The Chassis

The chassis, which should not be confused with the body, consists of an internal
structure that supports and provides rigidity and shape to a vehicle or object in its
construction and use. It is analogous to the skeleton of an animal. In the case of a
vehicle, it consists of a frame that integrates with each other and holds both the
mechanical components, the power train and the suspension of the wheels, engine
including the body. They have nothing whatsoever to do with the bodywork or platform .
Chassis types
There are two types of chassis for the manufacture of vehicles
Independent chassis on backstage

The vehicle frame, in addition to bearing the weight of all these elements
and parts of a motor vehicle, must also withstand the overloads of use
which include, in addition to the weight of the load to be carried and the
occupants of the vehicle, The dynamic and inertial loads caused by the
operation of the various elements and by the movement of the vehicle
itself.
In its most elementary
form, as shown in the
attached figure, the
frame of a vehicle can
be constituted by a set
formed by two
longitudinal elements
located symmetrically
on both sides of the
longitudinal axis of the
vehicle, called struts,
which are transversely
connected by means
Of other shorter
structures, in variable
numbers, called transoms.
The crossbar of greater inertia and resistance (sometimes called a
bridge) is usually mounted on the front of the frame, in order to be able
to support both the engine and the front suspension of the vehicle.
Although the different types of existing frames for vehicles will be
discussed later, the geometry of conventional frames is usually such that
they are narrower at the front, in order to allow the steering wheels to
rotate and to be able to maintain the same wheel (Distance between
wheels) than on the rear wheels.
On the other hand, the greater width of the frame is usually located at
the rear, and serves to distribute the weight of the body and the load
closer to the rear wheels, in order to give greater stability to the vehicle.
In addition, this greater width allows also to offer a greater protection to
the vehicle in case of lateral impact.
 Self-supporting chassis or monocoque

They are called monocoque (or self-supporting body) to the bodies of the
vehicles that include the chassis and the cabin of components and
passengers in a single piece with tips that serve as support to the engine.
This system is used in almost all passenger cars since the 1980s. The first
car to incorporate this constructive technique was the Lancia Lambda, from
1923. Then other great series were the Chrysler Airflow and the Citron
Traction Avant.

Traditionally the body was

mounted on the chassis of
frames, currently this practice is
only used in vehicles that have
to move large loads such as
pickup trucks / trucks and some
sport utility vehicles. The last
cars with independent chassis
on racks were American,
especially the Ford Crown
Victoria until 2011 and models of
the Chevrolet Caprice until
1996. Other vehicles use a
mixed system, in which a
chassis semimonocasco combines with a chassis of frame Examples of this
technique are the Chevrolet Camaro, Opel Vectra and several supercars such
as the Lamborghini Aventador LP700-4.2

Nowadays almost all the cars are constructed with the technique of
monocoque, being realized the unions between the different pieces by means
of welding of point. There are vehicles in which even the crystals are part of
their structures, providing strength and rigidity to the whole.
 LIGHTIING SISTEM
The lighting system of a motor vehicle consists
of lighting and signalling devices mounted or integrated
to the front, rear, sides, and in some cases the top of
a motor vehicle. This lights the roadway for the driver
and increases the conspicuity of the vehicle, allowing
other drivers and pedestrians to see a vehicle's
presence, position, size, direction of travel, and the
driver's intentions regarding direction and speed of
travel. Emergency vehicles usually carry distinctive
lighting equipment to warn drivers and indicate priority
of movement in traffic.

FONT LIGHTING

HEARTS
The lighting in the front is offered by short and long range
headlights, which can be supported with the use of
fog lights, supplementary headlights and cuneteros
headlights.
Short-range dipped-beam headlamp
The short-range illumination, also called the dipped-
beam headlamp, confers a light beam distribution on
the side and front, but it can not dazzle other road
users. This beam is specified for use when there are
other vehicles on the road. The ECE international
headlamp standards specify a beam with a sharp,
asymmetrical cut to prevent excessive light from
reaching other drivers that may precede or in the
opposite direction of the vehicle.3 4 Glare control is
less strict for North American SAE, whose standards
on light beams are collected in FMVSS / CMVSS
108.5

Long reach or road light

Long-range illumination, also called main-beam
headlamp, gives a focused and intense light
distribution without any glare control. For this reason,
they are only suitable for use when traveling only on
the road, as it is possible to dazzle other drivers. CE standards allow for a far-reaching
light beam of greater intensity than those permitted under US regulations
Front position light
The night visibility of a vehicle standing in front of the vehicle is provided by the front
position lamp, also known as the parking lamp . These lights located in the front of a
vehicle may emit white or amber light in North America; White in the rest of the planet.
The colloquial term of city light for this type of headlights16 comes from the practice,
once common in European cities like Moscow, London or Paris, to drive with these low
intensity lights instead of making use Of short-range headlamps. Today it is illegal in
many countries to drive exclusively with the front position light, since at least short-
range headlamps must also be lit. In the United Kingdom briefly the use of special
daytime running lights, described below, was required in an attempt to optimize the
level of light that was used at night in built-up areas.

Rear position lights

Visibility backwards at night of a vehicle is conferred by the rear position lights. They
are only allowed to emit red light, and must be connected at the same time as the front
ones, whether or not the short-range headlights are connected. These lights may be
combined with or separate from the brake lights. When combined, the lamps produce a
brighter red light for the brake light, and a softer light for the position light function.
These two functions can be performed separately or by double intensity bulbs.

Internationally, minimum relationships between the power of each function have been
stipulated so that they can not be misinterpreted

Brake light
When the driver of a vehicle applies its brakes, in the rear part are connected pilots that
emit a continuous red light, brighter than the position lights. They are called brake
lights, and it is mandatory to mount them in multiples of two, symmetrically, on the rear
sides of the vehicle. Outside North America, the range of light intensity containing a
single source, such as a light bulb, is between 60 And 185 candelas. But within the
acceptable range lies between 80 and 300 candelas. They are indispensable for the
safety of the driver and passengers, they should be included in all vehicles as standard
equipment.

Reversing light

In order to provide backlighting when reverse gear is engaged, and to warn those near
the vehicle that it is going to move backwards from its normal direction, vehicles must
be equipped with a pilot that emits white light. However, in some countries, and at
certain times, amber light has been allowed, as in Australia and New Zealand, where
manufacturers had to look for American vehicles to have the combination of red brake
light with Reverse white. These countries allowed the rear indicators to function as a
reversing light so long as they were kept on, so importers could combine the obligatory
amber turn signal with the optional amber reversing light. Thus the standards were
fulfilled without adding new luminous elements. This system is no longer allowed, since
there are also forced to be white