FOCUS DISTANCE OF THIN LENSES

Nurfadilah, Helmy Thalia, Risdah Damayanti N, dan Utari Ratih Purwaningrum

Education of Chemistry ICP A

Abstract

The objective was to determine the effect of distance practicum position of objects on the form of
the shadow and influence of the distance between the lens and the screen with the results of the
shadow that happens, know the effect of the distance between the convex lens and a concave lens
on the results of the shadows that occur, and explains the formation of a shadow through refraction
by convex and concave lenses. Research methods convex lens, install equipment and seek the most
obvious shadow, measure the distance from the object lens and lens to screen distance and observe
the nature of the shadow. Concave lens, attach a concave lens on the optical bench behind a convex
lens and in front of the shadow by the refraction of a convex lens, concave lens and the screen shifts
to find the shadow by shadow refraction concave lens with a convex lens concave lens as virtual
objects, measure distance place mark virtual objects concave lens and a concave lens distance to the
screen. Based on the experiments, we can conclude the formation of a shadow on the lens can be
observed due to the presence of primary rays passing through the lens, the rays are parallel, the
central beam, and the beam focus.

Keywords: focal distance, lenses, shadow, special beam, the distance of objects.

PROBLEM FORMULATIONS

1. How does the position of the object distance and the distance between the lens
and the screen with the results of the shadow?
2. How does the distance between the convex lens and concave lens on the results
shadow?
3. How does the formation of shadows through refraction by convex lens and a
concave lens?

OBJECTIVES

1. Students know the influence of the position of the object distance and the effect
of the distance between the lens and the screen with the results of the shadows
that occur.
2. Students know the influence of the distance between the convex lens and a
concave lens on the results of the shadows that occur.
3. Students explain the formation of a shadow through refraction by convex lens
and a concave lens.

EXPERIMENT METHODOLOGY

Basic Theory
The lens is a transparent medium bounded by two curved surfaces (spherical),
although one of the curved surface of the lens can be a flat plane. Because it is a
wave coming undergo refraction when passing through the lens. To simplify
considered that the medium on both sides of the lens are the same and have a
refractive index (such as air) and the refractive index of the lens is n. We consider
only thin lenses, the lens thickness is very small compared to the radius.
The lens is a transparent object bounded by two surfaces and the surface of at least
one of a curved area. Lenses should not be made of glass that is important it is clear
objects (opaque) allowing the refraction of light. Therefore thin lens is curved.
Lens is a refracting medium bounded by two surfaces. So the formation of shadows
by it occurs through the double refraction at the boundary of the field and another
field boundary. Therefore, the wave came through two refraction when passing
through the lens. The image formed by the first surface of the object to the second
surface. For simplicity, the medium outside of the lens is assumed to have the same
refractive index and the refractive index of the lens is taken equal to n.
The lens is made of a material object optically transparent (usually glass) that form
the surfaces of convex or concave. Based on the shape of the lens is then a beam
after passing the lens will be collected in a point or in the scatterplot. All the effects
are due to the shape shown in the lens surface and also because of its refractive
index. We can analyze refraction lens according to the formula in the previous
curved field. Sebueh thin lens is a lens whose thickness is negligible when
compared to the lens focal distance of objects or shadows that occur.
On the convex lens (positive lens) rays can accumulate (convergent) and the
concave lens (negative lens) rays can spread (divergent). In the lens rays are special.
Of course, special rays at different convex lens with a concave lens.
Figure 1.1 Special rays in convex lens Figure 1.2 Special rays in concave lens

If the thickness of the lens is small, both called thin lens because the object and the
image produced from the process is outside the lens refraction.
The process of formation of shadows by a thin lens, lens both positive and negative
lens follows the following equation:
1 1 1
+ = (1)

with the provisions of s, s', and f is the distance of each object to the lens, the
distance of the shadow of the lens and the focal distance of the lens.
For a positive lens, if the object distance (in front of the lens) is greater than the
focal distance of the lens, the image produced is real (can be formed on a screen
that is behind the lens). As for the negative lens, the image produced is always
illusory (can not be formed on a screen that is behind the lens). Therefore, in order
that the image formed is real negative lens, then the object should be apparent,
which is behind the lens. To generate a pseudo object for a negative lens, the
negative lens should be placed between the positive lens and the real image positive
lens. When the negative lens located between the positive lens and the real image
generated positive lens, the shadow object nyatalensa become apparent positive for
a negative lens as the object is behind the negative lens. The process of forming a
pseudo object for negative lenses can be described in Figure 1.3.

Figure 1.3 a) Establishment of a real image by a positive lens and

(b) Establishment of a virtual object to a negative lens
While the shadow magnification obtained from :

= = (2)

with h and h 'is the height of each object and the image height. For a thin lens focal
distance can be calculated too by the equation:

(3)

here R1 and R2 each is the radius of the first and second lens surface and n is the
refractive index of the lens material.
For the lens to the object space numbers and number-space for shadow
distinguished. number of space for objects using Roman numerals (I, II, III, and
IV), while for shadow space using Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3 and 4) as in the
following Figure:
 Figure 1.4 Placement consecutive spaces on convex lens and a concave lens

Rules of use of space objects and shadows are as follows.

1. The amount of space objects and shadows space equal to 5 (five).
2. If the number is greater shadow space of space objects, shadows will be
enlarged.
3. If the number is smaller than the space shadow space object, the shadow
will be minimized.
4. If the shadow is behind the lens, its real and inverted.
5. If the shadow is in front of the lens, and the same virtual nature upright.

Tools and materials

1. Tools
a. Optical bench 1 piece.
b. Precision rail 2 pieces.
c. Diaphragm slide holder 1 piece.
d. The bulb 12 V, 18 W.
e. The power supply (Power Supply 10 A, 12 V AC / DC) 1 piece.
f. Optical screen shadow catcher 1 piece.
g. Place stemmed lights 1 piece.
h. Some double connecting cable.
i. Plastic ruler 30 cm and 100 cm respectively 1 piece.
2. Materials
 a. Convex lens (f = 100 mm, and f = 200 mm) each 2 pieces.
b. Concave lens (f = 100 mm, and f = 200 mm) each 2 pieces.
c. Diaphragm arrows 1 piece.

Identification Variables

Activity 1: Determining the Convex Lens Focal Length With tattooing 1/s to 1/S '.

1. Manipulation Variable: Distance Objects

2. Response Variable: Distance Shadow
3. Control Variables: Distance Focus

Activity 2: Determine Concave Lens Focal Length (Negative).

1. Manipulation Variable: Distance Objects

2. Response Variable: Distance Shadow
3. Control Variables: Distance Focus

Operational Definition of Variables

Activity 1: Determining the Convex Lens Focal Length With tattooing 1/s to 1/s'.

1. Manipulation Variable: The distance of objects is the distance from the

object to the positive lens 2
2. Response Variable: Distance shadow is the distance from lens to screen
positive 2
3. Control Variables: focal length is the distance from the lens when focusing
Figure parallel rays of light entering the lens.

Activity 2: Determine Concave Lens Focal Length (Negative).

1. Manipulation Variable: The distance of objects is the distance from the

object to the positive lens 2
2. Response Variable: Distance shadow is the distance from lens to screen
positive 2
3. Control Variables: focal length is the distance from the lens when focusing
Figure parallel rays of light entering the lens.
Work Procedures

Activity 1: Determining the Convex Lens Focal Length With tattooing 1/s to 1/s'.

1. Put the light source, a positive lens 1, object, a positive lens 2, and the screen
on the optical bench in sequence. Then adjust the distance of objects and a
positive lens 1 of about 10 cm.
2. Placing the screen at a certain distance from the object.
3. Shift the positive lens 2, which is between the object and the screen towards
the object so as to obtain a clear shadow on the screen. Then measure the
distance from the positive lens 2 as the distance of objects and measure the
distance of a positive lens 2 to display a shadow distance.
4. Repeat 2 and 3 activities as much as 11 times. Then record the data obtained
in the table observations.

Activity 2: Determine Concave Lens Focal Length (Negative).

1. Put the light source, a positive lens 1, object, a positive lens 2, and the screen
on the optical bench in sequence. Then adjust the distance between the light
source with a positive first lens focal distance of the lens 1, set the distance
of the object and a positive lens 1 of about 10 cm.
2. Make clear image of the object on the screen. After that mark the position
of the shadow. Placing a negative lens before the shadow position marked.
3. Placing the screen at a certain position approximately 100 cm from the
marked position.
4. Shift the negative lens toward or away from the screen to obtain a clear
image.
5. Measure the distance from the lens to the position marked negative as the
distance of objects and measure the distance from the negative lens to the
screen as the shadow distance.
6. Repeat the activity until a few times, by placing the screen at another
position. Then record the data obtained in the table observations.
OBESERVATION RESULT AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

a. Observation Result
Activity 1
Focus Distance of Positive Lens 1 = 100 mm = 10 cm
Rulers NST = 0,1 cm
Table.1 Focus distance convex lens
Object distance (s) Shadow distance (s') 1/s 1/s'
No.
(cm) (cm) (cm-1) (cm-1)
1 | 9.90 0.05| | 95.50 0.05| 0.101 0.010
2 | 10.90 0.05| | 66.40 0.05| 0.092 0.015
3 | 11.00 0.05| | 49.50 0.05| 0.091 0.020
4 | 11.30 0.05| | 44.00 0.05| 0.088 0.023
5 | 12.10 0.05| | 31.30 0.05| 0.083 0.032
6 | 14.50 0.05| | 22.50 0.05| 0.069 0.044
7 | 15.40 0.05| | 20.90 0.05| 0.065 0.048
8 | 34.30 0.05| | 12.30 0.05| 0.029 0.081
9 | 36.50 0.05| | 11.70 0.05| 0.027 0.085
10 | 39.90 0.05| | 11.50 0.05| 0.025 0.087
11 | 41,00 0.05| | 11.20 0.05| 0.024 0.089

Activity 2
Focus distance of negative lens = -100 mm = -10 cm
Rulers NST = 0,1 cm
Table 2.1. Focus distance concave lens (Negative)
Object distance Shadow distance 1/s 1/s'
No.
(s) (cm) (s') (cm) (cm-1) (cm-1)
1 | 12.30 0.05| | 29.00 0.05| 0.081 0.034
2 | 13.40 0.05| | 27.70 0.05| 0.075 0.036
3 | 13.50 0.05| | 27.50 0.05| 0.074 0.036
4 | 14.60 0.05| | 26.00 0.05| 0.068 0.038
 5 | 15.00 0.05| | 25.80 0.05| 0.067 0.039
6 | 15.80 0.05| | 25.50 0.05| 0.063 0.039
7 | 15.90 0.05| | 25.30 0.05| 0.063 0.04
8 | 16.00 0.05| | 24.60 0.05| 0.063 0.041
9 | 16.40 0.05| | 24.00 0.05| 0.061 0.042
10 | 16.50 0.05| | 23.80 0.05| 0.061 0.042
11 | 17.50 0.05| | 23.00 0.05| 0.057 0.043
12 | 18.00 0.05| | 22.30 0.05| 0.056 0.045
13 | 19.10 0.05| | 21.50 0.05| 0.052 0.047

b. Analysis of data
Activity 1
Graphic 1.1 Focus distance convex lens with watch 1/s to 1/s

The relation between 1/s and 1/s' in convex

lens
0.1
0.09
0.08
0.07
1/s' (cm-1)

0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
y = -1.0145x + 0.1126
0.02 R = 0.9959
0.01
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12
1/s (cm-1)

The relation between 1/s and 1/s in convex lens

Axis x
Limit measure 0,02 cm
NST = = = 0,003 cm
Scale number 6

1 1 1
fx = = NST = 0,003 cm = 0,0015 cm
s 2 2
1 1 1 1
= + =0
fx s s s
1 1
=
fx s
1
= 0,101
fx
fx = 9.901 cm

Axis y

Limit measure 0,01 cm

NST = = = 0,001 cm
Scale number 10

1 1 1
fy = = NST = 0,001 = 0,0005 cm
s 2 2
1 1 1 1
= + =0
fy s s s
1 1
=
f s
1
= 0,01
f
f = 100 cm
f + f 9.901 + 100 109.901
f = =( )= = 54.95 cm
2 2 2
f f
= | |f + | |f
f f
1 1
= | f + f |
2 2
1 1
f + 2 f
=| 2 |
f 1
(f + f )
2 x

f + f
= | | f
f + f
0.0015 cm + 0.0005 cm
=| | 54.95 cm
9.901 cm + 100 cm
0.002 cm
=| | 54.95 cm
109.901 cm
 = 0.001 cm
0.001 cm
= 100% = 100% = 0,002% 4 AB
f 54.95 cm
DC = 100% KR = 100% 0,002% = 99,998%
PF = |f |
= |54.95 0,001|cm

Activity 2
Graphic 1.2 Focus distance convcave lens (Negative)

The Relation between 1/s and 1/s' in concave lens

0.05
0.045
0.04
0.035
y = -0.4405x + 0.0687
1/s' (cm-1)

0.03 R = 0.9448
0.025
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
1/s (cm-1)

The Relation between 1/s and 1/s in concave lens

Axis x
Limit measure 0.01 cm
NST = = = 0.001 cm
Scale number 9

1 1 1
fx = = NST = 0.001 cm = 0.0005 cm
s 2 2
1 1 1 1
= + =0
fx s s s
1 1
=
fx s
1
= 0.081
fx
fx = 12.346 cm
Axis y
Limit measure 0,005 cm
NST = = = 0,0005 cm
Scale number 10

1 1 1
fy = = NST = 0,0005 cm = 0,00025 cm
s 2 2
1 1 1 1
= + =0
fy s s s
1 1
=
f s
1
= 0,034
f
f = 29.412 cm
f + f 12.346 + 29.412 41.758
f = =( )= = 20.879 cm
2 2 2
f f
= | |f + | |f
f f
1 1
= | f + f |
2 2
1 1
f + 2 f
=| 2 |
f 1
2 (fx + f )
f + f
= | | f
f + f
0.0005 cm + 0.00025 cm
=| | 20.879 cm
12.346 cm + 29.412 cm
0.00075 cm
=| | 20.879 cm
41.758 cm

= 0,000375 cm

0.000375 cm
= 100% = 100% = 0.0018% 4 AB
f 20.879 cm
DC = 100% KR = 100% 0.0018% = 99.9982%
PF = | |
= |20.88 0.000375|cm
DISCUSSION

After doing this experiment, the convex lens we observe that to get a clear image
visible on the screen, we need to shift the positive lens or two closer to the screen
away from the screen. To get a clear image and focus on the display of the results
that we did begin within 9.90 cm for the distance of two positive lenses to object as
Object distance, and 95.50 cm distance from the lens to the screen as a positive two
Shadow distance until the eleventh experiment is 41.00 cm for object distance and
11.20 cm for Shadow distance.
On the concave lens, the distance used as a negative object because the object
concave lens is behind the lens. To get a shadow that focus is to mark the shadow
formed on the screen as the last thing negative lens shift toward or away from the
screen to form an image that is in focus. From the results we have obtained that to
get a shadow that focus on the screen starting from 12:30 cm for the distance from
the lens to the object marked negative as the object distance and 29.00 cm for the
negative lens distance to the screen as Shadow distance until the thirteenth
experiment is 19.1 cm for Object distance and 21.5 cm for Shadow distance.
To get a shadow that focus on the screen, Object distance in concave lens obtained
by the difference <10 cm for each data retrieval repeated, but with a different object
distance on the convex lens that is to get a shadow that focus on repetitive data
retrieval Object distance > 10 cm.
And from the data obtained showed that the distance Shadow formed inversely
proportional to the object distance. The greater the distance Object of the optical
center, the smaller the distance Shadow formed. Thus it can be seen that the focal
distance of the lens is different from the focus. Because the lens focal distance is
the distance Shadow when it reached the most obvious form. Based on experiments
conducted on the object convex lens shadow always be behind the lens and has the
properties of real image, inverted, reduced or real, inverted, enlarged or virtual,
upright, reduced; whereas the image formed by a concave lens is always in front of
the lens so that it has the nature of the virtual image, upright and reduced.
On the convex lens with eleven variations observed data and the concave lens made
thirteen variation data for the purpose can be obtained results more accurate data
and generate distance more precise focal point.

In doing this experiment, there are many errors that cause data obtained are less
precise, as less conscientious observer in observing the shadow focus or not and in
rounding. For it in subsequent experiments on the focusing distance of the observer
should be more thoroughly in seeing and observing the experiment, more focused
and more leverage so that the results are relevant to a small error, as expected.

CONCLUSION AND DISCUSS

Conclusion
Conclusions practicum thin lens focal distance is:
1. The greater the distance of the lens to the lens, the images forming the
results will be even greater (real, inverted, enlarged), but if it is too far into
the virtual shadow results.
2. The farther the distance between the lens and the screen, then the result will
be even greater shadow, but Figure shadows will fade.
3. The distance between the lens concave and convex lenses in concave lens
shadow experiments that the greater the distance the object images forming
the result will be smaller, here acts as a concave lens for lens concave
objects.
Discuss
Preferably during the practicum practitioner must understand and master the
material to be tested and working steps to be carried out, so that there is no error in
observation or practicum.

REFERENCE LIST

Herman, S.Pd, M.Pd. 2014. Penuntun Praktikum Fisika Dasar. Makassar: Unit
Laboratorium Fisika Dasar.
Purwoko.2007.Fisika.Jakarta:Ghalia Indonesia.
Sarojo,G.2011.Gelombang dan Optika.Jakarta:Salemba Teknika.
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lensa#Lensa_tipis
http://www.onfisika.com/2013/01/pembiasan-cahaya-pada-lensa-tipis.html