension
Management / Engineering
8 i2
Customers
l TATA Motors l Bajaj Auto
l TATA Technologies l Bajaj Tempo
l TATA Auto Plastics l Brakes India
l TATA Auto Components l Emerson Climate Technologies
l Ashok Leyland l Grupo Antolin
l Mahindra & Mahindra Auto l Mahindra Engg Design Develop
l Godrej & Boyce Mfg Ltd. Center
l GE l Kirloskar Copeland
l Infotech Enterprises l Mahindra Engineering Services
l TATA Johnson Control l Onward Technologies
Automotive l Space Applications Center
l Kinetic Engineering l TATA Consultancy
l Research & Development l Lear Seatings Pvt. Ltd.
Establishment (Engrs) l Atlas Copco
l Armament Research & l Jayahind Industries
Development Establishment
l L&T
l Bhabha Atomic Research
l Satyam Venture Engg Services
Center
9 i2
Thats about iSquare
10 i2
How is Course Organized?
11 i2
Session #1 : The Basics
l Objectives:
12 i2
What is Tolerance Stack-up Analysis?
13 i2
Steps in Tolerance Stack-up Analysis
l Step #1:
Identify objectives: for example, you want to test if no
interference is possible at a certain place in an assembly, then
you set your requirement as Gap must be equal to or greater
than zero
l Step #2:
Identify all dimensions that contribute to your objectives as
defined in step #1 (gap) and convert them to equal bilateral
toleranced dimensions; if they are not already
14 i2
Steps in Tolerance Stack-up Analysis
l Step #3:
Assign each dimension a +ve or ve value. For Radial stacks
(going up and down); start at the bottom of gap and end up at
the top of gap
Down direction is ve (top of gap to bottom)
Up direction is +ve (bottom of gap to top OR towards end)
Stacks that go left and right in the assembly, start at the left
side of gap and end up at the right side of the gap.
Left direction is ve (right of gap to left)
Right direction is +ve (left of gap to right OR towards end)
l Remember that you are working one part at a time; so deal with o ne
parts significant features before jumping to next part. This is the best way
to work with assemblies having many parts
15 i2
Steps in Tolerance Stack-up Analysis
Its often mistake to follow one route from one set of mating fea tures
(holes/shaft, hole/pin) then continue the same route through ano ther set. One
of these sets creates the smallest or biggest gap or maximum ove rall
dimension, Once you find, which it is, others become non -factors in analysis.
Using more than one set of features within same two parts, will most likely
produce wrong results. Still tolerances from other features may contribute to
the critical set you are using. For example: when datum features are
referenced at MMC or when more than one set of datum features co me into
effect.
16 i2
Steps in Tolerance Stack-up Analysis
17 i2
Beginning Tolerance Stack-up Analysis
18 i2
Beginning Tolerance Stack-up Analysis
l Its important to mentally shove all the features and parts in the
directions that will create the max or min gap (variable). This is to
allow your routes always pass through material and you dont
want to jump over an air space unnecessarily in analysis
l You should position the features of the parts against each other so
that you will get extremes and make clear to you the correct path
and +ve v/s ve designations for each number.
19 i2
Finding Mean Dimensions
20 i2
Finding Mean Dimensions
21 i2
Finding Mean Dimensions
22 i2
Finding Mean Dimensions : Exercise
23 i2
Boundaries
24 i2
Virtual Condition Boundaries (Refer ASME Y14.5M section
2.11)
25 i2
Virtual Condition Boundaries (Refer ASME Y14.5M
section 2.11)
26 i2
Resultant Condition Boundaries (Refer ASME
Y14.5M section 2.11)
27 i2
Case#1: Internal FOS controlled at MMC
28 i2
Case#1: Calculating VC & RC boundaries
VCB for internal FOS (such as hole) controlled at MMC = MMC Size Boundary Geometric
Tolerance value
VCB for external FOS (such as pin) controlled at MMC = MMC Size boundary + Geometric
Tolerance value
29 i2
Case#1: Creating equal Bilateral Toleranced
Dimension from VCB and RCB
30 i2
Case#2: Internal FOS controlled at LMC
31 i2
Case#2: Calculating VC & RC boundaries
VCB for internal FOS (such as hole) controlled at LMC = LMC Size Boundary +Geometric
Tolerance value
VCB for external FOS (such as pin) controlled at LMC = LMC Size boundary - Geometric
Tolerance value
32 i2
Case#2: Creating equal Bilateral Toleranced
Dimension from VCB and RCB
33 i2
Case#3: Internal FOS controlled at RFS
34 i2
Case#3: Calculating RC boundaries
35 i2
Case#3: Assumption about feature form in
case of RFS callout
36 i2
Case#3: Creating equal Bilateral Toleranced
Dimension from Inner and Outer Boundaries
37 i2
Case#4: External FOS Controlled at MMC
38 i2
Case#4: Calculating VC & RC boundaries
VCB for internal FOS (such as hole) controlled at MMC = MMC Size Boundary Geometric
Tolerance value
VCB for external FOS (such as pin) controlled at MMC = MMC Size boundary + Geometric
Tolerance value
39 i2
Case#4: Creating equal Bilateral Toleranced
Dimension from VCB and RCB
40 i2
Case#5: External FOS controlled at LMC
VCB for internal FOS (such as hole) controlled at LMC = LMC Size Boundary +Geometric
Tolerance value
VCB for external FOS (such as pin) controlled at LMC = LMC Size boundary - Geometric
Tolerance value
42 i2
Case#5: Creating equal Bilateral Toleranced
Dimension from VCB and RCB
43 i2
Case#6: External FOS controlled at RFS
Inner Boundary
45 i2
Case#6: Assumption about feature form in
case of RFS callout
46 i2
Case#6: Creating equal Bilateral Toleranced
Dimension from Inner and Outer Boundaries
47 i2
Formulae to Remember
48 i2
Finding Inner & Outer Boundaries : Exercise
49 i2
Session #2: Analyzing a Box Assembly
l Objectives:
50 i2
Box Assembly
51 i2
Box Assembly: Part #1
52 i2
Box Assembly: Part #2- #11
(6)
53 i2
Box Assembly: Part #1 & Part #2- #11 put
together
54 i2
Box Assembly : Loop Analysis Diagram
55 i2
Box Assembly : Loop Analysis Diagram
lNext step is to add, charted plus or minus tolerances : 3.81+3.8 1 = 7.62 (2)
lNext step is to calculate min and max gaps (airspace or interfer ence):
lMean dimensions difference + sum of tolerances = (1) + (2)= (+)7 .62+(+)7.62=+15.24 (max gap)
lMean dimensions difference - sum of tolerances = (1) - (2)= (+)7.62-(+)7.62=0 (min gap)
56 i2
Box Assembly : Alternate Method to
calculate min / max gap
57 i2
Box Assembly : Loop Analysis Diagram
58 i2
Session #2: Exercises
59 i2
Session #3: Loop Analysis for Features of
Size (FOS)
l Objectives:
60 i2
Analyzing FOS: Problem Description
61 i2
Analyzing FOS: Charts to be used
62 i2
Analyzing FOS: Steps Involved (Horizontal
Direction)
63 i2
Analyzing FOS: Steps Involved (Vertical
Direction)
64 i2
Analyzing FOS: Easier Method using MMC
and LMC
Calculating min and max gaps may be easier as discussed before ( slide #48); by
subtracting the MMCs for minimum gaps and LMCs for maximum gaps as
shown below:
65 i2
Analyzing FOS: Charts and Loops with
dimensions
66 i2
Session #3: Exercise
67 i2
Session #4: Analysis of an assembly with
Plus and Minus tolerancing
l Objectives:
68 i2
Assembly with plus and minus tolerances :
Problem Description
69 i2
Assembly with plus and minus tolerances :
Charts to be used
70 i2
Steps Involved in calculating stack in
Horizontal Direction
71 i2
Steps Involved in calculating stack in Vertical
Direction
72 i2
Easier Method for calculating stacks using
MMC and LMC
Calculating min and max gaps may be easier as discussed before ( slide #56); by
subtracting the MMCs for minimum gaps and LMCs for maximum gaps in
horizontal direction as shown below:
73 i2
Assembly Analysis: Charts and Loops with
dimensions
74 i2
Session #4: Exercise
75 i2
Session #5: Analyzing a Floating Fastener
Assembly with Geometric Controls
l Objectives:
76 i2
Floating fastener assembly sketch with
GD&T
77 i2
Steps involved in analyzing floating fastener
assembly
78 i2
Defining Virtual and Resultant Condition
Boundaries
79 i2
Charting values calculated per steps #1
through #4
Step #1: Calculate Virtual and Resultant Condition for each holes (holes #1 thru #4)
80 i2
Charting values calculated per steps #1
through #4
Step #2: For each hole, calculate difference between resultant condition and virtual condition
boundaries. This difference represents total size tolerance for each hole . Take half of the difference
which is represents equal bilateral tolerance value .
81 i2
Charting values calculated per steps #1
through #4
Step #3, #4: For each hole, add resultant condition and virtual condition bou ndaries; and take mean of
the sum. This mean represents the mean diameter of that hole (for analysis purpose)
Again, for each hole, take mean of values in step #2 and #3. Thi s new mean represents mean
radius`mean radial tolerance
82 i2
Step #1: values printed in the chart
Step #1: Calculate Virtual and Resultant Condition for each holes (holes #1 thru #4)
83 i2
Step #2: Values printed in the Chart
Step #2: For each hole, calculate difference between resultant condition and virtual condition
boundaries. This difference represents total size tolerance for each hole . Take half of the difference
which is represents equal bilateral tolerance value .
84 i2
Step #3,4: Values printed in the Chart
Step #3, #4: For each hole, add resultant condition and virtual condition bou ndaries; and take mean of
the sum. This mean represents the mean diameter of that hole (for analysis purpose)
Again, for each hole, take mean of values in step #2 and #3. Thi s new mean represents mean
radius`mean radial tolerance
85 i2
Locating / Orienting parts in an Assembly to
create MIN gap
86 i2
Construct a Loop Diagram
1. The Loop begins at the the face on the left side of the gap, it
2 9 proceeds towards left (thru material), designated as ve
1 8
3 numbers thru the basic dimension of 125mm to the center of
7
hole #1.
2. Go 3mm left (-ve) thru the radius of hole #1 ( as calculated
with its VC and RC boundaries). We are done with hole #1 and
exhausted part #1
3. Now go over the left pin trapped between holes 1, 3 in right
6 direction (+ve) 3mm
4
5
4. Now we come across hole#3 and we now go from right side of
hole#3 towards it center in left direction (-ve) 3mm.
5. Step 4 takes us to center of hole 3. From there we go towards
left (+ve) to the center of hole 4; 260mm. We are done with
hole #3.
6. This step reverses the route going left (-ve) thru 3mm radius of hole #4. We are done with hole #4.
7. Here we again reverse the loop and go right direction (+ve) thru the right pin diameter 3mm
8. This step begins on last hole #2, the route goes from right side edge of this hole towards center (-ve) 3mm
9. Go in the same direction from center of hole #2 to the end of the gap (inner right side face of part) (-ve) 125mm
87 i2
Logic Behind Loop Diagram
The logic behind this loop route was to proceed from left
edge/face of gap through all features having an effect on
the Minimum Gap, to the right of gap.
To begin, the parts were shoved to create a min gap
configuration and in this case this is the only logical route
to take.
The route went left and right and involved all related
features until loop was complete. The related feature list
includes four holes #1 thru #4, pins on left and right . Hole
radii were used because the pertinent dimensions binding
the gap to holes and holes to each other, went to the hole
centers.
The full pin diameters were used as the pins got trapped
between hole edge faces.
Key in this table the ve and +ve route
values The basic dimensions were used to allow a route from left
side of gap to the center of hole 1 and then center of hole
3 to to the center of hole 4 and at the last from center of
hole 2 to the right side face of the gap
88 i2
Loop Diagram with values printed
89 i2
Can you Locate / Orient parts in an Assembly
to create MAX gap
90 i2
Loop Diagram for MAX gap with values
printed
91 i2
Session #5: Exercise
92 i2
Session#6: Analyzing an Assembly with Tab
and Slot (Fixed Fastener)
93 i2
Session#6: Analyzing an Assembly with Tab
and Slot
l Objectives:
94 i2
Steps involved in analyzing Tab -Slot
assembly
1. Calculate Virtual and Resultant Condition for Tab and Slot. They
work on similar principals as hole and pin and are controlled at
MMC.
2. For Slot and Tab, calculate difference between resultant
condition and virtual condition boundaries. This difference
represents total size tolerance for Slot or Tab. Take half of the
difference which is represents equal bilateral tolerance value .
3. For Slot and Tab, add resultant condition and virtual condition
boundaries; and take mean of the sum. This mean represents
the mean width for either Slot or Tab (for analysis purpose)
4. Again, for Slot and Tab, take mean of values in step #2 and #3.
This new mean represents mean radius`mean radial tolerance
95 i2
Charting values calculated per steps #1
through #4
Step #1: Calculate Virtual and Resultant Condition for Tab and Slot. They work on
similar principals as hole and pin and are controlled at MMC
96 i2
Charting values calculated per steps #1
through #4
97 i2
Step #1: values printed in the chart
Step #1: Calculate Virtual and Resultant Condition for Tab and Slot. They work on
similar principals as hole and pin and are controlled at MMC
98 i2
Step #2,3,4: Values printed in the Chart
99 i2
Locating parts in an Assembly to create MIN
overall Dimension and creating a Loop
Diagram
100 i2
Loop Diagram with values printed
101 i2
Can you Locate parts in an Assembly to
create MAX overall dimension and create a
Loop Diagram?
102 i2
Loop Diagram for MAX Overall Dimension
with values printed
103 i2
Calculating MAX, MIN values for Lower-Left
and Upper-Right gaps
Case #1: Min Lower-Left Gap Case #3: Min Upper-Right Gap
104
Case #2: Max Lower-Left Gap Case #4: Max Upper-Right Gap
i2
Case #1: Min Lower-Left Gap
105 i2
Case #2: Max Lower-Left Gap
106 i2
Case #3: Min Upper-Right Gap
107 i2
Case #4: Max Upper-Right Gap
108 i2
Calculating MAX overall Diameter for a
coupling
Assembly
109 i2
Detailed Part Drawing with GD&T Controls
110 i2
Factors and Non-Factors in calculating
overall Diameter
111 i2
Step #1: Calculate Virtual condition and
Resultant Condition boundaries for Threaded
holes
112 i2
Step #1: Calculate Virtual condition and
Resultant Condition boundaries for
Clearance holes
113 i2
Step #2: Calculate Clearances between
Datum Feature Diameters D and B
l In this case the perpendicularity tolerance callout on crankshaf ts center bore and
couplings center shoulder are ignored since the maximum clearanc e (and thus
play) between these two features would occur at when both features a re at their
LMC sizes and perfectly perpendicular to their datum planes.
Subtracting these two values, we get clearance of 50.10 49.97 = 0.13, which is less than
0.68 clearance calculated on threaded and clearance hole in previous slide.
This means in this case, the threaded/clearance holes are not the factors in stack-up and we
would consider only offset between datum features B and D due to their respective LMC
sizes.
114 i2
Step#3: Create a Loop Diagram
+115
-24.985
+25.05
+115
115 i2
Step#4: Chart the values
Bottom to Top to
Top Bottom
(+ve) (-ve) ` Tolerance Remarks
115 - `.15 (Size tol of ` 0.2/2 and Gtol of ` From start to center of
0.1/2) radial calculations crankshaft
25.05 - - From center of
crankshaft to edge of
center bore/shoulder
- 24.985 - From edge of center
bore/shoulder to center
of coupling
115 - `.15 (Size tol of ` 0.2/2 and Gtol of ` From center of coupling
0.1/2) radial calculations to end
255.05 24.985 0.30 Totals
116 i2
Session #6: Exercise #1
117
Calculate MAX/MIN Overall dimensions, Calculate MIN/MAX Gaps
i2
Session #6: Exercise #2
Calculate MAX
overall diameter
of assembly
118 i2
Session #7: Analyzing a Rail Assembly
having Fixed fasteners
Assembly
119 i2
Part #1: Detailed Drawing
120 i2
Part #2: Detailed Drawing
121 i2
Session #7: Analyzing a Rail Assembly
having Fixed fasteners
l Objectives:
122 i2
Observations from Assembly and Part
drawings
123 i2
Steps involved in analyzing Rail assembly
124 i2
Steps involved in analyzing Rail assembly
125 i2
Step #1: Boundaries calculations for slot and
width
1. Calculate Inner and Outer Boundaries for Slot and Width of block.
Note that slot in the rail has refinement frame. A positional to lerance is refined by a
orientation (perpendicularity) tolerance. So, is positional tole rance a factor in stack-up or
an orientation tolerance?
Draw tolerance zone shapes / boundaries for each frame and discu ss
126 i2
Step #2,3,4: Calculating Mean Radius /
tolerance for slot and width of block
127 i2
Step #1: Boundaries calculations: Values
printed in the chart
1. Calculate Inner and Outer Boundaries for Slot and Width of block.
Note that we have ignored positional tolerance on the slot in ra il.Only orientation
(perpendicularity) is accounted for in the analysis.
128 i2
Step #2,3,4: Calculating Mean Radius /
tolerance : values printed in the chart
129 i2
Step #5: Boundaries calculations for
Threaded and Clearance Hole
5. Calculate Inner and Outer Boundaries for Threaded Hole and Clearance hole.
(Why not VC and RC Boundaries?)
130 i2
Step #6,7,8: Calculating Mean Radius /
tolerance for Threaded & Clearance Hole
131 i2
Step #1: Boundaries calculations: Threaded
& Clearance Hole: Values printed in the chart
5. Calculate Inner and Outer Boundaries for Threaded Hole and Clearance hole.
Inner Boundary of Screw Mounted in Rail = n0.2408 (LMC Major Dia) 0.0140 = n0.2268
Outer Boundary of Screw Mounted in Rail = n0.250 + 0.0140 = n0.264
Outer Boundary of Hole in Block = n0.286+ 0.015 = n0.301
Inner Boundary of Hole in Block = n0.276- 0.005 = n0.271
132 i2
Step #6,7,8: Calculating Mean Radius /
tolerance for Threaded & Clearance Hole:
values printed in the chart
133 i2
Locating parts to create MIN Gap
Configuration
134 i2
Steps in Creating a Loop Diagram
135 i2
Loop Diagram : Values Printed
136 i2
Calculate MIN gap
Since the min gap value is a ve number (-0.0081), we know that there is interference possible.
Discuss on possibility of occurring such interference in practic e. Not the configuration under
which the interference occurred. Can such configuration exist? A nd is avoidable?
137 i2
Locating parts to create MAX Gap
Configuration
138 i2
Steps in Creating a Loop Diagram
139 i2
Loop Diagram : Values Printed
140 i2
Calculate MAX gap
141 i2
Conclusions
l The traditional methodology we used for MAX and MIN gap calculations
may be misleading! It may arrive at a wrong decision if one is t rying to
determine from MIN gap value whether or not parts will actually fit
together; if the route chosen assumes the screw WCOB touches WCIB of
clearance hole, but it does not actually touch
l If WCIB of holes (internal FOS) and WCOB of the shafts (external FOS)
of all the mating features are compatible, we can assume that the parts
are able to fit.
l For example, the WCIB of the slot in rail is 1.502 and WCOB of block is
1.444 (smaller); therefore they dont interfere and there is still a play
(clearance) within these boundaries.
l Similarly, we know that, WCOB of mounted screws is 0.264 and WCI B of
clearance hole is 0.271; therefore we conclude that they these t wo
boundaries dont interfere and there is play (clearance) within these
boundaries
l Therefore, if the parts are allowed to assembly naturally (not pushed to
extremes at the assembly stage), they will fit w/o interference.
142 i2
Looking at the case from Different Angle
143 i2
Min Airspace V/s Max Wall Thickness
144 i2
Steps involved in calculating MIN Air space
On Slot Part
145 i2
Steps involved in calculating MAX wall
thickness on Block Part
146 i2
Steps involved in calculating MIN Air space
and MAX wall thickness
Minimum Airspace =
- Maximum Wall Thickness =
-----------------------------------------------------
Difference = Clearance between Rail and Block per side =
147 i2
Calculated MIN Air space
148 i2
Calculated MAX Wall thickness
149 i2
Now, calculate min clearance between rail
and block per side
150 i2
MAX Gap calculation: Discussion on
Perpendicularity as factor
151 i2
MAX Gap calculation: With & without
Perpendicularity as factor
152 i2
MAX Gap calculation: without
Perpendicularity as factor
- + Part/Feature
0.7540 Slot
0.7190 Block
153 i2
Session #7: Exercises
154 i2
Session #8: Tolerance Stack-up Analysis for
Single Part
155 i2
Session #8: Tolerance Stack-up Analysis for
Single Part
l Objectives:
156 i2
What are we trying to find out in single
part?
158 i2
What are we trying to find out in single
part?
Min wall lFind the resultant condition (outer boundary) size of bottom
most hole = (0.130+.01) = 0.140. Mean of this = 0.070.
lNow, add 0.070+0.035 = 0.105. This value indicates how far
the bottommost hole s surface can go from its true position
in worst case. Remember this number. Double of this = 0.210
which is outer boundary of hole in worst case.
159 i2
Begin the loop now
lStart at the bottom surface of bottommost smallest hole, go up (away from start point) by
0.105 to the center of the hole (-0.105)
lFrom center of this hole go up by 1.375 (basic) to the center of datum feature B (-1.375)
lFrom center of datum feature B, go further up to the part edge ( basic 0.375), (-0.375)
lFrom top upper edge of part, loop reverses in downward direction (+ve) and goes until inner
boundary of width datum feature G. Inner boundary for datum feature G is calculated as 1.950
(LMC Width) -0.100 (Geo tol at LMC) = +1.850
lSo,
160
which accounted for datum shifts and bonus tolerances
i2
Same example, solved using traditional
approach of chart and loop
l We calculated worst
case outer boundary of
bottommost hole as
n0.210.
l Now, calculate worst
case inner boundary in
the same manner.
161 i2
Now construct Loop Diagram and print
values in chart
162 i2
Using the same traditional approach to
calculate right-side wall thickness
163 i2
Using the same traditional approach,
calculate max/min wall thickness between
datum features B,C
Steps:
1. Calculate inner and outer WCB for
datum features B and C (consider
only lower segment in composite
position callout. Why not upper?)
2. How to calculate inner and outer
boundaries for Basic Dimension
2.000 between datum features B and
C??
3. Create a loop and make a chart
164 i2
Using the same traditional approach,
calculate max/min wall thickness between
datum features B,C
165 i2
Using the same traditional approach,
calculate max/min wall thickness between
datum features B and E
Steps:
1. Calculate inner and outer WCB for
datum features B and C (consider
only upper segment in composite
position callout. Why not lower?)
2. How to calculate inner and outer
boundaries for Basic Dimension
0.375 between datum features B and
E??
3. Create a loop and make a chart
166 i2
Using the same traditional approach,
calculate max/min wall thickness between
datum features B and E
167 i2
Using the same traditional approach,
calculate max/min wall thickness between
datum features B and E
168 i2
Same Example, but now with different GD&T
Scheme
169 i2
Calculating MIN and MAX axial separation
between datum features B and C
170 i2
Calculating MIN and MAX axial separation
between datum features B and C using
tolerance zones
171 i2
Calculating MIN and MAX axial separation
between datum features B and C using
tolerance zones
172 i2
Calculating MIN and MAX axial separation
between datum features B and C using
Virtual Condition Boundaries
lHowever, when holes size grow, they could be out of proportion i n any radial
direction by an amount equal to half of amount of departure from MMC (half of
(AMS-MMC size))
lIfthe holes are produced at LMC size (0.255), it could result i n following
configurations
173 i2
Calculating MIN and MAX axial separation
between datum features B and C using
Virtual Condition Boundaries
OR
174 i2
Calculating MIN and MAX edge-axis
separation between datum feature B and left
edge of part
MIN- MAX
175 i2
Calculating MIN and MAX edge-axis
separation between datum feature B and left
edge of part
overall dimensions of 2.000 (1.625+0.375) and 3.125 a re affected by `0.025 per surface.
lSimilarly,
Therefore overall dimensions of the part are 2.000 `0.050 x 3.125 `0.050
lThe datum features referenced on profile callout has no effect o n size of the part, but has effect
on angle and location of part surfaces
176 i2
Calculating MIN and MAX edge-axis
separation between datum feature B and left
edge of part
lBut,now that the datum feature B is referenced at MMC, does have an effect on 0.500 and 0.375
dimensions beyond 0.050 profile tolerance due to pattern shift ( or datum shift effect).
lFollowing are the illustrations of extreme configurations:
OR
177 i2
Calculating MIN and MAX wall thickness
between datum feature B and left edge of
part
178 i2
Calculating MIN and MAX wall thickness
between datum feature B and left edge of
part using Loop Diagram
179 i2
Calculating MIN and MAX wall thickness
between bottommost small hole and right
edge of part
Calculations for
bottommost small hole
180 i2
Calculating MIN and MAX wall thickness
between bottommost small hole and right
edge of part : Loop Diagram
OR
181 i2
Calculating MIN wall thickness between
bottommost small hole and right edge of part
: Alternate method
182 i2
Calculating MAX wall thickness between
bottommost small hole and right edge of part
: Alternate method
183 i2
Session #8: Exercises
184 i2
Session #8: Exercises
185 i2
Session #8: Exercises
186 i2
Session #8: Exercises
187 i2
Session #9: Tolerance Stack-up Analysis for
a Five part assembly
188 i2
Session #9: Tolerance Stack-up Analysis for
a Five part assembly
Objectives:
189 i2
Part #1: Detailed Drawing
190 i2
Part #2: Detailed Drawing
191 i2
Part #3: Detailed Drawing
192 i2
Part #4: Detailed Drawing
193 i2
Part #5: Detailed Drawing
194 i2
Step#1: Check if housing inner width is
sufficient to house part #2,3,4
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Step#1: Check if housing inner width is
sufficient to house part #2,3,4
lSo, the clearance = 249.3 169.1 = 80.2, so we have plenty of clearance to house all three parts.
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Step#2: Check if housing inner height is
sufficient to house part #2,3,4: Radial gap
study
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Create Loop and Print values in the chart.
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Challenges in this example were: Factors
and Non-factors in Gap analysis.
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Challenges in this example were: Factors
and Non-factors in Gap analysis.
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Challenges in this example were: Factors
and Non-factors in Gap analysis.
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Challenges in this example were: Factors
and Non-factors in Gap analysis.
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Challenges in this example were: Factors
and Non-factors in Gap analysis.
l These are all factors in this analysis. We started with with fac tors on
Part#4 until we exhausted those and then moved on to part#3 and so
on
l The first and the foremost, one must decide objectives ( what ga ps or
overall dimensions or material thickness are to be calculated). Secondly
assembly should be investigated to determine which parts, which part
features, which sizes and which geometric tolerances are and are not
factors in analysis.
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Session #9: Exercise
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Trigonometry and Proportions in Tolerance
Stack-up Analysis
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Trigonometry and Proportions in Tolerance
Stack-up Analysis
l Objectives:
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Trigonometry and Proportions in Tolerance
Stack-up Analysis
l So, its illogical to rock the part until it interfered in the as sembly,
same as it would be illogical to rock it until the part checked bad in
inspection.
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Trigonometry and Proportions in Tolerance
Stack-up Analysis
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l In normal GD&T approaches, it is assumed that these
chance will workout optimally. However, in tolerance
stack-up analysis, the approach is exactly opposite. If
datum feature has rock, the part is to be rocked until it
interferes! So, how much a rock would allow part to
lean (imperfect orientation) must be calculated to
determine the amount it would contribute to the
possibility of say, interference.
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Example of Rocking Datum and proportions
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Example of Rocking Datum and proportions
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Example of Rocking Datum and proportions
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Example of Rocking Datum and proportions
lInitially,
the three parts were aligned with
center, left edge and right edge aligned,
then the parts are either to left or right
lThis would assume that interior part
features such as holes (not shown here)
have been positioned from one of these
features as secondary datum feature.
lEach part during inspection has been
adjusted 9shimmed up) to allow high point
shown at the bottom center of part 1 and
2 to establish the datum plane, but during
This much space assembly parts have been rocked instead
would be needed
of equalized.
if parts were
stacked this way lThis is just one speculation as what can
and allowed to happen due to out of flatness of bottom of
rock this way
parts 1,2. Many such scenarios are
possible.
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Example of Rocking Datum and proportions
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Calculating overall housing dimension
requirements
Part #3
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Calculating overall housing dimension
requirements
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Calculating overall housing dimension
requirements
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Calculating overall housing dimension
requirements
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Calculating overall housing dimension
requirements
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Simplified Summary of previous Example
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Conclusions from the Exercise
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Removing out-of-flatness from our
example
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Removing out-of-flatness from our
example
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Session #10: Exercise
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Session#11 : The Theory of Statistical
Probability
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The Theory of Statistical Probability
l Objectives:
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Background
l So far, in our examples, we assumed that all parts and tolerance s that
participate in stack-up analysis are produced at their worst case
tolerances and also assembled in worst case configurations!
l The probability of producing features at their worst case assemb ly
conditions is unlikely unless manufactures are targeting them and in most
cases they are not.
l Although manufacturing practices differ place to place, even if they are
aiming at smallest hole and largest shaft, they would unlikely be trying to
use up all of the tolerances that affect the assembly.
l We have seen, there are four things related to part geometry to come
together to create worst case assembly conditions. They are Size , Shape
(form), angle (orientation) and position (location)
l For example, in mating features that have size dimensions and also have
position tolerances, all four would affect their worst case.(see next slide)
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Background
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Background
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Background
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Root Sum Squares (RSS) Method
l So, the statistical probability can be applied to tolerance stac k-up analysis for
assemblies both with and without geometric tolerances.
l Thus the tolerance of an assembly is expressed as square root of the sum of
squares of the individual component tolerances and is called as RSS
formula:
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Applying RSS: Steps Involved and Examples
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RSS Calculations: Example#1
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RSS Calculations: Example#1
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RSS Calculations: Example#1
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RSS Calculations: Example#1
So, by the same RSS method, we arrived at `9.7 tolerance, we were able to calculate
that the likely consumed amount of tolerance by the assembly wil l be only `5.08, so
likely max gap is still 10.16 and likely min gap is still zero e ven though the individual
component tolerance has been increased by 191%
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RSS Calculations: Example#2
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RSS Calculations: Example#2
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RSS Calculations: Example#2
So, by the same RSS method, we arrived at `1.164 tolerance, we were able to calculate
that the likely consumed amount of tolerance by the assembly wil l be only `0.910, so
likely min gap is still 2.88 even though the individual componen t tolerance has been
increased by 191%
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Assumptions Under RSS Calculations
l The statistical approach assumes a zero mean shift for all the dimensions being
used. It is based upon manufacturing processes that are under st atistical control,
not in statistical chaos!
l Those not employing statistical process control in manufacturing should not use
the RSS tolerancing methodology described now.
l RSS method also assumes that parts produced for assembly have be en mixed and
components are picked randomly for assembly.
l The logic of RSS model is interesting it basically allows more tolerance for those
manufacturers that need it least : those using SPC controls!
l It calculates that the chances of producing a part that spans it s larger statistical
tolerance (ST) are so small that if it does happen, the randomly selected mating
parts will make up for the potential problem by not spanning the ir tolerances.
l In fact, it presupposes that the mating part will be produced so much well than its
tolerance extremes as to allow parts to assemble well!!. If this is false assumption,
unacceptable functional conditions may arise such as interferenc e.
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Assumptions Under RSS Calculations
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Benderizing Tolerances
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Reintegrating the Statistical Tolerance into
the Assembly
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Reintegrating the Statistical Tolerance into
the Assembly
l Recollect that in second example, we increased worst case tolera nces by approx 128%.
Therefore the slots radial dimensions would be 6.095 `0.07 instead of previous 6.095
`0.055, similarly tabs radial dimensions will be 5.985 `0.07 instead of previous 5.985
`0.055.
l Now, we need to apportion this increased tolerance to size and p osition. To do this, we simply
reverse the process
l Slot:
6.095 x 2 = 12.19 = slot width
` 0.07 x 2 = `0.14 = tolerance on slot width
12.19 `0.14 are the slot dimensions.
Therefore inner boundary of slot = 12.19 0.14 = 12.05
And, outer boundary of slot = 12.19+0.14 = 12.33
Since original TOP on slot was 0.05m, we will increase this also by 128%=0.064 m
Similarly, TOP at slot LMC was 0.11l, which when increased by 128% becomes 0.1408 l.
Now, to get new MMC of slot, we add (inner boundary of slot + TOP on slot at MMC) = 12.05+
0.064m=12.114
On the similar lines, to get LMC size of slot, we subtract (Outer boundary of slot - TOP on slot at LMC) =
12.33 0.1408 = 12.189
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Reintegrating the Statistical Tolerance into
the Assembly
l The key in this process was to use the % that all tolerances wer e
increased to 128% in this case.
l There are other methods that can be used to reintegrate the tole rances
that distributes them differently. Some try to help difficult to manufacture
features by drawing tolerances from other features in assembly. This
allows difficult to manufacture features to get more of the tole rances. But
if that was a factor, it probably should have been thought of and handled
when tolerances were being arithmetically calculated and before
calculation of the Statistical Tolerances began.
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Using Statistical Tolerances on Drawings
247 i2
Methods for calculating Statistical
Tolerances
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Summarizing Reintegration of Statistical
Tolerances into Assembly
Final Answer
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Session #11: Exercises
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Session #11: Exercises
Using the drawing below from Session #5, Calculate Statistical T olerances to be reintegrated
into assembly for all features used in minimum gap calculation. Instead of using the
standard RSS formula, use the following RSS formula with a 1.5 safety correction factor.
TA = 1.5 x T12+ T 22+ T 32+ T 42+ T 52+ T 62
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Miscellaneous
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GD&T Reference Chart
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Dimensioning Habits (?)
254 i2
Suggested Readings & References
255 i2
Thank You!
Rajendra Deshmukh
Principal Consultant
i2
iSquare (InterOperability & InterChangeability Solutions)
Pune, INDIA
Telefax: 020-24250234
Cell: +91-98.900.36625
Email: rajendra@isquare -india.com
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