Motion =

Hookes Law:
= + (v, u, a, t) =
1
= + 2 2 (x, u, t, a) = 0.5 ()2
2 = 2 + 2 (v, u, a, s) Momentum
1
= 2 2 (t, a, x, v)
=(
+
) (x, t, u, v)
=

Magnetic Fields
2 =
=
Newtons First law: An objects velocity remains constant
unless it experiences an unbalanced force.
= = = 2 1 =
= ()
Note: Momentum is always conserved, thus you can use
Newtons Second law: Acceleration is produced when a
that fact to determine change in velocity when two objects =


force acts on a mass. The greater the mass (of the object
being accelerated) the greater the amount of force needed
collide. Also its units are kgm/s =
2

(to accelerate the object) Fnet = ma
Newtons Third Law: For every action (force) there is an
Circular motion
equal and opposite reaction (force) = G is N/kg
Tension: = =
2

=
2
Calc weight force: =

=
4 2 Net force eqn: () =


2

=
4 2
2
To calculate design speed: = ()

=

Electricity
=

Electric field intensity =

Coulombs law: =
1 2
2
1
, = 4 = 8.9875
0
109 2 2
= 2

+F=Repulsion, -F=Attraction F
Scenario A: + =
2 =

Figure 1
Scenario B: =
2 =
In figure 1:
Scenario A: R<mg: Person feels lighter

= 0.5 2

= 1+2
1 2 Scenario B: Mg<R: Person feels heavier =
2
2
=
1
1 +2
=
2

-> person feels lighter =
2

mg-T=1 a = +
2
-> person feels heavier

=
2
T=2 : =
For projectile motion: = ()
Not fall out when upside down: = = ()
Energy = Where R is apparent weight
Elastic collision: A collision where no kinetic energy Apparent weight: The feeling of the normal force.
is lost The weight felt based on the normal force.
Inelastic collision: A collision where kinetic energy is =
1

lost
=
=

1
= 2 2
= =
 1
2

= 2
1
Where L is the contracted length as seen in the Critical angle: The angle of incidence which creates an angle
moving frame of refraction of 90 . It is the largest angle of refraction that
Gravitational fields 2
1
=
1
2
Where 0 is the proper length as seen in the
will occur before the light undergoes total internal
reflection. Use this to find it: 1 sin( ) = 2 sin(90)
=

P=VI stationary frame
2 Total Internal Reflection: This occurs when the incident
=
1 2 = 2 =

= (1 2)
1
angle exceeds the critical angle for refraction, as a result the
2
Lenzs Law: An induced emf will always make a current light wave will be refracted back into the medium and the
=
2
which will opposes the original change in flux = 2 light wont be transmitted into the other medium.
=
42
2
= 2 LASER (Light Amplification by Simulated Emission of
=
4 2
=
0

Radiation): A device that generates an intense beam of
2 coherent monochromatic light (or other electromagnetic
3
= 42

= 3 108 m/s radiation) by stimulated emission of photons from excited
2

= 6.67 1011
= 2 0 2 atoms or molecules.

Note: T= Amount of time it takes to make one Alternator: An electric generator which produces an AC
= ( 1) (0 2 ) Incandescent: Emission of light due to a very high
temperature
revolution in a circle current = ( 0 ) 2
Geostationary: A period of one day to go around the Slip Ring:
equator Armature:

Generating Electricity
Flux: =
Light Diffraction: When a plane (straight) wave passes through a
Em-waves
narrow opening, it bends. Waves will also bend as they
travel around obstacles.

This shows that when 1 the greater the dispersion.
Split ring commutator: Each part of the ring is connected to
Dispersion: It is the process of splitting light into its
the coil. The connection between the rotating coil & the
component colours to create a spectrum.
static circuit is swapped every turn to ensure the
connection to the current is constant.

Polarization: The phenomenon where transverse waves are

=
Special relativity restricted in their direction of vibration

Einstens first postulate: The laws of physics are the same in

= all inertial frames of reference.
Faradays Law: =


Einsteins second postulate: The speed of light in vacuum
has the same value c in all inertial frames of reference.
=

2 1 1
Lorenz Factor: = , OR: = (1 2 ) 2 where = Refraction: The direction of the light is changed because
=

2
12

2
there was a change in speed. When light enters a denser
= = 0.5 Time dilation: = 0 material, it goes towards the normal.
is the time observed from stationary frame and 0 is the Refractive Index: The ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum
= 2 time observed from the moving frame (proper time)
to the speed of light in a medium. = where = 108 m/s
1
2

= 1
2
Length dilation: You can also calculate this using: 1 1 = 2 2
2
= 2 =
0

Snells Law: You can also calculate how much a ray of light
1 1
will refract by employing Snells law. 1 sin(1 ) = 2 sin(2 )
1
1

= 2
2
Double slit experiment:
At min is a node while at max theres an antinode. Since the
light is coherent (in phase) the light will add up to be either
perfectly constructive/destructive. This experiment shows
that light: Diffracts and Constructive/destructive
interference only occurs in waves and if it were a particle
there would only be 2 bands.
Path Difference: It is the difference of the distance it takes
for S1&S2s light to travel to common point. This point is
constant, hence it wont be affected by changes in x, ,
and etc.
Constructive p.d.: = where n=0,1,2,3, and etc.
1
Destructive p.d.: = ( 2) where n=0,1,2,3, and etc.
Fringe Separation: = where d is the slit separation, x
is fringe separation which is the distance between 2 nodes
or antinodes, L is the distance from the slits to the screen,
and is the wavelength
= , in this equation, f is constant so if v changes, must
also change to keep f the same.
Coherent: The waves are in phase
Monochromatic: Produces one type of light which is good
for lasers.
Youngs Single slit experiment:
Waves
Wave: An oscillation accompanied by a transfer of energy
through a medium
Medium: A physical substance where a mechanical wave is
transferred
Mechanical wave: A wave which creates an oscillation in
matter, hence transfers energy through a medium
Pulse: A short section of the wave that is not continuous or
repetitive
Longitudinal wave: The vibration of particles in the same
direction or is parallel to the energy flow.
Transverse: a wave in which the medium vibrates at right
angles to the direction of its propagation.
The nodes and antinodes dont change their location on the
Wavelength: The distance between 2 successive points in
graph.
phase ()
Frequency: The n.o. of complete cycles which pass a point
per second
1 4
= odd number harmonics exist here.
Doppler effect:
Reflection:
Wavefront: Cathode: the positively charged electrode of an electrical
device, such as a primary cell, that supplies current.
Anode: The node that collects the photoelectrons.
Stopping voltage: The voltage required to stop all
photoelectrons from reaching the collector electrode. For a
particular frequency of incident light on a particular metal,
the stopping voltage is constant.
Work function: The energy needed to separate an electron
from being bound to an atom: It is measured in in J or eV.
Photon: Packet or bundle of electromagnetic radiation (or
light)
Fringe Separation: = where d is the slit separation,
Ray: Used to show the direction of the wavefront. x= fringe separation which is the distance between 2
Superposition: When two waves collide, the resulting wave nodes or antinodes, L= the distance from the slits to the
is the sum of the displacements screen, = wavelength
Plane wave: A constant frequency wave whose wavefronts
= = , f is the frequency of EM radiation (Hz), E is the
are infinite parallel lines or plane straight waves
energy of quantum light (J or eV respectively), h is Planks
Resonance: It occurs when a weak vibration from one
constant in (Js or eV respectively)
object causes a strong vibration in another. If the amplitude
of the vibration is too great, the second object breaks = , E is electric field strength (V/m), V is voltage, x
Standing wave: The periodic disturbance in a medium is change in displacement
resulting from a combination of 2 waves with equal Plancks constant: = 6.63 1034 J or = 4.14 1015 eV
frequency and intensity going in opposite directions. = 1.6 1019
Photoelectric effect: The emission of electrons from a metal
surface when illuminated by light
Photoelectric effect supporting particle model: Since if 0 is
not reached there will be no photoelectron current as a
result one must model light as discrete packets where the
amount of energy is proportional the frequency/wavelength
of the radiation. If the wave model were to be used, the
electrons should be released eventually as energy
accumulates regardless of the frequency and there should
be a delay in the emission of electrons.
2
If the string is fixed at 2 ends: = and =
2
4
If the string is fixed at 1 end: = and = , also only
N= harmonic n.o. & is calculated by counting n.o. antinodes
for. However, if it is a pipe, count the n.o. nodes
Note: In a pipe, the open end is equivalent to a fixed point
while the non-open end is a point which is not fixed
EM waves: Transverse waves made up of mutually ,
oscillating electric&magnetic fields. Oscillating charges
make EM waves of the same freq. as their oscillation. EM
waves make charges oscillate at the same frequency as
itself. They also do not need a medium to travel
= is used to find the & frequency of the EM
waveDiffraction: Spreading out
Incoherent: The waves are not in phase
Coherent: The waves are in phase
Monochromatic: One frequency (One type of light)
Photoelectron: an electron emitted from an atom by
interaction with a photon
Photocurrent: The flow of electrons caused by the
photoelectric effect (light)

measures the diffraction of light
= where is the work function.
= , W is work, V is change in voltage, q is the
charge in C
= where q is the charge of the electron
(1.60217662 1019 C) and V is the stopping voltage.
= 0 Heinsenbergs uncertainty principle:
x-intercept= 0
y-intercept=
Gradient= , Planks constant
Threshold Frequency: The minimum frequency needed to
release electrons
Stopping Voltage: The voltage needed to stop all of the
photoelectrons from reaching the collector electrode. For a
particular frequency of incident light in a metal, the
stopping voltage is constant.
= , Joules
2
= , v=velocity, =Kinetic energy, m=mass
=
De Broglie: = , = , where h is = 6.63 1034 Js
(Planks constant), p is momentum
=
= , E is energy radiated, h is Planks constant, c is the
speed of light,
= 1.989 1025
= 1.242 106
==
= 4, you can use this eqn to calculate the
minimum certainty allowed where = 6.63 1034 Js
For hydrogen:
=
= energy associated with a particular energy level of
hydrogen (in eV). = ionization energy, which is 13.6eV
for hydrogen. =any whole n.o
De Broglies explanation on energy levels:
The only orbits which could exist were those set up
as stable standing waves
Electrons orbiting the nucleus must fit into the
circumference of the orbit exactly
This only happens with particular wavelengths
Electrons with wavelengths that do not set up
standing waves destructively interfere with
themselves and cancel out
Electrons orbiting a nucleus can be modelled as
standing waves
Electrons are exhibiting wavelike properties
The standing wave will only exist if it exists with
whole n.o. wavelengths
2 = , = , = 2