Monitor and Control of Medium Voltage Distribution of Myanmar
Electric Power System Using Software based PMUs Model
Thet Tin#1, Dr. Kyaw Myo Lin*2
# Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Mandalay Technological University,
Mandalay, Myanmar.
* Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Mandalay Technological University,
Mandalay, Myanmar
1thettin.mtu.mdy@gmail.com
2
kmlep2381@gmail.com
Abstract - In smart grid, communication based controlling and
monitoring architecture is used to save power and increase
stability and reliability. This paper describes the modeling and
testing of phasor measurement units with Simulink. Since
Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) are costly device so module
based analysis is not desired. Thats why software based
analysis are appreciable. These has been done through
MATLAB and results are analyzed and controlled.
Keywords - Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU), GPS, Sequence
Analyser, Phase Locked Loop(PLL), Positive Sequence.
I. INTRODUCTION
The energy chain contains producing the energy, its
transmission, and delivering the energy to the costumer
where the distribution feeders are the last nuts of this chain.
The importance of the latter part is no less than the former
parts in the electrical power system if not higher. Thus, many
commercial experts believe that the distribution system
should be taken into consideration more seriously as all the
efforts to generate electrical power is with the purpose of
delivering it to the customer [1].
In any power system some parameters like voltage,
current, phase angle, balance in active & reactive power
continuously changes. Sometimes, slight changes in these
parameters greatly affect the whole system, but remains
undetected. Therefore, Phasor measurement unit becomes
the integral part of any existing power system for the study
and analysis purpose of their variable dynamic parameters.
This research paper represents modular analysis of PMUs.
This is essential to determine the functioning of individual
modules within a PMU. Matlab/Simulink model is
extensively used to implement the idea. The paper is divided
into following major sections: Section II brief overview of
PMU technology. Section III modelling of PMU in Matlab.
Section IV and V perform case study and results. Section VI
conclusion and further work to do.
II. PHASOR MEASUREMENT UNIT
Phasor Measurement Unit has been defined by IEEE as
a device that produces synchronized Phasor, frequency, and
rate of change of frequency (ROCOF) estimates from
voltage and/or current signals and a time synchronizing
signal[2]. Basically, the Phasor measurement unit (PMU) is
a microprocessor based device that uses the ability of digital
signal processor in order to measure 50/60 Hz AC
waveforms (2400/2880 samples per second) [3].
Fig 1 shows the function block diagram of a typical
PMU. Analogue inputs are derived from the voltage and
current transformer [4]. A PMU may collect data from
different locations in the system simultaneously and
normally requires data from all three phases to extract the
1
positive-sequence component, which is normally of interest
and contains information that can be used to assess the state
of the power system.
The signals derived from the secondary winding of the
voltage and current transformer are first converted (via A/D
converters) to voltage signals with a typical range of 10V
[5].
The sampling rate must be at least twice of the cut-off
frequency of the filter to satisfy the Nyquist criterion.
Oversampling is used in many systems due to the better
stability and accuracy that it offers [6]. The GPS (Global
Positioning System) receiver normally generates a one pulse
per- second signal to the phase-locked oscillator to lock the
phase of the sampling clock. Higher sampling rate is always
looking forward so that the accuracy of the estimation can
be improved [5]. The coordinates of GPS receivers of PMUs
at measuring points all over the world is determined by the
satellites through GPS system. The GPS receiver also creates
time stamps for the output of the microprocessor. The error
of synchronization with modern units is of the order of a few
hundred nanoseconds [5]. The microprocessor uses the
digital signal from the A/D converter to calculate the
quantities required, including the magnitude and phase angle
(calculated by the application of discrete Fourier Transform)
of the voltage and current, the measured frequency and in
some cases the rate of change of frequency. The quantities
of different measuring point can be communicated and
compared using the time stamps, regardless of any time
delay associated with the communication system. Finally,
the principal output of the PMU is the time-stamped
measurement to be transferred over the communication links
through suitable modems to a higher level in the
measurement system hierarchy.
One pulse /sec
GPS
Receiver
Analog
Inputs Phase Locked Modem
Oscillator
Anti Aliasing A/D Phase Micro-
Filters Converter processor
Fig. 1. Functional block diagram of a typical phasor measurement unit
III. MODELLING OF PHASOR MEASUREMENT UNIT IN
MATLAB
PMU block is shown in Fig 2, where the voltage feed into
the Phase Locked Loop (PLL) and then sequence analyzer.
That is how the three sequence voltage is built. Frequency
can be measured through PLL.

Fig 2. Phasor measurement unit Simulink model
The PLL(3ph) block models a Phase Lock Loop closed-
loop control system, which tracks the frequency and phase
of a sinusoidal three-phase signal by using an internal
frequency oscillator. The control system adjusts the internal
oscillator frequency to keep the phases difference to 0. Fig 3
shows the internal diagram of the PLL.
Fig 3. Internal diagram of PLL
The three-phase input signal is converted to a dq0
rotating frame (Park transform) using the angular speed of
an internal oscillator. The quadrature axis of the signal,
proportional to the phase difference between the abc signal
and the internal oscillator rotating frame, is filtered with a
Mean (Variable Frequency) block. A Proportional-Integral-
Derivative (PID) controller, with an optional automatic gain
control (AGC), keeps the phase difference to 0 by acting on
a controlled oscillator. The PID output, corresponding to the
angular velocity, is filtered and converted to the frequency,
in hertz, which is used by the mean value.
Fig 4. Phase locked loop Simulink model
The Fundamental (PLL-Driven) block computes the
fundamental value of the input 3 over a running window of
one cycle of fundamental frequency given by input 1. The
reference frame required for the computation is given by the
input 2.
Based on the Fourier analysis of a periodic signal, the
fundamental value of a signal f(t) can be expressed as
Fundamental f(t) = acos( t) + bsin( t)
a = f(t)cos( t) dt, b = f(t)sin( t) dt (1)
T=1/fo , fo= fundamental frequency
= 2f (2)
The magnitude and phase of the fundamental is
calculated by:
Magnitude = a + b Phase = atan b a (3)
To resolve these equations, the block uses the input 1
(Freq) for f0 and input 2 (t) for 0t. These two input signals
are normally connected to the outputs of a PLL block.
The Positive-Sequence (PLL-Driven) block computes
the positive-sequence component (magnitude and phase) of
the input 3 signal over a running window of one cycle of the
fundamental frequency given by input 1. The reference
frame required for the computation is given by the input 2.
The first two inputs are normally connected to a PLL block.
The positive-sequence component of a three-phase signal
(V1 or current I1) is computed as
1 2
V1 = (Va + a Vb + a Vc) (4)
3
a=1120 complex operator
A Fourier analysis over a sliding window of one cycle of
the fundamental frequency (input 1) is first applied to the
three input signals. The block evaluates the phasor values at
the fundamental. Then the transformation is applied to
obtain the positive sequence.
As the block uses a running average window to perform
the Fourier analysis, one cycle of simulation must complete
before the outputs give the correct magnitude and angle.
Fig 5. Positive sequence (PLL driven) simulink model
Fig 5 shows positive sequence (PLL driven) Simulink
model.
IV. PROPOSED MEDIUM VOLTAGE MYANMAR
DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
To evaluate the performance of the proposed network
based simultaneous faults, 11 kV, 4 miles (6.437376km)
distribution line from Aung Pin Lae Substation Mandalay,
Myanmar as shown in Fig 6 is considered in this study. The
11 kV distribution line is represented by distributed
parameters of the line parameters is taken into account. The
line conductor cross-sectional area of 11 kV line is 35 mm2.
There are bamboo trees closely to the 11 kV MTU feeder
line as shown in Fig 7 and Fig 8. There are so many bamboo
trees and the medium voltage power lines are short circuited
when the heavy rain and wind.
In the circuit of Simulink model, programmable voltage
source of amplitude values (p.u) [1 1.06 0.94 1] at time [0
0.2 0.3 0.4] on the 11kV MTU feeder and MTU four
transformers with variable Loads are presented as shown in
Fig 9. In this circuit, five PMUs are placed and monitored
the positive sequence voltage magnitude, angle and
frequency.
2
 The clearing fault with feedback frequency from PMU
that is compared with constant frequency 50 Hz and error
signal is used to operate relay. The relay is used to switch on
and off the three phase breaker. PMU block, where the
voltage feed into the Phase Locked Loop (PLL) and then
sequence analyzer. Frequency can be measured through
PLL.
Fig 6. Proposed system for study [1]
Fig 9. Circuit simulink model with PMUs for faults on MTU 11 kV feeder
V. RESULTS
In the simulation, various possible types of faults at X and
Y (during 0.3 and 0.4 second) are considered and monitored
by five PMUs. However, in practical only used one or two
PMU because of costly device. And in this research paper,
some results curves of PMUs are showed for some possible
fault conditions that very much impact the transformers of
proposed study network.
In this system, with the help of phasor measurement
units, the given system is studied and observed for all
possible types of faults i.e. for line to line fault, three-phase
fault, line to ground fault, and simultaneous fault conditions
also. Hence, PMU also observes the system and keep the
data of all variation/changes in the parameters, basically
positive sequence voltage and current for all these possible
fault conditions.
In the Fig 10, the simulation results of positive sequence
voltage, angle and frequency of five PMUs are showed
before, during and after line A to line B fault at X. All
frequencies of PMUs except PMU 1 are decreased to 49.5
3
Fig 7. Bamboo trees at X Fig 8. Tree branches over 11 kV
MTU line at Y
Hz at 0.41 second interval. PMU 2 result is decreased to 49.3
Hz during 0.41second interval and PMU 3, 4, 5 result are
decreased to 49 Hz during 0.41second interval. The fault
frequency is compared with constant frequency 50 Hz and
error signal is used to operate relay. The relay is used to
switch on and off the three phase breaker at Aung Pin Lae
substation by setting error frequency at 0.5 Hz.
In the Fig 11, the simulation results of positive sequence
voltage, angle and frequency of five PMUs are showed
before, during and after three-phase fault at Y. All
frequencies of PMUs except PMU 1 are also decreased to
49.5 Hz at 0.41 second interval. PMU 5 result is decreased
to 49.3 Hz at 0.41 second interval.
In the Fig 12, the simulation results of positive sequence
voltage, angle and frequency of five PMUs are showed
before, during and after line A to line B fault at X and line B
to line C fault at Y. All frequencies of PMUs except PMU 1
are decreased to 49.5 Hz at 0.41 second interval. PMU 3 and
4 result are decreased to 49.3 Hz at 0.415 second interval.
PMU 5 result is decreased to 49 Hz at 0.415 second interval.
Figure 10. Positive sequence voltage, angle and frequency before, during Figure 10. Positive sequence voltage, angle and frequency before, during
and after line to line fault at X and after 3-ph faults at Y

4
 VI. CONCLUSIONS
Electric power grids are increasingly dependent on
information and communications technology for the
operation and control of physical facilities. This paper
describes the phasor measurement unit modeling using
Matlab/Simulink. The traditional power system monitoring,
protection and control measures are based on local
measurements. However, it is quite difficult to maintain the
stability and security of the system on the whole, if only local
measurements are employed in the monitoring, protection
and control schemes. One promising way is to provide a
system wide protection and control, complementary to the
conventional local protection strategy. Solution to the above
can be achieved through dynamic measurement system
using synchronized phasor measurement units. This paper
enlightens the importance and application of phasor
measurement unit in power system. For the study and
analysis purpose, phasor measurement unit is realized in
Matlab and it is shown that how phasor measurement unit
works to gather the phasor data i.e. voltage, current and
phase angle, etc. The PMU simulator is useful for academic
and professionals who would like to understand the concepts
involved in the phasor estimation process carried out by
PMUs.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to acknowledge the support
provided by JICA EEHE Project, Japan. Special thanks to
Dr. Sint Soe who gives a lot of incentive and kind support
for this paper to submit in time.

REFERENCES
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steady-state and dynamic performance of a synchronized phasor
measurement unit," in Electrical Power and Energy Conference
(EPEC), 2012 IEEE, 2012, pp. 57-62.
[3] M. Shahraeini and M. H. Javidi, "Wide Area Measurement Systems,"
Advanced Topics in Measurements, pp. 303-322.
[4] F. Ding and C. Booth, "Applications of PMUs in Power Distribution
Networks with Distributed Generation," in Universities' Power
Engineering Conference (UPEC), Proceedings of 2011 46th
International, 2011, pp. 1-5.
[5] A. G. Phadke and J. S. Thorp, Synchronized phasor measurements
and their applications: Springer, 2008.
[6] A. Phadke, "Computer relaying: its impact on improved control and
operation of power systems," Computer Applications in Power,
IEEE, vol. 1, pp. 5-10, 1988.

Figure 11. Positive sequence voltage, angle and frequency before, during
and after LALB faults at X and LBLC faults at Y