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9

9.1
70 f
[,] (<) x[,], f(x) 0, f
[,]


E= a
f ( x )dx ,

f,
(,f,) f ,
x- = 0, x- = 0.

1. f [,] ( < ) x[,],


f(x) 0,

E= a
f ( x )dx

(,f,). f
[,] ( < ),


E=
a
| f ( x) |dx

(,f,).

2. f [,] (<)
[,],

E=
a
| f ( x) |dx

(,f,).

3. f,g [,],

f(x) g(x) 0 x[,].

(,f,g,) c1,c2
f g x- = 0, x- = 0,
(,f,g,)
= 1-2

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1 (. 2) (,f,) (.
(,g,)).


E= a
( f ( x) g ( x ))dx .

f(x) g(x) x[,],


E= a
( f ( x) g ( x ))dx .

, m = min{g(x): x[a,b]}, f1(x) = f(x)-m 0 g1(x)


= g(x)-m 0


E = E1 E2 =
a
( f1 ( x ) g1 ( x))dx = a
( f ( x ) g ( x )) dx.

4. f-g [,] ( < ),


E= a
| f ( x) g ( x ) |dx

(,f,g,).

5. f-g [,] ( < )


[,],


E= a
| f ( x) g ( x ) |dx

(,f,g,).

3.2
f [,].

= {x0, x1,,xn}

[,] P0,P1,,Pn
c f x0, x1,,xn,
P0P1Pn R(f,),

n
R( f , ) = | P
k =1
P |
k 1 k

| Pk 1 Pk | Pk 1 Pk .
,
c.

162
O 9.1 c ,

> 0 > 0: || < | R(f,) S | < .

S c.

9.1 f [,], c
f [,]
:


S= a
1 + [ f ( x )]2 dx.

A | Pk 1 Pk |= ( xk xk 1 ) + ( f ( xk ) f ( xk 1 ))
2 2

= ( xk xk 1 ) 2 + ( f ( k )( xk xk 1 )) 2 ,

k(xk-1,xk). A

n n
R( f , ) = | P
k =1
P | =
k 1 k k =1
( xk xk 1 ) 2 (1 + [ f ( k )]2 )

n
=
k =1
(1 + [ f ( k )]2 )( xk xk 1 )

Riemann h(x) = 1 + [ f(x) ]2,


,


R( f , ) a
1 + [ f ( x)]2 dx < .

3.3 O

f
[,]. (,f,) 3600
,
(,f,) .

(,f,), c f [,]
c
f [,] .

f [,].
(,f,).

163
= {x0, x1,,xn},

[,] f(x0),f(x1),,f(xn)
c f x0, x1,,xn, n

n
V ( f , ) = [ f (x
k =1
k 1 )]2 ( xk xk 1 ) .

V ( f , )
.

O 9.2
c f [,] x-=0 x-=0

> 0 > 0: || < |V(f,) - V| < .

S .

9.3 f
[,], (,f,)
:


V =
a
[ f ( x )]2 dx.

n
V ( f , ) = [ f (x
k =1
k 1 )]2 ( xk xk 1 )

Riemann h(x) = f2(x),


,


V ( f , ) a
[ f ( x )]2 dx < .

1. f
[,].

2. f
[,],
(,f,) :

V =
a
[ f ( x )]2 dx.

164
3. f-g [,] ( < ),


V = a
([ f ( x)]2 [ g ( x)]2 ) dx,

(,f,g,).

4. f-g [,] (<)


[,],

V = a
[ f ( x )]2 [ g ( x )]2 dx,

(,f,g,).

c f [,]
f .

= {x0, x1,,xn}

[,] P0,P1,,Pn
c f x0, x1, , xn,
P0P1, P1P2,...,Pn-1Pn n
. n
(f,)

n
E ( f , ) = ( f (x
k =1
k 1 ) + f ( xk )) | Pk 1 Pk |

| Pk 1 Pk | Pk 1 Pk .
,
.

9.3 c
f [,] ,

> 0 > 0: || < |(f,) - | < .

9.3 f [,], f(x) 0


x[,] c f [,]
:


E = 2 a
f ( x ) 1 + [ f ( x )]2 dx.

1. f [,], f(x) 0
x[,], c f [,]
:

165

E = 2 a
f ( x ) 1 + [ f ( x )]2 dx.

2. f [,]
f(x) [,],
c f [,] :


E = 2
a
| f ( x ) | 1 + [ f ( x)]2 dx.


(,)
, ||


> 0.
,
(,) . ||
.


(, +2).


,
,
(x,y) (,) :

x = cos, y = sin.

f: E R = f().

{(,): =f()}

= f().
= f() ,
f
= f() .

9.4 = f() [1,2],


= 1, = 2,
:
1 2 2
E=
2 1
( )d .

166
9.5 = f() [1,2],
= 1, = 2,
:
2

2 ( ) + ( ( ) ) d .
2
S=
1

9.6 = f() [1,2], D


= 1, = 2,
, :
2 2 3
V=
3 1
( ) d .

9.7 = f() [1,2], D


= 1, = 2,
,
:
2

| ( ) | 2 ( ) + ( ( ) ) d .
2
E = 2
1

167
168
169
170

1.
:

(i) y = x3 , y = 2 x , (ii) y = ln( x + 1), y = 0, x = 0, x [0,1]

(iii) ( y 1) 2 = x 1, 2(y 1)2 = x (iv) y =| x |, y = x 2 .

2. y = ex,
(2,1) x = 0.

3.
xx :

(i) y = xe x , y = 0, x = 1 , (ii) y = ln( x), y = 0, x = e

(iii) y = x , y = x 2 (iv) x 2 y 2 = 4, y = 0, x = 6.

4. :

e x + e x
(i) y = , x [ ln 2, ln 2] , (ii) x 2 + y 2 = a 2 , a > 0 .
2

5. xx
:

(i) y = x, x [0, / 4] , (ii) y =| x 1|, x [0, 2]

(iii) y = x3 , x [0,1] (iv) y = x, x [0, / 2].

171

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