CSA Group Assignment

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our gratitude to all those who gave us the possibility to complete this
assignment. We are deeply indebted to our teacher Mr. Gayan Jayakody whose help, stimulating
suggestions and encouragement helped us in all the time of completion of this assignment..
We would like to thank Asia Pacific Institute for Information Technology (APIIT) for providing us
with library and computer laboratory facilities as well as the other necessary facilities which was
required for the completion of this assignment.
Especially, we would like to give our special thanks to our parents whose patient love and support
enabled us to complete this work.
RED Highlights are links that got caught up in the table of contents, ignore it
GREEN Highlighted words are the places where citations have gone wrong; refer from the pointafter the highlighted
words for proper citation.
Project Documents can be downloaded in the following links:CSA project download link
http://hotfile.com/dl/101792645/12b2414/CSA_group_assignment.docx.ht ml
Telecommunications Project (HSPA) can be downloadedat the following URL:

http://hotfile.com/dl/101769843/83bda8a/Telecommunication_group_proj ect.rar.htm
l
Networking Project available for download with Visiofloor plans:

http://hotfile.com/dl/101791370/b148726/NWN_-_Group_project.rar.html
Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology
Computer Systems Architecture
Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...................................................................................................................2
1.0 Introduction...............................................................................................................................5
Definition of microprocessor............................................................................................................5
What is a microprocessor?................................................................................................................5
2.0 Major trends affecting microprocessor performance and design in recent year.......................6
eHow 1999-2010, About Different Types of Processors Website,[Online],.........................................7
Available: http://www.ehow.com/about_4587172_different-types-processors.html [Accessed 22
May 2010]............................................................................................................................................7
Imsas 2010, Energy Efficiency in Microprocessor Platforms Website [Online], Available:
http://www.imsystech.com/technology/energy_efficiency.htm [Accessed: 22 May 2010].................10
CBS Interactive Inc, 2010 What's the best way to increase processing power? Website, [Online],
Available: http://articles.techrepublic.com.com/5100-10878_11-6099111.html [Accessed: 26 May
2010]...................................................................................................................................................11
3.0 Major differences between microprocessor design goals for desktop, server, embedded
systems...............................................................................................................................................12
(Purinda Gunasekara. 2007)...............................................................................................................12
4.0 Choice of buying two computers A and B..............................................................................13
5.0 Compare having one ALU that is twice as fast as normal to having two ALUs....................14
5.1 ALU.....................................................................................................................................14
6.0 Three toughest problems currently facing micro-architects....................................................16
Limits of Software..........................................................................................................................16
High cost in inventions...................................................................................................................17
Unable to reduce the metal gate size further more.........................................................................17
7.0 Critical Evaluation...................................................................................................................18
They found another solution for this problem by replacing HfO2 as the metal gate oxide.so that the
electric leakage is getting redused......................................................................................................20
8.0 FAQs.......................................................................................................................................21
9.0 Workload Matrix.....................................................................................................................30
10.0 Gantt chart...............................................................................................................................31
11.0 Minutes of Weekly Meetings..................................................................................................32
9.1 Minutes of meeting 1...........................................................................................................32
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12.0 List of References....................................................................................................................37
Srivatsan (2007)High-k+ Metal Gate Transistors, [Online]Available:
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Vb2huWWCzvM/RdEW8XCBqkI/AAAAAAAAADs/zvvSFKJJZ68/s40
0/hk_mg_transistors.jpg [Accessed 21th May 2010]..........................................................................37
Purinda Gunasekara. (2007), Major differences between Microprocessor design goals for Desktop,
Server and Embedded Systems Architectures, [Online], Available:
http://www.codeproject.com/KB/scrapbook/Microprocessor.aspx...................................................38
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Table of Figures
Figure 1................................................................................................................................................6
Figure 2................................................................................................................................................6
Figure 3................................................................................................................................................6
Figure 4................................................................................................................................................6
Figure 5................................................................................................................................................6
Figure 6................................................................................................................................................6
Figure 7: Comparison A and B............................................................................................................8
Figure 8: Single-core systems schedule tasks on 1 CPU to multitask...............................................10
Figure 9: Dual-core systems enable multitasking operating systems................................................11
Figure 10: Micro processor................................................................................................................12
Figure 11: Standard transistor............................................................................................................13
Figure 12: High-k+ Metal Gate Transistors.......................................................................................16
DF09A1ICT 4
1.0 Introduction
Intel is the very first people who introduced the microprocessor to the world in 1970 and
the speed of it was 108Hz.atre at about 4 years Intel invented 8080 processor running in
2MHz.This microprocessor become the world first personal microprocessor. It was named
as “Alter” as the result of the completion which started because of this invention IBM
started their researches with the name of “POWER”
Then in 1979 Motorola designed 68000 series of microprocessors which was implemented
later by Apple in Macintosh computers. Like that till today many IT companies invented
many microprocessors.
(Michael D. 2007)
Definition of microprocessor
“A microprocessor, sometimes called a logic chip, is a computer processor on a
microchip.”
(Anon. 2009)
What is a microprocessor?
Microprocessor is made by integrated circuit which in on a microscopic silicon chip that
contains millions of microscopic on/off switches which are known as transistors.
“The transistors are laid out along microscopic lines made of superfine traces of aluminum
that store or manipulate data. These circuits manipulate data in certain patterns, patterns
that can be programmed by software to make machines do many useful tasks.”
(Anon.2009)
DF09A1ICT 5
2.0 Major trends affecting microprocessor performance and design

in recent year
1. Increasing number of Cores.

2. High performance Energy is efficient in Microprocessor design.
3. Revolution in Cables and Buses.
4. Expand the size of Processors.
1. Increasing number of Cores.
(Intel, 2009)
Intel 2009, The All New 2010 Intel Core Processor Family Not Just Faster. Smarter Website,
[Online], Available: http://www.intel.com/?en_US_01 [Accessed 20 May 2010]
Mainly there are two types of computer microprocessors. Intel and Advanced Micro Devices
(AMD). Intel microprocessors include Celeron, Pentium, and Core microprocessors. Advanced
Micro Devices (AMD) contents of Sempron, Athlon, and Phenom.
(eHow, 2010)
eHow 1999-2010, About Different Types of Processors Website,[Online],

Available: http://www.ehow.com/about_4587172_different-types-processors.html [Accessed 22
May 2010]
DF09A1ICT 6
So there are lots of multicore designs in multicore architected. Normally central processing unit
(CPU) includes with a single chip. But in modern world desktops and laptops are using
microprocessors. Now a day’s processors are expanding to till core i3, core i5 and core i7. As a
result of that most CPUs are used several chips.
Multicore processor is an integrated circuit (IC) which has two or more processors using for the
computers performance, save power consumptions and using for multiple tasks.
(DeviceMag.com, 2008-2010)
DeviceMag.com 2008-2010, Intel cancels Larrabee project – to focus on integrated graphics

Website,[Online], Available: http://www.devicemag.com/2010/05/25/intel-cancels-larrabee-project-
to-focus-on-integrated-graphics/ [Accessed 20 May 2010]
DF09A1ICT 7
Multicore configuration in microprocessor.
Processor is close to the Cache (L1). This has a very speed memory. Also it’s performing well in
the CPUs. But L2 Cache is not faster than L1 Cache. Also L2 Cache is larger than L1 Cache and
both of these Caches are used for same purpose.
(ProQuest LLC, 2008)
ProQuest LLC 2008, MultiCore Basics Website,[Online],

Available: http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/multicore/review3.php [Accessed 18 May 2010]
DF09A1ICT 8
This is the Microprocessor performance in 1980 to 1998
(Jack Dongarra,2010)
(Intel, 2009)
Jack Dongarra 2010, Growth of Microprocessor Prrformance Website,[Online], Available:

http://www.netlib.org/utk/people/JackDongarra/SLIDES/cerfacs-799/sld005.htm
[Accessed 21 May 2010]
Intel2009, Desktop Processors Website,[Online],

Available: http://www.intel.com/products/desktop/processors/index.htm?iid=desk_nav+proc
[Accessed 20 May 2010]
2. High performance Energy is efficient in Microprocessor design.
In microprocessors their power efficiency and speed efficiency are based on transistors. This is a
major trend in microprocessor performance. So we should save the energy. In past Pentium family
processors are waste lots of energy. As a result of that modern generation introduce Core vPro,
Core i3, Core i5. Core i7 and recently released Core i7 processor Extreme Edition also. That
processor’s technology gives high performance and incredible energy power very effectively.
DF09A1ICT 9
(Imsas 2010)
(Oklobdzija G V, KrishnamurthyK. R. 2006)
Imsas 2010, Energy Efficiency in Microprocessor Platforms Website [Online], Available:

http://www.imsystech.com/technology/energy_efficiency.htm [Accessed: 22 May 2010]
Oklobdzija G V, KrishnamurthyK. R. 2006, High-performance energy-efficient microprocessor design , 1 st ed,

[Online]. Available: http://books.google.lk/books?
id=LmfHof1p3qUC&dq=high+performance+energy+efficient+microprocessor+design&printsec=frontcover&s
ource=bn&hl=en&ei=3ZH8S_jsMcGGkAXStJWNBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CC
MQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false [Accessed May 23, 2010]
3. Revolution in Cables and Buses.
Revolution of Cables and Buses are the another tread of microprocessor performance. Buses are
highly expensive and because it is increase in lots of pins and circuit boards. So we can save money
from reducing the buses.
(Intel, 2010)
Intel 2010, Processors Website, [Online]Available:

http://www.intel.com/support/processors/tools/piu/sb/CS-015479.htm [Accessed: 22 May 2010]
4. Expand the size of Processors.
Every day people found different kinds of operating systems and many applications. So we should
update our current system. Because of that we have to change the processors which is suitable for
our applications and operating systems. So it is a problem to change Processors because it cost a lot.
So this is also major trend in microprocessors.
DF09A1ICT 10
What's the best way to increase processing power? Website, [Online],

CBS Interactive Inc, 2010
Available: http://articles.techrepublic.com.com/5100-10878_11-6099111.html [Accessed: 26
May 2010]
UNTIL HERE
DF09A1ICT 11
3.0 Major differences between microprocessor design goals for

desktop, server, embedded systems
The three mentioned systems are unique from each other, except for the slight
resemblances in size, purpose and the cost of the systems. As the internal workings of the
systems are designed to meet certain requirements of the customer, these systems may not
be used to overlap with each other in the industry.
“When we consider this question we can take a look at three different views, if we discuss
about the server based microprocessors their manufacturers are very much concerned about
the server uptime and stability issues. If it is a desktop system then you have to consider the
usability and the reliability and ease of use, but most importantly the cost and lastly we can
come to embedded systems which are very popular in Electrical industry more than
computer science, because of the necessity companies use Embedded systems to ease their
life. Embedded means they are built to act in a single purpose manner.”
(Purinda Gunasekara. 2007)
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4.0 Choice of buying two computers A and B
Computer A Computer B
Clock Speed 3GHz 2GHz
Cache Size 512 KB 3 MB
RAM 400MHz 400MHz
Program execution time: Program execution time:
Low High
Features
Only few active potions of Higher amount of active
the program can be stored. potions of the program can
be stored.
Figure 1: Comparison A and B

Over view
Computer A has a higher clock speed compared to computer B, which means that computer
A can execute programs faster when compared to computer B. Comparing the two
computers, computer B has the larger cache size than computer B which would result in the
computer B having more storage space for active programs than computer A.
Conclusion
Even with the difference in cache size in the computers there is not much difference
between them. The hit ratio of both would be about the same. So taking the clock speed in
to consideration, (computer A has a higher clock speed than computer B) our choice would
be computer A.
DF09A1ICT 13
5.0 Compare having one ALU that is twice as fast as normal to

having two ALUs
5.1 ALU
The ALU (Arithmetic/Logic Unit) is used by the microprocessor to perform mathematical

operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. These days’ modern
microprocessors can perform more complicated operations involving floating point
processors and such
(Marshall Brain. 2010)
A single ALU which is twice as fast as having two ALUs would be efficient on an
environment that is dedicated to single processes, where a single ALU would be executing
instructions actively for a single process at a time. This problem could be solved by
multitasking where tasks are scheduled to run at a given time and a waiting task would also
be given a turn to execute part of its process. But however, though a single ALU has twice
the speed, a microprocessor with two ALUs is far more efficient in its performance.
(National Instruments Corporation. 2010)
Figure 2: Single-core systems schedule tasks on 1 CPU to multitask
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A microprocessor with two ALUs, such as a multi-core system can execute multiple tasks
simultaneously and finish different tasks.
For instance, on a dual-core system as shown in the below diagram can do two tasks
concurrently on each of its CPU core. It shows four application processes that are waiting
to be executed; the processes could be multi tasked two at a time such as Antivirus to run
along with the Web Browser and Word processor with the E-mail. Therefore multi-tasking
these processes will improve the performance of the system and also increase efficiency.
(National Instruments Corporation. 2010)
Figure 3: Dual-core systems enable multitasking operating systems
DF09A1ICT 15
6.0 Three toughest problems currently facing micro-architects
Limits of Software
At the beginning multicore processors had only two and four cores per processor. Then it
began to increase to eight and then into 32 cores which are in high- end servers. Today we
have 32 processors per socket in multicore processors which are in the market. It may be
developed into 1024 processors in the future in a short time. The programmers face up to
raise up their performances according to the increment of the processors.
Today the problem in chip designing is speed of innovation. Day by day Chips are
developed with more cores which cause to increase the number of threads and also from
generation to generation the numbers of sockets are been getting greater than before.
Software which runs in today servers has hard and soft limits, but it is hard to find what
the limit is. That causes for low incremental performance. That means there are limits on
architecture of systems caused by the software.
(Colin Barker. 2009)
Figure 4: Micro processor
DF09A1ICT 16
High cost in inventions

Day by day micro architects are getting complex so for that the scientists are
implementing new micro processors and devices. So for both implementing and research
activities it costs a lot. .The other problem is as there is a short time different between the
invention of new items the devices and micro processors are getting out dated in speedy
way and that is a waste of money because though how much it cost to create micro
architects that won’t survive in the market for a long time.
Unable to reduce the metal gate size further more
The metal gate is made from silicon sheets. In the past they are made by vaporizing transistors to
the silicon paper. At the time the metal gate size was 65nm but today they have invented the metal
gate into 45nm and that can hold twice large amount of transistors than the 65nm size metal gate.
Year by year the process size is getting small and there the scientists faced to a problem. As the
size of that the metal gate is getting small electrical current is getting overflow and that become a
chief problem as they can’t increase the performance without reducing that size of it.
Figure 5: Standard transistor
DF09A1ICT 17
7.0 Critical Evaluation
Name: Bhagya Nirmalee Senanayake
Compare having one ALU that is twice as fast as normal to having two ALUs
In our assignment I have chosen to do the second question which is a comparison between
ALUs, where one system has a single ALU with twice the speed of two normal ALUs and
the other has two normal ALUs.
Single Core
The single ALU with twice the speed of two ALUs will be able to perform the same
amount of workload as a system with two ALUs, but if it can do so one process at a time.
This would be efficient in an environment where it specifically depends on single
processes, such as the Intel Single Core processor which executes one process at a time
actively.
Multi-core Core
In the case of a system with two ALUs such as a Multi-core system, the system can execute
tasks concurrently on each of its two cores, thus finishing different tasks at the same time
and efficiently.
Multitasking
Multitasking is a method that schedules processes to be performed at a given time and then
another waiting process will get a turn to execute part of its task. This method allows tasks
to be performed simultaneously and therefore accomplishing many tasks at the same time.
The problem in the case of a single core processor can be solved by multi-tasking. The
single processes would be assigned to run two or more processes at a time concurrently,
like in a Multi-core/Dual-core system, on each of its separate cores. Overall, the system
with two ALUs is still far better when it comes to efficiency rather than the ALU with
twice the speed.
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Name: Aminath Anjaman Thawfeeq
In this assignment I have chosen part b and c of the first question of Case study 1.
In the first part I answered I had to compare two given computer systems and make a
choice of one. Where I chose computer A from the two given computers. To reach to the
conclusion I gave an over view of both the computers and finally decided on the computer
A taking in to consideration its clock speed as the main component from the limited
amount of information give.
For the second part comparison of the three (Desktop, Server and Embedded system) are
made.
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Name: Dumindi Kaduruwana
Problems currently facing micro-architects
In the Moore’s low they describe about that the number of integrated circuits are getting
doubled. But when the micro architects increased the number of processes in multi-core
processes they faced to a problem called speed innovation as the software are not
developed to that limit. So they couldn’t make the processor small in size because then it
may be short-circuit.
The scientists overcome this problem by creating the metal gate with the ability to enlarge
the leakage reduction and the act of it. That new method made them overcome the problem
and again they increase the processes in multi-core process. But again when they come to
the problem of speed of innovation they again have to come up with a possible solution to
overcome that problem.
Figure 6: High-k+ Metal Gate Transistors
They found another solution for this problem by replacing HfO2 as the metal gate oxide.so
that the electric leakage is getting redused.
DF09A1ICT 20
Name: K.D Bhagya Subhashini
Critical Evaluation.
What have been the major trends affecting microprocessor performance and design in recent
year.
As I found there are four major trends affected in microprocessor performance and design in last
recent years. Cores of processors are increasing rapidly and day by day it changes very quickly. As
a result of that people cannot change their computer processors. Because computer processors are
cost very highly. If we change the processor we should change the RAM also. If not operating
systems are not combine with the processor.
Past people normally used Pentium family processors. Those processors are waste lots of energy. In
recent years it changes to Core i3, Core i5, Core i7 and ect. These modern processors are save
energy power very effectively. I thought that is a very good improvement in processors, because we
should save the energy. I thought that reducing the cables and buses are really good because we can
save the money.
DF09A1ICT 21
8.0 FAQs
Name: Bhagya Nirmalee Senanayake
1. What is an ALU and what does it do?
ALU, known as the Arithmetic Logic Unit is used to perform calculations of CPU operations such
as addition (very common), subtraction, division and multiplication.
2. Is there a difference between having one ALU that is fast as having two ALUs?
Apparently there isn’t much difference as the single ALU with double speed can get the same
amount of work done as the system with two ALUs. But if it depends on a processor that is
dedicated to single tasks such as Single-core processor then one task will be completed at a time,
whereas a Multi-core can accomplish two tasks on each core concurrently.
3. What is a Multi-core system?
A multi-core system has two cores and can execute processes concurrently, thus improving the
whole performance of the system.
4. What is a Single-core system?
A system with a single core can perform processes one at a particular time, however, the speed of
their performance could be fast.
5. What is one of the most main advantages in Multi-core?
Ability to perform Multi-tasking
6. How many cores do the current processors hold?
It holds 32cores
DF09A1ICT 22
7. How many cores do the current processors hold?
The current processors hold 32 cores per processor
8. How many multiprocessors do they predict that a multi-core will have in the future?
1024
DF09A1ICT 23
Name: Aminath Anjaman Thawfeeq
1. What is a microprocessor?
An integrated circuit that contains the entire central processing unit of a computer on a single chip.
(Anon. 2010)
2. What is a desktop?
It is a central part of the interface that allows the user easy access to the different files, applications
and functions of a computer.
3. Give an example of a server?
LAN server
4. What is an embedded system?
An embedded system is some combination of computer hardware and software, either fixed in
capability or programmable, that is specifically designed for a particular function.
( Anon. 2003-2010)
5. What is the main goal of a desktop microprocessor?
Convenience.
6. What is the main goal of a sever microprocessor?
Faster uptime.
7. What is the main goal of an embedded system?
Task oriented-ness.
8. What characteristic gives faster access to active programs?
Higher cache size.
DF09A1ICT 24
9. What causes low program execution time?
High clock speed.
10. What sort of processors is used in electrical appliances?
Embedded microprocessors.
11. Name a microprocessor manufacturer.
Intel
12. State one operating systems and one language platform that are tailored for the embedded
market.
EmbeddedJava WindowsXP embedded.
13. What is Cache Memory?
“a supplementary memory system that temporarily stores frequently used instructions and data for
quicker processing by the central processor of a computer”
(Cache memory. 2010).
14. What is RAM?
RAM is otherwise known as “Random Access Memeory”. Every time a program is opened it gets
loaded to the hard drive in to the RAM, because reading RAM is faster than reading data from the
hard drive.
(Anon.2005-2010)
15. What is clock speed?
The rate at which a processor completes a perocessing cycle.
(Anon. 2005-2010)
DF09A1ICT 25
Name: Dumindi Kaduruwana
DF09A1ICT 26
1. How many processors did a multi core processor had at the beginning?
Two and four cores for a processor
2. What is the problem they faced when they faced when they are creating the processors with multi
cores?
Speed of innovation
3. What is the result of that problem?
Causes for low incremental performance
4. What is the metal gate made of?
The metal gate made by vaporized transistors to the silicon paper
5. What are transistors made out of?
Silicon
6. What’s the size of the metal gate in the past?
65nm
7. What is the different between the 65nm and 45nm metal gates?
45nm can hold double amount of transistors comparing to that 65 nm
8. What is the action which has to do to increase the performance of micro processors?
DF09A1ICT 27
Reduce the size of the metal gate
9. What is the problem that scientists faced when they are developing the metal gate?
As the size of that the metal gate is getting small electrical current is getting overflow and that
become a chief problem as they can’t increase the performance without reducing that size of the
metal gate.
10. What is the compound that the transistors are made out of?
SiO2-Silicon dioxide
11. What is the advantage for the users with the development of the processors?
The advantage for the users is that the process becomes faster
12. What are the three toughest problems in Micro architects?
FROM HERE
DF09A1ICT 28
Name: K.D Bhagya Subhashini
1. What are the two types of computer microprocessors?

a. Intel
b. Advanced Micro Devices (AMD)
2. What are the modern processors used in current world?

a. Core vPro
b. Core i3
c. Core i5
d. Core i7
3. What are the brand names include in Intel microprocessors?

a. Celeron microprocessors
b. Pentium microprocessors
c. Core microprocessors
4. What are the brand names include in Advanced Micro Devices (AMD)
a. Sempron microprocessors
b. Athlon microprocessors
c. Phenom microprocessors
5. What has the very speed memory?

a. Cache
6. What is Multicore processor?

a. Multicore processor is an integrated circuit (IC) which has two or more processors
using for the computers performance, save power consumptions and using for
multiple tasks
7. What are the efficiencies based on transistors?

a. Power efficiency
b. Speed efficiency
DF09A1ICT 29
8. According to diagram in below what is the large cache in the processor?
a. L2 Cache
9. According to the above diagram explain it?

a. Processor is close to the Cache (L1). This has a very speed memory. Also it’s
performing well in the CPUs. But L2 Cache is not faster than L1 Cache. Also L2
Cache is larger than L1 Cache and both of these Caches are used for same purpose.
10. While the growth of the Microprocessor performance what are the importance of that?
a. Microprocessors have become smaller, denser and more powerful.
UNTIL HERE
DF09A1ICT 30
9.0 Workload Matrix
Work Completed
Work Assigned (%) Comments &
Signature
Bhagya N Aminath Dumindi Bhagya S
Introduction - - 100% -
Question 1 Part (a) - - - 100%
Question 1 Part (b) - 100% - -
Question 1 Part (c) - 100% - -
Question 2 100% - - -
Question 3 - - 100% -
Gantt Chart 100% - - -
Minutes of
50% - - 50%
Meetings
I hereby agree that the above members have undertaken the above tasks and their work are
represented in the above table.
Name of Group Leader: Bhagya Nirmalee Senanayake
Group Leader’s Signature: ________________________
Lecturer’s Comments: …………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………...
…………………………………………………………………...
DF09A1ICT 31
10.0 Gantt chart
DF09A1ICT 32
11.0 Minutes of Weekly Meetings
9.1 Minutes of meeting 1
Date: 07/04/2010
Location: L6
Duration: 3.45- 4.15
Group members present: Aminath Thawfeeq, Bhagya Senanayake, Dumindi

Kaduruwana and Bhagya Subhashini.
Agenda
1. Discussion on the overall project

2. Selecting a Case Study
3. Division of project work
Description
1. We began our meeting by appointing Bhagya Senanayake as our group leader. Then
a brief discussion was held after going through the Project hand out and the
important points were highlighted.
2. After going through the four given Case studies, we decided to take on Case study
one as our Group Assignment.
3. Then a few topics were divided among the group members to get started on case
study, the progress of these topics would be discussed in our next Meeting which
will be held on 24/04/2010.
We here by assure that the above information of the meeting is true and exact to the best
of our knowledge.
Lecture Signature: …………………………………………………………………….
Lecturer Comments: …………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………….
…..………………………………………………………………..
DF09A1ICT 33
Date: 24/04/2010
Location: L4
Duration: 9.45 – 10.30

Agenda
1. Reviewing the project work

2. Distribution of more topics
Description
1. Today we checked the progress of the work that was assigned to the group members
in the last meeting and suggested improvements to be done.
Discussed the a and b parts of the first questions and planed to add more
modification to the topics.
Introduction was done.
2. After reviewing the meeting we divided some more topics among the members to
research.We totally divided the whole topics among the member and decided to
work on them .
Bhagya Nirmalee decided to take the second question
Aminath Thawfeeq decided to take the b and c parts of the second question and first
question
Bhagya Subashini decided to take the a part of the first question and
Dumindi Kaduruwana decided to take the third question
of our knowledge.
…………………………………………………………………….
…..………………………………………………………………..
DF09A1ICT 34
Date: 0 5/05/2010
Location: L6
Duration: 5.00-600

Agenda
1. Discussed ways to improve
Description
1. We discussed the two and three question and decided to find more facts related
to those two questions.
of our knowledge.
…………………………………………………………………….
…..………………………………………………………………..
DF09A1ICT 35
Date: 11/05/2010
Location: L6
Duration: 4.30 -5.15

Agenda
1. Check the completed work up to date.
Description
1. We finished the references and corrected some mistakes which were occured.
of our knowledge.
…………………………………………………………………….
…..………………………………………………………………..
DF09A1ICT 36
Date: 18/05/2010
Location: L5
Duration: 4.30-5.30

Agenda
1. Check the completed work up to that date.
Description
1. Critical evaluation was done and paid attention on correcting the mistakes looked
further ways to improve our assignment.
of our knowledge.
…………………………………………………………………….
…..………………………………………………………………..
DF09A1ICT 37
12.0 List of References
National Instruments Corporation. (2010) Differences between Multithreading and

Multitasking for Programmers, [Online], Available:
http://zone.ni.com/devzone/cda/tut/p/id/6424 [Accessed 24th April 2010]
Single-core systems schedule tasks on 1 CPU to multitask. (2010) Differences between

Multithreading and Multitasking for Programmers, [Online], Available:
Dual-core systems enable multitasking operating systems. (2010) Differences between

Multithreading and Multitasking for Programmers, [Online], Available:
Marshall Brain. (2010) How Microprocessors Work, [Online], Available:

http://computer.howstuffworks.com/microprocessor2.htm [Accessed 28 th April 2010]
Michael D. (2007) Introduction to microprocessors, [Online], Available:

http://www.tutorial5.com/content/view/84/81/[Accessed 11th May 2010]
Anon. (2009) VMware visualization, [Online], Available: http://searchcio-

midmarket.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid183_gci212568,00.html[Accessed 11 th May 2010]
Anon. (2009) Belarus.NET, [Online], Available:

http://www.belarus.net/Intel/MUSEUM/micropr.htm [Accessed 12th May 2010]
Colin Barker. (2009)Gartner: Multi-core chips leave software trailing, [Online], Available:
http://news.cnet.com/8301-1001_3-10151808-92.html [Accessed 5th May 2010]
Intel (2007) High-k+ Metal Gate Transistors,[Online],Available:

http://www.legitreviews.com/images/reviews/450/penyrn_2.jpg [Accessed 24thMay 2010]
Srivatsan (2007)High-k+ Metal Gate Transistors, [Online]Available:

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Vb2huWWCzvM/RdEW8XCBqkI/AAAAAAAAADs/zvvSFKJ
JZ68/s400/hk_mg_transistors.jpg [Accessed 21th May 2010]
Purinda Gunasekara. (2007), Major differences between Microprocessor design goals for
Desktop, Server and Embedded Systems Architectures, [Online], Available:
http://www.codeproject.com/KB/scrapbook/Microprocessor.aspx
[Accecced: May 25,2010]
DF09A1ICT 38
Annon. (2010), Answers Coperation,[Online], Available:
http://www.answers.com/topic/microprocessor [Accessed: May 25,2010]
Anon. (2003-2010), Tech Target, [Online], Available:

http://searchenterpriselinux.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid39_gci837507,00.html
[Accessed: May 25, 2010]
Cache memory. (2010). In Encyclopædia Britannica. [Online]. Available:

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/87789/cache-memory [Accessed: May 25,
2010]
Anon.(2005-2010), TechTerms.com [Online]. Available:

http://www.techterms.com/definition/ram [Accessed: May 25, 2010]
Anon. (2005-2010), TechTerms.com [Online]. Available:

http://www.techterms.com/definition/clockspeed [Accessed: May 25, 2010]
DF09A1ICT 39

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Telecommunications Project (HSPA) can be downloadedat the following URL:

Networking Project available for download with Visiofloor plans:

2.0 Major trends affecting microprocessor performance and design

1. Increasing number of Cores.

1. Increasing number of Cores.

eHow 1999-2010, About Different Types of Processors Website,[Online],

DeviceMag.com 2008-2010, Intel cancels Larrabee project – to focus on integrated graphics

(ProQuest LLC, 2008)

ProQuest LLC 2008, MultiCore Basics Website,[Online],

Jack Dongarra 2010, Growth of Microprocessor Prrformance Website,[Online], Available:

Intel2009, Desktop Processors Website,[Online],

2. High performance Energy is efficient in Microprocessor design.

(Oklobdzija G V, KrishnamurthyK. R. 2006)

Imsas 2010, Energy Efficiency in Microprocessor Platforms Website [Online], Available:

Oklobdzija G V, KrishnamurthyK. R. 2006, High-performance energy-efficient microprocessor design , 1 st ed,

3. Revolution in Cables and Buses.

Intel 2010, Processors Website, [Online]Available:

4. Expand the size of Processors.

What's the best way to increase processing power? Website, [Online],

3.0 Major differences between microprocessor design goals for

(Purinda Gunasekara. 2007)

4.0 Choice of buying two computers A and B

Figure 1: Comparison A and B

5.0 Compare having one ALU that is twice as fast as normal to

The ALU (Arithmetic/Logic Unit) is used by the microprocessor to perform mathematical

(National Instruments Corporation. 2010)

Figure 2: Single-core systems schedule tasks on 1 CPU to multitask

(National Instruments Corporation. 2010)

Figure 3: Dual-core systems enable multitasking operating systems

6.0 Three toughest problems currently facing micro-architects

(Colin Barker. 2009)

Figure 4: Micro processor

High cost in inventions

Unable to reduce the metal gate size further more

Figure 5: Standard transistor

7.0 Critical Evaluation

Name: Bhagya Nirmalee Senanayake

Problems currently facing micro-architects

Figure 6: High-k+ Metal Gate Transistors

Name: Bhagya Nirmalee Senanayake

1. What is an ALU and what does it do?

3. What is a Multi-core system?

4. What is a Single-core system?

5. What is one of the most main advantages in Multi-core?

Ability to perform Multi-tasking

6. How many cores do the current processors hold?

The current processors hold 32 cores per processor

3. Give an example of a server?

4. What is an embedded system?

5. What is the main goal of a desktop microprocessor?

6. What is the main goal of a sever microprocessor?

7. What is the main goal of an embedded system?

8. What characteristic gives faster access to active programs?

Higher cache size.

9. What causes low program execution time?

High clock speed.

10. What sort of processors is used in electrical appliances?

11. Name a microprocessor manufacturer.

EmbeddedJava WindowsXP embedded.

13. What is Cache Memory?

(Cache memory. 2010).

14. What is RAM?

15. What is clock speed?