The Paleolithic (from Greek: (paleo-) "old" + (lithos) "stone") Age, Era, or Period, is a

prehistoric era distinguished by the development of the first stone tools, and covers
roughly 99% of human technological history. It extends from the introduction of stone
tools by hominids such as Homo habilis 2.5 or 2.6 million years ago, to the introduction
of agriculture and the end of the Pleistocene around 12,000 BP. The Paleolithic era is
followed by the Mesolithic.

During the Paleolithic, humans grouped together in small societies such as bands, and
subsisted by gathering plants and hunting or scavenging wild animals. The Paleolithic is
characterized by the use of knapped stone tools, although at the time humans also used
wood and bone tools. Other organic commodities were adapted for use as tools,
including leather and vegetable fibers; however, due to their nature, these have not been
preserved to any great degree. Surviving artifacts of the Paleolithic era are known as
Paleoliths. Humankind gradually evolved from early members of the genus Homo such
as Homo habilis — who used simple stone tools — into fully behaviorally and
anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens sapiens) during the Paleolithic era. During
the end of the Paleolithic, specifically the Middle and or Upper Paleolithic, humans
began to produce the earliest works of art and engage in religious and spiritual behavior
such as burial and ritual. The climate during the Paleolithic consisted of a set of glacial
and interglacial periods in which the climate periodically fluctuated between warm and
cool temperatures.

The term Paleolithic was coined by archaeologist John Lubbock in 1865. It derives from
Greek: παλαιός, palaios, "old"; and λίθος, lithos, "stone", literally meaning "old age of the
stone" or "Old Stone Age."

The Neolithic Age, Era, or Period, or New Stone Age, was a period in the development
of human technology, beginning about 9500 BCE in the Middle East[1] that is traditionally
considered the last part of the Stone Age. The Neolithic followed the terminal Holocene
Epipalaeolithic period, beginning with the rise of farming, which produced the "Neolithic
Revolution" and ending when metal tools became widespread in the Copper Age
(chalcolithic) or Bronze Age or developing directly into the Iron Age, depending on
geographical region. The Neolithic is not a specific chronological period, but rather a
suite of behavioral and cultural characteristics, including the use of wild and domestic
crops and the use of domesticated animals.[2]

New findings put the beginning of the Neolithic culture back to around 10700 to 9400
BCE in Tell Qaramel in northern Syria, 25km north of Aleppo.[3] Until those findings are
adopted within archaeological community, the beginning of the Neolithic culture is
considered to be in the Levant (Jericho, modern-day West Bank) about 9500 BCE. It
developed directly from the Epipaleolithic Natufian culture in the region, whose people
pioneered the use of wild cereals, which then evolved into true farming. The Natufians
can thus be called "proto-Neolithic" (12,500–9500 BCE or 12,000-9500 BCE[1]). As the
Natufians had become dependent on wild cereals in their diet, and a sedentary way of
life had begun among them, the climatic changes associated with the Younger Dryas are
thought to have forced people to develop farming. By 9500–9000 BCE, farming
communities arose in the Levant and spread to Asia Minor, North Africa and North
Mesopotamia. Early Neolithic farming was limited to a narrow range of plants, both wild
and domesticated, which included einkorn wheat, millet and spelt, and the keeping of
dogs, sheep and goats. By about 8000 BCE, it included domesticated cattle and pigs,
the establishment of permanently or seasonally inhabited settlements, and the use of
pottery.[4]
Unlike the Paleolithic, where more than one human species existed, only one human
species (Homo sapiens) reached the Neolithic. Homo floresiensis may have survived
right up to the very dawn of the Neolithic, about 12,000 years ago.

The term Neolithic derives from the Greek νεολιθικός, neolithikos, from νέος neos, "new"
+ λίθος lithos, "stone", literally meaning "New Stone Age." The term was invented by Sir
John Lubbock in 1865 as a refinement of the three-age system.

The Mesolithic (Greek: mesos "middle", lithos stone) or "Middle Stone Age"[1] was a
period in the development of human technology in between the Paleolithic or Old Stone
Age and the Neolithic or New Stone Age, in which farming appeared. The term was
introduced by John Lubbock in his work Pre-historic Times, published in 1865. The term
was, however, not much used until V. Gordon Childe popularized it in his book The
Dawn of Europe (1947).[2] The start and end dates of the Mesolithic vary by geographical
region. In some areas, such as the Near East, farming was already in use by the end of
the Pleistocene.

This cranium, of Homo heidelbergensis, An array of Neolithic artifacts,

a Lower Paleolithic predecessor to including bracelets, axe heads,
Homo neanderthalensis and possibly chisels, and polishing tools.
Homo sapiens, dates to sometime
between 500,000 to 400,000 BP.
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