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Rice Procurement in Orissa: Who wins who

loses?

(Procurement & warehousing management)

Submitted by- Nikhil Akhouri (U309033)


Xavier Institute of management, Bhubaneswar
Rice Transplantation in the field…

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Contents

Rice Procurement in Orissa: Who wins who loses?

1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2

2. Orissa & Rice…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3

3. Status of Paddy/Rice in Orissa…………………………………………………………………………………… 4

4. Rice procurement in Orissa

A. Deciding target volumes of procurement………………………………………………………. 5

B. Agencies participating in procurement…………………………………………………………… 5

C. Procurement price of rice of Rice over the years……………………………………. 6

D. OSCSC (Orissa state civil supplies corporation Ltd.)………………………………… 7

E. FCI (Food corporation of India, Orissa)……………………………………………………. 8

F. NCMSL (National collateral management services Ltd.)…………………………. 12

G. TDCC (Tribal development cooperative corporation of Orissa Ltd.)………. 12

5. Evaluation of gain and loss of players involved in rice procurement…………………. 14

6. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 15

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7. Bibiliography…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 16

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Rice Procurement in Orissa: Who wins who loses?

1. Introduction
Orissa is primarily an agrarian economy having nearly 30% contribution to the Net State
Domestic product (NSDP) with 73 percent of the work force engaged in this sector. Rice is the
staple food of Orissa. It is grown in almost all the parts of Orissa. Per hectare production of rice
today is 1.4 MTs as against 1.8 MTs for the country as a whole. Rice covers 77.7% of the total
gross crop area of Orissa. Along with production it is also equally important to maintain stock of
rice at state level. Government of Orissa maintains stock of rice by procuring it through various
agencies. Private players are also actively involved in this system are constantly supporting the
overall procurement system.

In this paper I would like to explain the present situation of paddy cultivation in Orissa and how
procurement of same d done at state level. I would also like to go in detail about the agencies
involved in procurement and price of procurement over the years. Since here we are talking
about procurement of Rice in the context of losers and winner I would write in brief about
different stakeholder involved in this process and their stakes in procurement of rice.

Broadly, organizations involved in this process are OSCSC, PACS, MARKFED, TDCC,
NAFED, FCI, NCMSL & Millers. So, it is very important to understand about these
organizations, their working pattern and procurement strategies in Orissa. Some of these
organizations are working on National level and few are only Orissa based. So, one can see the
difference between their strategies of rice procurement. Like, FCI gives high emphasis on quality
control of procured materials along with its purchasing & this is not the case with other
procurement agencies except NCMSL. At last an evaluation will be done of the loss and gain of
different players involved in this process.

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2. Orissa & Rice

Rice has been the principal food crop of Orissa much before the 14th century AD. When Wang-
Ta-Yuan, the Chinese writer of the 14th century visited the State it was being grown in
abundance. Other historical texts, like the Manasollasa of Somesvara and the Mahabharata of
Sarala Das, too point out that paddy cultivation was the mainstay of the people of this region
which was endowed with fertile land and had plenty of rivers running through it. Wild rice, it is
known, was tamed by the tribals inhabiting the Jeypore tract of Orissa which is considered to be
one of the secondary centers of origin of rice. The similarity between the name Orissa and the
Greek name for rice “Oryza” has led many to speculate that the name of the State derives its
name from the crop known as Oryza Sativa.

Thanks to the maritime skills of the Oriya’s, the locals traveled by indigenously built decorated
wooden ships called boita’s to far off Burma, Indonesia and Sri Lanka. It is during the course of
such business and plundering that popular variety of rice from those lands may have been
imported into the state to be later acclimatized and adapted as per local conditions. The important
varieties from the neighboring state of then undivided Bengal, home to rice eaters too may have
enriched the lands of the farmers of Orissa. Being in the possession of exquisite varieties was a
source of pride for the farmer as it elevated his position in the society. Farmers often exchanged
seeds just as coin collectors exchange rare coins. Besides these cultivated varieties, wild varieties
are found in the Jeypore tract, where the initial survey in the early decades of the 20th century
had recorded 150 varieties, and also the Bhitarkanika coastal area where a wild variety grows
abundantly in tidal mud flats based upon which many flood and salinity resistant varieties have
been developed.

It is thus no wonder that Orissa once had 50,000 recorded varieties of rice. The actual number
could have been more than 1,00,000 as record keeping was never the farmers forte. The Kings
too were fond of rice varieties as rice is an important part of the Mahaprasad that is offered to
Lord Jagannath every day. Even today there are huge stretches of land across Orissa that grow
rice for the daily offering to the deity.

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3. Status of Paddy/Rice in Orissa
Orissa Region is self sufficient in rice. All thirty districts of Orissa produce plenty amount of
Rice. The rice stocks from surplus Areas viz. FCI Districts Sambalpur & Titilagarh are moved by
rail to the depots for coastal districts and also Jeypore/Rayagada to meet the requirement under
various schemes. In addition rice are moved by road  through the  transport contractor from
Sambalpur/Ttitilagarh Districts to different depots of coastal districts.

Average consumption of rice in Orissa- (for the period of 30 days)

Rural- 12.80 k.g (Av. Value-99.45 Rs)


Urban- 10.55 k.g (Av. Value- 95.41 Rs.)

Rice production in Orissa over the years. From 2000-01 to 2008-09 (in 000’MT)

Year Production

2000-01 4613.00

2001-02 7148.98

2002-03 3243.60

2003-04 6734.00

2004-05 6537.00

2005-06 6963.00

2006-07 6928.00

2007-08 7655.02

2008-09 7019.18

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4. Rice procurement in Orissa

A. Deciding target volumes of procurement

The FS & CW Department allocates the district-wise procurement target among government
agencies and under levy so as to achieve the overall procurement target based on the MSP,
expected monsoon, economic condition of the economy and facility available with the different
agencies The FS & CW Department fixes district wise target for raw and boiled rice for delivery
under CMR and levy to OSCSC and FCI, depending upon paddy production, rice milling
capacity and past performance; in consultation with State Rice Millers’ Association, Food
Corporation of India and Orissa State Civil Supplies Corporation, keeping in view the
requirement under PDS and the need for providing proportionately higher quantities of raw rice
to FCI for movement outside the state.

B. Agencies participating in procurement

Rice procurement in Orissa is done by different agencies. Here is the list of Agencies which are
involved in procurement of rice in Orissa.

1. OSCSC Ltd. (Orissa State Civil Supplies Corporation Ltd.) 

2. PACS(Primary Agricultural Co-operative Societies)

3. MARKFED-( Orissa State Co-operative Marketing Federation)

4. TDCC-(Tribal Development Co-operative Corporation of Orissa Ltd.)   

5. NAFED- (National Agricultural Co-operative Marketing Federation of    India Ltd.) 

6. FCI- (Food Corporation of India )

7. NCMSL--(National Co-lateral Management Services Ltd.)

8. MILLER AGENT

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C. Procurement price of rice of different category of Rice over the years

PROCUREMENT PRICE OF RICE


Raw Rice Boiled Rice
Year (OCT - SEP) Common Gr. A Common Gr. A
2000-2001 869.00 917.00 870.60 917.90
2001-2002 903.10 951.10 899.50 946.80
2002-2003 938.30 986.30 924.70 972.00
2003-2004 965.70 1013.70 952.10 999.10
2004-2005 965.70 1013.70 952.10 999.40
2005-2006 965.70 1013.70 965.30 1011.60
2006-2007 1041.20 1088.30 1041.80 1088.20
2007-2008 1199.30 1245.00 1196.90 1241.90
2008-2009 1440.60 1486.30 1434.70 1479.70
CUSTOM MILLED PRICE OF RICE
2004-2005(FAQ) 1052.37 1102.11 1036.91 1085.48
2004-2005(URS) 1045.28 1093.14 1029.79 1076.50
2005-2006(FAQ) 1036.29 1084.47 1028.21 1075.24
2005-2006(URS) 1066.00 1115.56 1057.70 1106.07
2006-2007(FAQ) 1155.06 1204.83 1145.23 1193.83
2006-2007(URS) 1149.19 1198.80 1139.50 1187.93
2007-2008(FAQ) 1291.62 1339.99 1278.76 1325.98
2007-2008(URS) 1312.93 1360.87 1298.84 1346.63
2008-2009(FAQ) 1589.41 1638.21 1569.15 1616.80
2008-2009(URS)
DECENTRALISED PROCUREMENT (DCP) PRICE
2006-2007(FAQ) 1248.35 1300.38 1238.04 1288.86
2006-2007(URS) 1242.18 1294.04 1232.02 1282.65
2007-2008(FAQ) 1427.50 1478.35 1413.32 1462.99
2007-2008(URS) 1417.87 1468.24 1403.91 1453.10
2008-2009(FAQ) 1710.14 1761.41 1688.76 1738.80
2008-2009(URS) 1687.86 1738.17 1666.87 1715.98

Central Issue Consumers' Price


Commodities With effect from /Year
Price (Rs. per kg.)
905.00 10.05 1999-2000
905.00 10.05 2000-2001
830.00 9.25 21.07.2001
Rice Common APL
730.00 8.20 01.04.2002
730.00 8.23 03.05.2002
830.00 9.30 01.07.2002
1180.00 12.90 1999-2000
1180.00 12.90 2000-2001
Rice Gr. A APL
1130.00 12.40 01.08.2000
1130.00 12.45 14.02.2001
350.00 2.00/4.00 1999-2000
590.00 5.00/6.50 2000-01 (up to 14.2.01)
Rice Common / Grade A BPL
565.00 6.30 14.02.2001 for 171 Non-ITDP Block
- 4.75 14.02.2001 for 143 ITDP Block
2.00 02.08.2008
ANTYODAYA Rice 2.00 02.08.2008
699.00 7.80 16.01.2000

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D. Orissa State Civil Supplies Corporation Ltd. (OSCSC)
OSCSC ltd., was established on 3rd September, 1980 as a fully owned State Government
company under Companies Act, 1956. Initially it had an authorized share capital of Rs 5 Cr.
Currently, it stands at Rs. 15 Cr. The Corporation makes efforts to devise new approaches to
expand its horizon of activities with changing needs. The Corporation maintains a no profit no
loss status, in order to fulfill its commitment to serve the poor segments of the society. Orissa
State Civil Supplies Corporation, Ltd., a government company, engages in the procurement,
storage, and distribution of essential commodities to the consumers in Orissa. It offers various
schemes in the public distribution system for the distribution of sugar, wheat, and rice to the poor
families and senior citizens through a retail network of private retailers, self help groups,
cooperatives, gram panchayats, and maitrees. The company owns godowns for storage of
essential commodities, and operates mobile vans and model fair price shops for distributing
foodgrains. It also provides paddy procurement centers

Under decentralized procurement of rice the corporation for the first time undertook
decentralized procurement of paddy during the kharif marketing season 2003-04.

 Comparative picture of Paddy procurement by OSCSC in 2003-04, 2004-05 & 2005-06

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Year Targ Rice Total Subs Sale Total Loss
KMS et of proc invest idy proc recei /
rice ured/ . (in recei eeds pt profit
(in recei crore ved recei (5+6 incur
MT) ved s) from ved ) red
(in GOI (in (in
MT) (in crore crore
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
crore s) s
s)
20 60, 38, 35.2 18. 21. 39. No
03- 000 819 5 30 46 76 los
20
04 1,00 91, 84.9 51. 49. 101 No
s
000 926 7 33 71 .04
04- los
20
05 2,50,
000
26, 89.7 11. 11. 22. s 
05- 819 0 18 31 49
06
E. Food Corporation of India 
The Food Corporation of India was setup under the Food Corporations Act 1964, in order to
fulfill following objectives of the Food policy :

 Effective price support operations for safeguarding the interests of the farmers.
 Distribution of food grains throughout the country for Public Distribution System; and
 Maintaining satisfactory level of operational and buffer stocks of food grains to ensure
National Food Security.

Since its inception in 1965, having handled various situations of plenty and scarcity, FCI has
successfully met the challenge of managing the complex task of providing food security for the
nation. A strong food security system which has helped to sustain the high growth rate and
maintain regular supply of wheat and rice right through the year. The efficiency with which FCI
tackled one of the worst droughts of the century not only cemented its role as the premier
organization in charge of food security in India, but also brought it accolades from international
organizations.

PROCUREMENT

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 InOrissa the average annual requirement of rice under various schemes is around 14.5 Lakh
MT. The Procurement of Rice in Orissa Region by FCI and State Agencies during last 5 years
are as follows:-  

(Fig. in MT)

Target Progressive Qty. Procured

KMS TOTAL
Levy CMR TOTAL Levy CMR
(levy+CMR)
2002-2003 9,49,700 0 9,49,700 9,02,999 0 9,02,999
2003-2004 14,00,000 1,00,000 15,00,000 13,09,142 89,311 13,98,453
2004-2005 17,00,000 3,00,000 20,00,000 13,13,942 1,75,863 14,89,805
2005-2006 14,00,000 8,00,000 22,00,000 9,65,614 7,97,017 17,62,631

2006-2007 4,67,000 20,00,000 24,67,000 2,28,305 16,67,985 18,96,290

Procurement Operations

FCI, Orissa Region was purchasing only levy rice since 1982-83 to meet the requirement of food
grains under various schemes of Government of Orissa as per directives of Hon’ble High Court,
Orissa, Cuttack and on the advice of State Government to avoid any possibility of distress sale of
paddy, FCI started intervening in the market by purchasing paddy directely  from the farmers
since Kharif Marketing Season 2001-02. The present policy of the Central Government is for
Decentralized Procurement whereby the State should procure and utilize the rice in the Public
Distribution System.  The State has  participated in the procurement operation of direct purchase
of paddy through the Orissa State Civil Supplies Corporation and 4 (four) other state agencies.
But major target is put on FCI during the KMS 2006-07. The  State Government, has fixed a
target of  22 lakh MT of rice out of that 4.67 lakh MT is fixed for Levy rice to be procured by
FCI from Rice Millers and  6,49,180 MTs CMR through direct purchase of paddy by FCI and its
agency NCMSL. The balance CMR has been given to the  State Government Agencies for
procurement.

In the KMS 2006-07, the State Government through its agencies like Orissa State Civil Supplies
Corporation, MARKFED, NAFED, PACS and TDCC issue   are engaged in direct purchase of

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paddy from farmers. Out of the above agencies, the State Civil Supplies  Corporation Ltd.is
actually involved in Decentralised Procurement as the resultant CMR of procured paddy by
OSCSC Ltd. is issued under PDS.  The rice of other agencies of the State Government like
NAFED, MARKFED,  PACS  and TDCC are delivered rice in the nearby FCI godowns as
Custom Milled Rice.The agencywise districts-wise   number of centres  opened for purchase of
paddy for 2006 – 07 KMS are as given below :

Quantity of
Custom Milling
Name of the No. of centres Revenue Districts paddy
Rice delivered
Agency opened covered purchased in
in MT
MT
PACS 819 28 117266 66956
NAFED 215 14 465608 278300
MARKFED 157 16 290850 190098
TDCC 9 8 20052 13027
OSCSC LTD 500 30 810622 * 505151

As  stated above, FCI was involved in purchase of paddy in Orissa from KMS 2001-02 and it has
expanded its operations since then. In the district of Bolangir, there was a direction from Hon’ble
High Court of Orissa that FCI should open minimum 100 Paddy Purchase Centres.  Since  FCI is
having shortage of manpower, with the approval of Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food &
Public Distribution, Govt. of India,  PACS  purchase and  paddy in Bolangir district on behalf of
FCI. PACS opened 84 centres on behalf of FCI in Bolangir district in addition to 35 centres
opened and directly run by FCI for purchase of paddy directly from farmers.  Details indicating
number of paddy purchase centres opened  and revenue districts covered  &  paddy purchased in
KMS 2006 – 07 by FCI are indicated below :-

FCI district No. of centres opened Quantity purchased in MT Custom Milling Rice
Balasore 05 928 612
Berhampur 01 696 459
Jeypore 09 24203 15974
Sambalpur 32 61746 40752
Titilagarh 134 98458 64982
Total 181 186031 122779

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Procurement of paddy by FCI through NCMSL :-

The Ministry of Food vide its letter No.167(23)/2005-PY.I dated 24.11.2005 approved NCMSL
to purchase paddy on behalf of FCI with the approval of Govt. of Orissa.  The Govt. of Orissa
approved NCMSL for purchase of paddy on behalf of FCI in Orissa  as per its Food and
Procurement Policy. The following table will show the quantity purchased  and number of
purchase centres operated by NCMSL during 2006 – 07 KMS.
 
No. of Centres Quantity purchased (in MT) as on 18.05.2007
447 7,50,897
 
Now the emphasis is more on direct purchase of paddy from farmers as it helps the farmers in
getting minimum support price through account. 

The Food Corporation of India (FCI) procures cereals and foodgrains like wheat and paddy from
farmers at Minimum Support Price (MSP). FCI guarantees to buy all food grains from farmers at
the support price if it meets the quality specifications as laid by GoI under MSP. The FCI
procurement policies are intended as an insurance mechanism for farmers, providing price and
income stability.

There are seven FCI District Offices covering 30 Revenue districts of the state.  FCI Orissa  has
23(twenty three) own depots, 32(thirty two) hired depots from Orissa State Warehousing
Corporation, 8(eight) depots hired from Central Warehousing Corporation and Private Party.  All
the depots are  used for the purpose of scientific storage  and procurement of foodgrains, 30
Revenue Districts are covered by 7(seven) FCI Districts which are as under:

FCI Districts Revenue Districts


Cuttak Cuttak, Jaipur, Kendrapara, Jagatsinghpur, Dhekanal, Angul
Balasore Balasore, Bhadrak, Mayurbhanj, Keonjhar
Bhubaneswar Puri, Nayagarh, Khurda

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Berhampur Ganjam, Gajapati, KAndhamal, Boudh
Jeypore Koraput, Rayagada, Malkangiri, Nowarangpur
Smabalpur Sambalpur, Bagarh, Jharsuguda, Deogarh, Sundargarh
Titilaarh Kalahandi, Nuapada, Bolangir, Sonepur

QUALITY CONTROL

 The FCI, Orissa Region has a high distinction of maintaining the quality standard of food grains
during procurement of levy rice, CMR and paddy, distribution of Rice/Wheat under TPDS and
other welfare schemes. In Orissa Region there has been no down gradation or damage to the
stock during preservation. Presently there is no stock of  ‘D’ category rice,  ‘C’ and ‘D’ category
wheat and  34.836 MTs slided down from ‘B’ Category to non-issuable at CWC, Junagarh. As
informed by Area Manager,FCI,Titilagarh responsibility were fixed on CWC & appropriate
value has been recovered from CWC.  DCC/RCC/ZCC has been completed and recommended
for dumping. 

F. National collateral management services Ltd.(NCMSL)


NCMSL is the first private procurement agency engaged by the Government of India (GOI) to
procure commodities under the Minimum Support Price (MSP) operations. It is the leading
private service provider to the Food Corporation of India (FCI) in the States of Orissa, Madhya
Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. NCMSL has procured and handled close to two
million tons of paddy and wheat on behalf of FCI under MSP operations since 2005-06. Through
these services alone it has reached more than 0.5 million farmers.

NCMSL collaborates with FCI in the area of food grain procurement across different states as an
agency of FCI in align with the objective of creating linkages for growers & traders with the spot
and future market.  

NCMSL specializes in full-control procurement operations and better farmer servicing.It started
our journey in the later part of 2005 and reached the inflection point in a remarkably short period
of time. Now it is poised for a nationwide procurement with high quality standard operations in
place. 

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G.TDCC
Prior to 1967 the Tribal people of Orissa were selling their collected Minor Forest Products &
Surplus Agricultural Products (MFP / SAP) to the private Traders/Money lenders and Sahukars
and were being exploited by unscrupulous traders. And due to in-accessibility of the area, there
were no Shops at the interior pockets of Tribal villages for which the tribals were covering a long
distance by foot to purchase their daily necessities and essential consumer goods.

Considering the above problems of the tribals, the Govt. of Orissa had formed a Welfare scheme
named Purchase Sale Fair Price Shop (PSFS ) Scheme under the control of T.R.W.
Department (now S.T. & S.C Development .Department). As the said scheme could not cover
the entire tribal Sub-plan areas and function under the administrative set-up in commercial line,
the Govt. of Orissa took a decision to form an Apex Cooperative Organization to take-up the
above activities for economic development of the tribals.

TDCC is actively engaged in procurement of rice in Orissa.

Paddy Procurement

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Government in Food, Supplies and Consumer
Welfare Department has declared TDCC as the
Govt. Agencies for procurement of paddy in the
State especially in the Tribal Sub Plan (TSP) areas
of the State. The Corporation procures paddy
directly from the farmers in the following tribal
districts on payment of Minimum Support Price
(MSP) declared by G.O.I and supplies Custom
milled rice to FCI / OSCSC after conversion.
 

Kalahandi, Koraput, Malkangiri, Nabarangpur,


Nuapada,  Muniguda, Rayagada,  Mayurbhanja,  
Keonjhar, Gajapati ,  Balasore

Women Self Help Group are involved in


procurement operation on commission fixed by
Govt. of India.

sKMS Physical Target of CMR (MT) Achievement of CMR (MT)


 2006-07 15000 M.T. 13127 M.T.
2007-08 61500 M.T. 45212 M.T.
2008-09 77000 M.T. 58038 M.T.

5. Evaluation of gain and loss of different players involved in rice procurement

 Government:- Government is the largest buyer of rice. It purchases rice through different
agencies like OSCSC, PACS, MARKFED, TDCC, NAFED, FCI, and NCMS.
Government decides MSP (Minimum support price) so it has price control. MSP is
decided on the basis of cost of production and change in trend of market. Government

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buys rice on MSP and it is used in Targeted public distribution system. Government also
maintains a buffer stock of rice with it. This buffer is used in case of natural calamities
and other disasters. But government invests high cost in procurement of rice through its
deep rooted channels and also in maintaining infrastructure to support this system.

 Millers :- Private millers procure paddy directly from farmers or farmer’s cooperatives.
Milling of rice is done and milled rice is then sold to different companies and even to few
government agencies. Since they are adding some value to the product there is a high
profit involved in this system. For millers major cost of procurement includes payment to
farmers, processing cost and registration fees.

 Individual private players: - These are big business men who are in direct contact with
farmers or group of farmers. They buy paddy from farmers on farm or off farm and sell it
to milling industry or other processing plants. They are not regulated and thus they
sometimes create a major impediment in procurement system.

 Farmer’s cooperative, Producer’s cooperative, SHG and other such groups:- These are
formal or non formal institution of farmers who produce paddy. They form their group
and do collective farming or collective marketing. They act as a medium between
industry and farmers. Their cost of production and marketing is reduced as they do a
large scale and thus they enjoy the benefit of large margin of profit.

 Individual Farmers:- Farmers gets support price from government in the case when price
offered to them by market is not profitable. The Government has fixed the Minimum
Support Prices (MSPs) for Kharif Crops of 2010-11 seasons. The MSP of Paddy
(Common) has been fixed at Rs. 1000 per quintal and of Paddy (Grade A) at Rs. 1030 per
quintal, which represents an increase of Rs. 50 per quintal over the last year’s MSPs.
Farmers are free to sell their produce to anyone they want. The major costs incurred to
them are cost of cultivation & transportation cost.

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6. Conclusion
Farmers is producing paddy and consumer consumes it. In between there are many players like
Middle man, Millers, Processing industry, Farmer’s group & Government. After evaluating their
gain & loss we can say that everybody is their incentive. Farmers are getting fair price of their
produce in good market condition & MSP supports them in unfavorable condition. Government
is fulfilling his responsibility by giving incentives and subsidies to his procuring agencies FCI,
OSCSC, TDCC & NCMSL. These agencies are doing their part in supporting procurement
system and they are compensated for the same. Millers and other individuals procure paddy from
and sell them to industry after some processing and they charge for that. So, we see that
everyone who is involved is this procuring system is getting good rewards and its credit goes to
well structures Government’s procurement policy, each year revised MSP & infrastructure
established.

7. Bibliography

1. www. fciorissa.nic.in

2. www.ncmsl.com

3. www.tdccorissa.org

4. www.oscsc.in

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5. www.crri.nic.in

6. http://ouat.ac.in/Research/rice.htm

7. http://dacnet.nic.in/rice/HS-B-Table-13-Orissa.htm

8. www.living-farms.org/site/.../rice-in-orissa/119-rice-in-orissa 

9. www.indiacom.com/yellow-pages/rice-mills/Orissa/

10. www.orissapds.in/File/Food%20Policy.pdf

11. www.naip.icar.org.in/ES/ESC2MSSRF.pdf

12. www.thefreelibrary.com/India+%3A+Rice+procurement+target+hiked-a0209203165

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