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Block diagram of a PCI bus system

Processor/Main Memory System

Copro- Main
CPU Cache
cessor Memory

PCI Motion
Audio
Bridge Video
PCI Bus

SCSI host Interface to LAN Graphics

I/O
adapter Expansion Bus adapter adapter
Expansin Bus (ISA/EISA)

Bus Slot Bus Slot Bus Slot Bus Slot

Latest Generation of PCI Chipsets
The PCI read transfer burst
The PCI write transfer burst.
 The PCI Express Bus

Point to point protocol

x1, x2, x4, x8, x12, x16 or x32 point-to-point
Link

Differential Signaling
PCI Express Topology
ISA BUS
In 1982 when ISA BUS appeared on the first
PC the 8-bit ISA bus ran at a modest 4.77 MHZ the
same speed as Intel 8088. ISA BUS is extremely slow by
today's standards and not suited to the use of a
graphical operating system like Windows.

In 1984 the IBM AT was introduced using the

Intel 80286; at this time the bus was doubled to 16 bits
(the 80286's data bus width) and increased to 8 MHz
(the maximum speed of the original AT, which came in
6 MHz and 8 MHz versions and 24 address lines).
 ISA BUS

8-bit ISA BUS 16-bit ISA BUS

Bus width 8 - bit

Compatible with 8 bit ISA Bus width 16 - bit

Pins 62 Compatible with 16 bit ISA

Power +5 V, -5 V, +12 V, -12 V Pins 98

Clock 4.7727266 MHz Power +5 V, -5 V, +12 V, -12 V

Clock 8.333333 MHz

 ISA BUS

VESA connectors Additional Original 8 bit ISA

connections connectors
converts to 16 bit
ISA
Describing the Read operation of the ISA

CPU sends out a

high on the ALE signal, then
sends out the A0-A19 lines.
On the address of the target
port to be read will be
latched. Then the BUS takes
the -IOR signal to a low level.
So that the addressed device
will take a data byte to the
D0-D7 data bus. The
microprocessor will read then
the data bus and take the -
IOR signal to a high again.
 ISA BUS

A0 to A31 Memory

Address bus(32 bit)

Intel
D0 to D31 I/O
80386DX bus
Data bus (32 bit)
CPU (16
RD WR IO/M bit
data)
Control bus
 Elimination of ISA Bus

The ISA bus is limited to 24 bits of address.

2^24 = 16 MBytes. It means that an ISA card that uses
DMA cannot physically access memory beyond 16
MBytes of RAM. This is a limitation of the ISA bus.

Motherboard gets 32-bit data from ISA BUS

at two times. Meanwhile at this time ISA BUS declares
wait state to the motherboard. Therefore ISA BUS
may reduce System Performance.