Botany Lec 1st Shifting Reviewer

BOTANY 102A 1st shifting REVieWER
Plant (gametophyte, N) o N =
Produce oxygen through haploid; sexual o 2N =
photosynthesis diploid; asexual
Primary producers
Fundamental source of food 5 KINGDOM SYSTEM
Economically important to us o Bacteria
Agricultural o Flavoring o Prokaryote
Euphoric/hallucinogens o Fiber, No cellulose on cell walls
wood o Medicinal Various; some are
Most have green leaves, stems, photosynthetic autotrophs
roots and flowers o Ex. Conifers Mostly asexual
have cones rather than flowers Indeterminate growth
o Cacti and succulents dont Algae
appear to have leaves Eukaryote
o Ferns and mosses o Cell walls of some have cellulose
Byrophyes are non- Photosynthetic autotrophs
vascular Sexual and asexual
Food Chain Indeterminate/determinate
Primary producer -> Primary Plants
Eukaryote
Consumer -> Secondary
Cell walls mainly composed of
Consumer -> Tertiary Consumer
cellulose
-
Photosynthetic autotrophs
> Decomposer
Sexual and asexual
Agriculture
Indeterminate/determinate
Foundation for human
Fungi
civilization, development of
Eukaryote
culture, art and government
Cell walls composed mainly of
Biotechnology
chitin
Develop new plant products
Heterotrophs (absorb food)
Creation of genetically modified
plants Sexual and asexual
Plants Characteristics and Diversity Indeterminate/determinate
Multicellular eukaryote Animals
Photosynthetic: Carbon Dioxide Eukaryotic
+ Water + Solar energy = Sugars No cell walls
+ Heterotrophs (ingest food)
Oxygen Mostly sexual, some asexual
Cell wall made of cellulose Determinate
Embryo protected within mother
plant 4 Groups of Plants
Bryophytes mosses
Two adult forms: spores
Pteridophytes ferns (seedless
(sporophyte, 2N) and gametes
vascular plants)
Gymnosperms conifers
TONI CRUZ
BOTANY 102A 1st Shifting Reviewer
Angiosperms largest group of 5th Concept

modern day plants Plants must survive in their own
Scientific Method environment
Analyzing the physical universe 6th Concept
Observations are the basis for
Plants are highly integrated
constructing hypothesis that
organisms
predicts the outcome of
7 Concept
th
experiments
Sir Francis Bacon firm believer of Individual plant is a temporary
experimentations and scientific result of genes and environment 8th
method Concept
Charles Darwin performed an Plants dont have purpose or
experiment with stem detecting decision making capacity
lights Properties present in Living
Things
Other methods for analyzing the Metabolism
universe Religious Method Exchange of energy and matter
Universe is created by or to with the environment Non-
contain deities random organization must be
Actions of gods cannot be present
studied All organisms are highly
Metaphysical System structured and decay is the
Supernatural and hidden process where it returns to a
random arrangement
forces that can never be studied
Growth
Ex. luck, bad omens
All organisms increase in size
Speculative Philosophy
System of heredity and reproduction
Develop logical explanations for An organism must produce
simple observations offspring very similar to itself
Capacity to respond to environment
Unifying Concepts Marunong sila mag-adjust
1st Concept Carl Linnaeus
Plant metabolism bases on Father of Taxonomy
principles of chemistry and System for naming, ranking and
physics classifying organisms still used
2nd Concept today (many changes)
Plants must have means of Species Name
storing and using information First word is genus and is
(DNA) ALWAYS capitalized
3rd Concept Second word is specific epithet
Plants reproduce, passing genes (not capitalized)
and info on their offspring Written in italics
4th Concept Complete with authors name
Genes change
Ex. Nepenthes Herbal Medicines

madagascariensis Akapulko (Ringworm bush)
Poir. Cassia alata
Taxonomic Hierarchy Contains chrysophanic acid
Domain -> Kingdom -> Treatment for skin disease
Phylum -> Ampalaya (Bitter gourd)
Class -> Order -> Family -> Momordica charantia
Genus -> Species Contains mixture of flavonoid
Most biologists use the and alkaloids
sixkingdom system o For diabetes
Bacteria, Archaebacteria, Garlic
Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Allium sativum
Animalia Contains allicin
Three-domain system o Lowers bad cholesterol levels
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya Remedy for arteriosclerosis
Aids in treatment of tuberculosis
Fields of Study Bayabas
Plant Physiology Psidium guajava
Photosynthesis, flowering and Barks and leaves can be used as
hormones astringent
Plant Anatomy Very high concentration of
Relation of structure to functions Vitamin C
Paleobotany For hypertension, diabetes and
Evolutionary relationship of fossil asthma
and living plants Promotes menstruation
Plant morphology Lagundi
Plant life cycle, evolution Vitex negundo
Plant ecology Treatment for colds, flu,
Plants relate to environment bronchial asthma, chornic
Plant genetics bronchitis and pharyngitis
Transfer of genetic info Extras: Contains Chrysoplenol D
Phycology Algae Sambong
Mycology - Fungi Blumea balsamifera
Microbiology Disease causing Treatment for kidney stones, also
microorganisms for cols and mild hypertension
Horticulture ornamental plants Tsaang Gubat (Wild Tea)
Phytochemistry plant Ehretia microphylla Lam
compounds Antipasmodic for stomach pains
Ethnobotany traditional uses of Gastroenteritis
plants Mouth gargle
Forestry forests and products Ulasiman-bato or Pansit-pansitan
Agriculture crops and soil Peperomia pellucida Linn
Pomology fruit trees Treat skin disorders like
abscesses and pimples
TONI CRUZ
Yerba Buena (Peppermint) Light Microscope (reflected

Clinopodium douglasii light) o Captures light reflected
Relieves stomach aches, from
headaches, toothaches and joint opaque specimens
pains Fluorescence Microscope o
Cells Red light o Ex. chlorophyll
Basic structural and functional Transmission Electron
unit Microscope o Reveals detailed
All living organisms are made up images of internal structures
of cells Scanning Electron Microscope
Physiological processes are o Shows surface details of cells
encountered and manifested at
and structures
cellular level o Ex. respiration,
o SEMs may be artificially
digestion, growth
colored
Most cells are only visible when
Plant Cell Consists of 3 General Parts
viewed on a microscope
Cell wall
Bacteria are the smallest and
Protoplasm
simplest cells
Cell inclusion
Robert Hooke improved
Cell Wall
microscope and coined the term
Protects the cell contents and
cell
limits cell size
Matthias Schleiden and
Composed of cellulose; most
Theodore Schwann cells are
important
alive; proposed the cell theory
Cellulose polymer made up of
Two Basic Types of Cells
molecules of the sugar glucose
Prokaryote
Also with lignin (rigid) and waxes
such as cutin and suberin
o W/o nucleus and other
(reduce water loss) Middle
membrane bounded
lamella cementing layer
organelles composed of pectic substances
o Ex. eubacteria and that sits between 2 cell walls
archaebacteria Hemicellulose cellulose
Eukaryote o W/ nucleus and microfibrils bound by
membrane bounded polysaccharides brought by
organelles dictyosome vesicles to the wall
o Ex. protists, fungi,
plants and Cell Membrane
animals Osmoregulator, semi-
Modern Microscopes permeable
Light Microscope (phase Phospholipid Bilayer o
contrast) o Yields high-contrast Hydrophilic Region head,
images of transparent water loving (polar)
specimens
o Hydrophobic Region fatty molecules pass through

acid tail. Water fearing freely
(nonpolar) o Movement is assisted by
o Intrinsic Proteins partially large intrinsic proteins
immersed in the lipid bilayer Freely permeable o Allows
o Extrinsic (Peripheral) everything to pass through
Proteins quickly
located outside the Impermeable membrane o
membrane Does not allow anything
o Transmembrane Protein through at all
gateway to permit transport Diffusion
specific substances Movement of molecules
Fluid Mosaic Membrane bc it is following a concentration agent
a heterogeneous liquid Facilitated diffusion (facilitated
Some membranes contain transport or passive-mediated
small amount of sugar. These transport
sugar occur in short-chain Presence of large intrinsic
oligosaccharides o Bound to membrane proteins allowing
intrinsic proteins hydrophilic, charged molecules
that converts them into to
glycoproteins diffuse through the
Properties of Membranes membrane
They can grow Active transport o Large
Membrane movement are made intrinsic membrane proteins
possible bye vesicles bind a molecule
Exocytosis - movement of and force it through the
vesicles releasing material membrane, consumes
outside of the cell like wastes, energy in the process
debris, proteins, etc. Imbibition o Special type of
Endocytosis small invagination diffusion when water is
forms in the outer membrane absorbed bye solid-colloids
then pinches shut, creating a causing them to enormously
new vesicle containing increase in volume
extracellular Osmosis
material Movement of water across a
Permeability semi-permeable membrane
Selectively Permeable o Or following concentration gradient
differentially permeable o Isotonic
Only certain substances o Equal concentration of solute
can cross the membrane o Homeostasis, no net
easily and rapidly than movement Hypotonic o
others
Lesser solute concentration o
o Small uncharged molecules,
Water goes in, swell or turgid
hydrophobic and lipid-soluble
TONI CRUZ
Hypertonic o Greater solute o Composed of inner and

concentration o Water goes outer membrane
out, shrink, Plasmolysis Nucleus contains a cytoplasm
Diffusion Osmosis like structure called karyoplasm
Movement of Movement of solvent or karyolymph
particles from higher or water from high Nucleolus synthesize RNA
concentrated region concentrated region Chromatin
to lower to lower concentrated Complex of DNA and proteins
concentrated region region thru that forms chromosomes within
semipermeable the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
membrane Histones proteins unique to
Can occur in any Only occurs in liquid eukaryotes + DNA =
type of medium medium chromosomes
Diffusing molecules Solvent molecules Central Vacuole
may be solid, liquid only Vacuole membrane
or gas Derived from small cavities
Does not require Requires scattered in the cytoplasm
semi-permeable semipermeable Cell sap enclosed by the
membrane membrane tonoplast
Purely dependent on Depend upon the free Functions:
free energy of energy of solvent o Storage area of mostly
diffusing substance present water and salts
only o Maintain turgor pressure
Equilibrium is Equilibrium is not o Accumulation of toxic
achieved in the end achieved in the end substances
Can also store o Starch, lipids o
Cytoplasm Crystals (calcium carbonate
Fluid portion containing the
and oxalate)
nucleus and the rest of the
Mitochondria
organelles Powerhouse of the cell
Clear, thick, jellylike material
Carry out cell respiration
Supports/protects cell organelles
Folded, forming a large sheets of
Nucleus
tubes known as cristae
Eukaryotes contain more genetic
Liquid between the cristae is
material than prokaryotes
called the matrix where reactions
Storage place for organisms that do not involve highly reactive
genetic information intermediates take place
Nuclear envelope o Separates Outer mitochondrial membrane
nuclear material from the rest of gives shapes and little rigidity to
the cell the mitochondria
o Contains nuclear pores Inner mitochondrial membrane
responsible for transport of forms the cristae, selectively
material between the nucleus permeable and has a lot of
and rest of protoplasm pumps and channels
Have their own DNA and fats

ribosomes Ribosomes
Their circular DNA lack histones Responsible for protein synthesis
Plastids Non-membrane bounded
Synthesis of amino acids Attach to mRNA that forming a
(isoleucine and valine) and polysome
aromatic rings (phenylalanine, RNA
tryptophan, tyrosine), storage, Ribonucleic Acid
export, formation of colors mRNA ribbon-like, synthesized
DNA without histones from DNA in process of
Cannot be found in animals, transcription in which genetic
fungi or prokaryotes code is transcribed from DNA to
Also have inner and outer mRNA
membrane
Inner fluid called stroma Ribosomal RNA structural and
Proplastids plastids of young, functional component of
rapidly dividing cells ribosomes
o These develop into Transfer RNA (translation) for
chloroplasts when exposed protein assembly
to Endoplasmic Reticulum
light System of narrow tubes and
Chloroplasts green owing to sheets of membrane that
the presence of the form a network throughout
photosynthetic pigment, the cytoplasm
chlorophyll o Thylakoids (inside Carries protein and secretes
chloroplasts) provides lipids
more space for the insertion Rough ER o Large portion
of photosynthetic pigments of ribosomes
o Granum stacks of thylakoid attached to this giving it a
Other types of Plastids: o rough appearance
Amyloplasts store starch o Smooth ER o Lack
Chromoplasts fat-soluble ribosomes
pigments that gives color to o Involve in lipid synthesis
fruits and flowers and
o Etioplasts stage in membrane assembly
transformation of proplastids, o Abundant in cells that
occur when tissues are produce large amounts of
grown fatty acids
without light Dictyosomes
o Leucoplasts colorless Also called Golgi apparatus or
plastids; synthesize lipids Golgi bodies
o Aleuroneplast stores Stack of thin vesicles held
proteins together in a flat or curve array
o Elaioplast stores oils and
TONI CRUZ
Cisterna when ER vesicles and Cilia (smaller) and flagella

the side of a dictyosome fuse (longer) o Move liquid past the
together cell o Only sperm cells have
Forming Face - cisterna flagella
embedded deeply in the o Basal body organize
dictyosome formation of flagella
Maturing face vesicles are Microfilaments
released Constructed by the assembly of
Microbodies globular proteins called actin
Small, spherical bodies 0.5 um Narrower than microtubules
to 1.5 um in diameter, single 3 to 6 nm in diameter
(parang ako) membrane Implicated in different types of
2 types: o Peroxisomes structure and movement
produces and degrades
hydrogen peroxide, detoxifies Cell Division
harmful products of Cell Types based on function
photosynthesis Somatic Cell o From
o Glyoxysomes convert fats the body of organisms
into sugars, important in o Maintain life proceses
germination of fat-rich oily Reproductive Cell o
seeds Production of offspring
Cytosol o Animals: gametes
Volume of cytoplasm (egg and sperm)
Clear substance that is also Cell type bases on chromosome number
called hyaloplasm 2N diploid; For humans (2N) =
Mostly water, enzymes and 46 chromosomes
numerous chemical precurors N haploid
Microtubules Cell type based on chromosome number
Most abundant structural Diploid Cell somatic cells, 2N
elements Haploid Cell reproductive cells,
Act as cytoskeleton, holding N
certain regions of the cell while Cell Cycle
other parts expand Composed From its origin in the division of
of 2 types of proteins (w/ globular parent cell until its own division
tertiary structure): into two cells
alpha-tubulin and beta-tubulin Cyclic interaction between
mitosis and interphase
Tubulin dimers that further Cell Division
crystalize into a straight tubule Mitosis o Production of
with a diameter of 20 to 25 um genetically identical daughter
Centriole responsible for the cells basis for producing new
organization and polymerization cells
of the spindle microtubules o In plants: meristematic region
o In animals: embryonic cells,
stem cells and o Longest part of the cell cycle

actively dividing cells o o Some may remain in G1
Important bc: phase for life
Reproduction in some S Phase (Synthesis Phase) o
simple organisms Genes in the nucleus are
Repairing of damaged replicated
cells/tissues Genes are polymers of
Allows organisms to grow nucleotides
Meisosis o Production of cells Never have the exact
with half same sequence of
the genetic content of parent nucleotides
cells basis for forming Complex of genes -
sexually-reproducing genome
organisms Chromosome - thousands
Prokaryote of genes attached
Divide asexually together
Possess single circular Histones special class of
chromosome containing about proteins
1000 genes Chromatid half of the
Chromosome replicated then cell doubled chromosome
divides into 2 (Binary fission) o Centromere
Eukaryotes Primary constriction in the
More complex cell division chromosomes
Contain more DNA Binding sites of DNA
DNA packaged differently binding protein
Linear chromosomes compacted Capped by telomere o
with proteins Kinetochore
Some also make exact copies of Button-like structure on
themselves via asexual outer surface of
reproduction (ex. amoeba) centromere
Interphase Attachment of
Also called resting phase microtubules and
G1 Phase o Synthesis of chromosome mobility
nucleotides used for DNA o Endoreduplication repeated
replication cycles of DNA replication
o Nucleotides are monomers of resulting to many copies of
nucleic acid. Consists of each gene
nitrogenous base, sugar and o Gene amplification similar
phosphate group to endoreduplication but only
o Length of this cycle depends some genes are repeatedly
replicated
on cell type
G2 Phase
Ex. algae several hours;
tissues or plants 2-3
days or even months
TONI CRUZ
o Cells prepare for division o of the cell or metaphase

Lasts about 3 to 5 hours o plate
Alpha and beta-tubulins are Metaphase o Chromosome
necessary for synthesizing alignment o Chromatids lined
spindle microtubules up between the poles of the cell
o Produces proteins necessary o At end of metaphase,
for processing chromosomes proteindegrading enzyme
and enzyme for nuclear called separase is activated
breakdown (these digest cohesin)
Gap 0 o Number of chromosomes is
o Cell will leave the cycle and doubled but size of each
quit dividing chromosomes is halved
o May be temporary resting Anaphase o Begins after
period or permanent cohesin releases centromeres
Cyclins o Proteins that help the o Splitting and movement of
cell and sister chromatids towards
advance thru the cell cycle opposite poles
Mitosis o APC (anaphase promoting
Early Prophase o Centrosomes complex) destroys securin
move toward opposite poles of and activated separase
the cell o Spindle checkpoint ensures
o Organizing the spindle all chromosome are aligned
microtubules between at metaphase plate prior to
them anaphase
Prophase o Chromosome o Separated chromatids are
condense now called chromosomes
(shorten and thicken) until it and
is 2 to 5 um long (so they move toward the poles of the
can be moved around easily) cell
o Sister chromatids become Telophase o Stage of nuclear
visible in the nucleus as they reconstruction
condense o Chromosomes reach
o Nucleolus becomes less respective poles
distinct o Reorganization of nucleus,
Late Prophase o Nuclear nuclear envelope and other
envelope breaks intro organelles
numerous vesicles o Disassembly and
o Some of the spindle disappearance of mitotic
microtubules attach to the spindles
sister chromatids o Dispersion of chromosomes
Prometaphase
o Spindle microtubules pull the
chromatid pairs to the midline
Cytokinesis
Division of cytoplasm
In plants:
o Involves formation of
phragmoplast (short
microtubules aligned parallel
to the spindle microtubules)
in the cell center/plate
o Cell plate expands outward
as more vesicles fuse with it,
ultimately separating
daughter cells
In animal cells:
o Indentation of cell surface o
Addition of plasma
membrane
from cytoplasmic vesicles
o Formation of midbody
(cytoplasmic bridge)
Karyokinesis
Division of nucleus
TONI CRUZ
TONI CRUZ
TONI CRUZ

Botany Lec 1st Shifting Reviewer

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Botany Lec 1st Shifting Reviewer

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BOTANY 102A 1st shifting REVieWER

Angiosperms largest group of 5th Concept

Ex. Nepenthes Herbal Medicines

Yerba Buena (Peppermint) Light Microscope (reflected

o Hydrophobic Region fatty molecules pass through

Hypertonic o Greater solute o Composed of inner and

Have their own DNA and fats

Cisterna when ER vesicles and Cilia (smaller) and flagella

stem cells and o Longest part of the cell cycle

o Cells prepare for division o of the cell or metaphase

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