Sylvia Wheeldon Colin Campbell Claire Thacker Tcl nero UCC} Achieve Student Book & WorkbookSylvia Wheeldon Colin Campbell Claire Thacker Airton Pozo de Mattos Achieve Student Book OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESSOXFORD Grea Clarendon Steet, Oxford, 0X2 6bP. United Kingdom Oxford University Presisa department ofthe University of Oxfont Infurthersthe Unters cbetiv of excellence in resrarch scholarship. and education by publishing worldwide. Ovford isa registered rade ‘ark of Oxard Unversy Press in the UK and incerta other counties © Oxford University Poss 034 ‘The moral ightso the author have een asserted Firstpublished in 2014 098765492 No unauthorized photocopying ‘Allright reserved. No pat of this publicstion may be reproduced, stored ‘na revievalsjstem, ortrnsmitte, many form or by any means. without 3 prior permission in writing of Oxford University Pres, 25 expressly permitted by law by iene or under tera agreed withthe appropriate Feprographics igs arganization. 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Picture!) 134 Highway 1, CalforniaQuincy Dein} Groupon p27 Gogo: |Stockphoco pp 16 (couple Lege, 20 Medical tapejAlexander Kem), 27 (NewspapensSherwin McGehee, 4 (US curreneyNoDero 52 lake Garde} ‘Alberto Simonet 5 (PgeytackPhilip yer 6 (iin leterfkatering ‘Migueta} 91 (Teualsolfboamer 100 (Food pyamnThersa Tbe), 1:00¢Peopiesymbolyitalus, 06 Shopping cart conpictafln}. 118 Tibetan Jewelleryjaexnia), 118 (Beaded neckaceNcoae Popovic) 122,Pigzy Dankjeyewrave Livingsocil p.26 lo} Oxford University Press p14 (Git ‘utoors0}0 images. 20 [Blue marbled surface) 38 (Laos sik brie Vipala Sumarakcon). 3 (Cele infinity Phoeoase), 50 (Teen boy pontaigDigiat Ysion, 50 [Ten pe Tinkaocs) 50 (beach Paiips) 2 (TokyeCeatsh ‘Teen boyBlend images), (Gr with bracesPhotodis) 64(Stadeny) ‘Campus Lif) 34 (cil in elassroomimage Soure). 86 SuringDan Galo, £86 eotbal/igial Vision), 90 tile phone Mark Basset) 9 (sereengrabs). '97eeightrMtke Stone), 10 Small airplane in ligheComstoe).106(08 nde), 112 (Chek om pebblefGaret Soe: Pucck Hughes patrick Henry ‘uaghes} Press Ascciation Images pp 14 leaded are in Nova Fribargo) Felipe Daajab), 34 (Simon Bolivar Youth Orchestra Venenseajon Crys ‘Willams/EMPICS Entertainment; Pro Mujer p3Alejandrina ores) {hina Charca Restaurant.com p25 lago} Rex Features pp 14 (Cars covered ‘by mudieysconeUSA- ZUM, 20 (Man fecelving acupuncture onthe ce ‘isin, 22|SrimmingFrederic Serakows), 3 (Crclombia‘an perform Alastalt Mult 37 (atl AcostaDoneld Cooper Couple agulngrburert ‘Phan. 93 Selena Gomeztarraks Pot). 105 (Tesco Homeplus virtual sop Prol Brown), 120 Teens mobile phone shopotn Powell Robert Harding ‘World imagery pp 0 Residential street in Havanaee Frost 50 (Red ‘onbeachfrune Moran 128 Varadero, Matanas, Cia slan/Federico ‘Meneghett/Cubo tmages Scleae Phot Library pp. (arth graphics (0 1997 EI Nino sea temperatureyNOAN), 1268S coastrctionNASA} SuperStock pp.2Injectionancy Collection), 98 (Rescue worker with dol Marka, 102 Woman doing yog/SOMOS). 105 Basketball ametCorbs “TucsonCtizea co, AGaaaet Compaay pS Gesiea Cos). ‘ner ages: Aly images Laternatonal newspaper stand Sobre Corbis apple iMacKimberiey WhiteReuter), Wetizis Ortiz Rocaolan IVE, ‘Stockphoto cover (Pe char/Andrey Prokboro), cover (Abstract background) lec Crayon), ‘iyerasonsby-John Barker (alec and smartphone cempates Sar Briss ‘pO: Estadio Alberioyes p21. 107,126K »y Contents = Join Up Ontine profileofa teenager Free Time tio Extraordinary Lives Inctedibleachievements of people with aisabities * Strategy: reading for gist Life Stories Night of Terror The 2011 landsiidesin Braz Disasters + Strategy: reading for speciic information What's the Alternative? ‘Alternative therapies for sports injuries * Strategy: fining the answer inthe text Healthy Living AGreat Deal for Online ‘ce isRight SMOPPE'S The Price is Right Deijydeal webstes + Strategy: recognizing cognates Circolombia puts onan incredible show Hidden Talents peview ofaciicus performance * Strategy: text organization [DLE te tones oes Long Way Money Matters The Pro Mujer microfinance « Strategy: avoiding distractors Tine ‘School's Out A Planning your future post-high ABright Future (2) * Strategy: making inferences Dai cuban Avera raves ‘Away We Go * Strategy: using word ferrrerecras Language workshop + Adverbs of frequency and time expressions + Expressing ikes and disikes Adjectives: personality + Strategy: recording vocabulary Language workshop + Possessive adjectives and pronouns Verb: disasters Language workshop + Comparative and superlative adjectives; as... as ‘Time expressions and conjunctions of sequence Health collocations Language workshop + Subjectand object pronouns + Adverbs of manner Shopping Language workshop Articles * Compound nouns Life on the streets Language workshop + Indefite pronouns + Compound adjectives Vertos: money Language workshop © Quantifiers ‘False friends and cognates Nouns: personal development Language workshop ‘© Reflexive pronouns += Verbs + prepositions Adjectives: vacations and travel Language Workshop ‘some and any + Adjective suffixes Present tenses Simple present, present continuous Past tenses (1) Simple past, used 10 Past tenses (2) Simple past, past continuous ‘Modal verbs (1) Ability, possibility, deduction Present perfect, Present perfect and simple past Modal verbs (2) Obligation, advice, prohibition Future forms Conditionals Word listee) Free Time Welcome to my Join Up profile GD eyrmtiia I'm a 16-year-old student from Denver, Colorado. | have a younger brother, Max, ‘and an older sister, Ella. We live with our mom and our dog, Bertie. \'m in tenth grade and I'm studying really hard right now. I'm taking ten classes this semester. When I'm not studying, | ike listening to music, cheerleading, hanging out with my friends, and playing sports. I'm rarely bored! | play basketball three times 8 week, because it helps me relax. | play on the school team, and we usually practice every Monday and Wednesday, and play games on Fridays. I'm 10 also a cheerleader for our high school football team. In the fall, we practice twice a week, and we perform at their games. | go hiking in the Rocky Mountains once a month, too. The country here is beautiful. Every summer, | go camping in the mountains with friends, Lilia Harrison ‘We stay up late every night, and sing our favorite songs around the campfire. Gender: Female There's a cool music scene in Denver. | love country and pop music, but | don't like rock jee ea en 15 music, My favorite singer is Jessie James. She sometimes performs at big football games. | think her best song is Wanted. | don't often watch TV, but I love 90210.1 never miss an AEE episode. My sister usually watches it with me, but my brother doesn't like it. He always Hometown: Denver tells me to change channels! Star sign: Leo ''m celaxing now and wting this, Are you studying hard right now? How do you relax? Relationship status: 20 Join up now and post a comment! Single and happy Wow, | feel tired just reading this. You're so busy! ® COMETS: a San/blego 1 CID Read the blog. Where does Lilia go with her friends in the summer? 2 Read the blog again. Find expressions 1-5 in the text. Match them with definitions A-E. 1 profile (ine 1) ‘A something you say or write that gives your opinion 2 Hey! (ine 2) ___B gotobed later than usual 3 hanging out (line 6) ___C exclamation used to say hello 4 stay up late (ine 13) ____D spending time together 5 comment tine 20) E essential information about someone 3 Circle the correct alternatives. This(@) isnt Lilas Join Up profile. 3 Inher free time, she plays / doesn't play sports. 1 Lilia /isn't 17 years old 4 She listens / doesn't listen to rock music 2 She lives / doesn't live with herdad. 5 She thinks / doesn't think Jessie Jarnes’s best song is Wanted: 4. Choose the correct answers. 1. What does Lilia spend a lot of time doing? A Schoolwork —B Relaxing. Both. 2 Lilia A often watches TV. B likes watching 9020. C likes watching TV with her brother.iy) vr. Mr Vocabulary FreeTime (\\ 5 — Adverbs of frequency always — usually -+ often -» sometimes =» rarely + never © We can use adverbs of frequency or time expressions with the simple present, ‘© They go before the main verb, or after be or not. ~ She sometimes performs at big footbal games. — don't often watch TV. Time expressions every day / Monday / summer / night once /twice /three times a... month / week /year con weekends # They normally o atthe end ofthe sentence. They sometimes goat the beginning, — We practice twice a week. ~ Every summer, | go camping in the mountains. Language reference page 62 1 Read the chart. Find five adverbs of frequency and six time expressions in the text on page 4. 2 Correct the errors in the sentences. | go sometimes to the mountains. .Lsometimes go tothe mountains. 1 Anita doestit use usually the computer at home 2 Always my brother is late for soccer practice. 3 Do often Cristiano and Guilhermo play baseball? 4 You'te happy never on Mondays! 5 We go.on vacation rarely with my grandparents. 3 Rewrite the sentences with an appropriate adverb of frequency. Do you listen to music all the time? 00 you always litem to music? 1 Maristela is early for swimming club most days, 2 I dor't listen to country music at all. 3 I dor't like shopping. | go to the mall about twice a year. 4 We play with our band about once a month. 5 Where does Marcio hang out every night? Pee ene ‘© Verbs such as hate, like, ove, and enjoy express emotional _@ After these vetbs, we normally use a gerund. states, so we normally usethem in the simple present. — lenjoy watching it with my sister. = Hove 90210. 7 = tesco towratehritttranessien X ~ frrtoving P6216: x Language reference page 63 4 Complete the questions with your own ideas. 1 Do you like: 2 2 What do you hate. 2 3 What kind of. do you really love 2 5 Answer the questions you wrote in exercise 4. 1 2 3Stage @ Get ready! 1 Read the chart. Look at the bold verbs. Change the affirmative forms into the negative. live > don't hve Present tenses imple present Present continuous ‘© Facts and permanent situations © Actions in progress now ‘with ourmmom, = Iimrelaxing now ¢ Habits and repeated actions Temporary situations Every summer, Igo to. summer camp, ‘ie you studying hard? © Mental and emotional states (fr example: senses opinions felings) ~ She thinks lessie James is grea. = ITove pop music Language reference pages 62-63 Stage @ Practice 2 Complete the sentences with the simple present form of the verbs in bold. Lia /not live /in idaho. bia does bien da. 1 Ben /go/ cycling every Saturday. 2 They /not stay up /late on school nights, — 3 Paula / study / Spanish three times a week 4 Robson / not play / sports very often 5 My aunt /teach / ce at my local school, 3 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs below. Use the present continuous. ot eat « notlisten * nottravel * sing * study * swim Listen, My sister is singing along to the radio, 1 Sandro, you tome, Tum off the TV! 2. My dad is at home this week He or work. 31___a lot right now because my swim tear has a big competition 4 Vera hard today. She has a test next week 5 My mom is on a diet, so she alot right now. 4 Circle the correct alternatives. Wietake (ict and» 1 Linda is American. She doesn't come / isn't coming from the UK. 2. | don't hang out /’m not hanging out with my friends on weekends 3. My brother studies /is studying hard for his final exams right now. 4 What's wrong with Chelsea? She cries /’s crying! 5 Luanne sa flight attendant. She travels /'s traveling a lot for her job, lot of classes this semester.. we FreeTime ( S ss 5 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in parentheses. Use the simple present or the present continuous. vt my Join Up profile right now. (write) 21 very goad at basketball. (be) 3 Lilia rock mi (not like) 4 oe tase Hcl ih ht ee ie 5 lusually to school by car, but my sister always (go / walk) 6 We vo the beac now Bayou want 0 cone ge) 6 Read the Language extra. Write questions using the simple Loreena present or the present continuous. Then answer the questions. © We normally form simple present questions Where (you / hang out) on the weekends with your friends? : with the auxiliary verb do f does se gay a adic Sc —_ = Does she play basketball every day? “Lully go-to the mall on Saturday afteenoong” = What kind of music do you like? 1 How (you / travel) to school? © With be andthe present continuous, we do not use do f does Are youhappy? 2. (youand your friends / listen) to music right now? — What movie is he watching? 3 How many cousins (you/ have]? 4 (you/ work) hard at school right now? 5 What kind of music (your dad / lke)? 6 What (you / wear) today? 7 Correct the errors in the sentences. Two sentences are correct. Wee liking Maroon 5, We lite Maroon 5 1. He running a lot right now. 2 She often go to the mall with her friends 3 Samm is staying at his grandmals house for a few months. 4 Hes watches soccer every weekend, 5 Im not ike classical music very much, 6 It doesn't snowing right nov 7 Denise doesnt go to drama club after schoo! 8 They arent go to the movies now.Life Stories ) \ Vy Stage @ Get ready! 1 Read the Reading strategy. Follow step 1. What do you think the magazine article is about? ene Reading for gist 1 Read the title and look at the photos. Then read the fist and last sentence of each text 2 Read the text quickly, without stopping at difficult words. This s called ‘skimming’ 3 Read the comprehension questions before you read the text again. 2 Follow step 2 of the Reading strategy. Check your answer to exercise 1. a Italo Romano is a professional skateboarder from Curitiba in Brazil, but he isn't an ordinary skateboarder. Italo doesn't have any legs. When he was younger, he used to play around with his friends on trains. At the age of thirteen, he fell while trying to balance between two train cars. Italo was severely hurt 5 and, consequently, he lost his legs. He didn't let this get him down, and a few years later, he began his career as a professional skateboarder, Now Italo travels all over the world and is one of the best skateboarders around, People love him because he's funny and he's always smiling. Jessica Cox, from Tucson, Arizona in the US, has a black belt in tae kwon do, 10 apilot’s license, a driver's license, and a psychology degree. What makes these achievements even more impressive is that Jessica was born without arms, so she does everything with her feet instead. Her disability makes her a very creative and determined person. She always finds new or different ways to do the things she really wants to do. 15 When she was young, Jessica didn't like the playground because she couldn't, join in with the other kids on the equipment. She used to dream of flying like a superhero, and when she grew up, her dream actually became a reality. In 2005, she met a pilot named Robin Stoddard, and he encouraged her to take up flying lessons. After three years of lessons, Jessica got her pilot's license 20 Patrick Henry Hughes grew up in Louisville, Kentucky. He is a talented ‘musician who plays the piano and the trumpet, and sings. Patrick was born blind, and he can’t straighten his arms or legs, so he can’t walk properly. He uses ‘a wheelchair to get around and his father helps him do the activities he loves. Patrick started playing the piano when he was only nine months old. As a 25 teenager, he used to play with a marching band, while his father pushed his wheelchair in time with the music. Patrick is a very cheerful person, and he has | a good sense of humor and an extraordinary talent, That talent is now famous allover the US. the text. Circle the correct definiti ns. 1 ordinary (line 2) rude, vulgar / 2 actually (ine 17) 3 good sense of humor (ine 27) unusual really / currently good mood / ability to faugh at things 8 Cee ete)Life Stories @ . Stage © Read and understand 4 Read the article again. Choose the correct answers. 1. When Itala Romano was yo used to AA play with his fiends on trains ung, he C travel around the world. D travel everywhere by train, E fall off his skateboard a lot. 2 Italo lost his legs because he A jumped off a train B fell off his skateboard C ran actoss trai D fell between two train cars, E can between two train cars. 3 Wh en Jessica Cox was young, she B go skateboarding with his friends. 4 Jessica t because ‘A she was a very determined person, B a pilot encouraged her. C her parents wanted her to learn, D she didn't have a driver’ license E her school encouraged her. 5 Patiick Henry Hugh Used to A help him try new activities. B sing to him, C take him to see a band, D lead a marching E help him take part in a band. gan to learn to fly s father and, want A study psychology, B useherarms. C be able tofly D drivea car. E do tae kwon do, to Read statements 1-3. According to the article, which are true? 1 Having a disability stopped Jessica, Italo, and Patrick from doing things, 2 Jessica, Italo, and Patrickall have a disability 3 Jessica, Italo, and Patrick weren't all bom with a disability Aland2, B2and3, C 3onyy Find words 1-5 in the article. Match them with definitions A-E. ‘A unable to see; having no sight B unable to use your body properly because of an injury or a disease academic diploma from a college or university D keep a steady position and not fall to one side or the ather E witha special, natural ability for something balance (line 4) degree (line 10) disability (ine 12) talented (line 20), blind (ine 22) 1 2 3 4 5 \d these basic conjunctions in the article. Complete rules 1-3 with the correct conjunctions. and * so * or © but # because Contrasting ideas but 1 Adding ideas. 2 Givinga result 3 Giving a reason Complete the sentences with the correct conjunctions from exercise 7. Hove playing soccer and going to the movies on the weekends. 1 Sasha is interested in animal 2 There aren't any movie theaters 3. My brother doesn't Ike rock music, she wants to be a veterinarian. skate parks in my town, ne likes hip-hop musk 4 like my science teacher he’ always cheerfulVocabulary Adjectives: personality 1 Read the texts. Which star sign do you think would make the best friend? Why? ece oe Aquarius January 20 - February 18 Your element: Air Your planet: Uranus Sagittarius November 22 - December 21 Your element: Fire Your planet: Jupiter You are always cheerful and you are never rude. You are talented and creative. You are aso very You always listen to your friends. Everyone loves determined and ike to make things happen. However, being with you because you are funny and have you are sometimes alittle moody. You find selfish people a good sense of humor. difficult to work with, but your patience helps you! 2 Complete the chart with the bold adjectives in exercise 1. Positive Negative cheerful 3 Match the underlined adjectives in the text with their opposites 1-4 below. polite ude 1 serious 3 unimaginative 2 good-natured 4 miserable 4. Use adjectives from the chart in exercise 2 to describe these people. ‘Ana can sing, dance, and play the piano; and she's a good actor! talented 1 Jared always thinks about himself. 2 Kyle often says distespeciful things to people. 3 When Libby wants to do something, she always does it. 4. Everyone loves Pablo. He is always smiling 5 Choose three adjectives to describe your ideal friend. Word list Read the Vocabulary strategy. Record the adjectives in the Word list cheerful in your notebook. creative determined Were funny 5 good-natured Recording vocabulary miserable ‘When you write down a new word, add some extra information. This will help moody you remember the meaning of the word and how to use it, For example: polite rude miserable seffsh | Opposite: cheerful scious talente: | Exanple: Some people are miserable, @ fmm not rm cheecfl. © unimaginativevr. lias Life Stories ‘\\ 1 = Language workshop Possessive adjectives and pronouns Subject I you | he/shesit_ | you | we they Possessive adjective | my your _| his/her/its | your__| our their Possessive pronoun | mine | yours | his/hers/- | yours | ous | theirs ‘© Possessive adjectives and pranouns da not have different plural forms, _® We use whose to ask about possession. ~ Thisis my skateboard, These are my skateboards. = "Whose skateboard is this? "its mine* ~ It’s mine. They'e mine. sven Fa oes pees 7 Complete the sentences with the correct possessive adjectives and pronouns. Did you bring your camera? | brought mine 1 Pedro lost. cell phone on the weekend. 2 They think that our apartment is nicer than 3 That isn't our dog, This one is. ! 4 Lil's sneakers are black, These ones are blue, so they aren't 1 5 like laptop. Yours is much better than fl tere Reg rete: att) © Phrasal verbs normally have two parts: a verb, and a preposition or adverb, Some phrasal verbs have three parts, ‘© The meaning of a phrasal verb is often different from the meanings of the separate parts. Language reference page 65 8 Match phrasal verbs 1-5 with definitions A-E. Use the text on page 8 and a dictionary. 1 join in BA start doing an activity, usually for enjoyment 2 grow up ——_B mike you fee sad 3 take up ——_C develop from a child to an adult 4 playatound —_D take part inan activity 5 get you) down ___E have fun, not be serious 9 Complete the sentences. Use the correct form of the phrasal verbs in exercise 8. We're practicing for our soccer game. Do you want to jom in? 1 Josh always before class, and he’s often late. 2. Kim has a lot of problems, and things often her 3 When|___ want to be a musician 4 Why dont we a new sport? How about tae kwon do? Weed Correct the errors in these sentences. This unit Previous unit 1 Cartie always makes people laugh. She's really 4 My bestfriend always is cheerful and happy. determined. 5 listen never to classical music. 2. My brother lost her wallet on the bus. 6 Do you enjoy to watch baseball on TV? 3 My little sister often takes up in the street all day.Stage @ Get ready! 1 Read the chart. Look at the bold verbs. Change the affirmative forms into the negative. met =» dide't meet Past tenses (1) Simple past used to «Finished actions in the past ‘© Repeated routines actions, or states that existe in the past, ~ In 2005, she met a plot named Robin Stoddard. | butnolonger exist now. © Past states ~ Patrick used to play in a band. (but he doesn't any more) = Patrick Henry Hughes grew up in Louisville. ~ Did she use to join in with all the activities? Remember! ‘© We often use the simple past with finished past time expressions (yesterday, last year...) ‘© Wedo not use used to for sinole, finished actionsin the past. ‘© We often use used to to emphasize a change between the past and the present. Language reference page 64 Stage © Practice 2 Complete the sentences with the verbs in parentheses. Use the affirmative or negative simple past. We didn’ have 2 good vacation because it rained all the time. (not have} 11 ‘a great movie on TV yesterday. (watch) 2 Thais late and missed the school bus. (wake up) 3 Ashley the new teacher was very funny, He made everyone laugh. (think) 4 suzanne to join in with the volleyball game because she felt sick, (not want) 5 Juan was in a bad mood and he the party early. (leave) 3 Read the affirmative simple past sentences. Rewrite them as simple past questions. You sent Sam a text message last night, Did you send Sam text message last They called you yesterday, $$ 2 He wanted to take upanew spor, 3 You bought a present for Ali's birthday. 4 She was rude to Clare at the party. 4 Write Wh- questions to complete the dialogue. Use the simple past. (1) what / do /on/ the weekend? _What did you do on the weekend? | went tothe skate park on Saturday. Q)where /go/on / Saturday evening? | went to the movies. I saw the new Transformers movie, Gabi (4) who/ gowith? Justin | went with Thiago and Carl. Gabi (5) why/notinvite / me, too? Justin Because you ask too many questions!U@ W Life Stories = ~— 5 Write true sentences about your childhood. Use used to or didn’t use to. goto bed early When Iwas yung [ued to go to bed early 1 havea cell phone 2 be very moody 3: chatwith friends online. 4 play around with fiends after school 5 doa lot of homework 6 be very serious 6 Write questions for sentences 1-6 in exercise 5. Use Did you use to i ch? aueuns 7 Circle the correct alternatives. 1 | used to practice / practiced the trumpet for two hours last night. 2 Josh didn't use to like / didn't like swirnming, but now he swims every week. 3 We used to live / lived in the city, but we moved to the country last year. 4 Pati used to go / went to Heliopolis last year. 5 Did you grow up / Did you use to grow up in the city? 6 He wasnt / didnt use to be so selfish, He's quite rude these days 8 Read the text. Complete it with the verbs below. Use the simple past or used to. be © find * have * laugh * love * move « play * reply * send sit Wher t nas iw elementary sehool, | (4) a best friend named Roberto. He ici't muy best friend anymore beeause he (2) away in our last year of elementary school. we (3) soccer inthe school yard, and we always (4) together in elncs. | venenber how everyone (5) at his jokes. He was so funny! Roberto (6) takeing photos, too. Last month, | (7) Roberto on Facebook and | (2) rime a massage. He (9) immediately. He is still very funny, and we hope to see each other again soon. Correct the errors in these sentence: This unit Previous unit 1 Jessica Cox used to start fying lessons in 2005. 4 | walk to schoo! right now. 2. Did you chatted online with your fiends last night? § Susi don't see her grandparents very often, 3 When | was a child, | use to be very serious. 6 What does he singing?\ - ~/) Disasters = ° ; Reading Stage @ Get ready! 1 Look at the photos. What do you think is happening? Where is it? 2 Look at the texts A-D. Match each one to a text type below. online newsarticle_A_ comment. tweet blog post, 3 Find these words in the texts. What do you think they mean? 1 mud(n) 2 land() 3 flight (n) Night of Terror Blogspot In the early morning on January 12, 2011, one of Brazil's Worst natural disasters began. it was raining heavily north of Rio de Janeiro. Twenty-six centimeters of rain fell in less than twenty-four hours. This. caused landslides of rock and mud tthe mountains, While people in the towns of Teresopolis, Gj yas at home in my bedroom when Nove Friburgo, and Petropolis were sleeping, the landslides 5; the landslides started. It was the most Fie) Julia, Nova Friburgo " January 13, 11:30 a.m. on reached their houses. After only a few hours, the area was terrifying experience of my life. My under mud and rock, and several buildings collapsed. younger sister was even more scared More than 900 people lost their lives. Rescue workers than me, and she was crying. We heard were amazed that there were no more deaths. buildings crumble around us. We were 30 so scared. In the morning it was silent, Last night, many of those who survived were staying, in nd we looked out of the window at the temporary shelters. One brave survivor, Luiza Cides, said, Street, Well, it wasn'ta street. It was “it often rains in this part of the country in January, but this aa river of mud, with cars and parts of was extreme. | just want things to get back to normal now.” houses buried init Rescue helicopters were flying over the area day and night, Where were you? Post a comment, ooking for survivors. One pilot told us, “It’s more difficult than a normal rescue flight because there are no roads to BR Mauricio, Nove Fitburgo land on, and we can’t land in the mountains. It's exhausting, (q | venwary 13, 18:45 pan But we can’t give up now. °e ed Volunteers were working as quickly as possible. They were 35. | was at work in the bakery. | was giving out tents, medicine, water, food, and clothing to taking with my coworker, Mario, when survivors. However, while they were assisting the victims, we heard a noiee like an earthquake. more landslides started Itwas mud coming down the mountain. When it finally stopped, the mud was 49. almost as high as the windows. We 7 = opened a window and shouted for help. —— Eventually, some rescue workers found *@ us and we escaped. @brazilsurvivors 45 fell down, but at ‘ am tenet Circle the correct definitions. ing friends in another city, ni aera Uti 1 brave(line 12) angry/courageous lot of our neighbors were as 2 assisting (line 22) watching /helping lucky asus ee on 3 eventually (ine 42) finally accidentally —— False friends list pages 60-61Disasters \\ ronment | TV | Blogs | Date \S Stage © Read and understand ECE resort cry Reading for specific information 1 Read the question and note what kind of information (a date, a number, a name, etc) you are looking for. 2 Read the text quickly to find the information, (This is called“scanning’) Look for features such as numbers and capital letters. Underline important words that help you understand the text. (These are called “key words") 5 Read the Reading strategy above. Follow steps 1-2 for questions 1-4 below. 1 When did the disaster happen? 2. How much rain fel in less than a 3 Which towns were affected? 4 How many people died? 6 COED Read the texts again. Choose the correct answers. 1 The heavy rain caused 4 Julia spent the night ‘A snow and mud in the mountains. A in her ho! B landslides of mud and B ina shelter CC 24 centimeters of rain to fall C in the street D landslides in the city of Rio de Janeiro, D ata neighbor's house, E more than 900 landslides. E ata friend's house. 2 Rescuers were surprised that 5 Mauricio and Mario A alot of people were dead, A escaped before the B there were a lot of cars on the roads, disaster started C all the houses were fine, B live together D less than 900 people died, are rescue workers. E more people did not die, D work together. It was difficult for the helicopters because E were buying bread, the the pilots were tired, A 8B C they couldn't land on roads, D E e were a lot of people on the roads the pilots couldn't see well re too high. the mountains we 7 Find words 1-5 in the texts. Match them with definitions A-E. A break into very small pieces B a person who is still alive after a dangerous situation C a place where people make and sell by D people who do a jab without being paid for E temporary shelters made of fabric survivor (line 12) __ volunteers (line 20) tents (line 21) crumble (line 29) bakery (line 35) wawna 8 Answer the questions in your own words. 1. What was the reaction of rescue workers to the number of deaths? 2. How did volunteers help after the disaster? 3. How did Mauricio and his colleagues escape? 15Akiro and Were] etre Tex Verbs: disasters pon it damaged many houses and destroyed an 1 Read what these disaster survivors say oe ee entire village. about their experiences. Match the bold words with definitions 1-8 below. Matt @ Justin “the whole city flooded. I didn’t think I would survive, but firefighters came and reseued me.” “During the earthquake, | elt the ground shake, and several buildings collapsed.” completely ruined saved someone from a dangerous situation covered so it cant be seen harmed or spoiled ‘get away from a dangerous situation fell down suddenly move quickly fiom side to side Igue enreen partly barted oye continue to live despite a dangerous situation —_ mudslide, but we managed to escape through the window.” Ana and David @Vausuns 2 Circle the correct alternatives. 1 Rescue workers were amazed the child damaged / survived the earthquake 2. The forest fire destroyed / rescued 40 km’ of trees. 3 Nothing was damaged / escaped in the flood. We were lucky. 4 Four children buried / escaped from the house fire 5 Volunteers helped shake / rescue several people after the earthquake. 6 || saw the TV tower collapse / bury. Luckily no one was hurt 7 Another landslide could survive / bury more homes in mud. 8 The building was collapsing / shaking from side to side. a we on phrasal verbs Word list 3 Write the infinitive form of the red phrasal verbs in these bury sentences. Match them with the definitions below. celles damage destroy escape rescue shake 1 Volunteers gave out tents and food to survivors. survive 2 The rescue workers gave up after three days. There werent fio any survivors ee ach 3 Alter the tsunami fe eventually got back to normal ear 4. Two houses fell down three weeks ater the earthquake. giveuplia \.&. Disasters \ = Language workshop Comparative and superlative adjectives, as... as © To form comparative adjectives, we add -er orf, To form superlative adjectives, we add -est, or put most orput more before the adjective before the adjective. We usually put the before the adjective, — My ssteris younger than me. ~ They were the luckiest survivors its more difficult than a normal rescue fight. ~ That was the most tertfying experience of my fel To say things are equal, we use (not) as + adjective /adverb + as — Volunteers were working as quickly as possible Errtiapereterenealpayi 86 4 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the adjective in parentheses. Isa tall building safer than a low one in an earthquake? (safe) 1 The weather wasnt as, asit was last year. (good) 2 I think tsunamis are than hurricanes. (destructive) 3 The journey was than we thought. (long) 4 The survivor was 2 one-day-old baby. (young) 5 Were the landslides disaster ever In your country? (bad) 6 Felixand Leon ate the samme height. They are______ each othe. (tall) eeu ke usta cates ‘© Time expressions and conjunctions ofsequence help to ——_® When talking about times, we use at. With dates and days, organize the events in a narrative. For exemple: ‘we use on, With months, years and seasons, we Use in ~at 2pm =onMarch3 — —in August, 2001 ~at twelve otlack —onWednesday —in the winter Language reference page 67 assoonas * when * then * thenext day # while * ater /afterward * suddenly + later + last year 5 Read the text. Complete it with the words and phrases below. assconas * at + in * on * on * thenext day * when * while marge | onion? ea = tn Febrvary 2011, | was working in Christchurch, New Zealand. (1) February 22, 1 was in @ meeting. (2), 1251 p.m. we heard a loud noise. (3). elt the building shake, | knew it was an earthquake. We sat under the tables in the office, and, luckily, no one ‘was seriously hurt. One month later, (4), March 11, (5) | was working at home back in Tokyo, elt it again. The apartment building started shaking but it didnt collapse. I was woried about my wife who was working downtown. (6) | heard she was OK, | relaxed a little, oO) , March 12, we helped clean up in our neighborhood. t's amazing. | suwvived ‘wo earthquakes in one year! Peed Correct the errors in these sentences. This unit Previous unit 1 The dog damaged from the burning building. 4 Clara writes music and poetry. She's 2 It was the baddest experience of my life. really unimaginative. 3 Let's meet on five dclack. 5. My grandfather lost her house in a tornado, 6 Hearing about natural disasters really gets me up.Stage @ Get ready! 1 Read the chart. Look at the bold verbs. Change the affirmative forms into the negative. lied > didn't die Cea re} Simple past Past continuous ‘© Finished actions in the past. « Actions in progress at a specific pat time = Move than 900 people lost thei lives ~ Rescue helicopters were flying over the area day and night: ‘© A series of finished past actions. © A series of past actions in progres. = The fain started in the early hours of ~ They were looking for more survivors the moming ‘© Temporary actions or situations. — Mysister was erying, Remember! ‘© Weccan use thepastcontinuous andthe © Weolten use when or while to link the two actions. simple past together todescribe an action ~ was talking to Mario, when we heard a noise, in progress interrupted by a short action. ~ While they were assisting the victins, more landslides began. Language reference page 66 Stage @ Practice 2 Complete the sentences with the verbs below. Use the affirmative, negative, or interrogative simple past. be © bring + collapse « feel * hear * leave © see Itstarted raining just ater we Le the party 1 Many houses. during the earthquake. 2 you your camera? | want to take a photo. 3 Julia cars buried in the mud on her street. 4 Im sorry?!|___ what you said. 5 ____you at home the day ofthe landslide? 6 We the earthquake because we were too far away. 3 Complete the sentences with the verbs in parentheses. Use the affirmative, negative or interrogative past continuous. Rescue workers ere helping the climbers on the cliff. (help) 1 Alot of people in the streets after the avalanche. (sleep) 21 the party, so I left twas boring. (not enjoy} 3 “Icalled you, but you didn't answer? 4 a shower!” (take) 4 your brother in the school concert last night? (sing) 5 People the tsunami so. thousands died. (not expect) 6 you your English homework at 9 p.m. last night? (do)4 Write questions to complete the dialogue. Use the past continuous. Marta what /you do/ last night/ at 9 pm. What were you doing last ight at @pm? Thais | was watching TV. Marta (1) what / you watching Thais | was watching a soccer game. Marta (2) you watch / the Sao Paulo gare Thais No, | wasn't: was watching Italian soccer. Marta (3) yousit / near your phone Thais No, | wasn't. Why? (4) What / you do Marta | was trying to call yout 5 Circle the correct alternatives. 1. My mom didn't call / wasn't calling my grandmother last night. 2 \While | talked / was talking with my teacher, Leah arrived / was arriving, 3 After we heard / were hearing about the storm, we called / were calling my parents. 4 Did you visit / Were you visiting your sister at this time last week? 5 My dad drove / was driving to work when he felt / was feeling the earthquake. 6 “Where were you?! chatted / was chatting online with my fiends in my room? 6 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in parentheses. Use the simple past or the past continuous. 1 “There was an earthquake last night!*No way! | it (not notice) 21 the news when you called. (watch) 3 While we a test, the fire alarm rang, (take) 4 ‘where | was going when | the street. (not look, cross) 5 Oscar his hand while he and Lucia dinner. (cut, prepare) 7 Join the sentences with when ot while. Use the simple past or past continuous forms of the verbs in parentheses. | live} in the US /| (study) English every day. (while) while [was living in the US. I etudied English every de 1 we (fall) asleep / we (watch) a movie last night. (while) 2 Lidia (meet) her boyfriend / she (work) in bakery. (while) 3 my sister (shop) in the mall / she (lose) her purse. (when) 4 iit (not rain) / we (arrive) at the beach. (when) 5 I (walk) to school /| (see) my friends. (while) 6 you (try) to call me /| (drive) to work? (when) Correct the errors in these sentences. This unit Previous unit 1 The Brazil landslides were happening in 2011. 4 Did you fet the earthquake lastnight? 2. What was you doing on Saturday afternoon? § The Japan earthquake in 2011 used to kil 3 | was watching a movie lastnight when hundreds of thousands of people. Flavia wesc 6 My ded use to be a teacher, but now he's a journalistStage @ Get ready! 1 Look at the photos. What alternative treatments are they using? 2. Skim the online article. Who first used Kinesio tape? 3 Find these words in the article. What do you think they mean? 1 recuperation (n) 2 joi What's the Alternative? Having an injury must be one of the most frustrating aspects of being an athlete. You can’t train, you can’t compete, and the recuperation process can be long and uncertain, So, if you break a bone or pull a muscle, what's the best solution? Some of us might choose modem medicine - having injections or taking pills. Or, like athletes Kerri Walsh and Williams, ou could choose a natural alternative. These sportspeople use Kinesio tape, a bandage which helps sore muscles and joints, to relieve pain naturally Dr. Kenzo Kase, a Japanese chiropractor, invented Kinesio tape more than 30 years ago. = He was looking for a natural way to treat muscle injuries. He knew that using ordinary tape FE could help injuries heal gradually, but it restricted movement. So he invented a lightweight ‘tape which athletes could wear while warming up and taking part in sports, Sumo wrestlers were the first athetes to try Kinesio tape. Dr. Kase gave them the tape to help prevent injuries and, surprisingly, it made their muscles feel better, too. Dr. Kase figured out that the tape could help heal injuries more quickly and he thinks it may even work on animals, though as yet there is no solid scientific evidence to prove the tape works. Kinesio tape’s advocates claim it protects and supports joints. The tape lifts the first layer of skin, so blood can reach the injured area more quickly and easily. This reduces pé ‘so the athlete's muscles will be able to heal more comfortably, both during exercise and while they rest. ‘American football players often use a different alternative therapy: acuoun 20 Acupuncture involves sticking needles into different parts of the body to increase blood flow and relax muscles. If players have injuries, if they eel stressed before a big game, or if they simply want to relax after working out, acupuncture can help. Some players even ‘say it can help them fall asleep. According to some people, these therapies can't be as effective as modem medicine because they are natural. Others say that natural therapies only work if you believe they ‘work, So, the next time you hurt your ankle, what are you going to choose? _~ ture 4 Find these words in the text. Circle the correct definitions. 1 injury (ine 1) harm 2 ad 3 rest (ine 19) takeaway, remain / relax aft damage to your body / insult fe5 (line 15) supporters / la yers an activity(63%) Sat 16:05 Healt iving 1 Read the question and options carefully. 2. Using key words in the question and options, find the lines in the text that contain the answe 3 Read these lines carefully. Do they provide evidence for one of the options? Ifo option seems correc, read the question again. Then skim the text to be {sure you ate looking at the right lines Read the Reading strategy above. Which lines in the article contain the answer to this question: How does Kinesio tape work? A lines 5 B lines 12-13, C lines 15-16 6 CORED Read the article again. Choose the correct answers. 1. Chiropractors and acupuncturists 3. Kinesio tape and acupuncture Use ... to treat injuries A use needles to help injuries. A pills B help increase blood flow. B injections C can help animals relax. C pills and surgery D use the same method of pain relief D Kinesio tape E make blood flow more slowly. E natural methods 4 Some football players think 2 Using Kinesio tape acupuncture {A shows immediate results. A makes them very relaxed B slows blood flow. B rakes them feel more stressed C ‘restricts athletes movements C helps them sleep before a game. D might not work as claimed, D only works if they have an injury E only helps sumo wrestlers E is very paing Read statements 1-3. According to the article, which are true? 1 Kinesio tape and acupuncture work on humans and animals. 2. Kinesio tape and acupuncture may be effective sports injures, 3 Kinesio tape and acupuncture are natural methods of pain reliet Alony. Bland2 C2onl. D2and3 — E 3omly. 3 Look at the cartoon. The man on the left is satisfied because ... A he suffers from neck pain, B his friend is very annoyi ft talk C he doesn’t have to talk to his friend anymore. D the tape has fixed his medical problems. E he doesn't have any more tape le This new medical tape has really fixed the pain in my neck! 21Vocabulary Health collocations ‘1 Match statements 1-8 with photos A-H. fl 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Swimming isa great way to keep fit and lose weight. Ge | pulled a muscle in my neck and | put some ice on it immediately. Acupuncture is a good way to treat an injury. {my finger. Using a clean bandage helps heal the wound quickly. | hurt my arm so I'm having an injection today to help the pain. ___ feel stressed at workand I can't sleep. | don't know what to do. I fell and broke my ankle last week | still cant walk on it, 1 take some medicine. __ I have a sore throat. 'm going Match five of the bold expressions in exercise 1 with definitions 1-5. have medicine put into your body with a needle 2 do physical activity to be healthy 3 4 5 jet wor ied because of pressures you feel hurt a muscle by stretching too much make a cut in your skin healthy again Circle the correct alternatives. 1 Do you think you need to take / heal some medicine to help with the pain? 2 3 We did a lot of exercise over the summer vacation and we took / lost weight. 4 Alicia broke / pulled her leg while she was waterskiing, | was carrying some heavy boxes and | healed / hurt my back 5 What do you thinks the best way to treat / take a neck injury? form of the red phrasal verbs in these sentences. Match them with the definitions below. do physical training * try to find someone or something * ‘ale orslve something + dolight xcs before a sport 1 We looked for a present for Carly’s birthday yesterday. 2. The baseball players warmed up on the field before the game. 3 | work out in the gym three times a week 4 The student figured out the answer to the problem. Word list break a bone feel stressed have an injection heal a wound hurt something keep fit lose weight pull amuscle take medicine ‘reat an injury figure out look for watm up work outa= liz Healthy Living W we Language workshop ‘Subject pronoun 1 you he/shesit | you we they Object pronoun me you him/her/it | you us them ¢ Personal pronouns (except you) have different forms when they are the subject or the object ofthe sentence. = They sometimes use acupuncture. (They = subject) = Acupuncture can help them fall asleep them = object) Tangiubge Wlaranah aged. 5 Circle the correct alternatives. 1 Stella introduced 1 / me to her father. 2. He / Him asked we / us about our studies 3 Tomoko left her phone here, Can you give it to she / her? 4 The doctor told we / us about some new medicine. 5 The new students have arrived! | met they / them yesterday, and they / them told | /me about their experiences, CC UUs ‘© Adverbs of manner describe how © Regular adverbs someting feat uickly © carefully » easily » quietly « happily © gradual = Ittelieves pain naturally. a # They dont go between the verb and itsobject. _@ regular adverbs ~ Blood can reach the injured area more easily. vail i herd Bt = Bons car reach ote easy te DCE wee Language reference page 69 6 Circle the correct alternatives. To be a good doctor, you often need to think quick (Quickly. 1. My mom was angry / angrily with me for coming home late. 2 Tara studied a lot and she passed the test easily / easy. 3 Is Kinesio tape safely / safe to wear all day? 4 Do you work hard / hardly at school? 5 The player injured himself badly / bad during the game. 7 Rewrite the sentences with an adverb. Hea careful worker. He works carefilly 1 Carla isa beautiful singer. She 2 He's careful driver He 3 They're fast runners. They. 4 Tima very bad dancet. | 5 Theyre very good chess players. They 6 She speaks fluent German. She Wee Correct the errors in these sentences. This unit Previous unit 1 | broke a muscle last week at volleyball practice. 4 The runner was very tired and he 2. Alicia was unhappy. No one spoke to she at the party. destroyed on the ground. 3 You must warm in before the game. 5 lam more worse than my sister at yoga. 6 Later year, | decided to lose weight,Stage @ Get ready! 1 Read the chart. Find other examples of modal verbs in the text on page 20. Which categories do they belong to? Modal verbs (1) Ability Possibility Deduction © can/could beable to ‘© may might could © must/can't ~ Itean help players fall = Itmay even work — Having a sports injury must be frustrating, asleep, (present) onanimass (certainty that something is true) ~ Ordinary tape could help — Some of usmight choose | — Some people say these therapies can't be as injuries heal. (past) modern medicine. effective as modern medicine. ~ Ilbe able to play college = You could choose a Saree peapoensay thie thornton mustnot be soccer next year My brother natural alternative asefecivearmedenmedtcine x ‘won't be able to! future) (certainty that something isnot true) Language reference page 68 Stage @ Practice 2 Circle the correct alternatives. 1 He couldn't / can't come to the party. He hurt his leg yesterday. 2. Stefano never works out. He can't / won't be able to run in the race next week, 3 When | was young, | could / ean run very fast. 4 Can/Could you drive a car? 5 My dad can / will be able to go back to work when he feels less stiessed, 3. Complete the sentences. Use the affirmative or negative form of can, could, or be able to. 1 Ana hurt her wrist yesterday, so she type her essay later today. 2 you help me? | think| pulled a muscle and it’ dificult to walk 3. Before he hurt his arm, Duncan throw very far. 4aWe work out at the gym tonight It's closed 5 Jaime speak good English before he went a ® tothe US? 6 He broke his wrist, so he sen for three months. 4 Read the Language extra Circle the correct alternatives. 1 ___I goto the schoo! nurse, please? ‘We use can, could, and may for pesrission, A Must = BMay — C Cant ‘We use canttand may not fo refusal of permission fe i 2 2 Stefano, ____ you help Berta with this math problem ead, can | borrow the car tonight” A can Bay — C must ‘No.youcant” 3 __I please borrow your sneakers later? = May |sitheve? A Might = —B Cant — C Could ‘© We use can and could for requests. 4 No, you _ go out tonight. You have school tomorrow. ~ Could you help me, please? ¥ it ~ Mayyorrhetpme-pease?, Accouldnt Bcant — C may is © Canis mote informal than could and may.Healthy Living ‘\\ @ 5 Circle the correct alternatives. 1 Elisa feels ill, 5o she must / may not come to the gym this week 2 Our best player isnt playing today. | think we might / can't lose this game. 3 Thismedicine Im taking may / can't be working | still fee terible. 4 You could / must try this new tape for your injury. It's possible it will help the pain, 5 We couldn't / may not go on vacation this summer. We don't have much money right now. 6 Complete the sentences with the verbs below. Which ones have more than one possible answer? might © can't # could * must © maynot 1 You work out every day - you be in great shape! 2 Ithink! fall the exam. | didr't study at all this week 3 My team are losing 22-9. They, win the game now. 4 Sally and Neil had a fight It's possible they stay together this time. 5 Kevin traveled home on a night fight. He be tired today! 7 Rewrite the sentences with the bold verbs. Its possible that acupuncture will help serious illnesses one day. (might) Acupuncture might help serious illnesses one day, 1 Tm certain that Lizzie isn't from Texas, She has an Australian accent. can't) Lizzie 2 Im eating lunch now because | don't think we will have time to stop for food. (may not) tim 3 im certain that Lucas Piazon speaks English because he lives in England. (must) Lucas Piazon’ 4 One day, maybe | will be a personal trainer. (could) One day, | 8 Read the article. Complete it with appropriate modal verbs. It's summer break and so you (1). have more time to work out! You (2) even find it easier to take control of what you're eating. One good way you (3). keep fits to exercise with your friends, You (4 play basketball in the park or go for a run together If you ike spending the vacation eating junk food, you (5) feel lke naw is a good time for losing weight and is a good idea to try eating more healthily You know that going tothe burger bar every day (6) be good for you. Combine healthy eating with some exercise and soon you (7). show off your new swimsuit at the beach! Correct the errors in these sentences. This unit Previous unit 1 My grandfather can ski well when he was young. 4 The Go Healthy event was taking place 2 Mom, | may have a party on the weekend? last week in school 3. He must not be coming to the party. 5 While we were working out in the gym, Sandro He broke his ankle last week. was falling over. 6 Thistime yesterday we worked out in the gym.The Price is Right 1 ~ =), Coy, 0 Stage @ Get ready! 1 Look at the photos and read the newspaper article. Do you try to find the best deal when you go shopping? 2 Skim the article, What is currently the most popular daily deal site? Fd ede Weis tert. sida Yorn tay mean? alll 1 deal (n) 2 coupon (n) 3 subscriber (n) In toda imate, shopping bargains are everywhere ~ especially online. But how do retailers benefit from these amazing internet deals? 5 Shoppers looking for a bargain used to cut out coupons from newspapers and magazines in order to get money off their favorite products, Nowadays, of course, we're more likely to track down cheap deals online. In recent years 10 the old-style coupons have become popular once more, on “daily deal” websites such as Groupon and LivingSocial Daily deal websites are the latest big thing on the internet, so if you haven't used one yet, you probably will soon. Through these websites, shoppers can find discount coupons for many different commodities and services. Customers register fora deal by clicking on a coupon, and some daily deal websites use a “group-buying’ 20 system. As soon as enough people have signed up for the deal, the discount becomes active, and the subscribers can use their virtual coupons. So, why is the retail industry giving away so 25 much for free? Of course, there's something in it for retailers as well. Social networks such as Facebook are vital to internet marketing, and ea TMC R Er 1 commodities (ine 17) _ product 2 retail (line 24) 3 advertise (line 43) EI en Tae Business focus A Great Deal for Online Shoppers \ 4 Find these words in the text. Circle the correct definitions. or materials / comforts scrap / sellin promote a pro ay 7 f Poesy, daily deal websites tap into this. After a user has 30 signed up for an offer, the daily deal website encourages them to share it on social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter, and through e-mails with friends, too, ‘This is called a “cascade model’; more and more people hear about the offer, and the advertising is all free to the retailer. Top US daly dal webs by Visor umber niin, 2011 Daily deal websites can also provide “targeted marketing” — when local businesses advertise themselves to specific customers. Research 45 has found that if a company appears once on Groupon, this brings in more new customers in 24 hours than other kinds of advertising can in two or three months. So, it isn’e surprising that Groupon has already opened offices in more than 48 countries around the world, What's more, it's one of the world’s fastest growing companies, with more than 33 million active customers, including 4.8 million users in Latin America. It looks like daily deal websites are 55 here to stay. 50 RESTAURANT.COM: BEST DEAL. EVERY MEAL ods to the p duct for sale / war 3 livingsocialGROUPON r lie The Price is Right '\\ Sa Stage © Read and understand ECE resort cry Recognizing cognates Many English words look similar to wards in your language and have a similar meaning, These words are called cognates. English words with a Latin or Greek origin ar often cognates. 5 Read the Reading strategy above. Read the introduction to the article. How many cognates can you find? As B7 Co D5 E4 6 Read the article again. Choose the correct answers. 1 Daily deal websites 4 Daily deal websites help AA put coupons in newspapers businesses B put coupons in shopping mall. A with advertising ideas C put coupons in magazines. B advertise for new customers D put coupons online all over the world E sell coupons to newspapers. € target small groups of 2. ‘Group-buying’ deals work ustomers, A in the same way as newspaper coupons. D advertise over a period of two B if you buy a coupon from a local store. of three months, C ifenough people want the deal, E attract new customers quickly. D only if people know about the deal 5 Groupon has E only in difficult financial times. A become the second most 3A nodal? works when popular daly deal website ‘A people spread news about something. B become the most popular B only one person knows about something daily deal website in the US. © people talk to other people at work C become less popula than about things Livingsoci D pebnleuarscebnaka le. opened offices only in the US. E people tell their friends to buy something. stopped growing. 7 Read statements 1-3. According to the article, which are true? 1 Dally deal websites compete with stores in the mall for customers 2 Daly deal websites use social networks to help sell more deals 3 Daily deal websites provide a nevr business model for advertising Aland2. B2ony., C€2and3. D3onl. E 1and3, 8 Find these conjunctions of addition in the article. Complete rules 14 with the correct conjunctions. what's more * too * aswell * and * also 1 too and usually go at the end ofthe sentence 2 usually goes immediately before the main verb, 3 usually goes atthe beginning of the sentence 4 Usually goes before the ast item in a list of two or more items. 27Vocabulary Shopping ‘1 Read the blog posts. What does the person want to know about electrical goods? Shoppers’ Questions | * Do you ever use online coupons togetadiscountin restaurants? ‘© What questions ist good to ask before you purchase a new car? © Doallelectrical goods come with a two-yearguarantee? + Can you get a refund if you return something from this website or can ‘you exchange it if you don't like it? . ke us think we need, you agree’ © Hove a bargain! Which are the best online stores for cheap goods? 2 Match the bold words in exercise 1 with definitions 1-8 below. the money paid back to you when you return goods to a store people who sell goods to the public an item bought for less than the usual price an agreement by the maker of a product to repair it or replace itif it breaks or stops working within a certain period of time give something back to a store and receive a different item in its a reduction on the usual price of an item tickets you can use instead of money to buy something buy things RUN s place 3. Complete the sentences with the bold words in exercise 1. 1 Can it fora larger size iFit doesnt fit me? 2. | don't like this shirt Im going to take it back and ask fora 3 Its very expensive, Do you think we could get a on the price? 4 If there's a problem within the first year, just bring it back with the 5 Many people prefer to their goods online nowadays 6 can use social media to attract new customers. 7. My patents often eat in restaurants, but they always use a 8 | got this jacket for half price. What a ! i Word list we es a 4 Write the infinitive form of the red phrasal verbs in these sentences. ee Match them with the definiti I. exchange guarentee purchase refund retailer 1 Have you signed up for the sailing course yet? Bien 2. Alot of companies have tapped into the power of the internet. Sar 3 The special offer brought ina lot of new customers to the restaurant. tapinto e finally tracked down the guitar 've wanted buy for months. trackdownv MR The Price is Right « . SS Language workshop Indefinite article (a/ an) Definite article (the) ‘We use a / an before singular countable nouns: ‘We use the before singular or plural countable nouns @ totalk about any thing. and before uncountable nouns to talk about a ~ Shoppers looking fora bargain. particular thing, © to introduce a thing for the first time. =... the subscribers can use their virtual coupons. — Thisis called a “cascade model”, ~ More and more people hear about the offer. Remember! ‘© We use no article before plural countable nouns and uncountable nouns, to talk about thingsin general = Daily deal websites can also provide targeted marketing’ ~ |love bargains! Language reference page 71 5 Complete the sentences with a / an, the, or no article (0). | always ask my bestfriend for {0 advice before | buy something. 1 Idor'thave__ computer at horne. | go to the library. 2 Doyou wear leather shoes? 3 L usually wear__ sweatshirt to basketball practice in the winter. 4 Could you show me. new clothes website you mentioned? 5 I think online shopping is becoming very popular 6 We can't go on Facebook — computer isn’t working, a eae # Compound nouns are nouns with two parts. The fist noun gives us information about the second, shopping mall noun + noun * cascade model verb or noun + noun iia Language reference page 71 6 Match 1-5 with A-E to make compound nouns. Twelcome BA site 2 cash BB screen 3 department ____C store 4 credit _— Degister 5 web E card 7 Complete the sentences with the compound nouns in exercise 6. 1 Take your purchases to the 0 pay. 2 Lets goto the They have a lot of good deals, 3 Can | pay by 2 | don't have any cash 4 Lookat the Then choose which button to press 5 Which is your favorite 2 like Terra ees Correct the errors in these sentences. This unit Previous unit 1 | gota great quarantee on my new jeans — 50% offi 4 Dave wants to have weight. He's too heavy. 2 The daily deal websites like BuyWithMe sell coupons. 5 She showed they her new shoes as soon as 3 Can I pay by cash card? she got homme. 6 The online population is increasing fastl.Stage @ Get ready! 1 Read the chart. Look at the bold verbs. Write them in the interrogative form. haa produced good results. > Ha it produced good results? enna ‘© Situations that started in the pastand are continuing now — @ Announcing news or recent events — Coupons have become populer once mote. — Groupon has recently opened new oficesin ‘© Past actions that have results now ~ Research has found that Remember! ‘© We often use the present perfect simple with time expressions that mean “very recently"or’up to now” (just already, stil yet) Note the position ofthese words. = I've just signed up fora deal. (an action that happened in the very recent past) — We still haven’t used our coupon. a situation that is continuing) ~ Groupon has already opened offices around the world. (an action that happened sooner than we expected) ~ ifyou haven't used a coupon yet, you soon wal (Gn action that we expect to happen soon) Language reference page 70 Stage © Practice 2 Write the past pat iples of the irregular verbs. know Jno 190 6 get 2 be 7 meet 3 grow 8 buy 4 take 9 break 5 have 10 find 3 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in parentheses. Use the present perfect. 1 Guess what? My parents: mea car! (buy) 21 that new clothing website. What’ it ike? (not see) 3 Cristina hard all summer. think shell pass the exam this time. (study) 4 you. at today’s dally deals yet? (look) 5 How long you that laptop? It's very nice. (have) 6 Thiago about the party — he told me this morning, (not forget) 4 Write sentences and questions. Use the present perfect and the bold verbs. Betty / not see / my new top. Betty hasn't ceen my new top. 1 1/ pass / my driving test! 2 you / use / the internet to buy electionics? 3 LiMi/not go / to Europe, but she would like to go. 4 Bric go /to the store, but he should be back soon. 5 How long / Jenna / be /on vacation? 6 |/notmeet / my gitfiiend's family,4 d, The Price is Right as > Ml 5 Circle the correct alternatives. lve always lived in Lima. I really liked it. “(really Tike 1 Ireally enjoy soccer. I've played it all my life. /I play 2 Icarttfind my keys! I'm losing them. /I've lost them. 3 Maria is really into rock music. She's loved it for years. / She loved it for years. 4 Our school team has won the national basketball competition! We've all been happy for them. / We'te all happy for them, 5 My cousin has had a pet dog al his life. Its name was Cano. /Its name is Cano. all my life 6 Rewrite the sentences with the words in parentheses. I've looked at that website. already) ve aleeady looked af that website, 1 Andes has called me to say he carit come. Gust) 2 She hasn't e-mailed me the name of the store. (still) 3 I haven't done my homework. yet) 4 Online shopping has become very popular. (already) 5 Have you tried on that T-shirt? (yet) 6 Hes bought something from that website. Gust) 7 Write sentences using the present perfect and just, already, still, or yet. | think Adriana is going to text Luca soon, Has Adriana tented Luca yet? 1 Laure signed up for the class very early. 2 They artived five minutes ago. 3 We are going to choose some clothes to try on soon. 4 Is Rodrigo going to try shopping online soon? 5 Bettina is continuing not to buy things with her credit card, 8 Complete the dialogue. Use the present perfect form of the words below. already / choose * stitt/notfinish * already /use © buy/yet # hear * just/find + just / receive * save Lily Can| use your computer now? Sam No,| still aver’ finshed ily You). it for two hours! Sam msory.1(2)_ this new clothes website:Your Style or Mine Lily Oh,yes.1) about it Those boots are cool. Sam Yes, look.| (4) all my favorites here. What do you think? Lily Very nice! (6)____you anything ? Sam No, but! (6)___ saan e-mail with a discount coupon. Lily Great! Let's start shopping. |), what want Correct the errors in these sentences. This unit Previous unit 1 My laptop doesn't work for days. 4 In the future, we can do all our shopping online. itso annoying! 5 She's very quick at texting, She can't send a 2 Kelly hasnit bought anything online stl lot of texts, 3 | just have bought these new jeans 6 She didn't sleep last night. She can be exhausted!ding Get ready! Look at the photos. Where do you think the people are from? Skim the review and check your answers to exercise 1 Find these words in the review. What do you think they mean? 1 stunt (n) 2 somersault (n) 3 graduate (7 Jose Henry Caycedo Casierra is one of those talented graduates. He has been Part ofthe circus since 1997 and has Last nights performance by Circolombia was absolutely crm esconmban cies yep wnchhasg Tale nwo ithe guy alg completed a sell-out tour, amazed the audience with their works as Crcolombia's training director impressive acrobatic skills. Everywhere you looked, you Eighty-five students have gracuated from could see someone performing a death-defying stunt, all to Circo Para Todos tnce it oar ened a reggaeton soundtrack. With its combination of dance and most of them have ended up working { surprainearombias @ world-class performance group, with ‘OS the world’s best circuses, Fitees ' surprising aiigins, of these eighty-five students have also Watching these young performers walk tightropes and de bought houses in Colombia, and they are double somersaults with amazing confidence, it's hard to now able to support their families in a : believe that they used to live in poverty on the streets of way that just wasn’t possible before, Cali, Colombia. The creator of Circolombia, British-born Circo Para Todos has hed a huge i 5 Faly Simpson he owe ese aig tbo Sioa Tees had huge pat long time. Since 1995, Simpson, a former circus performer, The circus develops the sile oe has tun circus skills workshops for street children in some, performance artists 50 that suditeces of the poorest districts of Cali. In 1997, she set up Circo don't focus on theit origina, baton tail Fara Todos (Circus for All) in an old car warehouse. It wos talent. Circolombia'’s performers can : the first professional circus school in the world specifically now look forward to exclting dedicated to children at risk and disadvantaged youth careers and better ives for thelr Since then, many children in Cali have received professional families. And we can look forsurd training in circus skills and had a chance to escape a life of fiarmeny mote ake cna hardship. in 2006, Simpson formed Circolombia to allow the pleasing performances best graduates of Circo Para Todos to continue performing aa worldwide. Circolombia now has around eightycfive — CRU Find these words in the text. Circle the correct definitions. i 2 confid 3 support (line 40) 1 audience tne 5} confic suppe courtsession / spectators being sure of your 0 ip uA eeeHidden Talents Stage © Read and understand ECE resort cry Text organization Each paragraph usually deals with a different aspect of the topic. 1 Read the first paragraph carefully. It usually introduces the general topic 2. Skim the following paragraphs, so that you understand the main idea in each one 3 Read the final paragraph carefully. It usually provides a summary, or the writer’ opinion, 5 Read the Reading strategy above. Match summaries A-D with paragraphs 1-4 from the review. A Positive ef B Circolombia’s origins _ € Last night’ perforn D Graduate of Circolombia__ 6 CRED Read the review again. Choose the correct answers. 1 Thearts cttic thought the performance 4 Around 20% of the circus school he saw was graduates A similar to other shows he's seen. ‘A bought their own homes. B surprising B graduated in 1997. C pretty good. CC own their own houses. D very believable. D can now support their familie E not very exciting. E work in some of the world's 2 Felicity Simpson est circuses, A isstilla circus performer 5 Circo Para Todos helps children B performs in a lot of different circuses. ‘A become more confident and C used to want to bea circus performer ind a new way of life, D used to be a circus performer B be better citizens. E_ performed in last night's show. € learn how to walk tightropes. 3 Tobe a part of Circolombia, you D be less violent Baye E live on the stieets A live in Cali B be a friend of Felicity Simpson, C bea graduate of C D be able to attend all the workshops. E be between 17 and 28 year ‘0 Para Todos, 7 Match definitions 1-5 with words or phrases in the review. 1a very impressive performance or event (subheading) 2 very exciting 3 a big building where stores often keep products before they are sold graph 2) 4 not having thir impressive (paragraph 1) ich as education or enough money ragraph 2) 5 the effect something has on something else (paragraph 4 33Vocabulary Life on the streets RTT Loh 1 Read the text. Why did Jose Antonio Abreu SCOT) flr ie ey 2 start the orchestra? ana 2 Match the bold words in exercise 1 with definitions 1-8 below. 1 young people who live and sleep on the streets Jose Antonio Abreu began The Simon Bolivar Orchestra in 1975. It offered street 2. difficult conditions in lif, for example, no money or work children from the slums of Venezuela's cities the chance to learn musical 3. behavior that can cause physical damage instruments and discover their hidden talents. He wanted to offer vulnerable 4 being poor young people an alternative to joining a 5 a part ofa city where living conditions are very bad gang or begging on the streets, and a way to escape the hardship of a life of poverty 6 asking people for food or money because you are poor and violence. 7 a group of young people who often cause trouble or fights hurt, physically or emotionally 3 Circle the correct alternatives. 11 Charity projects can help improve the accommodation in slums / gangs. 2 We tell students to reject begging / violence and work out their problems peacefully 3 The group of vulnerable / poverty children found a new way of life thtough music. 4 There aren't a lot of street children / hardship in the city where {live 5 Poverty / Street children ca during difficult economic times. 6 Do you know what slum / hardship is like? It's very dificult, having no money. 7 Sometimes young children have to beg be vulnerable for food and money. a8 Alot of teenagers often want to be part of a slum / gang. Cam. fect everyone, especially ae Seen Werdilist 4 Write the infinitive form of the red phrasal verbs in these beg sentences. Match them with the definitions below. 609) ' . hardship fall to enjoy something by not taking part init * poverty "establish a new business or organization * slum produce or present a show * street childien crit eanaeE, Violence vulnerable 1 They set up the charity with money from the government. aap 2. My bestfriend ended up working in Peru for four years. Rear 3 The school band is putting on a next week. puro 4 The tickets were sold out, so they missed out on the set up mavie premiere.Hidden Talents Language workshop every- some- any. © Althings, people, and piaces | @ Unknown things, people and places,in | @ Unknown things, people, and places, — Everyone was amazed when | _ affirmative sentences in negative sentences and questions: they watched Cicolombia, | — ... yousee someone performing a ~ Idon’think anyone could believe it — Everything is ready for the death-defying stunt. ~ You've never seen anything like it. performance. ‘We should do something this weekend. ~ Have you been anywhere this — Everywhere you look ~ They are somewhere in the US. afternoon? Remember! * Indefinite pronouns take third person singular verbs (has...) Language reference page 73 5 Circle the correct alternatives to complete the text. | was walking through the park recently. There wasn't (1) anyone / everyone else around, but suddenly | heard a noise (2) everywhere / somewhere behind me. looked around, andl | saw (3) someone / anyone dressed as a statue. By now there were a few ather people around, too. The statue said, “I want (4) everyone / everywhere to listen’It started to sing. Ive never heard (5) anything / something lke it! It was a mix of opera and hip-hop. (6) Everyone / Everything stopped and stared. It was very surprising! eens + Compound adjectives are formed by joining two or sometimes three words together, often with a hyphen. breathtaking performance « death-defying stunt # happy-go-lucky person Language reference page 73 6 Match 1-6 with A-F to make compound adjectives. 1 sel D2 crowd 3 old 4 well 5 up: 6 world A class B fashioned € informed D out E pleasing —_F to-date 7 Complete the text with the compound adjectives from exercise 6. EY Rhythm Circus Do you want to travel the world and perform to audiences everywhere? onenee) Are you a (2) dancer, acrobat, juggler, or tightrope walker? Then come join us! Following our first (2). ‘our earlier this year, We're preparing to amaze audiences again with our (3) stunts. We are not a typical, (4). circus. We are truly modern, and we love to try new things, keeping ourselves (5) about the latest circus trends. Why not come and see for yourself? For (6) Videos of our most recent practice sessions, check ‘out our website now! Werte Correct the errors in these sentences. This unit Previous unit 11 What kind of future do street slums have? 4 My new laptop broke on the weekend, 2 Where is my cell phone? Has everyone seen it? Im going to ask for a bargain. 3. There are several old-class perforrners 5 | don't have credit card. Il pay in cash in Circolombia. 6 Sal bought her new dress at the department screen.Stage @ Get ready! 1 Read the chart. Look back at the text on page 32. Find examples of the present perfect. Which categories do they belong to? Present perfect and simple past Present perfect ‘© Actions that happened at an unspecified past time — Hehas traveled the world ‘Simple past ¢ Finished actions in the past ~ As the audience watched the performance = In 1997, she set up a circus school Remember! ‘© We also use the present perfect for: + Situations that started inthe past and are continuing now + Past actions that have results now + Announcing news or recent events ‘© We often use the present perfect with time expressions that mean ftom a past time up tonow* for and since). ~ They have been involved with circus life fora long time. (period of ime) — He has been part ofthe circus since 1997. (point in time) Stage @ Practice Remember! (© We often use the simple past with finished past time expressions. (Yesterday, in the 1990s, ..). ‘© We do not use the present perfect with finished past time expressions, ~ In 1987, she set up a circus school. 7 arse hassetuparetes stent x Language reference pages 72-73 2 Write sentences using the present perfect form of the bold verbs and for or since. My family / be /in California / three months My family as been io California for tree months 1 They /live / in Lima / August 2 1 2 1/not see / my old friend Bruno / six years. 3 |/not go/ to a circus / | was ten. 4 your sister / work / with street children / a long time? 5 She / study / acting / two years. 6 you / speak / to Miriam / last nights performance? 3 Circle the correct alternatives. 11 During his career, Pele won / has won the soccer World Cup three times. 2. Jose Antonio Abreu set up / has set up The Simon Bolivar Orchestra in 1975 3 Did you see / Have you seen my glasses? | think Ive lost them, 4 The audience didn't say / hasn't said anything as they watched last night's show. 5 Did the band play / Has the band played at Rock in Rio two years ago? 6 | didn't see / haven't seen Circolombia, but Ii like toone day.a= lig \ = Hidden Talents 4 Read the information about Carlos Acosta. Use it to complete the sentences. Use an appropriate verb in the present perfect or the simple past. 1 He rosttybater (SDE! 2 In1996 he to Pina del his ballet yma in 1991 1973 a member of The Royal Ballet in London since 1998, |) 1982-86 5 In 2007, his autobiography, No Way Home. 1986 6 Since 1990, he a lot of international dance prizs 1991 7 He in ballets all cover the world since he was seve 1998 years old 2007 1990- today 5 Read the Language extra. Complete the questions using ever and the verbs below. break * do ® eat © fly * perform visit fave you eer flown inaelicopter? 1 Have you London? 2 Have you your arm? 3 Have you something really terrifying? at 5 Have you Peruvian in public? 6 Answer the questions in exercise 5. Yes | have, we flew in helicopter f@ Wha Carlos Acosta, Cuban ballet dancer when we visited the Garand Cangon Lui Cla Born in Havana; youngest of 11 children A Begins to study ballet atthe bi National Ballet School of Cuba Jie ho Moves to the Vocational Arts School in Pinar de Rio Completes his ballet diploma and getsa gold medal Becomes a member of The Royal Ballet in London Writes his autobiography, ‘Mo Way Home Wins a lot of international dance prizes and performs all over the world ero ‘© Toask and answer questions about if experiences, use present perfect + ever / never — “Have you ever visited a sium? “No, | havent, ve never visited a slum: ‘© When talking about finished past actions evertto the simple past — ‘Have you ever been to the US?" — "Yes, Ihave, We flew to Miami last year and stayed with my cousin last gummee wana Correct the errors in these sentences. This unit 1 You hav to Peru? 2. We never have been to a diferent country 3 My grandparents were married since 1945, Previous unit Vv 4 ve already won $100. 'm so excited 5 | hasn't seen that documentary. 6 Yet have you seen that new circus performance?Reading Get ready! Look at the photos. What do you think the article is about? 2 Skim the article and check your answers to exercise 1. Find these words and phrases in the article. What do you think they mean? 1 microfinance (n) 2 income (n) Pro Mujer isa women’s development and microfinance organization that helps Latin American women start their own small businesses. It organizes 25 loans for women on low incomes, and it also offers business training and healthcare support. As a result, millions of women across Latin America have managed to increase their incomes and improve the lives of their families. x How do women get a loan from Pro Mujer? First, they must form a group and develop a business plan. The women don’t have to be experienced businesspeople: they just have to come up with an idea for a new business or a plan to improve an 5 ‘existing one. But if they don’t know how to run a small business, Pro Mujer will provide training. Then, the women have to form a communal bank. There should be at least 20 women in each bank, but there must not be more than 30. Finally, Pro Mujer lends an adequate amount of money to each woman in the communal bank, for an initial period of three to four months. Some women don’t have to borrow much money, and loans can be as little as $50. of her family, Irma had to find new sources of income. In boat rides. And consequently, she can save up to buy her BRU eR urerd educate sufficient /c 1 form (line 10) 2 adequate (line 19) 3 preju dice (ine41) damage ESC et ete 3 (un (a business) (v) She lives with her family on an island in Lake Titicaca, Peru. There aren't many opportunities to earn money here, so, in order to take care women from her community contacted Pro Mujer. Soon, Irma received a business loan of $123. Thanks to this money, she can now offer more tourist services, such as Pro Mujer can afford to lend money in this way because it has an innovative lending system which reduces its risks. Each woman repays her loan in weekly payments to the communal bank. Members shouldn't miss @ payment, but if they do, the other group members have to pay instead. Therefore, the group as a whole guarantees each loan. Anyone who misses a payment has to pay back the group as soon as possible Pro Mujer currently operates in Bolivia, Peru, Mexico, Argentina, and Nicaragua, and has changed the futures of a lot of Latin American women since it began in 1990. It believes that there ought tobeno prejudice against women in business. gal Pro Mujer invests in women since = empowering them is believed to be the best way to fight poverty in Latin America 2003, Irma and a few other family a better home. easonable dislike‘nd sels miniature dole with help from Pro Mujer. Money Matters ‘\\ Stage © Read and understand PCr ensue cey a Avoiding distractors With multiple choice questions, you can often quickly rule out one or two options. 1 Read the text. 2 Read the questions carefully, Often, some options are incorrect but repeat words or phrases from the te to distract you. 3 Decide which options are probably incorrect. Rez ne text again to chec 5 Read the Reading strategy above. Follow steps 1-3 for question 6.1 below. Which two options are probably incorrect? AAandB — B BandD. C Aandc D Bande 6 Read the article again. Choose the correct answers. 1 Pro Mujer can provide women with A boat rides, B loans and healthcare. C tourist services D childcare support E business plans 2. The women who go to Pro Mujer A ate experienced businesspeople B want money to buy food. € don't have jobs. D already run their own businesses. E do not always have business experience. 3 Pro Mujer helps women AA teach other women, B spend their money. C pay for childcare D leain to run a small business. E run large businesses 4 Women pay back the money they borrow A every week. B every three months. C every four months. D every month. E every year 5 Irma used money from Pro Mujer to A do mare studying. B buya boat C increase the services she offered to tourists D make and sell traditional crafts E buya new home for her farily 7 Find these conjunctions of reason and result in the article. Circle the correct alternatives below. because * since * therefore # asaresult * so * consequently 1 She borrowed some money from me consequently / because she didn’t have enough. 2 Iwas e, therefore / since | missed my appointment with the bank manager. 3 I bought a new backpack, $0 / because | could take it on the camping trip. 4 My parents spent a lot of mo a vacation this year ey last year. As a result, / Since, we won't have 39Verbs: money ‘1 Read the advice about money. Which tip do you think is the most useful? Don't lend money to anyone! Not even your best friend Nat everything costs money Try a valk in the pork! ‘Aways pay in cash Never use a eredit card, D Never borrow money. Borrow money today to owe money tomorrow Tavest some money forthe future You don't know what might happen, Don't buy things you can't afford. Try 10 save a litle money every month, 2 Complete the chart with the underlined verbs in exercise 1. give money receive money 3 Circle the correct alternatives. 1 He has a part-time job in a restaurant, and he pays / earns $30 a week. 2. My bestfriend borrowed / lent money from me for a concert ticket last week 3 How much do you lend / spend on going out with friends each month? 4 Sandra borrowed money from me yesterday. She owes / costs me $40. 5 My grandfather invested / owed all his money in his company. 6 | want to buy.a new compute, so Im paying / saving my allowance 7 I've lost my wallet! How are we going to pay / lend for the meal? 8 Can we afford / cost to buy a new car this year? 9 We used a coupon to buy our vacation so it didn't borrow / cost a lot a1 Could you invest lend me some money unt next week? Word list ——. afford Gitar kone DerreW. \ cost =| 4 Write the infinitive form of the red phrasal verbs in these earn sentences. Match them with the definitions below. ea le owe pay save spend 1 He works very hard because he has to take care of his whole family 2 Mark lent Sergio some money last week. He hasnt paid him back yet, ome gash 3 I want to travel to Austialia after college. m saving up to buy the ticket Bp 4 Has anyone come up with a good idea for the media studies project? Gicaeca= le \ = Money Matters Language workshop Quantifiers ‘© We use many, much, a few, alittle, anda lot ofto talk about quantity Countable nouns Uncountable nouns Affirmative |e alotof/ afew © alotof/ alittle ~ Pro Mujer works with alot of wornen. ~ Idor'thave a lot of time. — ima anda few other women ~ Alittle money goes a long way. Negative © many © much ~ There arent many opportunities. = Some women don't need much money. Interrogative | ® Howmany...? © How much ...? = How many wornen has Pro Mujerhelped?_ | — How much money can women bortow? Language reference pages 74-75 5 Complete the sentences with much, many, a little, a few, or a lot of. 1 My sister borrowed money from my parents for an expensive car 2 There isn't money left now for Alberto’ birthday present, 3 Lonly had. questions to ask the bank manager about saving money, 4 How_______ payments do you have to make on your car loan? 5. My father only invested money in the company. 6 How_____ time do we have before the movie starts? False friends and cognates ‘© Many English words look similar to words in your language, Cognates have similar meanings in each language. — For example: organization, cultural, tradition, possible “False friends” have different meanings in each language. ~ For example: requirements means something you need or want NOT a petition Language reference page 75 6 Look at the bold words in sentences 1-4. Translate the words. Which are cognates (C) and which are false friends (FF)? 1 Some organizations find it difficult to adapt to the local culture. __ 2 I didn't realize how late it was. 3 Shall we go to the library and borrow a DVD for the weekend? _ 4 [felt terrible when | knew what the real problem was, 7 Circle the correct alternatives. 1 Jose bought a book at the big library / bookstore downtown, 2 Ive just realized / achieved | can't go out tonight. | don't have ary money! 3 I ike Dylan. He’ 4 sympathetic / nice guy. 4 I ive with my mom and dad in Dallas. Our parents / relatives ive in Orlando. Vere Correct the errors in these sentences. This unit Previous unit 1 Tim sorry. can't borrow you any money. 4 Everywhere enjoyed the performance. 2. Arturois saving back to buy a dog. 5 These clothes look new-fashioned. 3 We didnt have many money. 6 ProMujer helps hardship women.Stage @ Get ready! 1 Read the chart. Look back at the text on page 38. Find examples of these modal verbs. Which categories do they belong to? LER ae Obligation Advice # have to / must (tis compulsory) ‘should / ought to (tis desirable, prudent, or the ~ She has to pay back the group. fight thing todo, but not compulsory) ~ Fist they must form a group. ~ There should be at least 20 women, ~ Members shouldn't miss a payment. poceicecgce anon ~ There ought to be no prejudice ‘© dont have to {It is not compulsory.) They don't have to be experienced business people Prohibition © mustnot (tis forbidden.) There must not be more than 30 women, Remember! © Wedonit use must forthe pastand he urure. _@ dontthave oisnot the opposite of have to We use had to and will have to instead = You must not borrow money ifyou cant pay it back ~ ima had to find new sources of income. ¥ | ferdontthavete boron tonntemntpartiech x seecemuustarhieeaenirentioettn a Language reference page 74 Stage @ Practice 2 Circle the correct alternatives. 1 You don't have to / must not come with me. | can goon my own, 2. Steven had to / must ask his parents for money when he bought his frst house, 3. You must not / don't have to helo me make dinner. !m happy to do it alone, 4 You don't have to / must not eatin the museum, 5 You must not / have to arrive fifteen minutes early to fill out the forms. 6 We must / had to leave at 10 pm. We don't want to miss the last bus, 3 Read the problems and give advice. Use should / ought to or shouldn't. “1 really want to goto the Alicia Keys concert, but dont have much money! = ue fol 1 “Iorgot to buy Loria birthday present’ 2 “Ilent my best friend some money and he hasnt paid me back yet” 3 “found this wallet in the street” 4 “Lowe my patents a lot of money" 54 6 “Im training for five hours a day for the race. Im exhausted!”Vo Money Matters K 6 S 4 Complete the sentences h the affirmative or negative forms of the verbs below. have to / walk * must /smoke * have to/ pay * must/make * oughtto /talk © should-spend: She shouldn’ spend ___ 50 much money every time she goes shopping 1 You in here - it’ illegal in public places, 2. He borrowed a lot of money, and h it back monthly, 3 I think you to a business advisor about investments. 4 Cindy ‘everywhere now because shes bought a bike. 5 Stu ts _ an appointment to see the school principal 5 Circle the correct alternatives. Lidia Why aren'tyou coming out tonight? Zach Because | don't have any money. Lidia You (1) must not / don't have to spend any money. Zach | know, but | have a lat of homework, too. (2) shouldn't / should go out tonight. Lidia Well, what about going to the movies tomorrow? Zach OK, but my parents say | (3) must not / don't have to stay out lau Lidia {didn't realize they were so strict. You (4) must / should talkto me about your problems. Then | could help. Zach iknow. | (5) ought to / must share more with you, its hard sometimes, Lidia fmyour friend. You (6) must not / have to trust me. Zach Yeah, know, Can you buy mea cup of coffee and we can talk about it? Lidia junds good, 6 Rewrite the sentences using an appropriate modal verb. There may be more than one correct answer. It's forbidden to smoke on public transportation. You must not smoke on public transportation. 1 Ladvise you t You 2 At my cousins schoo}, its compulsory to have a laptop. ‘At my cousins school, the students 3 Itisrttan obligation to turn off your cell phone during class We 4 ItS.a good idea to save a litte money every month, You 5 Imnot allowed to go out with friends dur I 6 Its wrong to borrow people’ things without asking them first. You Ik to your parents about the price of the school trio, ig the week, Correct the errors in these sentences. This unit Previous unit 1. Hes last his wallet. He ought go to the police. 4 Shes been working with a charity since two weeks 2. You don't have to smoke here it isnt allowed! 5 Last summer | have started a small business, 3 I must go to the bank yesterday. 6 Have you had ever a bank loan?Stage @ Get ready! 1 Read statements A-C. Which do you agree with? ‘A Most teenagers know what they want to do when they leave school, B Planning your futures easy to do. Young people can find jobs more easily than older people. 2 Find these words in the newspaper article. What do you think they mean? 1 vocational (ad) 2. school qui ‘This summer, millions of American teenagers will graduate from high school without a clear idea of what they are going to do next. There are usually two options: proceed to higher education, or enter the job market. But what's the best way for today’s teenagers to secure a bright future? Cameron Lewis, from Boston, isn’t sure. “I'm graduating from high school next summer, but 10 Tdon't know yet if I'll go to college or get some vocational training instead. I want to try tofigure things out myself, but I'l need some professional advice, too. I'm meeting with the school guidance counselor on Monday to discuss my future. I'm 15 going to think about my options before I see her, and I think I'l discuss my ideas with my parents, too. But I won't make any decisions until I know all of the facts.” Suzanna Barton is Cameron's school guidance 20 counselor. “My role is to ensure that students make the right choices for them,” she explains. “So, it's important for me to listen to their ideas, and help them understand what it is they really want, Students will have to ask themselves what, thelr strengths and weaknesses are.” And what is she going to do during Cameron's ‘counseling session? “I'm going to start by asking him toidentify his future goals. Then I'll help him. look into acquiring new skills or certifications. Finally, I'l encourage Cameron to set himself a 30 few tasks, such as finding out about the cost of a college course, or looking into employment and training opportunities in the area.” < ~ jon (line 5) rooting / manners lance counselor ( School’s out |dayins 3 Find these words in the text. Circle the correct definitions. 2 college fline 19) higher educ 3 internship eee According to Suzanna, many teenagers today are so worried about unemployment that they start 35 work too young, in jobs that are inappropriate for them. “Dropping out of education to start work is fine,” says Suzanna, “but only if the job is right for you. I've seen many people in their late twenties who are putting up with jobs they don't enjoy, simply because they aren't qualified todo anything else.” A great way for teenagers to find out if they like a job, while learning new skills, is to combine work with training, Many local business initiatives provide on-thejob training for unemployed young people. For example, next year the organization Year Up is offering six- ‘month professional skills training courses. After the training, participants will do a six-month internship in a company. According to Year Up, more than three-quarters of the participants will end up with a job within four months of finishing the program. So, your future could be bright ~ if you take the 55 time to make the right choices for you. 4% 'US population TI YESF dS oy Yeeros A ‘There are around 17 million Americans between the ages of. 16 and 19. More than 24 percent of them are not working 3 advice (line 13) Wn schoo! / elementary schoo! warning / suggestionso A Bright Future % = Stage © Read and understand PCr ensue cey a Making inferences Sometimes the answer to a question is not written clearly in the text. Instead, you have to interpret the text and make an inference to find the answer. 1 Read the text carefully. 2 Look for clues and evidence in the text, such as someone's opinion or reaction toa situation, to help you make inferences. 4 Read the Reading strategy above. Follow steps 1-2 for the question below. ‘According to the text, the future for young people in the US A doesn't look bright. B could be bright if they choose to work instead of going to college, CC could be bright If they consider their futures carefully. D will be bright if they drop out of education. E will be bright if they all go to college. 5 Read the article again. Choose the correct answers. 1 A school guidance counselor can A get Cameron a place in college. B find Cameron a well-paid jab. C tell Cameron what decisions to make, D teach Cameron how to work with other people. E give Cameron help and advice. 2. According to Suzanna, many teenagers A end up in jobs they don't like B drop out of college. C aren't qualified to work D start working too late E don't lke their jobs. 3 Year Up provides A training for academics and professionals B training for young peopl high school. € training for six months and then work for six months D an internship with a local business E training for young people in college. 6 According to the article, why is it a good idea 1 to takkto a school guidance counselor? 2 to stay in education in some cases? 3. to look for local business initiatives? 4. More than 75% of Year Up participants A never find a job. B find a job less than six months after they finish the program. find a job before they finish the program. D find a job as soon as they finish the program. E finda job after six months. 5 Accor between 2006 and 2011, the number of unemployed 16-to 19-year-olds in the US A decre B remained the same. C shot up, D increased and then decreased. E increased gradually, sed and then increased,Nouns: personal development 1 Read the questions and answers. Do you think this is good advice? SEAL ea What certifications and training do| need to be a hairdresser? You need a college certificate and some experiance, ‘What skils and ablities do I need to be a firefighter? ‘fm about to leave college. How can find 2 job? J there a local government initiative to help the ‘Yes, there is, Your task now is to check out ‘unemployment problem? their website, You have to be brave and strong t's very physical job. Every day is big challenge, ‘Set yourself goal: apply for five jobs each month and (get at least ane interviow, 2 Match the bold words in exercise 1 with definitions 1-8 below. 1 action by an organization to solve or reduce a problem 2 evidence of successfully completing a course or test 3. preparation or teaching in a subject or field 4 something dificuk or hard to accomplish 5 something to work toward or achieve 6 ‘talents, expertise, or competency in something 7 evel of skill or power to doa particular job or activity 8 specific work that a person has todo; it can sometimes be dificult 3 Circle the correct alternatives. 1 tcan be dificult for young people to find ajob without the right certifications / initiatives, 2 My goal ability isto find a job before the end of this yea 3 Employers are looking fora variety of sls / tasks when they employ someone. 4 Do you need special challenges / training to do your job? 5 Local businesses should come up with a new ability / initiative to help young people find work 6 Your main certfication/ task today isto read through these résumés. 7 love a new training / challenge I’ always good to work litle harder 8 Some people have a natural ability / goal to do well in job interviews, ce ae Eee Write the infinitive form of the red phra: sentences. Match them with the definitions below. 1 | couldn't put up with a job | didr't like, 2. My teacher looked into the possibilty of setting up a link with another school. 3 | dropped out of school at fifteen, but | had my own business by the age of nineteen, 4 Did you find out about that new government initiative at the open day? Word list ability certification challenge goal initiative skills task training drop out find out about look into put up with@ A Bright Future Ww Language workshop Peete acu ued Personal pronoun | | you he / she / it we you they Reflexive pronoun | myself | yourself | himself/herself /itself | ourselves | yourselves _| themselves (We use reflexive pronouns in object position. _@ We don't use reflexive pronouns with some verbs, including verbs They show that both the subject and the object relating to personal appearance (concentrate, think, feel, shower, receive the action of the verb, wash ...) = Iilask Cameron to set himselfa few tasks. _@ We use each other when the action is reciprocal, not reflexive. ‘© We also use reflexive pronouns for emphasis — Work with each other to overcome challenges. — Iildo it myself, (No one else will help me} ergs agebelersnce page77 5 Circle the correct alternatives. 1. My brother hurt him / himself when he fell off his bike himself / Ino pronoun] this morning, 2 Miranda and Will get on well together. They talk to themselves / each other if there’ a problem. 3 You have to convince you / yourself that you can get this job. 4 I car‘t think myself/ [no pronoun] when there's so much noise. 5 You can't possibly do this all yourselves / ourselves. Ask her / herself to help. 6 Airton and Flavio organized this practice session themselves / each other. 7 Eliza found out about the initiative herself / her. eaten ‘© Some verbs take prepositions for example: about, at, for, on, to, with) ~ listen to ‘© Some verbs take different prepositions, witha change in meaning. ~ argue with, argue about ee 6 Find verbs 1 and 2 in the text on page 44. Which prepositions do they take? 1 think 2 meet 7 Complete the sentences with the correct prepositions. Use a dictionary to help you. 1 Karen isnt happy in her job. She's looking a new one. 2 Doyou depend __your friends to give you advice? 3. My teacher was talking a new job training program for young people. 4 Doyou ever dream winning the lottery? 5 | cantt do this exercise. Can you help me. it, please? 6 Did you listen the interview with Derek Jeter on the news last night? 7 Wet thinking applying to college next year. oe Correct the error: these sentences. This unit Previous unit 1 Some people have a natural task for sports. 4 Can | owe some money from you, please? 2. Luciane always feels herself very nervous before 5 There isn’t many time before your interview. an interview. ‘Are you nervous? 3 always argue about my parents because we have «6 ‘My relatives both went to college when different opinions, they left schoolStage @ Get ready! 1 Read the chart. Look back at the text on page 44. Find examples of these future forms. will + infinitive ‘© Talking about or predicting the future = Millions of teenagers will graduate ftom high school «© Expressing decisions made at the moment of speaking Remember! © We often use will with expressions like think, maybe, and probably. — Maybe Ill get some useful advice. ‘© We often use willt0 make orders and requests. il have.a cup of coffee, please = Will you help me choose the fight course? ~ There's someone at the door. Ill go see who itis. be + going to+ ive ‘© Expressing intentions and decisions made some time ago — I'm going to think about my options. ¢ Making predictions based on present evidence — Look at those clouds! I's going to rain, Present continuous ¢ Talking about confirmed plans and personal atrangements = meeting with the guidance counselor on Monday. Language reference pages 76-77 Stage © Practice 2 Complete the sentences with will or won't and the verbs below. do * go * have * help * pass * send © wear well you help: me with the form for the training program? 1 think more young people to college in the future 2 I havent finished writing my essay, so itto you right now. 3 Cala her new suit for her interview? 4 We'e vegetarians, so the chicken dish, 5 What job do you think you in the future? 6 Anton probably. the test because he hasnt studied for ft 3 Read Marcelo Silva's guidance counseling calendar. Complete the sentences with the present continuous. At5 pm.on Monday, Marcelo is meeting wih Carla Boniface 1 He with Carla Boniface at 7 p.m. 2. At9am. on Tuesday, Marcelo 3 AC3 pm on Tuesday, Marcelo and his manager 4 He a skills workshop at 2 pm. on Wednesday. 5 Marcelo and Maristela workshop together, 6 AU] pm. on Wednesday, Marcelo and Cristiano the skillsMs A Bright Future « = 4 Match sentences 1-6 with A-F. 1 Ihave to go. A It’s going to be another beautiful day! 2 Look at that beautiful Bue sky! = 8B tmmeeting with my new boss at 7 pan. 3 Doyou have any plansfor the weekend? ____C I know. fm going to work realy hard all week. 4 What do you think of Care’ business plan? ___D Yes, going to pay basketball with Alan 5 We have to dowell on nextweek’s test, ____E Dorit worry Il buy your drink for you 6 Oh nol | don't have any money, ____F- There are some good ideas, but I don't think it will work 5 Circle the correct alternatives. Lisa What (1) are you doing / will you do on the weekend, Jay? Jay Nothing special, (2) ‘ll work /‘m working in the cafe until 5 pm.on Saturday. Why? Lisa Monica's band (3) are playing / will play downtown in the evening, Would you like to come? Jay Yeah, sute.| (4) ‘m not doing / won't do anything els. Who else (5) is going / will go? Lisa Lara and Sean (6) are coming / will come Jay Sounds good. Do needa ticket? Lisa Yes, but you can buy tickets at the door. Jay Great! | (7)‘limeet /’m meeting you there. Lisa Awesome, Look, its getting dark, | (8) ‘m going tobe / ‘m being late! 6 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in parentheses. Use will, be + going to, or the present continuous. More than one correct answer may be possible. 1 In the future, more people. from home. (work) 2 When | graduate from school. | a taining program. Goin) 3 Icanit go to the mall on Saturday.|_________ Marcia then. (meet) 4 “That's your cell phone tinging!*OK.| it?(answer) 5 Watch carefully! That man a double somersault! (perform) 7 Read the Language extra. Complete the sentences with the simple ASsoon as you amie, willyou text me? (you / arrive) SATS RSTR IS 1_____ the different options after you finish your exams. ‘until after, and before, we use (we / discuss) the simple present to talk about 2. Will we have a chance to talk about this again before: 2 the future {\/leave) ~ When we leave school, we 3 When that man calls us, to the front of the line. eae . warhnovel ~ He won't get the certification ntl he completes the inat certifications we need until we read the we 4 anna acento eed until we tead the website iets (we / not know) 5 Before you write your essay you plan it. (1/ help) 6 Illretuin your report as soon as, reading itl / finish) Correct the errors in these sentences. This unit Previous unit 1 Danis going go to college next year 4 He should to do a job training program 2 What are you do this Saturday evening? 5 You don't have to park here. It is forbidden. 3 “Im cold" closing the window? 6 | must go to see the dentist last weekStage @ Get ready! 1 Look at the photos and the blog. Where did Dan go on vacation? 2 Skim the blog and check your answers to exe! Pees About me My name's Dan Olid 'm a nineteen-year-old student from Vancouver, Canada. Hf you Had $2,000 to spend, where would you choose to go on vacation? Well last year | had fo answer this question, after | won frst prize in a national writing competition. | decided to spend the summer in Cuba with some friends. This biog is the story of our trip. ~ First up, travel tips | Be responsible ‘support the local economy. For example, why not: stay with a ‘don't plan your trip carefully. In Cuba, my friends and | really. earned the value of planning ahead and being responsible 2 loval family instead of in a big hotel? We stayed in private homes ea ea contm ip oa aieteke | — inert pars of Cue Ours were rely a-ak and kat yin tes | omnes ys w a faiy oT. | evant goth Gutmuchmerabutyour et cu da A ‘Think about your travel buddies carefully. Traveling with just they will probably take you to places the guidebooks don't tll _ Tem a sand errconerg abe | alban ty alanis sae nt | naan patient and understanding, and try to find a compromise. Be ‘adaptable, so that you can deal with unexpected changes. ‘and remember: if you take everyone's views into account ) before you go, you won't have so many arguments! ‘Think about the environment ‘Consider the environmental impact of your journey. Wf you travel | jae 40 by airplane, you will produce at least 20 times more carbon dioxide than if you travel by train, Of course, most people have to | 7 amet mapa ancurtysomemdiki | iabiwya lmndtinon bes SS i some basic words and useful phrases in the local language. Ge tern We varia ari a Mo al nt et i sen a i in their language, the local il reall reciate ° " . words in their language, the local people wil realy appree ‘tumed our trip into an active break. os it, and everyone will ee! more comfortable. Remember: keep things simple, and don't forget your phrasebook! | comments “Thanks forthe tips! I'm going traveling on my own for RgaaRss Great blog, Dan. Buti] won $2,000," buy acer! | toni the first time next month. If! hadn't found your blog, | Sasha, Milwaukee a ‘would have thought about any of these things F a ~ Enrique, Santiago 3 Find these words in the text. Circle the correct definitions. 1 compromise (line 16) commitment / an agreement where both sides have to give something up accent (line 23) way of pronouncing words / emphasison part of a word joutney (line 39) a work day / a tong tripIfyou don't understand a word, you can sometimes guess what it means by thinking about its formation. 1 Is the word a noun, b, adjective, or adverb? 2 Does the word havea suffix or a prefix? 3 Do you recagnize any other parts of the word? Read the Reading strategy above. Look at words 1-4 below and follow step 1. 1 carefully dine 13) 2 unexpected (line 17) 3 generosity (ine 32) 4 amazing (line 32) Find words 1-4 above in the text. Follow steps 2 and 3. Write the meaning of the words. 1. Danis main intention is to A tell people what kind of vacation tohave, B encourage other travelers to go to Cuba C advise other travelers how to and be responsible D tell people abou E encourage travelers to travel alone. ban culture, 2 According to Dan, traveling with fiends A isthe best thing to do. B has more pros than cons Cea D isnot a good i E can be hard 3 Before you go o idea to A learn about the people you are traveling with, B learn a new language. C renta bike D learn some of the language of the place you are visiting. E think about other tourists es a lot of problems, vacation, it's a good Read statements 1- 1 Its better to travel responsibly if you have the tis 2. It’s better ta travel alone than in a group. D Read the blog again. Choose the correct answers. 4 Dan encourages travelers to A stay in local hotels. B C leam about the culture of a place the sig i's with a tour guide. uidebooks. te to the economy of the country they are visiting, when visiting another country. by rea E begener 5 Flights can be a problem because A they are expensive and can only take you to your initial destination. B they produce much more carbon dioxide than a train journey. € they ate 20 times than train journeys, D people always have to take at least one flight. E they are 20 times more expensive ke. more expensive than renting According to the blog, which are true? 3 It's better to stay with a family than with other travelers A lonly — B land2. € only, Diand3. E 3only, 51Vocabulary Adjectives: vacations and travel 1 Read the webpage. cle the correct altern: ives for you. <)>] Z Br faved tm [ole te te) g 1 iat A) - ‘ qo" 5 Né@dja vacation? ; a ut tS (elo) (dre Kore ‘ ni Preller ourtarsteaes 3 1 On vacation, | prefer to stay in scenic / urban locations. 2 | prefer relaxing / exhilarating activities. 3 | like cities with a laid-back / hectic atmosphere. 4 I prefer the climate to be tropical / mild. 5 I want an active / a quiet break in the country. «and we will organize your perfect vacation! 2 Read the webpage again. Look at the bold adjectives. Choose two adjectives to describe vacations 1-4. ‘A boat expedition in the Amazon scenic. tropical 1 A skiing vacation in Chile 2 Abeach vacation in Hawai 3 Acity break in Hong Kong 4 An extreme sports vacation in Australia 3 Read descriptions A-D and match them with vacations 1-4 in exercise 2. A We had a really relaxing time. We just lay around in the tropical sun all day. B J love urban locations. The atmosphere downtown was just amazing — really hectic! € It’s such a scenic and beautiful place, And going down the slopes was exhilarating! D We had a really active break and tried some new things. =e list active ce, exhilarating hectic \ ar Cue aed lbid-back 4 Write the infinitive form of the red phrasal verbs in these sentences. mild Match them with the definitions below. Cl relaxing _change i journey scenic look for information in a reference book or online * take action tropical urban 1 Let’ look up local restaurants in the guidebook. ——— 2 The small vilage turned into a large vacation resort eventually. ea oa 3 We set off early in the moming and arrived at our destination by lunchtime, ead 4 They dealt with the unexpected problems very well fneie 52 -~.Ks = Away We Go Language workshop some and any ¢ We can use some, any, and no article before uncountable and plural countable nouns. 1 We use some in affirmative sentences to talk about (© We use any in negative sentences and questions a particular limited quantity. ~ | haven't thought about any of these things = Itraveled around Cuba with some fiends, ~ Have you thought about any of these things? ‘© We use no article (010 talk about things in general, or when quantity is unlimited or relevant. ~ Go t0 0] places the guidebooks dont tel you about... (places in genera) Language reference page 79 5 Circle the correct alternatives. 1 Doyyou have some / any / [0] minutes left on your cell phone? | need to make a quick cal 2 Some / Any / [0] people love active vacations, but | prefer to lie on the beach 3 I think those men over there are some / any / [0] airline pilots. 4 There aren't some / any / [0] direct fights to New Mexico frorn the UK 5 Libby has a lot of travel experience. Maybe she'll have some / any / [0] tips for us. 6 Complete the sentences with some, any, or no article [0]. Did you take ay __ food with you when you went camping? 1 We met nice people on our vacation, but a few of them were awfull 2 There wasn't information about outdoor activities on that website. 3 Some aiilines allow ‘dogs to travel with you as carry-on luggage. 4 Don't pack shower gel or shampoo! You can buy toiletries when we get there. 5 ‘campgrounds don't allow pets. Check the rules before you arrive. pees «We can form adjectives by adding sufixes to some verbs or nouns. + comfort+-able=comforiable + use-+ful=useful + harm-+-less = harmless + fame +-ous= famous + taste +-y =tasty Libgpiags vidatenu paige 7 7 Add the suffixes from the chart above to words 1-6, to form six adjectives. ‘More than one answer may be possible. 1 danger 3 value 5 health 2 peace, 4 cae 6 help 8 Complete the text with the adjective form of the words in parentheses. Tired of your busy, (1]__(stress)lfe? Come and relax at our @ (fame) spa. You can spend some time in our (3) (peace) and (4) (comfort) relaxation rooms, then join us in our restaurant for some 6) (taste) food. Our (6)_ (help) staff wil bring you anything you need. Come on, you know you deserve it! Were Correct the errors in these sentences. This unit Previous unit 1 Our vacation was very tropical, so we were 4 Ihave set myself certification: lose weight. ‘exhausted in the evenings. 5 | feel myself very stressed. | need a vacation 2. Doyou have some guidebooks about Europe? 6 You'te not listening about me. 3 Are these mushrooms poisonful?Stage @ Get ready! 1 Read the chart. Find examples of first, second, and third conditionals in the text on page 50. if-clause Main clause First conditional ¢ Possible situations in the future ‘f+ simple present | will/ won't = Ifyou speak the language, + infinitive locals will appreciate Second conditional ‘© Hypothetical stuationsin the present | if simple past | would/ wouldn't ~ Ifyou had $2,000, where would + infinitive you goon vacation? Third conditional me ripaienatetiaicnentherset’ | |eepattperen | Would/weuart If we had stayed ina hotel, we wouldn't have had fun. Stage @ Practice 2. Arthur wants to go travelin + have + past participle Remember! (© We often use contractions wath coneitionals. (will +) would +d) © The if clause can go after the main clause: = If. goon vacation, Hil stayin ahotel Hilstay ina hotel if go con vacation. Language reference page 78 the US. Complete the sentences with the correct form any money, (not find, not have) 2 guidebook (do, not need) of the verbs in parentheses. Use the first conditional. IF ove enough money, I go to the US with Felipe. (have, go) vif @ parttime job, | 211 all my research online, |__— 3 fl with Felipe, | myself a lot more. (travel, enjoy) 4 ahostel iit ‘cheaper than a hotel. (book, be) 3 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the bold verbs. Use the second conditional. IF the team (lose) the game, | (be) amazed. {f the tears lost the game, | would be amazed, 1 IF (win) $1,000, | (buy) a round-the-world airplane ket. 2 If (travel) around the world, | invite) my best friend to come with me. 3 IF (invite) my best fiend, then my brother (not be) happy with met 4 IF my brother (not be) happy with me, | (not want) to go traveling 4 Read the Language extra. Cross out the incorrect alternatives in each sentence. 1 If Arthur lived in San Francisco, he might / would / will speak better Enalish 2 If he saves his money, Arthur would / could / will go to San Francisco. 3 Will Would / Might Felipe go to San Francisco alone if Arthur cantt come? 4 | Felipe saved more money, he might / could / will give some to Arthut 5 Would / Could / Will Arthur be happy if Felipe goes to San Francisco without him? We sometimes use could and ‘might instead of would / wil, = If goon my own, my parents might worry about me. — if} won the lottery, could travel all over the world.Away We Go 5 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the bold verbs. Use the third conditional. IF Luiz (not go) traveling, he (meet) his new girlfriend, (f Luir hadn't gone traveling. be would’ have met bis new 1 she (weigh) her suitcase, she (know) It was too heavy! 2 Ifyou (check in) online, you (not miss) the flight. 3 I (not book) this hotel if| (know) that hostels were cheaper. 4 We (not organize) a vacation that month if we (know) your exarn dates. 6 Arthur went to San Francisco and met a girl. Complete the sentences. Use the third conditional. ‘Arthur made good grades. His parents gave him some money. f in is parents wouldn't ave given fi 1 Arthur saved enough money. He went to San Francisco, If Arthur hadn't saved enough money, he 2 Arthur rode on a cable car, He found a bag. IF Arthur he wouldn't have found a bag, 3 Arthur looked in the bag and found a picture of a air IF Arthur hadnt looked in the bag, he 4 He took the bag to the police station. Arthur saw the girl there IF ‘ thur wouldn't have seen the gi lr gave the bag to the gitl She asked him out on a date. If Arthur hadn't given her the bag, the git 7 Circle the correct alternatives. Gil heard you can't come camping this Saturday, Nico. IF we (1) ‘d known know you couldn't come, we (2) would have chosen / hhad chosen a different weekend. Nico Sorry, but | have to work on Saturday. Gil | understand, fl (3) had / have a part-time job, | (4) 'd probably work / ‘I probably work weekends, too. Nico Wiel, might not have to work Sunday. I! (5) have / will have time, | (6)'ll drive / d drive over and join you. Gil Awesome! Correct the errors in these sentences. This unit Previous unit 1 If she will get the new job, she will have to 4 Next year Im go to travel travel to Canada in the fal 5 Look at this good competition. will enter it. 2 I will make sure that my passport s valid if! 6 “There are only three seats left on this fight” had booked a vacation “Don't worry, Im booking them in a minute” 3. Molly wouldn't have bought the ticket if she didn't receive some money for her birthday.\ }) Language Reference j SS Tenses ‘Tense or structure | Affirmative Negative Interrogative Use Simple present WWoulWe/They work, | \/You/We/They donot | Do I/you/we/they work? | « facts, permanent He/She/It works. work, Does he/shesit work? situations, and states He/She/It does not work. ‘© habits and repeated actions Present continuous | | am working, am not working, ‘Am | working? '* actions happening He/She/It is working, | He/She/'t is not working, | Is he/she/it working? now You/We/They are You/We/They are not ‘Are you/we/they ‘© temporary situations working working. working? future use, to talkabout plans and personal arrangements Present perfect | (/You/We/Theyhave | \/You/We/Theyhavenot | Have l/you/welthey |» presentsituations worked, worked. worked? that started in the He/She/it has worked. | He/She/'t has not worked. | Has he/she/it worked? | past © past experiences, without saying exactly when they happened ‘Simple past (Wou/He/She/i/We/ | You/He/She/lt/We/They | Did Vyourhe/shesit/we/ | + completed actions They worked. did not work. they work? or events in the past © things which happened repeatedly in the past © ast states Past continuous | \/He/She/It was VHe/She/it was not ‘Was V/he/she/it '@ actions in progress at working. working, ‘working? a spectfic time in the You/We/They were | You/e/They werenot —_| Were you/we/they past working working 9 «© pastactions interrupted by other actions used to Wou/He/She/it/We/ | YoulHe/She/it/We/They | Did Vyourhe/she/it/we/ | © past habits or They used to work did not use to work. they use to work? situations that are no longer true in the present willforfuture use | Nou/lie/She/Wel | VVoulHe/She/iWe/They | Will Wyourhelsheri/we/ |» making predictions They will work. won't (=will nat) work. | they work? or giving opinions about the future © spontaneous decisions be going to for lam going towork || am not going to work. | Ami goingto work? | predictions based on future use He/Sheitisgoingto | He/She/itisnot goingto |Isheyshe/tgoingto | evidence work, work, work? @ plans and intentions YouNWe/They are | You/We/Theyarenot | Are yourwerthey going going to work. going to work. ‘to work? 56Language Reference & “~; = Time expressions Modals Timeexpressions | Use ‘Modal verb/structure | Use an hour / day / week / ‘© with the simple past can/cantt # totalkabout ability month ago Helleftlast week could / couldn't last week /month / year / be able to / not be able to nein ig? must + woespressceraniy ‘every may /maynot (NOT may) |» toexpress possibilty when ~ rolinksimple pastand past | |, true, for example, use useless oR scientific facts TOU =ous fame Gamous’ water i turns anger dangerous SIAN, noun+y mood -* moody First conditional © totalk about fun funny future events OR = tfyou do that again, ‘Adverbs: [aaiecive TT] J secona conaitional + worakabout , , in the past OR = iFfd worked harder, woul Rove tase ‘would have passed ‘myexarn. participle> h=- Wo . Irregular verb: Language Reference Infinitive Simple past Past participle Infinitive ‘Simple past Past participle be was / were been lie lay lain beat beat beaten lie lied lied become became become light lit, ighted li lighted begin began begun lose lost lost bend bent bent make made made bet bet bet mean meant meant bite bit bitten meet met met bleed bled bled pay paid paid blow blew blown put pat pt break broke broken read read read bring brought brought ride rode fidden broadcast broadcast broadcast ting rang rung build bait bu tse rose ten bum burned, burnt ‘burned, bumt run ran run buy bought bought say said said catch caught caught see saw seen choose chose chosen ‘el cold sold come came come send sent sent cost cont cost et et st cut cut cut shake shook shaken deal dealt dealt shoot shot shot dig dug dug show showed shown do did done ‘shut shut shut daw orew caw sing sang ung dream dreamed, dreamt dreamed, dreamt sink sank sunk dink drank drunk st ot ot drive drove driven sleep slept slept eat ate eaten smell ‘smelled, smelt smelled, smelt fall fell fallen speak spoke spoken, feed fed fed spell spelled, spelt spelled, spelt feel felt felt spend spent spent fight fought fought spin ‘spun, span spun find found found spill spilled, spilt spilled, spilt fly flew flown split ‘split split forbid forbade forbidden. spoil spoiled, spoilt spoiled, spoilt forget forgot forgotten spread ‘spread spread forgive forgave forgven rng sprang aun freeze froze frozen stand ‘stood stood get got gotten. got steal sicle seh give gave given stick ‘stuck stuck 50 went gone/ bee? | sting tong erm grow grew grown strike struck struck tong fing fag sweep swept Swept have had had swim swam swum hear heard heard swing swung swung hit hit hit take took taken hold held held teach taught ‘taught hurt hurt hurt tear tore torn keep kept kept tell told told know knew known think thought thovaht lay laid laid throw: ‘threw: thrown: lend led led understand undetstood understood learn learned, learnt learned, learnt wake woke woken leave left left wear wore worn lend lent lent win won won le let le vette ote vaten ene‘This list includes some of the most common false friends for speakers of Latin languages. Sometimes, the differences in meaning can be small, but very important. Some words can be cognates or false friends, depending on the context, E accent (n) actual (ac) actually (adv) tl adept (a) adequate (a) admire () advertise (V) advice (7) advise () advocate (ni) amass (y) anticipate () anxious (ac) appoint (i) argument 1) assign (i) assist (i) assume (i) attend (v) audience (7) balcony (n) brave (oc) cast (7) casual (ad) casualty (9) certain (ad) college (n) commodity {n) comprehensive (ad) compromise (7) confidence i) conform (v) consequently (adv) content (ad) control () convenient (ad) costume (7) crave i) current (ad) data (0) deception (n) discuss (v) disgusted (ac) diversion (7) education (7) effectively adv) eventually (adv) exit (1) expert (n} exquisite (ad) fabric (n) form (i) Ey ‘way of pronouncing wards real exact really; infact nit n ‘good at something ‘900d enough; sufficient respect promote a product forsale help and suggestions recommend or suggest 2 person who supports a plan or action collect something in large quantities ‘expect something and prepare forit worried {ive a job or role to someone conversation where people disagree, ‘often angrily ‘ive someone something that they can use, or work on help suppose that something is true {90 0; be present at spectators platform that is built on the outside wal ‘ofa building courageous all the people who actin a play or movie relaxed; not smart victim of an accident or war completely sure; without any doubts university; place of higher education product or material that you can sel including everything agreernent where both sides have to give something up certainty about your abilities and qualities follow customs; be the same as others asaresult satisied with what you have have power over Sormeone or something easy or quick to do traditional or historical clothes; clothes ‘worn by an actor or ata party have a strong desite for something present; happening now facts or information used to find out things orto make decisions ‘making someone believe a lie talk about subject; debate shocked strongly disapproving change of direction; alternative route schooling with good results finaly in the end way out person with special knowledge, skis, or training extremely beautfl or finely made material used for making clothes, etc ‘teates give shape to Ee ‘She speaks Portuguese with a strong American accent, What were hisactual words? What id she actually say? Actually, idor’t agree with you. Poltcians have o be adept at public speaking Your workis adequate, but you could do better [don't agree with her, but admire her principles They advertised their new CD on Ti. | didnt know what to do, bur Mom gave me some advice. ‘She was in pain, so ladvised her to see a doctor. ‘Advocates ofthe councils plan say it wilimproveinffastructure, Over fen years, they have amassed a fortune from their business, anticipate that the situation wil get worse. She was anxious about the exam tomorrow, The committee has appointed a new director They had a tertble argument and he let, The teacher assigned a task toeach group of students. How can lassist you, si? assume that you have the necessary documents {wont be able to attend tonights meeting The audience was wld with exitemert When the weathers fin, we often eat out an the balcony. Thisimight hurca ttl, so ty to be brave, Thismovie has an excelent cast. ‘Dont wear casual clothes for ab interview. The amy retreated after suffering heavy casualties We are absolutely certain thatthe explesion wes an accident. Hesstudying Law at college. Salt used to bea very valuable commodity. This book gives comprehensive information on the subject. ‘Alter hours of argument, the two sides finaly reached a ‘compromise. The publics osing confidence in the government. She asa real individual and did not conform. She did study hard and consequently failed the test. Hes content with a small house and a modest salary. Some parents find it ficult to control their children. These reals are quick and convenient to prepene, He went the partyin a giant chicken costume. Shes an anxious child who craves attention. Were worled about the current economic sitsation. The research team has collected data from 40 countries. He was accused of obtaining property by deception We discussed possible ideas for our group project. | was disgusted at the way they weated those animals. \Wemade a short diversion ogo and look at the castle Studenis getan excelent education at this college lewasa dificult situation, but you handled very effectively. The fight was five hours fare, but eventually we arrived Excuse me, where the museum exit? ‘Heis an expert in child psychology. ‘She vias wearing an exquisite sive necklace. The curtains were made of plain cotton fabric. We formed a rack band at school romee genial (cj) rip (r) groceries (n) humor (1) idiom (r) ingenuity (n) injury (0) instance (0) introduce (v) journal (o) journey (~) large (ad) lecture in) legend (n) library (0) location (n) magazine (n) major (oc) miserable (ac) misery (n) nervous (in) notes (n) notice (0) ordinary (a)) parents (r} particular (ad) prejudice (n) present (i pretend (i) prevent (v) professor (n) prove (i) push (v) quiet (adj) rare (ad) realize (\) recipient (n) record (v) requirement (0) rest (v) resume (i) retail (n) retire () rude (ad sane (ad) sensible (aq) stranger (0) suburb (0) ‘support (v) sympathetic (oc) terrific (ad) topic (n) translate (i) ultimate (oo) ultimately (ads) vegetable (n) vicious (ad) vulgar fad) friendly and cheerful strong hold food and other goods sold ina supermarket ability to laugh at things linguistic expression with a special meaning quality of being clever, origina, and inventive harm ordemage done to your body particular case or example of something give the name of a new person or thing specialist magazine long trip big talk given by an expert class at college very famous person place where you borrow books place where a movie or TV show is flmed regular publication containing articles, photos, ete very large or important very sad extreme sadness; suffering afraid or fearful ‘written words that help you remember written or printed announcement common; not unusual mother and father specific ‘nweasonable preference or dstike give something to someone act falsely give a false appearance stop something ftom happening specialist teacher ata university show that something is true Use your hands or body to move something away from you making very litte noise not very conimon perceive; become aware of person who receives something copy or keep an account of something something that you need, or must do relax after an activity start something again the selling of goods to the public, usualy through stores stop doing your job (usually because of old age) dlsrespectful impolite; offensive not crazy ‘not silly; with good judgment person that you dont know residential area thatis notin the center of acity help or encourage kind and understanding: good at listening extremely good subject that people alk about change words into another language most impressive inthe end at the most basic level plant eaten as food violent and cruel impolite; offensive Language Reference En He greeted us atthe door with a genial smile You wonttfalfyou keep a tight grip on the rope. Thisstore will deliver your groceries to your home. You need a great sense of humor to be a professional comedian. "Be in luck" isan idiom that means “be fortunate" His new invention dsplays great ingenuity. They escaped from the accident with only minor injuries. ‘Normally! agree wth you, but in this instance think youre wrong. etme introduce you to my fends Heranicle was published in a prestigious medicaljournal In May they setoffon theirjoumey across Asia ‘Mave a cheeseburger and. farge soda, please. He gavea lecture on the geology ofthe Paci Shes become afegendin the world ofjaze music Jreturned my books tothe rary. They'e filming ata secret location in Mexico. Ike reading fashion magazines There havertt been any major problems. You look miserable. What’ wrong? There wos an expression of pain and misery on his ace Jlaays get nervous ust before an exam. The teacher told us to take notes in class. Theres anotice on the wall giving the opening times They ae just ordinary people ike you and me. Hes tiling with his parents, (On that particular day | wast‘tat school. ‘Hlehas a prejudice against female doctors. The principal presented a trophy tothe winning team. ‘She pretended to be 18, but she was only 16. Wearing sunblock prevents getting sunburn. ‘He became a Harvard professor atthe age of 40. ‘wil be difcuit to prove that she i innocent We pushed the zabe into the comer of the room. You have to be quiet when youre working inthe fibray. This species of birds very rare, It as lst seen 20 years ago, When | got home, Irealized | had fost my cel phone The recipients of this year’ prize are Jorge and Maribel sforgot to record my favorite TV show lastnight! What's the minimum entrance requirement for this colege? The doctor told me have to rest for three months! We resumed our conversation after a brief interuption. The recommended retail price of his dishwasher i $530 She retired early, at the age of 50, Itsude to interrupt when other people are speaking Jim not madi fin completely sane! eS very sensible; you can trust him to behave, ‘had to ask a stranger to helo me with my luggage. They lved in big house ina smart, modern suburb. ‘My fiends have supported me through some dificult times, ‘He was vety sympathetic about my problem. Youre doing a tenrficjob! Well done! Sted bard to think of another topic of conversation This book has been translated into Quechua, Forme, the ultimate luxury sto stay in bed a day ‘A poor die wil ultimately lead to health problems. We need to eat plenty of vegetables fora healthy diet. The victims suffered a vicious and brutal attack They were offended by his vulgar jokes.Simple present Structure ‘Affirmative Vyou/welthey “+infintive hefshe/it + infinitive +5 You live in Belem. He lives in Salvador. Negative Vyoulwe/ — ] +donot (= don't) + infinitive they he/she/it_—_[ + doesnot (= doesn't) [+ infinitive | don'tlive in Belo Horizonte. He doesnt live in Teresina Interrogative Do Vyou/we/they + infinitive ? Does he/sherit “infinitive ? Do you livein Manaus? Does he live in Natal? ‘We normally form negatives and questions using the avsiliary verb do/ does. She doesn't have any brothers. Do you like rock music? However, with be and modal verbs, we do not use do/does. “Are you ready?" ‘No, 'm not! "Can you sing?" “No, |can't? Spelling To form the third person singular affirmative: tke likes make makes do does push pushes watch watches fox foxes enjoy enjoys pay pays study studies fy flies Use We use the simple present to talk about: «facts and permanent situations. He lives in Recife Lima is the capital of Peru. habits and repeated actions. I play baseball on weekends. loften meet friends in a caf. ‘© mental and emotional states, including senses, opinions, and feelings. I feel cold. Jerry thinks he’ right. watching movies Adverbs of frequency and time expressions Use We use adverbs and time expressions to describe the frequency of habits and repeated actions, or to say when they happen. always usually often sometimes rarely never 100% of the time 0% of the time \We normally put adiverbs of frequency before the main verb, or after be. Sandro often arrives late Sandro is often late Sandro doesr't usually arrive early. Sandro isnt usually early. Here are some time expressions of frequency: every + day / Monday /summet / night, etc once / twice / three times a + day / week / month / year, etc. ‘on-+ weekends / Mondays, etc. We usually put time expressions at the end of the sentence, but we can also put them at the beginning | study every day. Every summer, we go to the beach |.go online four times a day. (On Tuesdays, Peter has a guitar lesson, Jorge and Ana go shopping on weekends.Present continuous Structure ‘Affirmative I am (= 'm) he/shelit_—_ [is (@'s) + ing you/welthey [are (='re) lam studying Enalish. He is reading a book ‘Negative am not (="mnot) he/shelit__—_|is not (= isn't) +-ing youlwelthey [are not (= aren't) lam not studying Spanish, Heis not reading a magazine. Interrogative Am I Is he/she/it ++-ing? Are you/we/they Are you studying history? Is he reading online? ‘We normally use the contracted form of the verb be, especially in spoken or informal language. We're going to the movies. She isn't enjoying the book, Spelling play playing stu studying give aiving make ‘making die ying lie lying get fun getting running forget admit forgetting admitting Language Reference Use We use the present continuous to talk about: «actions in progress now. Right now, he’s doing his homework. "What are you doing?” "fm working!” NOT Whatdo-yourdo® “Hwork!” ‘temporary situations. She's studying for her exams at the moment. I'm staying in Lima this week. With some verbs we do not normally use the continuous form. These are called stative verbs, The most common are: ‘+ verbs that express state or possession: be, have, own He isn't very tal {have two sisters. verbs that express thoughts and opinions: believe, know, understand, remember, forget, think | understand the problem. ‘We know where to 90, ‘© verbs that express likes or preferences: ik, love, prefer, enjoy, hate, can't stand, We normally use these verbs with nouns or with gerunds. I hate rap music. She loves old movies. She enjoys dancing, , (A XS KsSimple past past narratives and sequences. When got home, opened the fridge, then Structure Ihad a snack 5 past states. Affirmative | was upset last week \he/she/ivwelyourthey [+ simple past form He lived in New York for thre years She grew up in Brazil «things which happened repeatedly in the past. They telly ed i We went to Recife every weekend last yea You told me that story three times yesterday. Negative Uhe/she/itiwe! | did not + infinitive used to yourthey (didn) I didnt go to school yesterday. Structure Steve didn't read the book eve did't read the boo 3 Interrogative \he/she/lvyour [used to + infinitive Did vhe/she/ivwe/ | + infinitive ? weithey youlthey used to love chocolate. Did she study math? They used to watch TV every night: Where did they eat lunch? . Negative Spelling: regular verbs \he/she/vyout [didn't useto | + infinitive Mostverbs ped I didn't use to go to school pont srarteel We didn't use to argue. work worked “Verbsendingin-e->+-d _Interogative RES note Did] ne/shesivyour [useto | + infinitive? decide decided verte Verbs endingin consonant 799-5 ee Where did you use to live? ae aed Do not confuse used to with be used to or get used Ear eed ‘at confuse used to with be used to or getu plan planned spot spotted admit admitted deter deterred Irregular verbs ‘Many common verbs have an irregular simple past form, Lear the irregular verbs on page 59. ¢ We use the simple past to talk about: * completed actions or events in the past Tom passed all his exams. \What time did they arrive? to, Be used to means‘be accustomed to": get used to means“become accustomed to" Hive in Norway, so m used to cold climates. (fm accustomed to cold climates) [twas strange at frst, but | soon got used to driving big car. (| became accustomed t6 driving a big car) Use Wee use used toto talk about past actions, habits, or situations that are no longer true in the present. | used to hate exams. (but | don't any more) She used to live in Peru. (but now she doesnt) We can use the simple past OR used to to describe repeated actions, habits, or situations in the past. The meaning is similar, but used to tells us that the action, habit, or situation doesn’t happen now. | used to enjoy playing soccer when | was younger. (don't enjoy itany more) Lenjoyed playing soccer when | was younger. (Maybe | still enjoy it, maybe not){fwe are talking about one finished action, or one finished period at a specific time in the past, we have to use the simple past, NOT used to. Tived in Colombia forfour years. Nor: We went to baseball game last week. 10 | Heeiseedte gases tometnrespreintonet Used to does not have a present form. If we want t0 talk about habits in the present, we use the simple present tense, NOT used 0, | go swimming every week. Nor: Possessive adjectives and pronouns Structure we ‘our ours they, their ‘theirs Use We use possessive adjectives and pronouns to talk about possession. We use possessive adjectives with a noun, and possessive pronouns without a noun, Freddie owns this car. It’ his car. This house belongs to my parents. Its thelrs. Possessive pronouns and adjectives do not have different plural forms. This is my friend, Bryan. These are my friends, Ana and John. NOT these-are mys friends, This tablet is mine. These tablets are mine. NOT Fhese tablets are mines: Ifa boy ora man has something, we use his, iFa girl ora woman has something, we use her. Josh and his mother are going shopping, NOT Josirenethermettier Carolina and her father live in Fortaleza. NOT Carolina and his father We don't use a/an or the before possessive adjectives or possessive pronouns. His idea was fantastic. NOT Thehisides-wes fantastic Language Reference '\\ My W > We use whose to ask about possession. Whose does not have a different plural for “Whose is this bag?"it's mine? “Whose are these jackets?" They're ours? We normally use possessive adjectives, NOT the, to refer to parts of the body. Colin has broken his arm, NOT Colin-has-broker-the- arm. Phrasal verbs: introduction Phyasal verbs are verbs made of two or three words, ‘The first word is the main verb. After the main verb is an adverb (put down), or a preposition (look into), of both (keep up with). These adverbs or prepositions are sometimes called particles. ‘The meaning of a phrasal verb is often different from the meanings of the separate parts. Tofind the meaning of phrasal verbs, use a dictionary. Phrasal verbs are usually listed with the main verb. For ‘example, to find the meaning of go away, you should look for go. Here are some common phrasal verbs and their meanings: be in / out = be at home / not be at home be away = be on vacation come back = return fillin = complete (a forrn, etc) get up =wake up and get out of bed go away = leave (an area) go in / out = enter / leave (a room or building) {go on = continue {grow up = develop intoan adult hurry up = go faster look out = be careful look up = find in a dictionary, reference book etc. wash up = clean (cups, dishes, etc) ‘We can use objects with some phrasal verbs. When the object is a noun, the preposition or adverb can come before or after the object. ‘Can you switch off the TV? OR Can you switch the TY off? But if the abject is a pronoun (it, him, them, you, etc), the preposition or adverb must come after the object. Switch it off, please. NOT Switeh-offit- please. We can add up to many verbss to make phrasal verbs. In phrasal verbss, up often means ‘completely’. He lifted up the box. (=He lifted the box off the ground completely) Beatriz filled up her shopping bag. (= Beatriz filled her shopping bag completely). 65Past continuous Comparative and superlative Structure adjectives Affirmative Structure Vhe/shesit [was +-ing imc Copa Se welyousthey | were +-ing ‘One syllable ending in -e + -r/-st ‘They were talking, brave braver bravest Iwas reading that! ‘One syllable ending ina consonant + +-er/-est, loud louder loudest Negatie ‘Short adjectives ending in one vowel +one Whe/shesit was not (= wasn't) +-ing consonant + double the consonant +-er/-est welyourthey _ [were not (= weren't) +-ing | big bigger biggest [wasn't listening to her, Two syllables ending in-y 9 -y +-ier/-iest We Weert watching TV, lucky luckier luckiest Two or more syllables + + more / most Interrogative dangerous | more dangerous | most dangerous Was Whe/shelt ‘ing? Imegular adjectives Were ‘we/you/they +-ing? bad worse worst ‘Were you running forthe bus? [good betes best Gelchalpdemeal far farther/further_| farthest furthest Spelling Use We use comparative adjectives to compare a small Secipage ea. selection of people, places, or things that are not equal Use ‘American cars are often bigger than European ones. We use the past continuous to talk about: + actions in progress ata specific time in the past Atseven otlock last night, Katie was watching TV. \We were eating dinner when we felt the earthquake ‘© past actions which are intertupted by another action | was studying at home when my boyfriend rang, She was working in the building when it collapsed. Simple past and past continuous Contrast We use the simple past to talk about a finished action the past We use the past continuous to talk about an action in progress, but not finished, at a specific time in the past. helped the rescue workers last night. | started at seven and | finished at ten (inished actions = simple past) “What were you doing at eight oiclock?""| was helping the rescue workers! (actions in progress at a specific time = past continuous) We can combine the simple past and the past continuous, with when and while. We can change the order ofthe two tenses. While | was eating, the phone rang. = The phone rang while | was eating, When the phone rang, | was eating = | was eating when the phone rang. rom (We'e only comparing American and European cars, not Japanese cars for example) English is a more difficult language than Spanish (We're only comparing English and Spanish, not French, German, Japanese, etc) We use superlative adjectives (usually with the) to compare people, places, or things with all others in the same group, Antarctica is the coldest place in the world. (compated with all other places in the world) twas the most terrifying experience of my fe (compared with all the other experiences Ive had) as... aS Use We use (not) as + adjective / adverb + as to say two things are equal. We'reas tall as you. Hes not as happy as he used to be, Alter as... as we can use a noun group and a verb, or just a noun group. \'mas brave as you are! This isn't as bad as last year's flood. If we use just ¢ personal pronoun after as...as, we use an object pronoun such as me or him They'e not as worried as me.Time expressions and conjunctions of sequence Use ‘We use time expressions and conjunctions of sequence to organize the events in a narrative. They tell us the order of the events We use then, later, and after / afterward to describe a sequence of completed actions in the past. We use the simple past for both actions. | put on my jacket, then | opened the door. \outon myc ‘hepa so opened the dor ‘The concert was great. After / Afterward, | met the band, theconcet meth bind We use when and whife to say that one action started, but was interrupted by a new action, We use the past continuous for the action that was interrupted, and the simple past for the new action, ‘We were watching TV when Tom arrived. =Tom arrived while we were watching TV. We werewarching TV Temattved Notice the difference if we use when with two simple past clauses. When they arrived, we were leaving. (= We started to leave, then they arrived) When they arrived, we left: (© They arrived, then we left) We can use suddenly with the simple past to say that something happened quickly and unexpectedly. This can either follow the earlier event or interrupt it, Beatriz started to cross the road. Suddenly, she saw a car. Beatriz was crossing the road. Suddenly, she saw a car. We can use as soon as with the simple past to say that tone action happened immediately after another We started driving to the hospital as soon as we heard the news. (We heard the news and immediately started diving to the hospital) _ aS 2 — Language Reference % = \We can use fast + night, week, month, year, summer, etc. to say exactly when an action happened in the past. Last summer, | went to Spain. Last night, Milton was watching TV. We can use thenext-+ day, morning, afternoon, evening, week, month, year, etc, t0 say exactly when an action happened in the past, after an earlier action. Kyle lost his keys. The next day, Jess found thern, thepast Mondsy Tue felt hiss Jess foundthem at, on, and in Use We use at: with clock times. The movie starts at 8:15. Ii meet you at lunchtime. The train leaves at noon. with celebration times. Do you visit your family at Christmas? | always eat too much at Thanksgiving! David went away at Easter. with night. I don't lke driving at night, We use on: with days and dates | start my new job on Monday. Susan works late on Mondays. (= every Monday) We always get up early on Christmas Day. im having a party on July 4. My birthday is on May 29. with Monday / Tuesday + morning / afternoon / evening / night, etc. Julio’ going swimming on Thursday evening. There's a. good movie on TV on Sunday night. with the weekend / weekends, lfm going to visit my aunt on the weekend, | visit my aunt on weekends. (= every weekend) We use in: with the morning, the aftemoon, and the evening. Jenna’s mother takes her to school in the morning and brings her hore in the afternoon, with seasons, months, years, and centuries. Wee going on vacation in the summer. My birthday isin January. Laura was born in 1997. Portuguese explorers founded Rio de Janelto in the 16th century.Modal verbs (1) Use ‘Modal verbs are verbs with unique characteristics. hey work with the main verb to add extra meaning, for example, obligation or permission. Many modal verbs have different meanings, depending on their context. Structure ‘Modal verbs share the following characteristics: ‘+ We use an infinitive without to after modal verbs. I ean swim. She must be very fit. BUT | ought to lose weight. ‘© Modal verbs do not takes in the third person. He can speak English NOT He cansspeaicEngish: ‘+ Modal verbs do not use the auxiliary verb do / does to forrn negatives, questions, or short answers, She might not need to see a doctor. "Can you drive?"Yes, ican? NOT Bo-youreandrive!*Yes;tdo* You couldn't do me a favor, could you? ‘© Modal verbs can use contractions with negatives \We could not understand the instructions. + We couldn't understand the instructions. ‘© Modal verbs only have one form. To express different tenses, we sometimes have to use other verbs with similar meanings. He might study medicine. + He was probably going to study medicine. Ability: can, could, be able to We use the modal verb ean + infinitive (without to) to talk about ability in the present. I can swim well leant play soccer We use the modal verb could + infinitive (without to) to talk about ability in the simple past. could read when | was four He couldn't ride a bike until he was ten. There is no future form of ean or could. We use the verb fowr beable to + infinitive to talk about ability in the future. le able to drive a car next year. 0 enipehieeapee She won't be able to play the guitar right away. We can also use be able toto talk about ability in the present perfect or the past perfect. We haven't been able to go to the gym lately He hadn't been able to finish his homework. Possibility and deductior could, must, can’t ay, might, We use may, may not, might, might not, and could to talk about present or future possibility. Itcould be @ good idea. You might not enjoy it. NOT freanbeagoodides. We use can't and must to make logical deductions. © We use can't when we believe or guess that something is impossible. You can't win that race. We use must when we are certain something is true, He must be a very healthy person Permission, requests, and refusal: can, could, may ‘We use the modal verbs can and may to ask for and talk about permission in the present. Can is more informal than may. We use can’t and may not to refuse permission. “Can we go?" "No, we can't” “May | use the computer, please?” ‘No, you may not! Icant stay out after midnight In some tenses, we use be allowed to (NOT can) to talk about permission. | won't be allowed to go out next weekend, You were allowed to stay out late last Saturday. We use could to talk about general permission in the past Last year, I could stay out late every weekend, We do NOT use could to talk about permission for a specific action in the past. We use the correct form of be allowed to, Last night, | was allowed to stay out late. NOT Last night; eould stay out fate: We use can and could (NOT may) to make requests. Can is mote inforrnal than could. We use can't 0 refuse requests. an you lend me ten dollars? NOT May you fend ie terrors? “Could you help me with my homework, please?" “Sorry, no, Ican't”Subject and object pronouns Structure 1 me you! you he him’ she her it it we us they them Use Personal pronouns (except you and if) have different forms when they are the subject or the object of the sentence Hike Kerry. (I= subject) Kerry likes me. (me = object) Where are my keys? They were here earlier, (they= subject) | think I've lost them. (them = abject) We use object pronouns after prepositions. Gabriel gave the magazine to me. Isabella was with him. ‘We normally use object pronouns after the verb be. “Is that the thief?” “Yes, that him!" "Who's there?" “Don't worry, i's only us” ‘We use J, you, he, she, we, and they for people, We use it, they, and them for things, countries, and places, and (normally) animals. "How was Manuela?" "She was very well? “How was your meal?” ‘ttwas terrible!” love Bogota, but it can be very dangerous. The horse was old, but it was strong. | don't ike dogs they make too much noise! We use it to talk about times, dates, distances, and the weather. “What time ist?" “It’s three o'clock” Its January 12 today. “How fat isit to the city center?" “ts about three kilometers? Its raining today and itl be windy tomorrow. Object pronouns are the same for direct and indirect objects. See page 77 for more on direct and indirect objects. Language Reference Vs. SS Adverbs of manner Structure happil specific terrible fast_ fast ‘good ‘well Use Adverbs of manner tell us how somebody or something performs an action. He ran avray quickly, ‘She spoke quietly, We usually put adverbs of manner at the end of a sentence, We never put them between the verb and the object. He speaks English well NOT Hespeaks welt English, ‘We can also use adverts of manner before adjectives, and before past participles. ‘They are happily married Ii terribly sorry, 69 ymPresent perfect Structure Affirmative \vyoulwe/they [have (='ve) hevshert [has (='s) + past participle He lived in Brazil fortweve years, Ihave never been to Australi Negative Vyou/werthey | have not (haven't) + past participle he/she/it has not hasn't) We haven't been to London, She hasn't seen him, Interrogative Have Uyou/we/they ciple ? om es + past participle Have you been to Italy? Has he bought you any souvenirs? Regular past participles have the same form as the simple past (see page 64). Learn the irregular verbs on page 59, We often use been (Instead of gone) as the past participle of go, when we are talking about completed events. Kevin has been to Cairo. (He went and came back) Kevin has gone to Cairo. (He's still there) Use We use the present perfect to talk about: «actions or situations in the past which have an effect on the present Tom has arrived on time, so he wontt miss the wedding. (= Kevin is here nom) Ive lost my credit card! (= I don't have my card now) «© actions or situations that started in the past and are stil continuing now. How long have you lived here? He hasn’t been on a plane for four years. © past experiences, when we do not use atime reference I've had a lot of different jobs. She's worked in Spain and Portugal. Time expressions We can use these time expressions with the present perfect: Time Use ‘Structure expression already | to describe ‘auxiliary verb + anaction that happened sooner than we expected already + past participle just to describe ‘aunllary verb an action that + just + past happened in the | participle very recent past still to describe a stil + auniiary situation thatis | verls+ past continuing participle yet todescribean | auxiliary verb+ action that we | past participle + expect to happen | yet soon Ive just looked ata few websites, and Ive already found some good deal. | haven't bought anything yet ~ | still haven't decided what really want. We use yet at the end of a question o ask fan action has been completed. Have you seen Ana yet? BUT We use yet atthe end of a sentence when we hope that the action will be completed in the future, haven't done my homework yet.Articles ‘We use the indefinite article (a /an) before singular countable nouns: ‘to talk or ask about any person or thing. Do you have a pen? (it doesnt matter which pen) Call a doctor! it doesn't matter which doctor) ‘© tointroduce a thing for the first time. Did you hear? Ana has bought a scooter. Ihavean idea, We use a before a consonant sound, abook acar— adoor agreen apple We use an before a vowel sound (a, e,/,0, u). an apple an exercise an open door ‘We choose a or an because of pronunciation, not spelling. For example, h at the beginning of a word can sometimes be silent. In these cases, we use an, NoTa. ahand ahead BUT an hour (pronounced“our") ‘The letter wat the beginning of a word can sometimes sound like you. In these cases, we use @, NOT an, anumbrella BUT uniform (pronounced ‘you-niform’) eu-at the beginning of a word is always pronounced like you, so we use a, not an. a European car ‘euro ‘And oneis pronounced" wun; so we use a, not an, aone-dollar note aone-eyed cat We use the definite article (the) before singular or plural countable nouns, and before uncountable nouns: ‘© totalkabout a specific person or thing, The US president lives in the White House. (There is only one US president and only one White House) Where are the keys? (You are talking about some specific keys) Where did | put the camera? (You are talking about ‘one specific camera) ‘+ totalkagain about somebody or something which we mentioned before. “Briana has bought a scooter! “Wes the scooter expensive?” ‘We use no article before plural countable nouns and uncountable nouns, to talk about people or things in general Doctors make a lot of money. (=all doctors) Water freezes at 0°C. (=all water) > Language Reference % 4 S Countable nouns are things that you can count, for example: one man, two cars, three trees. They can be singular or plural. Uncountable nouns are things that you can't count, ‘for example: water, rice, oil (NOT ome water, tworices, ‘threeoils). Normally, uncountable nouns can only be singular. ‘Some uncountable nouns become countable when ‘we put them in containers. 1 like two coffees and a water, please, (€ two cups of coffee and a glass of water) ‘Some uncountable nouns become countable when ‘we talk about different types. He has a great selection of vintage wines in his Cellar. (= diferent types of wine, for example: Malbec, Totrontes, Palomino, etc) There are some intesesting cheeses in the supermarket. (= different types of cheese, for example: Catupiry, Chanco, Reggianito, etc.) Compound nouns Compound nouns are nouns with two parts, The first noun acts as an adjective. tells us the function, place, or type of the second noun. The first noun is usually singular. bank account = an accountheld ata bank police dog =a dog that works for the police school bus =a bus that takes children to school We often use compound nouns to talk about what things are made of. vegetable soup = soup made of vegetables paper plate = a plate made of paper metal box = a box made of metal We often use compound nouns to talk about the job of a person, machine, or tool bbus driver =a person who drives a bus office manager = a person who manages an office washing machine =a machine for washing clothes hair dryer=a machine for drying hair letter opener = tool for opening letters ‘Some very common compound nouns are written as one word, mailman =a man who delivers mail bedroom =a room with a bed in it toothbrush = a brush for cleaning teeth Toform the plural of compound nouns, we make only the second noun plural bank accounts NOT banksaccoumts bus drivers NOT buses drivers mailmen NOT maitsmenPresent perfect and simple past Contrast We use the present perfect to talk about a state or an action that started in the past, and that continues in the present. 1've lived in Natal since 2004, (stil ive in Natal) {'ve written 20 e-mails this moming, (ts still the morning) We use the simple past to talk about.a state or an action that finished in the past. |ived in Natal when | was six years old, (I don't live in ‘Natal now) wrote 20 e-mails this morning. (I's the aftemoon now) We use the present perfect if we are not specifying the time when something happened, Have you ever been to New York? (It doesn't matter when) We use the simple past to specify the time something happened. We specify the time by using a finished past time expression. We do not use the present perfect with finished past time expressions. | visited Boston last weekend. NOT Fevisited-Bostortast weekend, ‘had my fist art class a week ago. NOT #rehrchayfintartchesra week ago. We use the present perfect for actions in the past that have results now. We're getting ready to go out —we've brought tickets for the theater. (We have the tickets now) We also use the present perfect to announce news or recent events, Have you heard? Another hurricane has hit New Orleans! for and since We use the present perfect with the time expressions for and since to say that an action or situation began in the ppast and has continued up tonow. We use for when we give the length of time that the action or situation has continued, for example: five minutes, a week, two months, ten years, et. He has worked in the circus for over ten years. Ive had a sore leg for three days. © Weuse since when we give the point in time when the action or situation began, for example: five o'clock, Wednesday, Tuesday evening, last week, December 25, etc, He has worked in the circus since 2002. I've had a sore leg since Monday. © We can also use a time clause in the simple past after since. He has worked in the circus since he was 18, I've hada sore leg since I fell off my bike. ‘We never use the simple present with for or since. Ihave been here since yesterday. NOT Famrheresince yestereay: Uhave lived in Manaus for six years. NOT Hive-in-Manatisforsiryents, How long ...? We use How fong ...? with the present perfect to ask about the length of time that an action or situation has continued. We can answer the question with the present perfect, and for or since. How long has he worked in the circus? How long have you hada sore leg? ever and never © We use the present perfect with ever to ask if something has happened at a time in your life up tonow. We often use this structure to ask about life experiences. Have you ever been skiing? ‘© We can use the present perfect with never to say that something has not happened at a time in your life up tonow. I've never been skiing. © IF we want to say how many times it has happened, and we don't mention a specific time, we use the present perfect. Yes, t've been skiing In fac, 've been skiing three times. (jt doesn't matter when} © If we mention a specific time, and we use a finished time expression, we use the simple past to answer the question. ‘Yes, | went skiing last winter.Indefinite pronouns ‘We use everything, everyone / everybody, and everywhere to talk about all things, people, and places. Do we have everything we need? (=all the things that weneed) Everyone likes chocolate! = Everybody likes chocolate! (all people like chocolate) lve seen that movie poster everywhere. in all places) \We use something, someone / somebody, and somewhere to talk about unknown things, people and places in affirmative sentences. Something happened on the way to the bank, (A thing happened, but | don't know what.) Someone has sent you alletter. = Somebody has sent you a letter. (= A person has sent you a letter, ut | don't know wha) She lives somewhere in New York. (© She lives in New York, but | don't know exactly where) ‘We use anything, anyone / anybody, and anywhere to ask and talk about unknown things, people, and places in questions and negative sentences, “Did Virginia buy anything in town” "No, she didr*t buy anything? "Did you talk to anyone at school?” “No, I didnt see anybody’ “Have you seen my keys anywhere?” "No, [haven't seen them anywhere” ‘We use third-person singular verbs with indefinite pronouns, Everyone knows his name, Nor Everyone know snare Eesotting hoppers fra ena. NOT-Everything happen forereason: Has anybody seen my keys? NOH Does anyone know the answer? NOT Do anyone know the ensuver? Language Reference Compound adjectives Compound adjectives are adjectives with two or mote parts. We normally form two-part compound) adjectives with + adjective + noun-+-ed cold-hearted good-natured +» adjective + verb + ing g00d-looking easy-going © adverb + past participle well-informed badly-dressed © noun + adjective fame-hunary world-class power-crazy trigger-happy There are no rules for forming three-part compound adjectives. out-of-date up-to-date old-fashioned fast-talking long-running heavily-bult poorly-educated back-to-basics happy-go-lucky ‘We usually puta hyphen () between the parts of compound adjectives when they come before a noun, Hes a good-looking man ‘They'te world-class performers. She's a well-dressed woman, I’San up-to-date program. We don't always put a hyphen between the parts of compound adjectives when they come after a verb. She's well dressed.Modal verbs (2) Obligation and absence of obligation: have to, must, don't have to We use have to and must to talk about obligation in the present You have to work hard. You must be careful with your money. We can't use must for the past and the future. We use had toand will have to. She needed anew laptop, so she had to save up. I can lend you $20, but you will have to pay me back tomorrow. We use dont have to when there is no obligation We don't have to spencia lot of money. It isn't obligatory to spend a lot of money) The concert was free ~| didn't have to pay to getin (= Itwasnit necessary to pay) The exam is easy—| won't have to study very hard (lt won'tbe necessary to study hard) ‘Must is more formal than have to. itis normally Used in written English and news reports. In spoken. English, have to is more common, ‘The US Senate must decide tomorrow ifit will send aid to Africa, “Sorry, | have to leave now! “OK, Il see you tomorrow! Prohibition: must not We use must not to talk about prohibition. You must not walk on the grass. € Its prohibited to walk on the grass) The meanings of must and have to are similar in the affirmative, but completely diferent in the negative, ‘We use must not when there is prohibition. We use don't have to when there is no obligation. You must not talkin the library. (=Donttalk) You don't have to call me this afternoon. Gitisntt necessary to-call me), Advice: should, ought to, shouldn't We use should and ought to to give advice and make recommendations, You shouldn't smoke. They ought to provide better healthcare, We also use should to ask for advice. ‘Should | take the bus, or should | drive? Quantifiers ‘many, much, and a lot of We use many to talk about a large number of countable things. We use much to talk about a large quantity of an uncountable thing. many cars (=a large number of cars) much poverty (= a large amount of poverty) ‘Many and much are most common in questions and negative sentences, and after $0, as, foo, and very. Does he speak much English? (© Does he speaka large amount of English?) Do you go to many baseball games? (© Do you go to a large number of baseball games?) I don't have much time. I don't have a large amount of time) She didn't take many clothes {She didn take a large number of clothes) He has too much money. You have so many friends! In most other affirmative sentences, we use a lot of. \We can use it with countable or uncountable nouns. havea lot of fiends. BETTER THAN | have many fiends. | don't have much trouble earning money, but | havea lot of difficulty saving! NOT thave much difficulty savingt We use How many...? to ask about a number of countable things, and How much...?to askabout a quantity of uncountable things. How many friends do you have? How much money do you need? We can use many, much, and a lot (without of without nouns ifthe meaning is clear, usually in short answers. “How many people were at the concert?" ‘Not many" 1ot many people) “Can | have some coffee?” “Tm sorry, we don't have much left? (= not much coffee) "Do you have many visitors?" “Yes, alot!” alot of visitors)Afewand alittle We use a few to talk abouta small number of countable things, and a fittleto talk about a small amount of an uncountable thing, Clare had a few problems with her car (© Clare had a small number of problems with her car) Can you give me a few ideas? (© Can you give mea small number of ideas?) Diego speaks a little English. (Diego speaks a small amount of English) Can | havea little milk, please? (© Can Ihave a small amount of milk?) ‘We can use a few and a little without nouns if the ‘meaning is clear, usually in short answers, "Do you have some suggestions?” "Yes, a few! (=a few suggestions) "Doyyou have a lot of work to do?" "No, justalittle’(= 2 little wok) Don't confuse alittle and a few with little and few. Little and few have a negative meaning, but a little and a fewhave a more positive meaning. Juan hasa few ideas, (= sorne ideas) juan has few ideas. (= not many ideas, not enough ideas) (have a little time to talk right now. (= some time, ‘enough to talk) have little time to talk right now, (= not much time, ‘not enough to talk) hg Language Reference ‘\\ 6 = False friends and cognates Some words in English may look similar to words in your language, Some of these words also have a similar meaning, They ate called cognates. Some examples are: important, acceptable, tradition, possible He's an important man. ‘re these clothes acceptable? Isa tradition to eat turkey at Thanksgiving, "Can | speakto the manager?” "tm sorry, that’s ot possible” However, some of these words have a different meaning, They are called “false friends’ Some examples are: actually library, sympathetic That isn't actually the correct answer (actually = in fact, really) Juan went to the library to borrow some books. NOT shromwenttorthe library to-buy-somebooks: (You buy books from a bookstore) Diego didnt feel well, and Sara was very sympathetic. (sympathetic = understanding) Fora list of common false friends, see pages 60 and 61will be + going to Structure Structure ‘Affirmative ‘Affirmative Uhe/shesity 4 “cintnitive I am (= ‘m) welyoulthey hefsheht [is 9 | +goingto | + infinitive Ml.come back tomorrow. we/youlthey [are (= ‘te) Rena She is going to buy new clothes. Vne/shertl [will not selvifiive Negative we/yourthey _| (=wontt) 1 ‘am not She won't be here next year (&‘mnot) Interrogative ReGGANE — |ikhat 4+goingto | + infinitive will Vhershentve/ | crntiye2 you/they ai Will pass my exarns? Theyarentt going to pass their exams Usa Interrogative We use will Am \ # to make predictions or give opinions about the future, She'll probably live to be 100. ls heishe/it_| going to | + infinitive ? You wont ike it there Are we/your # to express spontaneous decisions made at the they moment of speaking. (Note that we do not use the Js she going to visit your friends in New York? simple present) It looks cloudy outside. Il take an umbrella, Use This room is very dirty’ “Youte right. Mclean it? WeuseBexigoing tet * tooffer help, # totalk about intentions, and decisions made some "The window is open "Don't worry, IM close it? esa. “These bags are heavy" “help you” to make orders and requests. ‘My wife will have the salad andl have the steak, please. ‘ill you answer the phone for me, please? ‘© swith expressions lke J think (to express a spontaneous, decision}, maybe, and probably (to exoress a personal opinion about the future). I think Il go to bed early tonight Maybe Jorge will know the answer. Helll probably pass the exam — he’s very clever! ‘We do not use the simple present to offer help, make requests, or make spontaneous decisions. "The phone is ringing’ “ll answer it” NoTanswer i? Tat bag looks hey cary Rforyou, N Will you open the door for me, please? FE Bos 0pen shnetsscdasrnpanit (im going to study science at college He's going to buy » new car next year © tomake predictions based on evidence at the time of speaking It’s going to be a hard exam. Look at the sky. It's going to rain. Present continuous (future use) Structure See page 63. Use ‘We use the present continuous to talk about confirned plans in the short term, or personal arrangements. We often mention a specific time or place, We do not ‘normally use the simple present in this situation, We're celebrating Pila’s birthday this weekend, NOT We celebrate Pilar’ birthday this weekend: I'm visiting my aunt tornorrow. NOT Hisit ny aenttorerton: