22

1 :
? ?

: (data)
,
,
, .
,
.
(information systems),
, , .
,
(information),
.
, ,
.

, ,
, video. ,
,
. bit
0 1,
byte, byte, KByte,
MByte GByte.

2 :
?
: ,
,
,
. ,
, ,
. ,
,
, .
,
ASCII, BCD EBCDIC.

.
, ASCII 65,
8 bits 01000001.
,
01000001, .
 23

3 : ,
?
: , ,
,
. ,
, bit
(bits per second, bps).
, Kbps = 1000 bps, Mbps = 1000 Kbps
Gbps = 1000 Mbps.

,
, ,
,
. ,
,
, (baud rate).
,
, ,
. , baud.

4 :
, ?
: ,
(capacity)
,
,
.
(bandwidth) ,
,
.

C = 2*B*log2M (1)

C ( bps), ,
( Hz).

.
 24

5 : SNR ?
: SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio)

S
SNR = 10 * log10 ( ) (2)
N

S .
SNR
, .

S
Maximum number of bits per second = B * log 2 (1 + ) (3)
N

, , S ,
.
S/N ,
,
. SNR decibel (db).

6 :
?
:
, , (simplex),
(half duplex), (full duplex).

(simplex)
. ,
,
,
.

(half duplex),
, .
,
,
.
, (turnaround time).

(full duplex),
, .
,
. ,
,
,
 25

. ,
,
, .

7 :
?
: , ,
,
( ).
, ,
, . ,
, (
).

8 :
. .
: ,
.



.
,
.

9 :
?
, ?
:

.
,
, ,
,
.
,
: (point to point)
(broadcast).

,
.
,
,
 26

.
,
(routing algorithms),
,
. ,
:

10 : ( )

(broadcast networks),
,
, ,
, , .
,
,
, .
, , ,
,
. ,
:

11 : ( )
 27

10 : -
?
: , -
,
. ,
,
, ,
(
+5 Volts 5 Volts).
, .
,
0, , 1.

, .

, .

11 :
?
:

, .
, (fiber optic).

()
()
.
, ,
,
.

12 :
 28

,
,
, ,
. ,
, .
, .
,
.

12 :
?
: (serial transmission)
,
bit . , bits,
( ),
.
,
:

1) ,

2)
, ,
.

, (parallel transmission),
bits (
), .
, ,
. ,
, ,
.

13 :
?
: (asynchronous
transmission) , ,
.
,
, .
, 8 bits
0 1, , .
8 bits (data bits),
bits (control bits), (start bit)
 29

0 bits , (stop bit)

1, bits .
bits ,
,
.
,
bit (parity bit) 0 1,
stop bit.
byte 01010011, parity bit
. , 0
(0 Volts), 1 ,
+ 5 Volts (
+12 Volts -12 Volts).

start parity stop

bit 1 1 1 1 bit bit
5V

0 0 0 0 0 1 1
0V

t0 t1 t2 t3

13 :

,
01010011, t0.
, (,
), ,
+ 5 Volts. ( t0),
start bit 0 (
,
).
8 bits ( t1),
( t2), parity bit ( 1), stop bit
1. stop bit
( + 5 Volts), t3,
.

,
01010011 t3-t0, ,
, t2-t1.
( t1-t0 t3-t2) bits
start bit, stop bit, parity bit.
 30

14 :
?
:
(synchronous transmission),
.


. ,
.
(byte oriented), (bit
oriented), (frame oriented).

,
start bit stop
bit, , ,
, ,
.
,
,
, .
,
,
.
,
, ,
, (frames)
.

,

( start stop bits
,
)
.
, ,
.

15 : modems?
: ,
,
modem (modulator
demodulator, ).
, modem ,
,
, ,
,
.
 31

modem
. , modems
(amplitude modulation),
(frequency modulation),
(phase modulation).
, ,
modem.
modem ,
.
,
bit ( 0, 1).
, 2 bits (
bits 00, bits 01,
bits 10 bits 11)
M , bits
, log2M.
modem,

(hardware flow control) (software
flow control).

16 : EA-232D/v24,
?
.
: EA-232D/v24
,
. v24.
25 (pins)
. 1,
, 2, modem,
3 modem, 4
modem, 5,
modem .

modem, :

DTR (Data Terminal Ready): 20,

1, .

DSR (Data Set Ready): 6, 1,

modem .

CD (Carrier Detect): 8, 1,
modem .
 32

RTS (Request To Send): 4,

.
CTS (Clear To Send): 5,
, modem .

TxD (Transmitted Data): 2,

.

RxD (Received Data): 3,

.

17 :
, ?
: (error detection)
,
, (data bits),
(control bits)
parity bit.

, ,
.
m bits , c bits
, bits ,
n = m + c.

m bits c bits

n bits

14 :

,


,
, .
,
.
,
.
 33

18 :
?
:
, ,
(parity check) (Cyclic Redundancy Check,
CRC)..

. ,
(even parity)
(odd parity). , (data
bits) ,
parity bit. ,
bits 1 .
, , bits 1
( parity bit) ,
, .
, ,
bits 1,
.
, bit
1 0.
, bits 1,
.

,
,
(parity byte)
.

,
,
,
.
,
, .
,
, ,
.

,
,
.
, ,
, .
, ,
,
. ,
.
 34

19 : ?
: (error correction codes)
,
,
, .
, ,
, ,
, ,

.

,
, ,
(acknowledgment, ACK),
, (no acknowledgment, NAK),
.

. ( ),
, .
, ,
, .
( ),
, ,
.
, , ,
, .
(
)
, .

(automatic error
correction), ,
.
Hamming
.
, ,
,
.