Faultlocator B

Preface
Open Source Software
SICAM Contents
SICAM PQS
General Information 1
V8.01 Defining Fault Location Parameters 2
Executing the Fault Location Function 3
Fault Locator Fault Location Examples 4
Annex: Formula Symbols and Formulas A
Literature
Index
E50417-H8976-C421-A2
NOTE
For your own safety, please observe the warnings and safety instructions contained in this document.
Disclaimer of Liability Copyright
This document has been subjected to rigorous technical review Copyright Siemens AG 2013. All rights reserved.
before being published. It is revised at regular intervals, and any The disclosure, duplication, distribution and editing of this
modifications and amendments are included in the subsequent document, or utilization and communication of the content are not
issues. The content of this document has been compiled for permitted, unless authorized in writing. All rights, including rights
information purposes only. Although Siemens AG has made best created by patent grant or registration of a utility model or a design,
efforts to keep the document as precise and up-to-date as possible, are reserved.
Siemens AG shall not assume any liability for defects and damage
which result through use of the information contained herein.
Registered Trademarks
This content does not form part of a contract or of business
relations; nor does it change these. All obligations of Siemens AG SIMATIC, SIMATIC NET, SIPROTEC, DIGSI, SICAM,
are stated in the relevant contractual agreements. SIMEAS, SINAUT , OSCOP, and DAKON are registered
trademarks of SIEMENS AG. An unauthorized use is illegal.
Siemens AG reserves the right to revise this document from time to
time. All other designations in this document can be trademarks whose
use by third parties for their own purposes can infringe the rights of
the owner.
Document Release: E50417-H8976-C421-A2.01
Edition: 05.2013
Product version: V8.01
Preface
Purpose of this manual
This manual is intended for specialist personnel whose task it is to determine the fault location and the type of
fault in a power network using the SICAM . For the parameterization of the network, detailed knowledge of its
individual elements is required. For more detailed information concerning SICAM , refer to SICAM PQS, Over-
view /2/ and SICAM PAS/PQS, Configuration and Operation /4/
Target group
This manual is addressed to commissioning engineers, programmers and users of the substation control and
protection system SICAM PQS.
Scope of validity of this manual
This manual is valid for SICAM PQS V8.01.
Standards
SICAM PQS Fault Locator was developed in compliance with the ISO 9001:2008 standard.
Further support
If you have any further questions regarding SICAM PQS, please do not hesitate to contact your
local Siemens representative.
Hotline
Our Customer Support Center provides around-the-clock support.
Phone: +49 (180) 524-8437

Fax: +49 (180) 524-2471
e-mail: support.ic@siemens.com
Training Courses
If you are interested in our current training program, please contact our training center:
Siemens AG
Siemens Power Academy
Humboldtstr. 59
90459 Nuremberg
Germany
Phone: +49 (911) 433-7415

Fax: +49 (911) 433-5482
e-mail: poweracademy.ic-sg@siemens.com
Internet: www.siemens.com/energy/poweracademy
SICAM , SICAM PQS, Fault Locator 3

E50417-H8976-C421-A2, Edition 05.2013
Preface
Notes On Safety
This document is not a complete index of all safety measures required for operation of the equipment (module,
device). However, it comprises important information that must be noted for purposes of personal safety, as
well as in order to avoid material damage. Information is highlighted and illustrated as follows according to the
degree of danger:
DANGER
DANGER means that death or severe injury will result if the measures specified are not taken.
Comply with all instructions, in order to avoid death or severe injuries
WARNING
WARNING means that death or severe injury can result if the measures specified are not taken.
Comply with all instructions, in order to avoid death or severe injuries.
CAUTION
CAUTION means that medium-severe or slight injuries can result if the measures specified are not taken.
Comply with all instructions, in order to avoid medium-severe or slight injuries.
NOTICE
NOTICE means that material damage can result if the measures specified are not taken.
Comply with all instructions, in order to avoid material damage.
NOTE
Important information about the product, product handling, or a certain section of the documentation, which
must be given particular attention.
4 SICAM , SICAM PQS, Fault Locator

E50417-H8976-C421-A2, Edition 05.2013
Preface
Qualified Electrical Engineering Personnel
Only qualified electrical engineering personnel may commission and operate the equipment (module, device)
described in this document. Qualified electrical engineering personnel in the sense of this document are people
who can demonstrate technical qualifications as electrical technicians. These persons may commission,
isolate, ground and label devices, systems and circuits according to the standards of safety engineering.
Use as Prescribed
The equipment (device, module) may only be used for such applications as set out in the catalogs and the
technical description, and only in combination with third-party equipment recommended and approved by
Siemens.
Problem-free and safe operation of the product depends on the following:

Proper transport
Proper storage, setup, and installation
Proper operation and maintenance
When electrical equipment is operated, hazardous voltages are inevitably present in certain parts. If proper
action is not taken, death, severe injury, or material damage can result:
The equipment must be grounded at the grounding terminal before any connections are made.
All circuit components connected to the power supply may be subject to dangerous voltage.
Hazardous voltages may be present in equipment even after the supply voltage has been disconnected
(capacitors can still be charged).
Equipment with exposed current-transformer circuits must not be operated. Before disconnecting the
equipment, ensure that the current-transformer circuits are short-circuited.
The limit values stated in the document may not be exceeded. This must also be considered during testing
and commissioning.

E50417-H8976-C421-A2, Edition 05.2013
Preface

E50417-H8976-C421-A2, Edition 05.2013
The product contains, among other things, Open Source Software developed by third parties. The Open Sour-
ce Software used in the product and the license agreements concerning this software can be found in the
Readme_OSS.
These Open Source Software files are protected by copyright. Your compliance with those license conditions
will entitle you to use the Open Source Software as foreseen in the relevant license. In the event of conflicts
between Siemens license conditions and the Open Source Software license conditions, the Open Source Soft-
ware conditions shall prevail with respect to the Open Source Software portions of the software.
The Open Source Software is licensed royalty-free. Insofar as the applicable Open Source Software License
Conditions provide for it you can order the source code of the Open Source Software from your Siemens sales
contact - against payment of the shipping and handling charges - for a period of at least 3 years since purchase
of the Product. We are liable for the Product including the Open Source Software contained in it pursuant to
the license conditions applicable to the Product. Any liability for the Open Source Software beyond the program
flow intended for the Product is explicitly excluded. Furthermore any liability for defects resulting from modifi-
cations to the Open Source Software by you or third parties is excluded. We do not provide any technical sup-
port for the Product if it has been modified.

E50417-H8976-C421-A2, Edition 05.2013

E50417-H8976-C421-A2, Edition 05.2013
Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Open Source Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1 General Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.1 Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.2 SICAM PQS Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.2.1 SICAM PQS UI Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.2.2 SIMEAS R PAR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.2.3 SICAM PQS UI Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.3 SICAM PQ Analyzer, Incident Explorer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2 Defining Fault Location Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

2.1 General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.2 Creating and Parameterizing a Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.2.1 Inserting an Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.2.2 Inserting an Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.2.3 Inserting a Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.2.4 Defining Device Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.3 Complementing the Fault Location Topology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.3.1 Defining the Parameters for a Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.3.2 Assigning Measuring Equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.3.3 Defining Fault Location Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3 Executing the Fault Location Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

3.1 Automatic Fault Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.2 Manual Fault Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.3 Viewing the Calculation Result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4 Fault Location Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

4.1 Two-Ended Fault Location on a Single Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4.2 Fault Location on a Double Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4.3 Fault Location on a Partially Coupled Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
A Annex: Formula Symbols and Formulas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

A.1 Formula Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
A.2 Formulas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

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Contents

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1 General Information
Contents
1.1 Overview 12
1.2 SICAM PQS Components 18
1.3 SICAM PQ Analyzer, Incident Explorer 25

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General Information
1.1 Overview
1.1 Overview
The Fault Locator in the System
The Fault Locator is integrated in the SICAM PQS substation automation system. It enables both the automatic
and the manual calculation of the fault location. The SICAM PQ Analyzer serves for manual fault location.
Using the SICAM PQS UI Configuration system component, you can configure and parameterize your pow-
er system including relevant line data for fault location. The SICAM PQS UI Operation system component
retrieves fault records from the devices and stores them in the archive.
SICAM PQ Analyzer (Client)
SICAM PAS/PQS with (source) archive

SICAM PQ Analyzer
SIMEAS R 7KE85 SIPROTEC 4 SIPROTEC 5

Fault recorder Fault recorder Protection device Protection device
archive.tif
Fig. 1-1 Fault Recording Components, Basic System
The schematic diagram shows the components required for fault recording:
SIMEAS R
The SIMEAS R fault recorder measures the voltages and currents present at a measuring point, such as
a bay, and creates a fault record if a fault has been detected. For more detailed information on the device,
refer to the SIMEAS R documentation, see the list of Literature.
7KE85
The 7KE85 fault recorder measures the voltages and currents present at a measuring point, such as a
bay, and creates a fault record if a fault has been detected. For more detailed information on the device,
refer to the 7KE85 documentation, see the list of Literature.
SIPROTEC 4
The SIPROTEC 4 protection device creates a fault record if a fault has been detected. For more detailed
information, refer to the documentation of the SIPROTEC 4 protection device.
SIPROTEC 5
The SIPROTEC 5 protection device creates a fault record if a fault has been detected. For more detailed
information, refer to the documentation of the SIPROTEC 5 protection device.

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General Information
1.1 Overview
SICAM PQS
SICAM PQS retrieves fault records from devices and stores them in COMTRADE format in the (source)
archive. The current configuration and parameterization of the power system is saved in addition to the
fault record.
For more detailed information on configuration with SICAM PQS, refer to SICAM PAS/PQS, Configuration
and Operation /4/ and SICAM PQS, Overview /2/.
SICAM PQ Analyzer
The SICAM PQ Analyzer is installed on the substation level or on the control center level. Both can access
the archive.
Using the Incident Explorer, a component of the SICAM PQ Analyzer, you can locate faults manually and
view the reports from the automatic and manual fault location. For more detailed information concerning
the Incident Explorer, refer to SICAM PQ Analyzer, Incident Explorer /14/.
Recording Devices
The Fault Locator determines the fault location from the

fault records of
SIMEAS R / 7KE85
SIPROTEC protection devices
with the IEC 60870-5-103, IEC 61850 and PROFIBUS FMS communication protocols
Protection devices or fault recorders from third-party manufacturers
based on the IEC 60870-5-103 and IEC 61850 communication protocols
COMTRADE files of protection devices or fault recorders
Performance Characteristics
The performance characteristics of the Fault Locator include:

Single-ended fault location
Two-ended fault location
Parallel line compensation
For segment-wise coupled lines
Direct support of double lines
For identical or different voltage levels
Automatic or manual fault location
Calculation for rigidly grounded networks
Calculation for 50 Hz and 60 Hz system frequency
Fault location calculation according to fault types
Phase to ground
Phase to phase
Phase to phase to ground
Phase to phase to phase
Phase to phase to phase to ground
The fault type at the time when the line error has been detected is determined automatically.
Generation of a detailed fault location report including the following information:

Fault location
Fault type
Values measured at the time when the fault occurred

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General Information
1.1 Overview
NOTE
Since the calculated fault location can differ from the actual fault location, a calculated fault location is output
even if it is located 10 % downstream or upstream of the parameterized line. If this happens, the actual fault
location is near the line end.
Important Prerequisites
The following applies to fault location:

The fault records must include phase-to-ground voltages and phase-to-phase currents.
The length of the pre-fault time must be at least 150 ms for all scan frequencies.
The accuracy of the measurement (in particular the mesurement range of the current) must be suitable
for fault location.
Power System
In order to be able to locate faults, you must map your power system as a topological structure in SICAM PQS.
Station Station
Bay Bay Line Bay Bay
Phase Line segment
Bay Voltage level
Lin
e
Voltage levels
Station
Bay
Voltage level
network.tif
Fig. 1-2 Model of the Power System/Network
Figure 1-2 illustrates a power system with 3 stations and 2 lines. The following prerequisites must be met:
A bay is located on each line end.
A line consists of at least one line segment.
For fault location, at least one line end must be assigned to a bay.
A bay many only be assigned to 1 single line.
The voltage levels on the ends of a line must have the same voltage and frequency values.
A bay corresponds to a feeder and a voltage level corresponds to a busbar.

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General Information
1.1 Overview
Assigning Measuring Equipment (Measuring Channels)
The measuring equipment (measuring channels) of the devices must be assigned to the lines and their phases.
Device Bay
Ass
Voltage channel i gn
me n
t
Voltage channel Phase L1
Line
Voltage channel Phase L2
Phase L3
Current channel
Current channel
Current channel
assignment.tif
Fig. 1-3 Wiring of a Measuring Device
Figure 1-3 illustrates the wiring of a device. Each phase of the line is assigned a voltage and a current channel.
The voltage can be measured on the bay or on the voltage level. If several bays are assigned to the same volt-
age level, it is sufficient to measure the voltage once on the voltage level (busbar).
Elements of a Power System
The table below includes a list and description of those elements of a power system, which are relevant for fault
location.
Table 1-1 Elements of a Power System
Element Description
Station The station serves for subdividing a network. It has no influence on calculation. It
combines several bays located at close geographical proximity.
Voltage level The voltage level is an element of a station. It includes bays. The measured voltage is
identical for all bays of a voltage level.
Each bay must be assigned to a voltage level element.
The voltage level corresponds to a busbar.
Bay The line ends are marked by bays. The voltage and the current are measured on the
bay. The voltage can also be measured on the busbar.
The bay corresponds to a feeder.
Line Single-ended fault location:

The line is connected to 1 single bay of a station.
Two-ended fault location:

The line is connected to 2 bays of 2 stations.

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General Information
1.1 Overview
Table 1-1 Elements of a Power System (cont.)
Element Description
Double line A double line consists of 2 parallel lines with identical line data.
Single-ended fault location:

The 2 parallel lines are connected to 2 bays of the same voltage level/station.
Two-ended fault location:

The 2 parallel lines are connected to 4 bays in 2 different stations.
Line segment Part of a line. A line must consist of at least one line segment. The length of a line is
calculated as the sum of the lengths of all line segments.
Phase 3 phases are required for fault location.
Device Measuring unit which captures voltages and currents if a fault has occurred and saves
them as fault records.
DAU The Data Acquisition Unit (DAU) is a device component, for example, the SIMEAS R.
It combines several channels.
Analog channel An analog channel allows the measurement of the current or voltage of a bay's phase.
It is the smallest unit of a device.
Wiring Logic connection of an analog channel with a phase of a bay.

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General Information
1.1 Overview
Power System with Lines Running in Parallel
In daily practice, it can happen that a line runs partly or fully parallel to another line. Lines running in parallel
influence each other through magnetic induction, which is also referred to as coupling.
This coupling influences the result of the fault location and must therefore be compensated.
Station 1 Station 2
Line A
Bay 11 Bay 21
Segment A1 Segment A2
Bay 12 Bay 22
Segment B1 Segment C1
Segment B2 Segment C2
Li
Voltage levels
ne
C
B
ne
Li
Bay 31 Bay 32
Station 3
network_01.tif
Fig. 1-4 Power System with Parallel Lines
Figure 1-4 illustrates a power system with 3 stations and 3 lines. In certain sections, the lines run in parallel.
For fault location, the lines must be subdivided into segments with uniform coupling and parameterized accord-
ingly.

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General Information
1.2 SICAM PQS Components

The following SICAM PQS components are relevant for fault location:
SICAM PQS UI Configuration with the following views:
Configuration
In this view, you can insert and configure the applications.
Topology
In this view, you can map the topology of your power system.
Templates
In this view, you can edit the templates for your devices.
A device template describes a devices volume of information in the monitoring and command
direction. The volume of information includes both process information and status information of the
device.
SIMEAS R PAR
SIMEAS R PAR serves for the configuration and parameterization of SIMEAS R devices.
SICAM PQS UI Operation
This component provides you with an overview of your system's status. In addition, it allows you to acti-
vate/deactivate the applications or devices.
NOTE
For more detailed information on how to work with the SICAM PQS UI Configuration and
SICAM PQS UI Operation system components, refer to SICAM PAS/PQS, Configuration and Operation /4/.
For more detailed information on how to define the parameters of a SIMEAS R device, refer to SIMEAS R PAR,
Parameterization Tool /16/.

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General Information
1.2.1 SICAM PQS UI Configuration
Configuration view
view_01.tif
Fig. 1-5 SICAM PQS UI Configuration, Configuration view
For more detailed information on how to proceed in the Configuration view, refer to paragraph 2.2.
Application for Device

A least one device is required for fault location. In order to ensure that SICAM PQS can communicate with the
devices, you must insert the following elements in this view:
Application, for example, SIMEAS R Master
An interface
A device
For other devices, such as SIPROTEC protection devices, you must insert and configure the corresponding
applications.
Applications for Fault Location
To execute the fault location function, you must insert and configure the following applications:
PQS automatic fault location
Archive
PQS automatic import if fault records are to be imported
For more detailed information on the applications, refer to SICAM PAS/PQS, Configuration and Operation /4/.

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General Information
Topology view
The Topology view is subdivided into the 3 categories:

Assignments
Properties
Global line overview
view_02.tif
Fig. 1-6 SICAM PQS UI Configuration, Topology view, Properties
For more detailed information on how to proceed in the Topology view, refer to paragraph 2.3.
For fault location, at least the following components must have been inserted and parameterized in this view in
the navigation tree:
Station
Voltage level
Bay
Line
A line can consist of one or several line segments.
For two-ended fault location, at least 2 stations with one object each of the Voltage Level type and one bay
must have been parameterized.

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General Information
The Topology view also provides you with an overview of all lines parameterized in your power system.
Proceed as follows to display all lines:
Highlight the uppermost level in the topology.
Select the Global line overview tab.

A list of all parameterized lines of the power system are displayed.
view_02a.tif
Fig. 1-7 SICAM PQS UI Configuration, Topology view, Global line overview

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General Information
Templates view
view_03.tif
Fig. 1-8 SICAM PQS UI Configuration, Templates view
For more detailed information on how to proceed in the Templates view, refer to paragraph 4.
In the Templates view, you can view, edit, import, and export device templates. The device template describes
a device's volume of information and scope of performance.
For some devices, suitable device templates exist. Alternatively, you can edit these templates and customize
them according to the requirements of the individual device. In addition, you can import your own device tem-
plates or device templates from third-party manufacturers.
The correct parameterization of the measuring groups is a prerequisite for fault location. The measuring
equipment for a bay (feeder) is combined to a measuring group.

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General Information
1.2.2 SIMEAS R PAR
view_04.tif
Fig. 1-9 SIMEAS R PAR
For more detailed information on how to proceed in SIMEAS R PAR, refer to paragraph 2.2.4.
SIMEAS R PAR is an application, which serves for the configuration and parameterization of your SIMEAS R
devices for fault location.

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General Information
1.2.3 SICAM PQS UI Operation

SICAM PQS UI Operation is a runtime component of SICAM PQS. It allows you to activate/deactivate indi-
vidual components such as applications, interfaces, or devices, to define/remove bay and telecontrol blocks
and to update device information. Furthermore, it provides you with an overview of the status of your plant sec-
tions.
For automatic fault location, the Archive and PQS Automatic Fault Location application must have
been started.
For communication with the SIMEAS R device, the SIMEAS R Master application must have been start-
ed. For communication with SIPROTEC devices, the corresponding protocol is required.
For communication with the 7KE85 device, the IEC 61850 Client application must have been started.
For the automatic import of fault records from devices, which are not connected to SICAM PQS via a stan-
dard protocol, the PQS Automatic Import application must have been started.
view_05.tif
Fig. 1-10 SICAM PQS UI Operation
For more detailed information on SICAM PQS UI Operation, refer to SICAM PAS/PQS, Configuration and
Operation /4/.

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General Information
1.3 SICAM PQ Analyzer, Incident Explorer

The Incident Explorer is a component of the SICAM PQ Analyzer. It can also be used independently.
faultloc04.tif
Fig. 1-11 Incident Explorer, List of Fault Records and Fault Location Results
The Incident Explorer accesses the archive and provides an overview of the network events for which mea-
suring data and binary information is recorded. Furthermore, it provides a list of fault records and fault location
reports.
Using the Incident Explorer, you can perform manual fault locations. You can also view the fault location re-
sults in this view, see paragraph 3.
Click Open to open the highlighted entry. Alternatively, you can double-click the entry.
Fault records are opened automatically using the COMTRADE Viewer. If you have a SIGRA license, you
can define the SIGRA Viewer instead of the COMTRADE Viewer as standard viewer for fault records.
Fault location reports are displayed automatically with a print preview. If required, you can print out the
fault location reports or write them in a file (for example, in PDF or HTML format).
For more detailed information related to the Incident Explorer, refer to SICAM PQ Analyzer /13/.

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General Information
Fault Report
faultloc05.tif
Fig. 1-12 Viewing a Fault Report
The fault report includes the fault type detected, the fault location calculated, and additional data.

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2 Defining Fault Location Parameters
Contents
2.1 General Information 28
2.2 Creating and Parameterizing a Device 30
2.3 Complementing the Fault Location Topology 37

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Defining Fault Location Parameters
2.1 General Information

The SICAM PQS UI Configuration system component serves for the configuration and parameterization of
your power system. Correct parameterization is a prerequisite for the determination of a faults location and
type.
The fault location feature has been designed for rigidly grounded networks.
Several line segments per line can be parameterized. For the determination of the fault location, the Fault Lo-
cator considers all line segments for which parameters have been defined.
The fault type at the time when the line fault has been detected is determined automatically.
You can parameterize the fault location function in such a way that it is executed automatically whenever a
fault has occurred. Alternatively, you can locate faults manually using the Incident Explorer, see paragraph 3.
SICAM PQS Fault Location Functions (Features)
For configuration and parameterization using SICAM PQS UI Configuration, no functions need to be en-
abled.
For operation with SICAM PQS UI Operation, however, the corresponding functions must be enabled.
Which functions must be enabled depends on the individual requirements:
PQS Automatic Fault Locator for the execution of the fault location function
SIMEAS R Master for communication with the SIMEAS R fault recorder
IEC 61850 Client for communication with the 7KE85 fault recorder
PQS Automatic COMTRADE Import for the automatic import of fault records from devices, which are not
connected to SICAM PQS via a standard protocol
Applications for the IEC 60870-5-103, IEC 61850, and PROFIBUS FMS communication protocols if fault
detection and protection devices are connected based on these protocols
Applications for Fault Location
For fault location, you must insert and configure the following applications in SICAM PQS UI Configuration:
PQS Automatic Fault Location
Archive for archiving of fault records and error reports
Application for device communication, for example, SIMEAS R Master, IEC 61850 Client
PQS Automatic Import for the automatic import of fault records from devices, which are not connected
to SICAM PQS via a standard protocol.
For more detailed information on the applications, refer to SICAM PAS/PQS, Configuration and Operation /4/.
How to Proceed for Defining the Parameters for a Fault Location
This paragraph illustrates an example for fault location. In this example, a SIMEAS R is used for line monitoring.
For fault location, make sure to proceed in the following order:

In this example, you insert a SIMEAS R into a project and define its parameters,
see paragraph 2.2.
Complement the topology for fault location, see paragraph 2.3.
Initiate the fault location, see paragraph 3.
For further application example for practical support, refer to paragraph 4.

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Example
This paragraph illustrates the procedure by a simple example. The sample project includes all possible ele-
ments of a power system. In a real system, these elements can occur in different numbers and combinations.
Additional explanations which do not refer to this example are provided as notes.
Station 1 Station 2
SIMEAS R
Bay Line
Bay
Line segments
Voltage level Voltage level
Example01.tif
Fig. 2-1 Example of a Power System/Network
The diagram includes:

2 stations with voltage levels
2 bays
1 high-voltage line with 2 line segments
SIMEAS R fault recorder
For single-ended fault location, you must configure and parameterize a device, a station with a voltage level
and a bay, and also a line with at least one segment.
NOTE
For two-ended fault location, you must additionally configure and parameterize a second device along with
a second station with a voltage level and a bay. The second device must measure the current and voltage in a
second station.

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2.2 Creating and Parameterizing a Device

The procedure to be applied for the creation and parameterization of a device in
SICAM PQS UI Configuration depends on the data source, see the table 2-1.
The following data sources can be used:

Devices which are connected via standard protocols and provide fault records
Devices which are not connected to SICAM PQS via a standard protocol and whose fault records are im-
ported via the PQS Automatic Import application
The Application, Interface, and Device objects are created and parameterized in the Configuration view of
SICAM PQS UI Configuration. Parameters for measured-value acquisition are defined in the Templates
view.
Table 2-1 Procedure for Creating and Parameterizing a Device
SIMEAS R SIPROTEC 4/5 Protection COMTRADE 7KE85

Protection Device and Fault File
Device Recorder from
Third-Party
Manufacturers
Application Creating a Creating a Creating a Creating a Creating a

SIMEAS R IEC 60870-5-103, IEC 60870-5-103 PQS automatic IEC 61850 Client
application IEC 61850, or or IEC 61850 import application application
PROFIBUS FMS application
application
Interface Creating an Creating an Creating an Creating a Creating an

interface interface interface device group interface
Device Parameterizing a Importing device Importing device Importing or Importing device

device with data from a DIGSI data from the pa- manually creating data from
SIMEAS R PAR export file rameterization a device template IEC 61850,
or tool exporting file SCD,
or CID,
loading device
IID
data into SIMEAS manually creating/
R PAR from a de- editing a device
vice template
or
Importing device
data into SIMEAS
R PAR from a file
Measured Not required Defining parame- Defining parame- Defining parame- Defining parame-
value ters for measured ters for measured ters for measured ters for measured
acquisition value acquisition value acquisition value acquisition value acquisition
In order to perform a fault location, the device description must include suitable recording channels. The pa-
rameters for these channels are defined in the General recording channels tab of the Templates view. In this
view, they are combined to measuring groups.
A measuring group suitable for fault location includes 3 voltage and 3 current channels. The correct phase
designation is essential in this context: The current phases are A, B, and C. The voltage phases are A-N, B-

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N, and C-N. The measuring group has been defined in such a way that the currents and voltages of a three-
phase power network are measured in star connection.
The following paragraph illustrates the example of a SIMEAS R-PMU as data source. To create a device, use
the Configuration view: Insert an application, an interface, and a device. Define the device parameters in
SIMEAS R PAR.
The paragraph 4.1 illustrates an example of fault location with COMTRADE files.
In SICAM PQS UI Configuration, you can manually create device templates for devices from third-party
manufacturers. For more detailed information, refer to SICAM PAS/PQS, Configuration and Operation /4/ and
the SICAM PQS online help.
2.2.1 Inserting an Application

Select the application which you want to use for communication with the device, for example, a SIMEAS R. In
order to be able to insert an application, a system is created in the Configuration view of
SICAM PQS UI Configuration.
Proceed as follows to insert the SIMEAS R Master application into your system configuration:
In SICAM PQS UI Configuration, select the Configuration view.
Right-click the system into which you want to insert the application and select
Application > SIMEAS R Master from the context menu.
device_01.tif
Fig. 2-2 System with Inserted SIMEAS R Master Application
Under Properties, edit the name of the application.
NOTE
The SIMEAS R Master application can be inserted into the configuration tree only once per system. Below the
application, you can operate several interfaces of the Full Server.

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2.2.2 Inserting an Interface

You can select the connection type and the connection parameters for the device on the interface level. Via the
device applications, you can operate several interfaces, provided that they are supported by the Full Server.
For the interface to be inserted, a connection must be available in the system resources.
To insert an interface, proceed as follows:
Right-click the SIMEAS R Master application and select Interface from the context menu.
device_02.tif
Fig. 2-3 SIMEAS R Master Application with Inserted Interface
In the Insert - Interface dialog, define the parameters for the interface.
Click OK to close the dialog.
NOTE
SICAM PQS only requests parameters (highlighted in red) if no unique assignment can be performed automat-
ically.
Check the automatically assigned connection parameters and modify them if required.
For more detailed information on parameters, refer to the information area or the online help.

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2.2.3 Inserting a Device

You can communicate with one or several devices via an interface.
To insert a device:
Click the interface for which you want to insert a device. Select Device from the context menu.
The Insert - Device dialog opens.
device_03.tif
Fig. 2-4 Defining the Device Parameters
Under Name, enter a unique device name.
Select the device version.

The parameters of the corresponding device template are defined automatically.
NOTE
A specific device template must be created for each device. It includes the configuration and the parameters
of the corresponding device.
Fill in all fields, which are highlighted in red.
Check the remaining parameters and modify them if required.

The device is inserted in the Configuration view and a device template is created. The name of the device
template corresponds to the device name.

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2.2.4 Defining Device Parameters

The SIMEAS R PAR application is available for defining the parameters of a SIMEAS R. Although it is an in-
dependent program, you can call it up from SICAM PQS UI Configuration.
To define the parameters of a SIMEAS R:
In the Configuration view, right-click on the device inserted into the configuration tree and select Open
from the context menu.
The SIMEAS R PAR opens for the parameterization of the selected device.
device_04.tif
Fig. 2-5 Defining Device Parameters via SIMEAS R PAR
The following paragraphs describe settings, which are essential for fault location. You can perform additional
settings in order to meet your specific requirements. For more detailed information, refer to
SIMEAS R, Manual Digital Fault and Power Quality Recorder /17/, SIMEAS R-PMU, Manual Digital Fault Re-
corder /18/ and SIMEAS R PAR, Parameterization Tool /16/
and the online help.
Using SIMEAS R PAR, you can load parameters from the device or read out parameters from a corresponding
file. In the example presented here, the parameters are defined directly.
Highlight Hardware configuration in the tree view on the left-hand side.
Set the System frequency.
With the SIMEAS R, the voltage and current channels of a three-phase power network must be captured. This
is possible for example, by means of a VCDAU.
Select the VCDAU DAU type for Slot 1.
Enable the slot.
Select the Star connection mode for Group 1.
Select the 3-phase connection mode for Group 2.

The 3-phase connection mode is only available for a SIMEAS R-PMU. For SIMEAS R V2 and
SIMEAS R V3 devices, the Star connection mode must be selected here.

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device_05.tif
Fig. 2-6 SIMEAS R PAR, Defining the Module's Parameters
device_06.tif
Fig. 2-7 SIMEAS R PAR, Measuring Equipment of the Module
Complete the parameterization, see SIMEAS R PAR, Parameterization Tool /16/.
To exit SIMEAS R PAR in the Parameter set menu, click Exit and save to Configuration.

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device_07.tif
Fig. 2-8 SIMEAS R PAR, Saving Parameters
Activate the Send to device too option in order to load the modified settings into the device.
To do this, the device must be online.
To send the modified settings to the device later, use the SIMEAS R PAR application.
If this happens, click Yes to save the settings.

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2.3 Complementing the Fault Location Topology

To map your system's topological structure, open the Topology view in SICAM PQS.
For more detailed information on how to define the topological configuration, refer to SICAM PAS/PQS, Con-
figuration and Operation /4/.
Select the Properties tab in the Topology view.
The screenshot below illustrates your system's topology. A station, a voltage level, and a bay have been cre-
ated. This is enough for single-ended fault location. For two-ended fault location, as second station with a volt-
age level and a bay must be created.
This chapter illustrates the steps required for fault location.
topology_01.tif
Fig. 2-9 System Topology, Example

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2.3.1 Defining the Parameters for a Line

For fault location, you must define the parameters for a line, which consists of at least 1 segment.
In the topological tree, highlight the Bay object and select the Properties window.
The properties of the bay level are displayed.
For the Activate line parameter, select Yes.
When activating a line, the first segment is inserted automatically. Realistic line parameters are predefined for
the segment. These predefined line parameters must be customized to the data of your line.
topology_04.tif
Fig. 2-10 Properties of a Line
Assign the line a name.

The overall line length is calculated as the sum of the individual line segments, this value cannot be entered.
NOTE
The lengths of lines, segments, and electric load values can be indicated in kilometers or miles. Which unit is
used depends on the setting in your operating system.
The setting can be performed under:
Regional and Language Options, Regional Options tab, Standards and formats.

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NOTE
Enter the remote end (opposite end) in order to consider fault records transmitted from remote devices
for the calculation of the fault location.
The voltage level parameters of both ends must match. If they do not match, the remote end cannot be
located.
Activate Double line if 2 lines run in parallel and parallel line compensation must be performed.
Assign the parallel line to the corresponding bay and the remote end.
After inserting and assigning the line, you must enter the line parameters.
To do this, select Tools > Options for line parameters.

The Options for line parameters dialog opens.
topology_05.tif
Fig. 2-11 Defining the Input Format for Line Parameters
NOTE
For fault location calculation, the R1, X1 option for the Positive sequence and R0, X0 for the ground impedance
adaptation provides the highest precision.
Select the input format which matches your existing data.

You can modify the input format at any time. If this happens, previous entries are converted to the new
format.
NOTE
The segment in the fist row of the list corresponds to the segment on the highlighted bay. The segment in the
last row of the list corresponds to the segment on the remote bay.

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Under Segments, define the parameters for the created Segment (1) (see Table 2-2).
You can either enter the capacities or have them calculated.
The capacity is calculated from the reactance (see Annex A).
Right-click the text input box and select Will be calculated in order to initiate the calculation of the
capacity value.
The table includes a list of all possible parameters. Depending on the input format selected
(see figure 2-11 ), the relevant parameters must be configured.
Table 2-2 Line Parameters
Bay Meaning
Segment Name of the line segment
Coupling Selection of the parallel line segment, which is to be coupled to the current segment
Type Segment type.

The following entries are possible: Overhead, 3-pole cable or Single-pole cable.
Length Length of the line segment in km or miles

The unit depends on the regional settings of the operating system.
Central phase Phase in the center of the phase arrangement

For twisted lines, None/Unknown must be defined here.
Resistance R1 Positive-sequence resistance in /km or in /mile
Reactance X1 Positive-sequence reactance in /km or in /mile
Capacity C1 Positive-sequence capacity in F/km or in F/mile

C1 is equal to the CB operating capacity.
Resistance R0 Zero-sequence resistance in /km or in /mile
Reactance X0 Zero-sequence reactance in /km or in /mile
Capacity C0 Zero-sequence capacity in F/km or in F/mile
Phi angle Angle between R1 and X1 (positive sequence) in degrees
RE/RL Scalar factor of the resistance ratio

RE = resistance (ground), RL= resistance (line)
XE/XL Scalar factor of the reactance ratio

XE = reactance (ground), XL= reactance (line)
kL amount Amount of the impedance ratio, ZE/Z1

(ZE = amount of the ground impedance, Z1= amount of the positive-sequence imped-
ance)
kL corresponds to the k0 parameter
kL angle Angle between the ZE and Z1 impedances in degrees

kL corresponds to the k0 parameter

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Table 2-2 Line Parameters (cont.)
Bay Meaning
Z0/Z1 amount Amount of the impedance ratio, Z0/Z1

(Z0 = amount of the zero-sequence impedance,
Z1= amount of the positive-sequence impedance)
Z0/Z1 angle Angle between the Z0 and Z1 impedances in degrees
RM/RL Parallel line coupling

RM = resistance (coupling impedance), RL = resistance (line)
R0m Mutual zero-sequence resistance (coupling resistance) of the line in /km
XM/XL Parallel line coupling

XM = reactance (coupling impedance), XL = reactance (line)
X0m Mutual zero-sequence reactance (coupling reactance) of the line in /km
For more detailed information on the terms and formulas, refer to Annex A.
segment_01.tif
Fig. 2-12 Topology, Adding a Segment
Add a second segment, for example, Segment (2) and define the related parameters.
You can copy and delete segments or change their order.

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NOTE
In the event of complete or partial line coupling, you can select the coupled segment in the Coupling column
(see for example, paragraph 4.3).
2.3.2 Assigning Measuring Equipment

In the Topology view under Measurement assignment, you can assign the measuring equipment of all de-
vices (for example, fault recorder, protection device, or PQ device) to the bay or voltage level.
This assignment is sufficient for manual fault location. Incoming fault records, including their assignment, are
stored in the archive.
For automatic fault location, you must additionally assign the corresponding measuring equipment (measur-
ing channels) under Fault location, see paragraph 2.3.3.
The properties of the bay level are displayed.
Under Measurement assignment, click the arrow in the Measuring equipment row.
The list of measuring equipment (measuring channels) is displayed. All measuring equipment available
for the parameterized devices is indicated in the list.
topology_02.tif
Fig. 2-13 Properties, Assigning Measuring Equipment
Activate the measuring equipment, which you want to assign to this bay.
For a SIMEAS R, you assign each field a specific measuring equipment group for voltage and current mea-
surement.

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NOTE
The voltage measuring channels can also be assigned on the voltage level.
2.3.3 Defining Fault Location Parameters

For fault location, you must define the parameter values for the current and the star point position.
The properties of the bay are displayed.
topology_03.tif
Fig. 2-14 Properties, Fault Location
Specify the Nominal current and the Maximum load current for the bay.
Select the Start point direction (that is, star point of the current transformer).
Under Automatic fault location, select Yes in order to activate the automatic fault location.
NOTE
For Automatic fault location, the PQS Automatic Fault Location application must have been inserted in the
Configuration view.

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Under Voltage measurement, assign the measuring equipment to be used for automatic fault location.
This setting is not required for manual fault location.
The voltage is measured on the busbar.
In this example, the Current measurement channels are assigned automatically. In the event of several mea-
suring groups, the channels must be selected.
topology_03a.tif
Fig. 2-15 Properties, Fault location - Automatic Fault Location
The configuration of your power system is now complete. For more detailed information on how to execute the
fault location feature, refer to paragraph 3.

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3 Executing the Fault Location Function
Contents
A fault location procedure can be performed both manually and automatically.
A fault location report is generated based on the result of the fault location procedure. You can view the report
and print it out.
3.1 Automatic Fault Location 46
3.2 Manual Fault Location 47
3.3 Viewing the Calculation Result 50

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Executing the Fault Location Function
3.1 Automatic Fault Location
3.1 Automatic Fault Location

The automatic fault location procedure is executed by the SICAM PQS UI Operation application. It must be
parameterized in SICAM PQS UI Configuration, see paragraph 2.3.
The result of the fault location procedure can be viewed as a fault location report in the Incident Explorer.
Starting SICAM PQS UI Operation
For automatic fault location, the Archive and PQS Automatic Fault Location applications must have been
started. In addition, the connection to the fault record source, for example, a SIMEAS R, must have been es-
tablished.
Start SICAM PQS UI Operation.
Start the Archive and PQS Automatic Fault Location applications if these applications have not yet
been started.
Start the SIMEAS R Master communication protocol if the fault records originate from a SIMEAS R.
NOTE
After a change in SICAM PQS UI Configuration, the corresponding application, for example, the Archive
application in the event of a modified configuration, must be stopped and restarted. For the modifications to
become effective, the application must be restarted.
faultloc03.tif
Fig. 3-1 SICAM PQS UI Operation, the Fault Location Application have been Started
The fault location is calculated automatically. The result of the calculation is displayed as a fault location re-
port in the Incident Explorer. You can view and print out this list (see paragraph 3.3).
The fault record and the fault location result can be assigned to each other by means of a time stamp, that is,
the fault record and the corresponding fault location report have the same time stamp.

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3.2 Manual Fault Location

You can manually repeat an automatic fault location procedure in the Incident Explorer.
Prerequisites for Manual Fault Location
The prerequisites are the same as for automatic fault location:

In SICAM PQS UI Configuration:
The power system must have been completely configured and parameterized.
The Archive application must have been inserted.
The PQS Automatic Fault Location application must have been inserted.
Under Topology > Fault location, the Automatic fault location must have been enabled.
In SICAM PQS UI Operation:
The Archive application must have been started.
The PQS Automatic Fault Location application must have been started.
NOTE
The PQS Automatic Fault Locator function must have been enabled using the Feature Enabler.
After a fault event (fault record) has been transmitted, the fault location procedure can be executed. To do this,
select the fault event and start the procedure as described below.
Start the SICAM PQ Analyzer.
Select the Incident Explorer view.
Under Topology, select the desired element, for example, Region and Station.
A list of existing fault records for this element is displayed.

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faultloc01.tif
Fig. 3-2 Incident Explorer, List of Fault Records
In the list, select the fault record for which you want to initiate a calculation.
Do not select more than 1 fault record.
In the event of two-ended fault location, the fault records from the 2 ends are selected automatically.
faultloc06.tif
Bild 3-3 Executing the Fault Location Calculation

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Right-click the fault record and select Faultlocation > Two ended from the context menu in order to
execute a two-ended fault location calculation.
The calculation is executed and the fault location report is displayed afterwards.
Alternatively, you can execute a single ended faultlocation calculation.
NOTE
The selection options available in the context menu depend on the line configuration, for example, only a single-
ended fault location calculation can be executed for a fault location configured as single-ended.
All events which concern a certain fault will be considered for the fault location procedure, that is, 1, 2, or more
events. The following criteria apply: The fault event must concern the same line and the same period (within
60 sec).
You can view and print out the detailed fault location result, that is, the so-called fault location report (see
paragraph 3.3).
The fault record and the fault location result can be assigned to each other by means of a time stamp, that is,
the fault record and the corresponding fault location report have the same time stamp.

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3.3 Viewing the Calculation Result

Proceed as follows in order to view the detailed fault location result:
Under Topology, select the desired element, for example, Region and Station.
A list of existing fault records and fault location reports for this element is displayed.
faultloc04.tif
Fig. 3-4 Incident Explorer, List of Fault Records and Fault Location Results
Right-click the fault location report and select Open from the context menu.
Alternatively, you can double-click the fault location report.
The detailed fault location report is displayed.

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faultloc05.tif
Fig. 3-5 Viewing a Fault Location Report
The fault location report includes a main fault result, which indicates the highest fault probability and provides
information on the fault type and the distance to the fault location.
Depending on the individual fault, 1 or several partial results may be calculated. These partial results can in-
clude the following information:
Station element (topological view) from which the distance to the fault location is specified
Remote records used (in the event of double lines, coupled lines, and two-ended fault location calcula-
tions)
Type of Fault: for example, L1 ground
Distance to the fault location in km/miles, with an absolute tolerance indication
Distance to the fault location, in per cent of the specified line length
Calculation algorithm used for fault location calculation
Start time, end time, and duration of the fault
Maximum short circuit current
Current and voltage values during the fault

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4 Fault Location Examples
Contents
This chapter provides examples, which illustrate the fault location procedure. The fault records required for the
example presented in paragraph 4.1 are available on the installation DVD.
4.1 Two-Ended Fault Location on a Single Line 54
4.2 Fault Location on a Double Line 63
4.3 Fault Location on a Partially Coupled Line 70

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Fault Location Examples
4.1 Two-Ended Fault Location on a Single Line

Fault records in COMTRADE format are available on the installation DVD (\FaultLocation\Examples\ directory).
Based on these fault records, you can execute a two-ended fault location procedure as an example. To do this,
copy the fault records onto the hard disk of your computer and execute the steps described below.
The configuration and parameterization must be performed as indicated in this chapter. Otherwise, the fault
location procedure leads to an incorrect result.
Left Station Right Station

Left Right
Device Device
Left Line Right

Bay Bay

Example02.tif
Fig. 4-1 Example of a Power System
The sample project includes:

2 stations with
1 voltage level each
1 bay each along with
1 high-voltage power line consisting of
1 line segment
2 devices
Inserting Devices
You must create 2 devices in the Configuration view.
Select the Configuration view.
Insert a system.
Insert the PQS Automatic Import application below the system.
Insert a device group below the PQS Automatic Import application.
In the General parameters input area, select the COMTRADE setting as an Import type.
In the COMTRADE import configuration input area in the Import directory structure field, select
Multiple folders.

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example53_0.tif
Fig. 4-2 Configuration view with Devices Group Created
Importing a Fault Record
The fault record must be available in COMTRADE format and corresponds to a device.
Right-click Device group and select Device from the context menu.
The Insert Device dialog opens.
example53.tif
Fig. 4-3 Insert - Device dialog

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Assign the device the name Left.
Select the Sample_Device_Comtrade device template for the device.
In the COMTRADE import configuration input area, select the Device specific import directory
(...\LEFT) in which the fault record is located.
Confirm your entries with OK.

The Left device is inserted and the fault record is imported later during runtime.
Proceed in the same way for the Right device.
example53a.tif
Fig. 4-4 Configuration view with Devices Created
Inserting the Fault Location Application
Insert the PQS Automatic Fault Location application below the system.
Inserting a Region, Stations, Voltage Levels, and Bays
In the Topology view, you must map the power system from which the fault records originate.
Select the Topology view.
Insert a region.
A region is not essential, but it provides a better overview in the Incident Explorer.
Insert the Left station.
Below the station, insert a voltage level with the designation 520_kV.
Under Measurement parameters, enter 60 Hz for the system frequency, 520 kV for the voltage level, and
525 kV for the declared supply voltage.
Insert a bay below this hierarchical level.
Below the Region, insert the Right station with the Voltage level and the Bay.
Enter the same parameters for the Voltage level.

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Defining Line Parameters
Select the Bay of the Left station and select the Properties dialog.
example55.tif
Fig. 4-5 Topology view, Activating and Parameterizing a Line
For the Activate line parameter, select Yes. A line segment is inserted.
To do this, select Tools > Options for line parameters.

The Options for line parameters dialog opens.
Under Ground impedance adaptation, select R0, X0 and select R1/X1 under Positive sequence.
The indicated settings are predefined by default.

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Proceed as follows to define the parameters for the line segment:
Parameter Setting
Type Overhead
Length 359 km
Central phase None/unknown
Resistance R1 0.018 /km
Reactance X1 0.2973 /km
Capacity C1 is calculated
NOTE
In daily practice, the precise values might be unknown. This applies specifically to the
ground impedance (R0, X0).
The more precise the values are, the more precise the fault location result will be.
Under Line, assign the Opposite end; that is, in this example, you assign the bay to the Right station.
You do not need to parameterize the line for the Right station because it is the same line.
example56.tif
Fig. 4-6 Topology view, Complete Power System

E50417-H8976-C421-A2, Edition 05.2013
In the Topology view, you can now assign the devices measuring equipment to the individual bays.
Highlight the Bay of the Left station.
Under Fault location, enter 2000 A for the nominal current and also 2000 A for the maximum load
current.
Set the Star point direction to Line-related.
For the Automatic fault location parameter, select Yes.
Under Measurement assignment, assign the measuring equipment of the Left device to this bay.
example54.tif
Fig. 4-7 Topology, Assigning Measuring Equipment (Measuring Channels)
Under Fault location > Voltage measurement, assign the measuring equipment for the Left device.
The measuring equipment for current measurement are assigned automatically.
Highlight the Bay of the Right station.
Define the parameters for the currents and the star point direction in the same way as for the Left bay.
Activate the Automatic fault location function also for the Right station.
Under Measurement assignment, assign the measuring equipment of the Right device to this bay.
Under Fault location > Voltage measurement, assign the measuring equipment for the Right device.
The measuring equipment for current measurement is assigned automatically.
In order to be able to import the fault records, the Archive must have been set up in
SICAM PQS UI Configuration.
In the Configuration view, insert the Archive application if the archive has not yet been set up.
Close SICAM PQS UI Configuration.
The configuration and parameterization of the power system are now complete. The fault location function can
be executed.

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Executing the Fault Location Procedure
If the Automatic fault location function has been activated in SICAM PQS UI Configuration, the fault
records are imported and a fault location procedure is performed when starting SICAM PQS UI Operation.
For automatic fault location, the Archive and PQS Automatic Fault Location applications must have been
started. If the fault records are available as a file, the PQS Automatic Import application must be started ad-
ditionally.
Start SICAM PQS UI Operation.
To refresh the view, click Update view.
To update the system, click Update system.
Start the Archive application if it has not yet been started.
Start the PQS Automatic Fault Location application if it has not yet been started.
NOTE
Before starting the PQS Automatic Import application, make sure that the Archive and
PQS Automatic Fault Location applications have been started.
Start the PQS Automatic Import application if it has not yet been started.
example57.tif
Fig. 4-8 SICAM PQS UI Operation, the Applications for Fault Location have been Started
The fault records are imported, saved into the archive, and the fault location procedure is executed.

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Viewing the Fault Location Result
The fault location result is stored in the archive. To view it, use the Incident Explorer:
Click Options > Select archive in order to check whether the correct archive has been selected.
Under Topology, highlight the previously created region.

A list of fault records and the fault location result are displayed. If required, adapt the time period for the
list.
example58.tif
Fig. 4-9 Incident Explorer, List of Fault Records
Double-click the fault report, which you want to display.

The detailed fault report is shown on the screen.

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example59.tif
Fig. 4-10 Viewing a Fault Report
The calculated fault location is approximately in the center of the overhead, that is, it is located at a distance of
181,67 km from the Left station.

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4.2 Fault Location on a Double Line

For ground faults, the fault location function provides a more precise result if the second line of a double line is
also considered.
In order to be able to perform a parallel line compensation for a double line, coupling values (RM/RL, R0m,
XM/XL, X0m) must be specified additionally. These values describe how the parallel lines influence each other.
A double line can consist of several segments. Dividing a line into segments is recommended, if the properties
of the line change significantly along the line section. For example, due to the nature of the ground or a different
line pole system.
The following prerequisites must be met for calculating the fault location on a double line:
The 2 lines have been installed on a consistent line pole system.
Fault records for both lines are recorded by the same device (SIMEAS R or 7KE85).
The use of 2 separate recording devices is possible if certain conditions are met, see below.
All properties of parallel lines, for example, the voltage level or impedances, must be identical.
Be aware of the following when using 2 separate devices for recording a fault incidence:
2 similar devices (SIMEAS R or 7KE85) must be used.
The devices must run with chronological synchronism.
This also applies to two-ended fault location if a SIMEAS R is used on the remote end.
NOTE
The fault recording procedure is executed even if a fault record is only available from 1 single device. If this
happens, however, it is executed without parallel line compensation.

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This example describes single-ended fault location on a double line.
Station 1 Station 2
SIMEAS R
Bay 1
Line
Bay 2

Example03.tif
Fig. 4-11 Example of a Power System with a Double Line
The sample project includes the following main elements:

1 station with
1 voltage level
2 bays
1 high-voltage power line
1 SIMEAS R
The line is implemented as a double line consisting of 2 parallel lines with identical properties. The line consists
of 1 single line segment.
Creating and Parameterizing a Device
The creation and parameterization of a device in SICAM PQS UI Configuration, Configuration view, is not
illustrated in this chapter, see paragraph 2.2. For the SIMEAS R device, 2 VCDAU modules must have been
parameterized. For more detailed information, refer to SIMEAS R PAR, Parameterization Tool /16/.

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Viewing a Device Template
The SIMEAS R PAR parameterization tool creates a device template, which is displayed in the Templates
view.
example71.tif
Fig. 4-12 Templates view, SIMEAS R with 2 VCDAU modules
A list of the channels of the 2 VCDAU modules, that is, 2 by 4 channels for voltage measurement and 2 by 4
channels for current measurement, is displayed under General recording channels.
Inserting the Archive
Insert the Archive application below the System.
Define a directory for the archive and click OK to close the Insert - Archive dialog.
Inserting a Station, a Voltage Level, and Bays
The power system must be mapped in the Topology view. For single-ended fault location, it is sufficient to in-
sert just one station.
Define the line as a double line.
Insert a station, for example, Station 1.
Below the station, insert a voltage level, for example 400_kV.
Under Measuring parameters, enter 50 Hz for the system frequency, 400 kV for the voltage level and

E50417-H8976-C421-A2, Edition 05.2013
Insert a bay, for example, Bay 1.
Under Fault location, enter 2000 A for the nominal current and also 2000 A for the maximum load current.
For the second bay, you can insert a copy of the previously configured bay. This approach can help you to save
time.
In the topology tree, right-click Bay 1 and select Copy from the context menu.
Right-click the voltage level and select Insert from the context menu.
The Insert dialog opens.
Assign the name Bay 2 for the bay and click OK to close the dialog.
Defining Line Parameters
In the Topology view, you can now define the parameters for the line.
Select Bay 1 in the topological tree.
Under Line, click Yes for the Activate line parameter.

The line segment with its parameters is now displayed.
Under Line, click Yes for the Activate double line parameter.
Under Line, select Bay 2 for the Selected double line parameter. The parallel line is displayed
under Segments.
The values specified in the following table are realistic sample values.

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Parameter Setting
Type Overhead
Length 359 km
Central phase L2
RM/RL 2.81
XM/XL 0.67
example73.tif
Fig. 4-13 Topology, Defining Line Parameters

E50417-H8976-C421-A2, Edition 05.2013
In the Topology view, you can now assign the device's measuring equipment to the individual bays.
Select the Bay 1.
Under Measurement assignment, assign the measuring equipment of VCDAU 1 to Bay 1.
NOTE
Configuration view.
The current measuring channels are assigned automatically.
Select Bay 2.
Activate the Automatic fault location function and assign the measuring equipment for
voltage measurement.
example72.tif

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Executing the Fault Location Function and Viewing the Result
The fault location function is executed automatically by SICAM PQS UI Operation, see paragraph 3.1.
You can additionally perform a manual fault location procedure, see paragraph 3.2.
The result of the fault location can be viewed in the Incident Explorer, see paragraph 3.3.

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4.3 Fault Location on a Partially Coupled Line

Even if the lines between 2 stations are not consistently parallel, fault location with parallel line compensation
is possible. If this happens, however, the lines must be subdivided into segments with a uniform line structure
and each segment must be parameterized separately.
In the example, the lines first run in parallel. After a certain distance, the lines branch out to different stations.
Each line must be subdivided into 2 segments, that is, you must parameterize 4 segments.
This example describes the fault location function for a partially coupled line. Line 1 has a nominal voltage
of 400 kV, and Line 2 has a nominal voltage of 115 kV. In the 1st line section, both lines are installed on the
same poles. In the 2nd line section, the lines are installed on separate poles.
The creation and parameterization of a device in SICAM PQS UI Configuration, Configuration view, is not
illustrated in this chapter, see paragraph 2.2. For the SIMEAS R device, 2 VCDAU modules must have been
parameterized. For more detailed information, refer to SIMEAS R PAR, Parameterization Tool /16/.
Station 1 Station 2
SIMEAS R
Line 1, 400 kV
Bay 1 Segment 11 Segment 12
Bay 2
Segment 21
Voltage levels Line 2, 115 kV
Segment 22
Station 3
Example04.tif
Fig. 4-15 Example of a Power System/Network with a Partially Coupled Line

E50417-H8976-C421-A2, Edition 05.2013
The sample project includes the following main elements:

1 station with
2 voltage levels with different voltages
2 bays
2 high-voltage power lines
1 SIMEAS R
The lines run in parallel on part of the entire length. Since the fault location function shall be executed only on
1 end, only 1 single station with 2 bays must be configured and parameterized.
Viewing a Device Template
The SIMEAS R PAR parameterization tool creates a device template, which is displayed in the Templates
view.
example81.tif
Fig. 4-16 Templates view, SIMEAS R with 2 VCDAU modules
A list of the channels of the 2 VCDAU modules, that is, 2 by 4 channels for voltage measurement and 2 by 4
channels for current measurement, is displayed under General recording channels.
Inserting the Archive
Insert the Archive application below the System.
Define a directory for the archive and click OK to close the Insert - Archive dialog.

E50417-H8976-C421-A2, Edition 05.2013
Inserting a Station, Voltage Levels, and Bays
The power system must be mapped in the Topology view. For single-ended fault location, you insert just 1 sta-
tion.
NOTE
Different voltages, currents, and star point positions are possible.
Insert a station, for example, Station 1.
Below the station, insert a voltage level, for example, 400_kV.
Under Measuring parameters, enter 50 Hz for the system frequency, 400 kV for the voltage level, and

The line segment is created and displayed with its parameters.
Under Segments, insert a second segment for this line.
For the second line, you can now configure an additional voltage level and a second bay.
Below the station, insert a second voltage level, for example, 115_kV.
Under Measuring parameters, enter 50 Hz for the system frequency, 115_kV for the voltage level, and
120_kV for the declared supply voltage.

The line segment is created and displayed with its parameters.
Under Segments, insert a second segment also for this line.

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example84.tif
Fig. 4-17 Inserting a Topology, Station, Voltage Levels, and Bays

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Defining the Parameters for a Line
In the Topology view, you can now define the parameters for the line.
The values specified in the following table are realistic sample values. The first segments of the 2 lines have
the same length and are installed on the same poles. The 2 segments have different lengths.
Parameter Setting Setting Setting Setting

400 kV Line 400 kV Line 115 kV Line 115 kV Line
Segment 1 Segment 2 Segment 1 Segment 2
Type Overhead Overhead Overhead Overhead
Length 153 km 231 km 153 km 59 km
Central phase None/unknown None/unknown None/unknown None/unknown
Resistance R1 0.018 /km 0.018 /km 0.071 /km 0.071 /km
Reactance X1 0.249 /km 0.249 /km 0.379 /km 0.379 /km
Capacity C1 0.0144 F 0.0144 F 0.00967 F 0.00967 F
Resistance R0 0.126 /km 0.126 /km 0.202 /km 0.202 /km
Reactance X0 0.914 /km 0.914 /km 0.884 /km 0.884 /km
Capacity C0 0.0076 F 0.0076 F 0.00554 F 0.00554 F
Select Bay 1.
Define the parameters for Segment (1) with a length of 153 km. The remaining parameters are indicated
in the column for the 400 kV line, 1st segment.
in the column for the 400 kV line, 2nd segment.
Select Bay 2.
in the column for the 115 kV line, 1st segment.
in the column for the 115 kV line, 2nd segment.
In order to be able to define the R0m and X0m values, the segment coupling must have been inserted first.

E50417-H8976-C421-A2, Edition 05.2013
example83.tif
Fig. 4-18 Topology, Defining Line Parameters
Defining Segment Coupling Parameters
You must now define the parameters for the coupling of the first segments of your 2 lines:
Select Bay 2.
Right-click the outermost left-hand column of the first segment and select Add coupling from the context
menu. The segment coupling is inserted.
example85.tif
Fig. 4-19 Topology, Adding the Segment Coupling

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In the Coupling column, select Segment (1) of Bay 1.
example86.tif
Fig. 4-20 Topology, Selecting a Segment for Coupling
example87.tif
Fig. 4-21 Topology, Segment Coupling Inserted
NOTE
The coupling values always refer to the segment to which the coupling has been added. In this example, a cou-
pling to Segment 1 of the 400 kV line is added to Segment 1 of the 115 kV line.
This is particularly important if coupling values in RM/RL and XM/XL formats are used. In this example, RM/RL
would refer to R1' of Segment 1 of the 115 kV line, analogous to XM/XL on X0'.
Enter the values 0.152 and 0.503 for the R0m and X0m parameters.
In the Topology view, you can now assign the device's measuring equipment to the individual bays.
Select Bay 1.
NOTE
Configuration view.
The current measuring channels are assigned automatically.

E50417-H8976-C421-A2, Edition 05.2013
Select Bay 2.
Activate the Automatic fault location function and assign the measuring equipment for
voltage measurement.
example82.tif
The parameterization for this example is now complete.
Executing the Fault Location Function and Viewing the Result
The fault location function is executed automatically by SICAM PQS UI Operation, see paragraph 3.1.
You can additionally perform a manual fault location procedure, see paragraph 3.2.
The result of the fault location can be viewed in the Incident Explorer, see paragraph 3.3.

E50417-H8976-C421-A2, Edition 05.2013

E50417-H8976-C421-A2, Edition 05.2013
A Annex: Formula Symbols and Formulas
Contents
This chapter provides a list of formula symbols and formulas for the calculation of the fault location.
A.1 Formula Symbols 80
A.2 Formulas 81

E50417-H8976-C421-A2, Edition 05.2013
Annex: Formula Symbols and Formulas
A.1 Formula Symbols
A.1 Formula Symbols
R0 Zero-sequence resistance in /km
X0 Zero-sequence reactance in /km
C0 Zero-sequence capacity in F/km
L0 Zero-sequence inductance in H/km
R1 Positive-sequence resistance in /km
X1 Positive-sequence reactance in /km
C1 Positive-sequence capacity in F/km
L1 Positive-sequence inductance in H/km
ZC Characteristic wave impedance of the cable in
RE Ground resistance in
RL Line resistance in
XE Ground reactance in
XL Line reactance in
Z0 Zero-sequence system impedance
Z1 Positive-sequence system impedance
ZE Ground impedance
RM Coupling resistance in
XM Coupling resistance of the line in
R0m Mutual zero-sequence resistance (coupling resistance) of the line in /km
X0m Mutual zero-sequence reactance (coupling reactance) of the line in /km
L0m Mutual zero-sequence inductance (coupling inductance) of the line in /km

E50417-H8976-C421-A2, Edition 05.2013
A.2 Formulas
A.2 Formulas
Formulas for the Conversion of the Resistance/Impedance Values
RE / RL = (R0 / R1 - 1) / 3 Scalar factor of the resistance ratio

XE / XL = (X0 / X1 - 1) / 3 Scalar factor of the reactance ratio
kL = ZE / Z1 = (Z0 / Z1 - 1) / 3 Complex ground impedance factor
RM / RL = (R0m / R1) / 3 Resistance ratio coupling factor
XM / XL = (X0m / X1) / 3 Reactance ratio coupling factor
Calculation of C1 and C0 Capacities
Type = Overhead
C1 = 1 / (L1 * v2) with v = 295,000 km/s
Type = cable
C1 = L1 / ZC2 L1/ (50 )2
Type = Overhead
C0 = 1 / (L0 * v2) mit v = 220,000 km/s
Typ = 1-pole cable
C0 = C1
Typ = 3-pole cable
Belted cable: C0 = 0.6 * C1
Three-core separately sheathed cable: C0 = C1
The formulas for the calculation of the zero-sequence capacity of cables can differ from the formulas specified
here. Please contact your manufacturer for safety reasons.
Calculation of L1, L0 and L0m Inductances
L1 = X1 / 2f
L0 = X0 / 2f
L0m = X0m / 2f
In these formulas, Ci, Li and Xi must be considered as electric constants (line loads) (F/km, H/km, /km).

E50417-H8976-C421-A2, Edition 05.2013
A.2 Formulas

E50417-H8976-C421-A2, Edition 05.2013
Literature
/1/ SICAM PAS, Overview

E50417-X8976-C431-A6
/2/ SICAM PQS, Overview
E50417-X8976-C464-A6
/3/ SICAM PAS/PQS, Installation Manual
E50417-M8976-C432-A6
/4/ SICAM PAS/PQS, Configuration and Operation
E50417-P8976-C433-A6
/5/ SICAM SCC, Human Machine Interface SICAM SCC
E50417-H8976-C501-A3
/6/ SICAM Valpro, Measured/Metered Value Processing Utility SICAM Valpro
E50417-H8976-C479-A3
/7/ SICAM PAS, Automation Blocks
E50417-H8976-C436-A5
/8/ SICAM PAS/PQS, Security
E50417-H8976-C438-A5
/9/ SICAM PAS, Redundancy
E50417-H8976-C441-A5
/10/ SICAM PAS, Device Description
E50417-T8976-C437-A3
/11/ SICAM Station Unit V2.40
E50417-H8976-C381-A5
/12/ SICAM PQS, Fault Locator
E50417-H8976-C421-A2
/13/ SICAM PQ Analyzer
E50417-H8976-C397-A7
/14/ SICAM PQ Analyzer, Incident Explorer
E50417-H8976-C465-A7
/15/ SICAM Diamond V4.0, Manual
E50417-H8976-C183-A5
/16/ SIMEAS R PAR, Parameterization Tool
E50417-H1076-C439-A3
/17/ SIMEAS R, Manual Digital Fault and Power Quality Recorder
E50417-B1076-C209-A2
/18/ SIMEAS R-PMU, Manual Digital Fault Recorder
E50417-H1076-C360-A2
/19/ SIMEAS R-PMU, Maintenance Manual
E50417-H1074-C364-A2
/20/ SICAM Q80, Power Quality Recorder, System Manual
E50417-H1076-C420-A2

E50417-H8976-C421-A2, Edition 05.2013
Literature
/21/ SICAM Q80, Power Quality Recorder, Operating Instruction

E50417-B1074-C419-A2
/22/ SIMATIC HMI WinCC V6 Basic Documentation
6AV6392-1XA06-0AB0
/23/ SIMATIC Security concept PCS 7 and WinCC - Basic document
A5E02128732-01

E50417-H8976-C421-A2, Edition 05.2013
Index
Zahlen Fault location result

7KE85 12 viewing 50
Fault Locator
in the system 12
A Performance characteristics 13
Analog channel 16 Fault record
Assignment importing 55
of the measuring equipment 15 Fault report 26
Automatic Fault Location 46 Features
for fault location 28
B Feeder 15
Bay 15 Formula symbols 79
Formulas 79
C
Capacities
I
calculating 81 Impedance values
COMTRADE Viewer 25 calculating 81
Coupled line 70 Incident Explorer 25
Inductances
calculating 81
D Interconnection 16
DAU 16 Interface
Device 16 inserting 32
creating and parameterizing 30
defining parameters 34
inserting 33
L
Devices Line 15
inserting 54 defining parameters 38, 57
Double line 16, 63 partially coupled 70
Line parameters
options 39, 57
E Line segment 16
Elements of a power system 15
M
F Manual Fault Location 47
Fault location Measuring equipment
automatic 46 assigning 15, 42, 59
defining parameters 28, 43
Double line 63
Example 64, 71
N
executing 45 Network elements 15
manual 47
Recording devices 13 P
Fault location application Parallel line compensation 63
inserting 56 Performance characteristics 13
Fault location procedure Phase 16
Example 54 Power system 14
executing 60
two-ended 54
viewing the result 50, 61

E50417-H8976-C421-A2, Edition 05.2013
Index
R
Recording devices 13
Resistance values
calculating 81
S
Sample project 29, 54, 64, 71
Segment coupling
SICAM PQ Analyzer 13
SICAM PQS 13
SICAM PQS features 28
SICAM PQS UI - Operation 24
SIGRA Viewer 25
SIMEAS R 12
Inserting an Application 31
SIMEAS R PAR 23, 34
SIPROTEC 5 12
Station 15
System configuration 19
T
Templates 22
Topology 20
configuring 37, 56
Tow-ended fault location 54
V
Voltage level 15
W
Wiring 16
www.siemens.com/energy/poweracademy 3

E50417-H8976-C421-A2, Edition 05.2013

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Preface

Open Source Software

Disclaimer of Liability Copyright

Purpose of this manual

Scope of validity of this manual

This manual is valid for SICAM PQS V8.01.

Our Customer Support Center provides around-the-clock support.

Phone: +49 (180) 524-8437

Phone: +49 (911) 433-7415

SICAM , SICAM PQS, Fault Locator 3

Comply with all instructions, in order to avoid death or severe injuries

Comply with all instructions, in order to avoid death or severe injuries.

Comply with all instructions, in order to avoid medium-severe or slight injuries.

Comply with all instructions, in order to avoid material damage.

4 SICAM , SICAM PQS, Fault Locator

Qualified Electrical Engineering Personnel

Problem-free and safe operation of the product depends on the following:

SICAM , SICAM PQS, Fault Locator 5

6 SICAM , SICAM PQS, Fault Locator

SICAM , SICAM PQS, Fault Locator 7

8 SICAM , SICAM PQS, Fault Locator

2 Defining Fault Location Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

3 Executing the Fault Location Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

4 Fault Location Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

A Annex: Formula Symbols and Formulas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

SICAM , SICAM PQS, Fault Locator 9

10 SICAM , SICAM PQS, Fault Locator

1.2 SICAM PQS Components 18

1.3 SICAM PQ Analyzer, Incident Explorer 25

SICAM , SICAM PQS, Fault Locator 11

The Fault Locator in the System

SICAM PQ Analyzer (Client)

SICAM PAS/PQS with (source) archive

SIMEAS R 7KE85 SIPROTEC 4 SIPROTEC 5

Fig. 1-1 Fault Recording Components, Basic System

12 SICAM , SICAM PQS, Fault Locator

The Fault Locator determines the fault location from the

The performance characteristics of the Fault Locator include:

Generation of a detailed fault location report including the following information:

SICAM , SICAM PQS, Fault Locator 13

The following applies to fault location:

Bay Bay Line Bay Bay

Phase Line segment

Bay Voltage level

Fig. 1-2 Model of the Power System/Network

14 SICAM , SICAM PQS, Fault Locator

Assigning Measuring Equipment (Measuring Channels)

Fig. 1-3 Wiring of a Measuring Device

Elements of a Power System

Table 1-1 Elements of a Power System

Line Single-ended fault location:

Two-ended fault location:

SICAM , SICAM PQS, Fault Locator 15

Table 1-1 Elements of a Power System (cont.)

Single-ended fault location:

Two-ended fault location:

Phase 3 phases are required for fault location.

Wiring Logic connection of an analog channel with a phase of a bay.

16 SICAM , SICAM PQS, Fault Locator

Power System with Lines Running in Parallel

Fig. 1-4 Power System with Parallel Lines

SICAM , SICAM PQS, Fault Locator 17

1.2 SICAM PQS Components