Pathways feminism is a females approach to criminology that challenges gender neutrality of

mainstream explanations for offending and victimization. The approach suggests that gender gap is well-
established with males committing more crime than females. Recently, this gap has narrowed down
due to the recent increase in female arrests as a result of embezzlement, fraud, and forgery. Pathways
feminism identifies major disparities between male and female crime. The approach questions the
current theories on the male perspectives that suggests these theories (self-control theory, differential
association theory, and social learning theory) explain the offending behaviors of everyone regardless of
their pathways to crime, race, gender, and ethnicity. It suggests that there is a gap in theories of crime
and deviance while questioning the criminological theories particularly the common mainstream
approach that simply (adds gender and stir up. Pathways feminism suggests the use of split sample
analyses to determine whether independent samples suggested by predominant criminological theories
exert unique differences between males and females.
Bangkok rules are rules adopted by the United Nations for the treatment of women prisoners and non-
custodial measures for women offenders. It was adopted in 2010 and provides a set of rules that
respond to the needs of female prisoners and offenders. The united nations recognize that most of the
women offenders do not pose a risk to the society thus imprisoning them would make their social
rehabilitation much harder. The purpose f the Bangkok rules was to provide an alternative to
imprisonment of women specifically giving priority to non-custodial measures to women who have
undergone the criminal justice system.
Women in detention have been the common theme discussed in pathways feminism. A substantial
percentage of women offenders are imprisoned due to the various forms of discrimination and
deprivation they experience. In prison, a small population is convicted of violent offenses as compared
to their male counterparts. Those imprisoned would undergo sexual harassment, deprived of the critical
heal healthcare they deserved amongst other victimization. These lead to the introduction of the
Bangkok rules to address the womans offenses and suggests non-custodial measures be an alternative
sanction to imprisonment.

Given the needs of female offenders, creating and actualizing choices to imprisonment requires a
gender-specific 'focal point.' Bangkok Rules encourages the combination of a non-custodial measure
with interventions that address the reasons why a female encounters the criminal justice system and
records what some of these intercessions could be. Any non-custodial measure or sanction must be
intended for females.

Reducing Domestic and Family Violence in Queensland

Crime statistics suggest that there are little falls in the rate of violence experienced by women when the
2016 survey on personal safety as compared to the 2010 survey. 5.8 percent of women experienced
violence in 2005 compared to 7.1% in 2010. Those who experience physical violence dropped from the
initial 5.9 in 2010 to 4.7 in 2010 while those who experienced physical assault also dropped from 5.0 to
3.1 in 2016. These declines have not been uniform across all the groups as the study further reveals that
assaults in women above 35 years remained constant while reduced in women less than 35 years.

Strict legislation has been put up to curb family and domestic violence in Queensland. The Queensland
Parliament passed a greater police protection enacted in may 2017 that enables the police to better
protect a victim together with her family and associates. The parliament also made changes to the
domestic violence order to be effective the same period. it also states that the duration of domestic
violence orders be increased to a minimum of five years unless the court finds reasons to shorten the
duration the court also is required to consider whether additional DVO conditions are necessary to help
protect the victims better. Perpetrators are also on the spot as those convicted for DVO breaches to
serve a minimum of 5 years in prison. These strict laws have been put in place to help reduce domestic
violence among women in Queensland and makes sure that there is a complete dop in the assaults on
women in the future.

Research has it that gender violence among women have been reducing from 2010when the first survey
was conducted. This shows that even without the laws in place, the numbers would still be reducing.
With the new laws enacted, domestic violence would reduce significantly because the law gives the
victims a platform to express their feelings and protect them against the violence. The strict law
concerning imprisonment aims at