Fire Control System

Fire control system 2014
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like to thank our advisor instructor Ato Nebiyu Tenaye from Electrical
and Computer Engineering Department for his support, advice and provision of
motivation throughout the duration of the project.
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ABSTRACT
This project is designed to reduce accident and property damage caused by fire. It
provides the safe control method of a fire and also creates awareness before fire
developed. And also provides several main functions by giving a convenient solution to
avoid frequent fire accident.
First, they provide a means to identify a developing fire through either manual or
automatic methods. Second, they alert the house occupants to a fire condition and the
need to evacuate. Another common function is the transmission of alarm notification
signal to the fire department through mobile. They also shut down the air handling
equipment, control special process operation like gas line through open and close the
relay and also we add a data base in order to log a data.
This project include the design and implementation of a fire alarm system using the
Arduino; which control the entire system this control system is developed by using
sketches (Arduino program code). The detectors are placed in each room according to the
detectors behavior and a signal from each detector at any level is monitored. From
hardware test, the initiating device detects fire when smoke and heat sensed by the
detectors, followed by the monitoring system which indicates smoke and heat beyond its
stated value. Finally when one or more sensors from each level initiated, the system
activate the notification appliances and send text message to fire brigade.
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Contents
ACKNOWLEDGMENT................................................................................................................... i
ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................... i
CHAPTER ONE .............................................................................................................................. 1
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Objectives ............................................................................................................................. 1
1.2. Project scope ......................................................................................................................... 1
1.3. Statement of the Project ........................................................................................................ 2
CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................. 3
LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................................ 3
2.1. Fire Alarm system ............................................................................................................... 3
2.2. Conventional System Architecture .................................................................................... 3
2.3. Hardware component ......................................................................................................... 5
2.3.1. Initiating device circuits ................................................................................................. 5
2.3.2. Signaling line circuits .................................................................................................... 9
2.3.3. Arduino ........................................................................................................................ 10
Figure 3: Arduino Uno R3 Pin Diagram .................................................................................... 11
CHAPTER THREE ....................................................................................................................... 12
METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................................ 12
ANALYSIS AND TECHNIQUE .................................................................................................. 13
3.1 Fire control system............................................................................................................... 13
3.2. Initiating devices technique .................................................................................................... 14
3.2.1. Detection ...................................................................................................................... 14
3.2.2. Automatically fire detection......................................................................................... 15
3.2.3. Signal conditioning ...................................................................................................... 17
3.3. Notification appliance technique ........................................................................................ 19
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3.3.3 Manually fire detection ..................................................................................................... 20
3.4. A Fire Alarm Control Panel (FACP) .................................................................................. 20
CHAPTER FOUR.......................................................................................................................... 21
FIRMWARE DESIGN .................................................................................................................. 21
4.2. Arduino Build Process ........................................................................................................ 21
CHAPTER FIVE ........................................................................................................................... 23
RESULT AND DISCUSSION ...................................................................................................... 23
CHAPTER SIX .............................................................................................................................. 26
CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................. 26
REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................... 27
APPENDEXS ................................................................................................................................ 28
List of Figures
Figure 1: Typical system Architecture ............................................................................................. 4

Figure 2: MQ-2 Semiconductor Sensor ........................................................................................... 6
Figure 3: Arduino Uno R3 Pin Diagram ........................................................................................ 11
Figure 4: Manual and automatic control system ............................................................................ 13
Figure 5: LM35 Temperature sensor ............................................................................................. 15
Figure 6: Variable resistor (for smoke sensor)............................................................................... 15
Figure 7: performance characteristic.............................................................................................. 16
Figure 9 Flow Chart ....................................................................................................................... 22
Figure 10simulation Design ........................................................................................................... 24
Figure 11 Simulation Design out put ............................................................................................. 25
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Abbreviations Used
GSM Global Systems for Mobile

TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
ADC Analog Digital Conversion
FACP Fire Alarm Control panel
FACU Fire Alarm Control Unit
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Objectives
In determining the purpose and the direction of this project, there are several objectives
that need to be accomplished in developing the system. This project aims to achieve the
following objectives.
To design a low cost microcontroller based fire alarm system.
To develop the prototype of the fire alarm control system using heat and smoke
detector.
To develop the monitoring system to protect the user and their belongings.
1.2. Project scope

In a way to achieve the above objectives, this project needs to be implemented as follow.
The microcontroller is used as the heart of this fire alarm control system that
controls the entire operations involved.
The fire alarm control system is capable to locate and identified the place where
the fire develop on LCD.
Capable to send text message using GSM module.
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1.3. Statement of the Project
Fire control system is a system that used to identify a developing fire emergency in a
timely manner. And also to provides a convenient solution to avoid frequent fire accident.
The main purposes of designing and implementing a fire control system device are
identifying the developing fire and also shut down special process system.
In worldwide, even in our country, this system is practicable in different international
hotels, international meeting halls, in guest houses and resorts. Because of the cost and
complex installation of imported devices of fire control systems; this system is not found
in many places, like in our campus, school, and in house application.
Therefor; we are taking this initiative to adverse the system into simplified form which
mainly maintain the main activities of the system so as to available the system at the
required quantity, time, price and place.
In our simulation; the main challenges were unavailability of GSM module and smoke
detector device on proteus. However; we tried to precede the simulation by using
alternative device like virtual terminal and variable resistor respectively.
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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Fire Alarm system
A key aspect of fire protection is to identify a developing fire emergency in a timely

manner, and to alert the building's occupants. First, they provide a means to identify a
developing fire through either manual or automatic methods. Second, they alert building
occupants to a fire condition and the need to evacuate. Another common function is the
transmission of an alarm notification signal to the fire department or other emergency
response organization. They may also shut down electrical, air handling equipment or
special process operations, and they may be used to initiate automatic suppression
systems.
2.2. Conventional System Architecture

The philosophy of a conventional system revolves around dividing the building into a
number of areas where the devices locate. The detectors and callpoints within each area
are then wired on dedicated circuits. In the event of a detector or callpoint being
triggered, the panel is able to identify which circuit contains the triggered device and
thereby indicate which location the fire alarm has come from. It is then necessary to
manually search the indicated location to pinpoint the exact cause of the fire alarm.
Unwanted Alarms because most conventional detectors are simple two state devices they
can only be in either a normal or fire condition. Although modern components and good
system design can go some way to reducing potential problems, it is not uncommon for
conventional systems to generate unwanted alarms due to certain operating conditions or
transient environmental conditions such as the presence of steam near to a smoke
detector. A key development aimed at reducing such unwanted alarms has been the multi-
criteria detector. Traditionally, detectors were designed to respond to particular fire
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phenomena such as heat or the presence of smoke. However, multi-criteria devices,

which contain both a smoke sensing element and a thermal sensing element, the fire
alarm decision is taken by analysis of the responses from both elements, resulting in
improved detection performance as well as greatly enhanced false alarm suppression.
Sounder Circuits In addition to the detection circuits, there is also a need for separate
circuits of alarm annunciation devices such as sounders and beacons to signal the
existence of a fire alarm condition to the building users. For sounder circuit continuity
monitoring to function effectively, sounder circuits have to be wired in a single radial
circuit, spurs and tees are not permitted. Almost every conventional fire panel will have
facilities for more than one sounder circuit and generally the higher the specification of
the panel or the higher the number of detection zones provided, the sounder circuits will
be provided. Normally however there will be less sound circuits than detection zone
circuits so it will be necessary for a sounder circuit to provide cover for more than one
zone. This increases installation complexity by forcing the sounder wiring to follow
different routes to that of the detector wiring. When designing a conventional system it is
important to ensure that the panel has adequate zone capacity for the size and complexity
of the building and that the panel can support the intended sounder circuit wiring and
loading.
Figure 1: Typical system Architecture
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2.3. Hardware component

To create more efficient fire control system we have
Initiating device circuits
Signaling line circuits
Notification appliance circuits
2.3.1. Initiating device circuits

Detector
Fire detectors are designed to respond at an early stage to one more of the four major
characteristics of combustion, heat, smoke, flame or gas. No single type of detector is
suitable for all types of premises or fires. Detectors should be chosen for the best
response to the effects of fires, as well the need to minimize unwanted false alarm
activations. Detectors should be located where the early stages of fire will be detected,
and ensure they are placed at regular intervals on the ceiling and the issue of unwanted
fire alarm activations from environmental conditions must also be considered.
2.3.1.1. Manual Fire Detection - Pull Stations
The general design philosophy is to place stations within reach along paths of escape. It is
for this reason that they can usually be found near exit doors in corridors and large
rooms. The advantage of manual alarm stations is that, upon discovering the fire, they
provide occupants with a readily identifiable means to activate the building fire alarm
system. They are simple devices, and can be highly reliable when the building is
occupied. The key disadvantage of manual stations is that they will not work when the
building is unoccupied. They are an important component in any fire alarm system.
A manually operated device used to initiate an alarm signal.
2.3.1.2. MQ-2 Semiconductor Sensor
Sensitive material of MQ-2 gas sensor is SnO2, which with lower conductivity in clean
air. When the target combustible gas or smoke exist, the sensors conductivity is higher
along with the gas or smoke concentration rising. It uses simple electro circuit to convert
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change of conductivity to corresponding output signal of gas concentration. MQ-2 gas

sensor has high sensitivity to LPG, Propane and Hydrogen, smoke also could be used to
Methane and other combustible steam, it is with low cost and suitable for different
application.
Figure 2: MQ-2 Semiconductor Sensor
2.3.1.3. Automatic Detectors Heat/Thermal
Heat detectors are the oldest type of automatic fire detection device. They began
development of automatic sprinklers in the 1860s and have continued to the present with
proliferation of various types of devices.
Heat detectors that only initiate an alarm and have no extinguishing function are still in
use. Although they have the lowest false alarm rate of all automatic fire detector devices,
they also the slowest in fire detecting. A heat detector is best situated for fire detection in
a small confined space where rapidly building high-output fires are expected, in areas
where ambient conditions would not allow the use of other fire detection devices, or
when speed of detection is not a prime consideration.
Heat detectors are generally located on or near the ceiling and respond to the convicted
thermal energy of a fire. They respond either when the detecting element reaches a
predetermined fixed temperature or to a specified rate of temperature change. In general,
heat detectors are designed to operate when heat causes a prescribed change in a physical
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or electrical property of a material or gas. Heat Detector is a fire detector that detects
either abnormally high temperature, or rate of temperature rise, or both.Heat detectors
can be sub-divided by their operating principles:
1. Fixed Temp
Fixed-temperature heat detectors are designed to alarm when the temperature of the
operating elements reaches a specific point. The air temperature at the time of alarm is
usually considerably higher than the rated temperature because it takes time for the air to
raise the temperature of the operating element to its set point. This condition is called
thermal lag. Fixed-temperature heat detectors are available to cover a wide range of
operating temperatures - from about 135'F (57'C) and higher. Higher temperatures
detectors are also necessary so that detection can be provided in areas normally subject to
high ambient temperatures, or in areas zoned so that only detectors in the immediate fire
area operate.
2. Rate-of-Rise
One effect that flaming fire has on the surrounding area is to rapidly increase air
temperature in the space above the fire. Fixed-temperature heat detectors will not initiate
an alarm until the air temperature near the ceiling exceeds the design operating point. The
rate-of-rise detector, however, will function when the rate of temperature increase
exceeds a predetermined value, typically around 12 to 15'F (7 to 8'C) per minute. Rate-
of-rise detectors are designed to compensate for the normal changes in ambient
temperature that are expected under non-fire conditions.
3. Combination
Combination detectors contain more than one element which responds to fire. These
detectors may be designed to respond from either element, or from the combined partial
or complete response of both elements. An example of the former is a heat detector that
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Operates on both the rate-of-raise and fixed-temperature principles. Its advantage is that
the rate-of-rise element will respond quickly to rapidly developing fire, while the fixed-
temperature element will respond to a slowly developing fire when the detecting element
reaches its set point temperature. The most common combination detector uses a vented
air chamber and a flexible diaphragm for the rate-of-rise function, while the fixed-
temperature element is usually leaf-spring restrained by a eutectic metal. When the fixed-
temperature element reaches its designated operating temperature, the eutectic metal
fuses and releases the spring, which closes the contact.
4. Flame
A flame detector responds either to radiant energy visible to the human eye (approx. 4000
to 7700 A) or outside the range of human vision. Similar to the human eye, flame
detectors have a 'cone of vision', or viewing angle, that defines the effective detection
capability of the detector.
With this constraint, the sensitivity increases as the angle of incidence decreases. Such a
detector is sensitive to glowing embers, coals, or flames which radiate energy of
sufficient intensity and spectral quality to actuate the alarm. Each type of fuel, when
burning, produces a flame with specific radiation characteristics. A flame detection
system must be chosen for the type of fire that is probable. For example an ultraviolet
(UV) detector will respond to a hydrogen fire, but an infrared (IR) detector operating in
the 4.4 micron sensitivity range will not. It is imperative therefore; that a qualified fire
protection engineer is involved in the design of these systems, along with assistance from
the manufacturer's design staff.
2.3.1.3.1. LM35 Precision centigrade Temperature Sensor

The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose output
voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. The LM35 thus
has an advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in 0Kelvin, as the user is not
required to subtract a large constant voltage from its output to obtain convenient
Centigrade scaling. The LM35 does not require any external calibration or trimming.
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Low cost is assured by trimming and calibration at the wafer level. The LM35's low
output impedance, linear output, and precise inherent calibration make interfacing to
readout or control circuitry especially easy.
It can be used with single power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies. As it draws
only 60mA from its supply, it has very low self-heating, less than 0.1 oC in still air. The
LM35 is rated to operate over a -55o to a 150 oC temperature range, while the LM35C is
rated for a -40o to 110 oC range (-10o with improved accuracy).LM35 is a 3 pin device
and its performance characteristics are shown below:
2.3.2. Signaling line circuits
2.3.2.1. GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications)
GSM is a TDMA (Time Division Multiple access) based wireless network technology
developed in Europe that is used throughout most of the world. GSM phones make use of
a SIM card to identify the user's account. The use of the SIM card allows GSM network
users to quickly move their phone number from one GSM phone to another by simply
moving the SIM card. Currently GSM networks operate on the 850MHz, 900MHz,
1800MHz, and 1900MHz frequency bands. Devices that support all four bands are called
quad-band, with those that support 3 or 2 bands called tri-band and dual-band,
respectively.
To incorporate SMS to PC or Embedded Controller using Serial Port and any of your
favorite programing language (C, C#, Basic, Pascal). GSM Modem provides a standard
API set for communicating with Modem and setup for send and receive SMS.
2.3.2.2. DC Motor and Motor drives
DC Motor
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2.3.3. Arduino
Arduino is a tool for making computers that can sense and control more of the physical
world than our computer. It's an open-source physical computing platform based on a
simple microcontroller board, and a development environment for writing software for
the board.
Arduino can be used to develop interactive objects, taking inputs from a variety of
switches or sensors, and controlling a variety of lights, motors, and other physical
outputs. Arduino projects can be stand-alone, or they can communicate with software
running on our computer. The Arduino programming language is an implementation of
Wiring, a similar physical computing platform, which is based on the Processing
multimedia programming environment.
2.3.3.1. Arduino Uno
The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board is based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It

has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog
inputs, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and
a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply
connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with AC-to-DC adapter or battery
to get started.
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Figure 3: Arduino Uno R3 Pin Diagram
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CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
This fire alarm control system is divided into two main parts. These are the hardware and
software parts. They play an important role to make the system work properly and
effectively.
The first step in methodology was the systems literature studies, research and analysis. It
includes problem identification and determining the system objective. During this period
the system requirement is determined which is hardware, software and interface involved
in the system development.
The second step is designing the system. The main activity is transforming the analysis
and requirement obtained from step one into design specification for constructing and
system implementation. This step divided into two designing the detection system and
monitoring system.
Designing detection system

This system involves detection component and microcontroller. First set detectors to
maximum value then feed the output signal from the detector to microcontroller, it
changes this signal (analog) to digital and display on the LCD. Then take this digital
value as a control method for the detectors. When the detectors read value beyond the
maximum it activates all the system.
Designing monitoring system

This monitoring device Arduino involves controlling the entire system. It is designed in a
way to control the system using microcontroller on it. All the mechanism to monitor the
system written on the code then load this code on the Arduino according to the loaded
code the microcontroller controls the entire system.
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CHAPTER THREE
ANALYSIS AND TECHNIQUE
3.1 Fire control system
This project typically made up of initiating device circuits, signaling line circuits and
notification appliance circuits. The block diagram below gives an overview about our
entire project. Each section in the block diagram comprises different device with different
functionality.
Figure 4: Manual and automatic control system
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3.2. Initiating devices technique
Initiating devices are two type automatically fire detection and manually fire detection
device. This is the device where the whole system depend up on .It gives an initiating
signal to the microcontroller in the form of smoke and heat then the microcontroller
further translate and transmit the signal to notification appliance . Automatically
operating device includes smoke sensor and heat sensor. And the other is manual fire
detection, it is a manually operated device used to initiate an alarm signal.
3.2.1. Detection
A basic necessity of Fire control system is the detection of fire conditions as early as
possible, so as to provide enough time for Automated Systems/ Fire workers for effective
counter actions.
It is extremely essential that addressable microprocessors based devices be used, so that

the locations of fire may be easily located. These devices (Detectors) are provided all
over the power plant for detection of fire as early as possible.
Fire detectors are designed to detect one or more characteristics of fire, i.e. smoke, heat
or flame. Any single type of detector is not suitable for all applications and the final
choice will depend on the individual circumstances. Usually combined use of different
types of detectors is made to achieve appropriate standard of protection. The detectors
working on different principles of operation will respond differently to a given fire
situation. Also, a particular type of detector cannot detect a fire equally efficiently in all
situations. Detectors are classified into the following categories:-
Smoke Detectors
Heat Detectors
Flame Detectors
Linear Heat Sensing Cables
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3.2.2. Automatically fire detection
In the project for automatically detection we used smoke and heat sensors. For better
accuracy we put the heat detector in the kitchen because there are a lot of smokes in the
kitchen which lead the sensor to false alarm. And the two smoke detector in the bed room
and living room. For the heat detector we used LM35 temperature sensor as shown in the
figure below and for smoke detector we used variable resistor.
Figure 5: LM35 Temperature sensor
Figure 6: Variable resistor (for smoke sensor)
The LM35 we used is precision integrated-circuit temperature sensor, with an output

voltage linearly proportional to the Centigrade temperature and its performance
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characteristic is described in the figure bellow. To match the output voltage from LM35
with the microcontroller operational voltage range we used signal conditioning.
Figure 7: performance characteristic
3.2.2. MQ2 senor
The test circuit of the sensor need to be put to two voltage, heater voltage (VH) and test
voltage (VC) used to detect voltage (VRL) on load resistance(RL) whom is in series with sensor.
The sensor has light polarity, Vc need DC power. VC and VH could use same power circuit with
precondition to assure performance of sensor. In order to make the sensor with better
performance, suitable RL value is needed: power of sensitivity body (Ps)
Ps=Vc2Rs/(Rs+RL)2.
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Figure 8: MQ2 test circuit
Sensitivity Characteristics
The figure below shows the typical sensitivity characteristics of the MQ-2, ordinate
means resistance ratio of the sensor (Rs/Ro), abscissa is concentration of gases. Rs means
resistance in different gases, Ro means resistance of sensor in 1000ppm Hydrogen. All
test are under standard test conditions.
Figure 9: Sensitivity Characteristics
3.2.3. Signal conditioning
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When the heat detector detects a temperature beyond its maximum temperature the heat
detector transmit analog signal to the microcontroller and the microcontroller convert the
analog signal to a digital using its integrated ADC convertor for the next step which is for
notification appliance. But the output voltage from the heat detector is 10.0mV/C which
is much less than the operating voltage range of the microcontroller, so the MCU is not
respond until it get voltage within its range. There for we used operational amplifier to
amplify the output signal from heat detector (LM35).
Non-inverting amplifier
In a non- inverting amplifier, the output voltage change in the same direction as the input
voltage.
The gain equation for the op-amp is:
Vout = AOL(V+ - V-)
However in this circuit V_ is a function of Vout because of the negative feedback through
the Rg Rf network. R1 and R2 from a voltage divider, and as V- is high-impedance input, it
does not load it appreciably. Consequently:
V- = . Vout where = Rg / Rg+Rf
Substituting this in to the gain equation we obtain:
Vout = AOL( Vin - . Vout )
Solving for Vout:
Vout = Vin (1 / + 1/ AOL)
If AOL is very large, this simplifies to
Vout Vin / = Vin / (Rg /Rg + Rg) = Vin( 1 + Rf / Rg)
Note that the non-inverting input of the operational amplifier will need a path for DC to
ground; if the signal source might not give this, or if that source requires a given load
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impedance, the circuit will require another resistor from input to ground. In either case,
the ideal value for the feedback resistors (to give minimum offset voltage) will be such
that the two resistances in parallel roughly equal the resistance to ground at the non-
inverting input pin.
Figure 10: An op amp connected in non- inverting configuration
3.3. Notification appliance technique
Notification appliance includes LCD Display, LED, Buzzer, Cell phone and motor to
regulate the exhaust and supply fan. The LCD displays three string based on the output
drawn from initiating device to the microcontroller, when the LM35 read a temperature
beyond its maximum level the LCD displays fire in the kitchen then the led and buzzer
will be on, the motor start run and the microcontroller send text to the user. The same
thing will be happen when the smoke detectors read temperature above its sated point but
the LCD displays fire only in the living and bed room .They are controlled by the output
signal from microcontroller. For the motor to work properly we have optocoupler and
gate driver in the system. The optocoupler is put between microcontroller and gate driver
to protect and isolate the motor, it protect the gate driver and the motor damaging from
high voltage. And the purpose of the gate driver in the system is to regulate the output
voltage from the microcontroller, it regulate the 5V output to 12V because the H-bridge
MOSFET did not work with 5V.
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3.3.3 Manually fire detection

Manual pull stations are the devices that are located on the wall. While there are different
designs, generally they are activated by pulling on hand. As with all parts of a fire alarm
system pull stations should only be activated when there is a true emergency.
3.4. A Fire Alarm Control Panel (FACP)

A Fire Alarm Control Panel (FACP), or Fire Alarm Control Unit (FACU), is the
controlling component of a fire alarm System. The panel receives information from
initiating devices (sensors) designed to detect changes associated with fire, monitors their
operational integrity and provides for automatic control of equipment, and transmission
of information necessary to prepare the facility for fire based on a predetermined
sequence. The panel may also supply electrical energy to operate any associated sensor,
control, transmitter, or relay. In our project the Fire Alarm Panel consists of a Monitoring
station, a Master CPU, Loop Cards & Supervisory Control Modules.
Our control panel does the following tasks:--
Detect fire quickly enough to fulfill its intended functions.

Transmit the detection signal.
Translate the detection signal into a clear alarm indication that will attract the
attention of the user in an immediate and unmistakable way and indicate the
location of fire and initiate operation of supplementary service, such as fire
extinguishing system, etc.
Remain insensitive to phenomena other than those which its function is to detect.
Signal immediately and clearly and supervised fault that might put in danger the
correct performance of the system.
These all devices are controlled by the Atmega32 microcontroller, which is inside the
control panel.
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CHAPTER FOUR
FIRMWARE DESIGN
Arduino is best known for its hardware, but we need software to program that hardware.
Both the hardware and the software are called Arduino. The combination enables us to
create projects that sense and control the physical world.
4.1. Arduino Software
Software programs, called sketches (Arduino program code), are created on a computer
using the Arduino integrated development environment (IDE). The IDE enables us to
write and edit code and convert this code into instructions that Arduino hardware
understands. The IDE also transfers those instructions to the Arduino board (a process
called uploading). To develop a code for our project we choose Arduino program code
based on the following practical consideration
Simple, clear programming environment - The Arduino programming environment is

easy-to-use and flexible.
Open source and extensible software.
We can add AVR-C code directly into our Arduino programs.
Cross-platform
4.2. Arduino Build Process
The Arduino environment performs some small transformations to make sure that the
code is correct C or C++ (two common programming languages). It then gets passed to a
compiler (avr-gcc), which turns the human readable code into machine readable
instructions (or object files). Then, our code gets combined, the standard Arduino
libraries that provide basic functions like digitalWrite() or Serial.print(). The result is a
single Intel hex file, which contains the specific bytes that need to be written to the
program memory of the chip on the Arduino board. This file is then uploaded to the
board: transmitted over the USB or serial connection via the bootloader already on the
chip or with external programming hardware.Sketches are compiled by avr-gcc.
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Start
Set the max temp and

smoke value
NO
Sense the temp and smoke
YES
If temp >
max or
smoke >
max
LED & buzzer ON display the location
Fan change direction according to value

open/close
Send text using GSM module
End
Figure 8 Flow Chart
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CHAPTER FIVE
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The result was simulated on protes using Arduino code. And when one of the initiating
device detector/sensor the smoker or heat; the sensing was performed by varying the
variable resistor for smoke detection and LM35 for heat detection. The variation of value
have analogue output and this analogue output of the device feed to the microcontroller
as an input besides inside the microcontroller the ADC conversion performed and the
external voltage was selected as a reference and used for better accuracy. After
identifying the digital reading on LCD display we select a specific number and by
comparing the reading value to that of the selected specific number. If the reading value
less than the selected specific result; the address sensor status is on normal state else the
status become fire and the LCD display the place where the fire begin and the
microcontroller send the command for the notification appliance. The red LED light,
exhaust fan and the buzzer are on and also the relay closed the gas-line. Finally the
system send a text message about the status of the system to mobile but since GSM
module is not found in proteus; and we use virtual terminal replacing the GSM module.
In our simulation; the main challenges were unavailability of GSM module and smoke
detector device on proteus. However; we tried to precede the simulation by using
alternative device like virtual terminal and variable resistor respectively.
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The simulations results are shown below:
Figure 9simulation Design
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Figure 10 Simulation Design out put
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CHAPTER SIX
CONCLUSION
Conclusion
In this project, the goal of implementing a fire alarm control system is to detect smoke
and heat in the simulation was achieved. The software implementation of the algorithm
was examined in Arduino program code to verify its accuracy. The smoke and heat
detection algorithm was derived from temperature and diffraction of light ray detection.
Heat detectors respond to temperature rise associated with fire, so we used Lm35
temperature sensor. For smoke detector we dont have a smoke sensor in the proteus
instead we used variable resistor for this purpose. We used L293D H bridge motor driver
for the exhaust and supply fan, and relay to close and open the gas valve. For the purpose
of isolation and protection of the motor driver we have opt-coupler in the system. Since
our system is addressable we have a 2x16 display. The transition of software to hardware
is accomplished but throughout the translation we face a lot of challenge we properly
connect the system hardware but some part doesnt work accurately as related to the
simulation. Sometimes it shows an expected result like activating the entire system when
it is in normal condition.
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REFERENCES
1. Menvier Fire Systems; COOPER Safety Fire system (The Companys product
manual books).
2. Atmega32Datasheet and LM35 Datasheet.
3. C Programming for Microcontrollers Joe Pardue.
4. Fire Detection and Alarm System Basics
(Hochiki America Corporation) www.hochiki.com
5. www.honeywell.com
27
APPENDEXS
Appendix A: Detailed Literature Review
Motor drive (l293d) Pin Description:
Pin No Function Name
1 Enable pin for Motor 1; active high Enable 1,2
2 Input 1 for Motor 1 Input 1
3 Output 1 for Motor 1 Output 1
4 Ground (0V) Ground
8 Supply voltage for Motors; 9-12V (up to 36V) Vcc 2
9 Enable pin for Motor 2; active high Enable 3,4
15 Input2 for Motor 1 Input 4
16 Supply voltage; 5V (up to 36V) Vcc 1
Table 1. L293D pin description
28
Appendix B: LCD Display Pin Description
Pin
Function Name
No
2 Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V 5.3V) Vcc
3 Contrast adjustment; through a variable resistor VEE
4 Selects command register when low; and data register when high Register Select
5 Low to write to the register; High to read from the register Read/write
6 Sends data to data pins when a high to low pulse is given Enable
7 DB0
8 DB1
9 DB2
10 DB3
8-bit data pins
11 DB4
12 DB5
13 DB6
14 DB7
15 Backlight VCC (5V) Led+
16 Backlight Ground (0V) Led-
Table 2. LCD pin description
29
Appendix C: Arduino Code
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
//char recvChar;
SoftwareSerial mySerial(7, 8); // RX, TX
int tempPin = 0;
int lightPin = 1;
int manualPin = 13;
int ledPin = 11;
//int motor1Pin0 = 7;
int motor1Pin1 = 9;
int motor1Pin2 = 10;
int relayPin = 12;
// BS E D4 D5 D6 D7
LiquidCrystal lcd(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6);
//.
void setup()
lcd.begin(16, 2);
30
analogReference(DEFAULT);
//pinMode(sensePin, INPUT);
pinMode(manualPin, INPUT);
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(relayPin,OUTPUT);
// set all the other pins you're using as outputs:
pinMode(motor1Pin1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(motor1Pin2, OUTPUT);
//........................................................
void loop()
int tempReading = analogRead(tempPin);
int lightReading = analogRead(lightPin);
if((tempReading >=104)||(lightReading >= 512))
digitalWrite(relayPin, HIGH);
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);
//digitalWrite(motor1Pin0, HIGH);
digitalWrite(motor1Pin1, LOW); // set pin 2 on L298N low
digitalWrite(motor1Pin2, HIGH); // set pin 7 on L298N high
if(tempReading >=104)
31
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("Temp:");
lcd.print("Fire " );
delay(500);
if(lightReading <512){
lcd.print("Smoke:");
lcd.print("Normal" );
if(lightReading >=512)
lcd.print("smoke:");
lcd.print("Fire " );
delay(500);
if(tempReading <104){
32
lcd.print("Temp:");
lcd.print("Normal" );
else{
if (digitalRead(manualPin) == HIGH){
digitalWrite(relayPin, HIGH);
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);
//digitalWrite(motor1Pin0, HIGH);
digitalWrite(motor1Pin2, HIGH); // set pin 7 on L298N high
lcd.print(" ");
lcd.print("Fire ");
lcd.print(" ");
lcd.print("Fire ");
33
else{
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);
digitalWrite(relayPin, LOW);
//digitalWrite(motor1Pin0, LOW);
digitalWrite(motor1Pin1, LOW); // set pin 2 on L298N high
lcd.print("Temp:");
lcd.print("Normal");
lcd.print("Smoke:");
lcd.print("Normal");
if((tempReading >=104)||(lightReading >= 512))
Serial.begin(19200);
while (!Serial) {
; // wait for serial port to connect. Needed for Leonardo only
// Serial.println("Goodnight moon!");
// set the data rate for the SoftwareSerial port
34
mySerial.begin(19200);
//mySerial.println("Hello, world?");
mySerial.print("AT+CMGF=1\r");
//delay(500);
mySerial.print("AT+CMGS=\"0913624073\"\r");
//delay(500);
/*if(mySerial.available())
//recvChar = mySerial.read();
//Serial.print(recvChar);
}*/
mySerial.print("Fire ");
delay(500);
//mySerial.write(0X1A); }
35

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Fire control system 2014

CHAPTER ONE .............................................................................................................................. 1

1.1. Objectives ............................................................................................................................. 1

1.2. Project scope ......................................................................................................................... 1

1.3. Statement of the Project ........................................................................................................ 2

CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................. 3

LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................................ 3

2.1. Fire Alarm system ............................................................................................................... 3

2.2. Conventional System Architecture .................................................................................... 3

2.3. Hardware component ......................................................................................................... 5

2.3.1. Initiating device circuits ................................................................................................. 5

2.3.2. Signaling line circuits .................................................................................................... 9

2.3.3. Arduino ........................................................................................................................ 10

Figure 3: Arduino Uno R3 Pin Diagram .................................................................................... 11

CHAPTER THREE ....................................................................................................................... 12

ANALYSIS AND TECHNIQUE .................................................................................................. 13

3.1 Fire control system............................................................................................................... 13

3.2. Initiating devices technique .................................................................................................... 14

3.2.1. Detection ...................................................................................................................... 14

3.2.2. Automatically fire detection......................................................................................... 15

3.2.3. Signal conditioning ...................................................................................................... 17

3.3. Notification appliance technique ........................................................................................ 19

3.3.3 Manually fire detection ..................................................................................................... 20

3.4. A Fire Alarm Control Panel (FACP) .................................................................................. 20

FIRMWARE DESIGN .................................................................................................................. 21

4.2. Arduino Build Process ........................................................................................................ 21

CHAPTER FIVE ........................................................................................................................... 23

RESULT AND DISCUSSION ...................................................................................................... 23

CHAPTER SIX .............................................................................................................................. 26

Figure 1: Typical system Architecture ............................................................................................. 4

GSM Global Systems for Mobile

ADC Analog Digital Conversion

FACP Fire Alarm Control panel

FACU Fire Alarm Control Unit

1.2. Project scope

1.3. Statement of the Project

2.1. Fire Alarm system

A key aspect of fire protection is to identify a developing fire emergency in a timely

2.2. Conventional System Architecture

phenomena such as heat or the presence of smoke. However, multi-criteria devices,

Figure 1: Typical system Architecture

2.3. Hardware component

2.3.1. Initiating device circuits

2.3.1.2. MQ-2 Semiconductor Sensor

change of conductivity to corresponding output signal of gas concentration. MQ-2 gas

Figure 2: MQ-2 Semiconductor Sensor

2.3.1.3. Automatic Detectors Heat/Thermal

2.3.1.3.1. LM35 Precision centigrade Temperature Sensor

2.3.2. Signaling line circuits

2.3.2.1. GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications)

2.3.2.2. DC Motor and Motor drives

2.3.3.1. Arduino Uno

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board is based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It

Figure 3: Arduino Uno R3 Pin Diagram

Designing detection system

Designing monitoring system

Figure 4: Manual and automatic control system

3.2. Initiating devices technique

It is extremely essential that addressable microprocessors based devices be used, so that

3.2.2. Automatically fire detection

Figure 5: LM35 Temperature sensor

Figure 6: Variable resistor (for smoke sensor)

The LM35 we used is precision integrated-circuit temperature sensor, with an output