APPENDIX-A

POSITIVE CAPACIm i s SCALES

 PERSONAL DATA SHEET

NAME DATE

AGE (IN YEARS) RELIGION

EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION

OCCUPATION ANNUAL FAMILY INCOME

NAME OF ORGANIZATION

ADDRESS

TICK MARK THE RELEVANT

CLASS-G/BC/SC/ST MALE/ FEMALE

MARRIED/UNMARRIED URBAN/RURAL/METRO

WORKING/RETIRED

I hereby declare that I give my informed consent to participate in this research. I

understand about the purpose and nature of the research. I give my full, free and voluntary
consent for being enrolled in this research and I reserve my rights withdraw from the research
any time during the data collection. I understand that the information collected will be kept
confidential and will be exclusively used for research purpose only.

SIGNATURE.
 PRESENT ORIENTATION POSITIVE CAPACITIES SCALES
1. Humor Scale
For the following questions, please rate your level of agreement by circling the
corresponding number:
0=Strongly Disagree; l=Disagree; 2=Undecided; 3=Agree; 4=Strongly Agree
1. Sometimes I think up jokes or funny stories 0 1 2 3 4
2. Uses ofwit or humor help me master difficult situations 0 1 2 3 4
3. I'm confident that I can make other people laugh 0 1 2 3 4
4.1 dislike comics 0 1 2 3 4
5. Other people tell me that I say funny things 0 1 2 3 4
6.1 can use wit to help adapt to many situations 0 1 2 3 4
7.1 can ease a tense situation by saying something funny 0 1 2 3 4
8. People who tell jokes are a pain in the neck 0 1 2 3 4
9.1 can often crack people up with the things I say 0 1 2 3 4
10. Hike a good joke 0 1 2 3 4
11. Calling somebody a "comedian" is a real insult 0 1 2 3 4
12.1 can say things in such away as to make people laugh 0 1 2 3 4
13. Humor is a lousy coping mechanism 0 1 2 3 4
14.1 appreciate those who generate humor 0 1 2 3 4
15. People look to me to say amusing things 0 1 2 3 4
16. Humor helps me cope 0 1 2 3 4
17. I'm uncomfortable when everyone is cracking jokes 0 1 2 3 4
18. I'm regarded as something of a wit by my friends 0 1 2 3 4
19. Coping by using humor is an elegant way of adapting 0 1 2 3 4
20. Trying to master situations through uses of humor is really dumb 0 1 2 3 4
21.1 can actually have some control over a group by using humor 0 1 2 3 4
22. Uses ofhumor help to put me at ease 0 1 2 3 4
23.1 use humor to entertain my friends 0 1 2 3 4
24. My clever sayings amuse others 0 1 2 3 4
 2. Meaning in Life Questionnaire
Please answer according to the scale below:
solute]ly Mostly Somewhat Can't Say Somewhat Mostly Absolutely
true Untrue Untrue True or False True True True
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1.1 understand my life's meaning.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2.1 am looking for something that makes my life feel meaningful.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
3.1 am always looking to find my life's purpose.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
4. My life has a clear sense of purpose.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
5.1 have a good sense of what makes my life meaningful.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
6.1 have discovered a satisfying life purpose.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
7.1 am always searching for something that makes my life feel significant.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8.1 am seeking a purpose or mission for my life.
12 3 4 5 6 7
9. My life has no clear purpose.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
10.1 am searching for meaning in my life.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
 3. Personal Meaning Profile
You may respond by circling the appropriate number according to the following scale:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Not at all Moderately A great deal
For example, if going to parties does not contribute to your sense of personal meaning, you may circle
1 or 2. If taking part in volunteer work contributes quite a bit to the meaning in your life, you may
circle 5 or 6. It is important that you answer honestly on the basis of your own experience and beliefs.
1.1 have a good family life. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2.1 believe I can make a difference in the world. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
3.1 am at peace with God. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
4.1 have learned that setbacks and disappointments are an inevitable part of life. 1 2 3 4 56 7
5. I believe that life has an ultimate purpose and meaning. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
6.1 engage in creative work. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
7.1 am successful in achieving my aspirations. 1 2 34 5 6 7
8.1 pursue worthwhile objectives. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
9.1 strive to achieve my life goals. 1 2 3 , 4 5 6 7
10.1 care about other people. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
11.1 have someone to share intimate feelings with. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
12. [believe in the value of my pursuits. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
13.1 seek to actualize my potentials. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
14.1 have found that there is rough justice in this world. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
15.1 strive to make this world a better place. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
16.1 am at peace with myself 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
17.1 have confidants to give me emotional support. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
18.1 relate well to others. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
19.1 have a sense of mission or calling. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
20.1 seek to do God's will. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
21. Hike challenge. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
22.1 believe that human life is governed by moral laws. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
23. It is important to dedicate my life to a cause. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
24.1 take initiative. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
25.1 am able to make full use of my abilities. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
26.1 strive to do my best in whatever I am doing. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
27.1 have a number of good friends. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
28.1 am trusted by others. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
29.1 am committed to my work. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
30.1 have a purpose and direction in my life. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
31.1 seek higher values-values that transcend self-interests. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
32.1 am highly regarded by others. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
33.1 seek to glorify God. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
34.1 am enthusiastic about what I do. 1 2 3 5
35. Life has treated me fairly. 1 2 3 4 6 7
36.1 accept my limitations. 1 2 3 4 6 7
37.1 am at peace with my past. 1 2 3 4 6 7
38.1 have a mutually satisfying love relationship. 1 2 4 5 6
39.1 have a sense of coherence and continuity in my life. 1 2 3 5 6
40.1 do not give up when I encounter setbacks or obstacles in my life. 1 3 5 6
41.1 am altruistic and helpful. 1 2 4 5 6
42.1 am liked by others. 1 2 3 5 6 7
43.1 have found someone I love deeply. 1 2 3 4 5
44.1 strive toward personal growth. 1 2 3 4 5
45.1 bring happiness to others. 1 2 3 4 5 6
46.1 accept what cannot be changed. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
47.1 am persistent and resourceful in attaining my goals. 1 2 3 5 6 7
48.1 value my work. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
49.1 make a significant contribution to society. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
50.1 contribute to the well being of others. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
51.1 believe in afterlife. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
52.1 believe that one can have a personal relationship with God. 1 2 4
53.1 attempt to leave behind a good and lasting legacy. 1 2 3 4 5
54.1 believe that there is order and purpose in the universe. 1 2 4
55.1 am treated fairly by others. 1 2 3 4 6
56.1 have received my fair share of opportunities and rewards. 1 2 5
57.1 have learned to live with suffering and made the best of it. 1 2 5
 4. The 14-Item Resilience Scale^M (RS-14TM)

Please read the following statements. To the right of each you will find seven numbers, ranging fi-om "1" (Strongly
Disagree) on the left to "7" (Strongly Agree) on the right. For example, if you strongly disagree with a statement,
tick "1". If you are neutral, tick"4", and if you strongly agree, tick "7", etc.
Strongly Disagree Strongly Agree
1. I usually manage one way or another. 2 3 4 5 6 7

2. I feel proud that I have accomplished things in life. 2 3 4 5 6 7

3. I usually take things in stride. 2 3 4 5 6 7

4. I am friends with myself 2 3 4 5 6 7

5. I feel that I can handle many things at a time. 2 3 4 5 6 7

6. 1 am determined. 2 3 4 5 6 7

7. 1 can get through difficult times because I've 2 3 4 5 6 7

experienced difficulty before.
8. I have self-discipline. 2 3 4 5 6 7

9. I keep interested in things. 2 3 4 5 6 7

10. I can usually find something to laugh about. 2 3 4 5 6 7

11. My belief in myself gets me through hard times. 2 3 4 5 6 7

12. In an emergency, I'm someone people can generally 2 3 4 5 6 7

rely on.
13. My life has meaning. 2 3 4 5 6 7

14. When I'm in a difficult situation, I can usually find 2 3 4 5 6 7

my way out of it.
 PAST ORIENTATION POSITIVE CAPACITIES SCALES
5. Heartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS)
Each of the following items write the number (from the 7-point scale below)
that best describes how you typically respond to the type of negative situation
described. There are no rights or wrong answers. Please be as open as possible in your
answers.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Almost Always More Often More Often Almost Always
False of Me False of Me True of Me True of Me
1. Although I feel bad at first when I mess up, over time I can give myself some slack.
2.1 hold grudges against myself for negative things I've done.
3. Learning from bad things that I've done helps me get over them.
4. It is really hard for me to accept myself once I've messed up.
5. With time I am understanding of myself for mistakes I've made.
6.1 don't stop criticizing myself for negative things I've felt, thought, said, or done.
7.1 continue to punish a person who has done something that I think is wrong.
8. With time I am understanding of others for the mistakes they've made.
9.1 continue to be hard on others who have hurt me.
10. Although others have hurt me in the past, I have eventually been able to see them as
good people.
11. If others mistreat me, I continue to think badly of them.
12. When someone disappoints me, I can eventually move past it.
13. When things go wrong for reasons that can't be controlled, I get stuck in negative
thoughts about it.
14. With time I can be understanding of bad circumstances in my life.
15. If I am disappointed by uncontrollable circumstances in my life, I continue to think
negatively about them.
16.1 eventually make peace with bad situations in my life.
17. It's really hard for me to accept negative situations that aren't anybody's fault.
18. Eventually I let go of negative thoughts about bad circumstances that are beyond
anyone's control.
 6. The Gratitude Questionnaire-Six Item Form (GQ-6)
Using the scale below as a guide, write a number beside each statement to indicate
how much
you agree with it.
1 = strongly disagree; 2 = disagree; 3 = slightly disagree; 4 = neutral
5 = slightly agree; 6 = agree; 7 = strongly agree
1.1 have so much in life to be thankful for.
2. If I had to list everything that I felt grateful for, it would be a very long list.
3. When I look at the world, I don't see much to be grateful for.*
4.1 am grateful to a wide variety of people.
5. As I get older I find myself more able to appreciate the people, events, and
situations
that have been part of my life history.
6. Long amounts of time can go by before I feel grateful to something or
someone.*
7. The Satisfaction with Life Scale
Below are five statements with which you may agree or disagree. Using the 1-7 scale
below, indicate your agreement with each item by placing the appropriate number in
the line preceding that item. Please be open and honest in your responding.
1 = Strongly Disagree; 2 = Disagree; 3 = Slightly Disagree; 4 = Neither Agree
or Disagree; 5 = Slightly Agree; 6 = Agree; 7 = Strongly Agree
1. In most ways my life is close to my ideal.
2. The conditions of my life are excellent.
3.1 am satisfied with life.
4. So far I have gotten the important things I want in life.
5. If I could live my life over, I would change almost nothing.
 FUTURE ORIENTATION POSITIVE CAPACITIES SCALES
8. The Trait Hope Scale

Directions: Read each item carefully. Using the scale shown below, please select the
number that
best describes YOU and put that number in the blank provided.
1. = Definitely False; 2. = Mostly False; 3. = Somewhat False;
4. = Slightly False; 5. = Slightly True; 6. = Somewhat True;
7. = Mostly True; 8. = Definitely True
1.1 can think of many ways to get out of a jam.
2.1 energetically pursue my goals.
3.1 feel tired most of the time.
4. There are lots of ways around any problem.
5.1 am easily downed in an argument.
6.1 can think of many ways to get the things in life that are important to me.
7.1 worry about my health.
8. Even when others get discouraged, I know I can find a way to solve the
problem.
9. My past experiences have prepared me well for my future.
10. I've been pretty successful in life.
11.1 usually find myself worrying about something.

9. The revised life orientation test (LOT-R)

Using the scale below, write the appropriate number beside each statement.
0 = strongly disagree; 1 = disagree; 2 = neutral; 3 = agree ; 4 = strongly agree
1) In uncertain times, I usually expect the best. 0 . 1 2 3 4
2) It's easy for me to relax. 0 1 2 3 4
3) If something can go wrong for me it will. 0 1 2 3 4
4) I'm always optimistic about my fiiture. 0 1 2 3 4
5) I enjoy my friends a lot. 0 1 2 3 4
6) It's important for me to keep busy. 0 1 2 3 4
7) I hardly ever expect things to go my way. 0 1 2 3 4
8) I don't get upset too easily. 0 1 2 3 4
9) I rarely count on good things happening to me. 0 1 2 3 4
10) Overall, I expect more good things to happen to me than bad. 0 1 2 3 4
 10. General Self-Efficacy Questionnaire
Response Format
1 = Not at all true; 2 = Hardly true; 3 = moderately true; 4 = exactly true.
1. I can always manage to solve difficult problems if I try hard enough.
1 2 3 4
2. If someone opposes me, I can find the means and ways to get what I want.
1 2 3 4
3. It is easy for me to stick to my aims and accomplish my goals.
1 2 3 4
4. I am confident that I could deal efficiently with unexpected events.
1 2 3 4
5. Thanks to my resourcefulness, I know how to handle unforeseen situations.
1 2 3 4
6. I can solve most problems if I invest the necessary effort.
1 2 3 4
7. I can remain calm when facing difficulties because I can rely on my coping
abilifies. 1 2 3 4
8. When I am confronted with a problem, I can usually find several solutions.
1 2 3 4
9. If I am in trouble, I can usually think of a solution.
1 2 3 4
10.1 can usually handle whatever comes my way.
1 2 3 4
 AFPENDIX-e
HEALIHANDffi \ i j m MEASURES

05
\J ffliaiaiiL G3iii wa
0 -jitp i [^
^M1M
 ^'^^f ('/U-><)

Multidimensional Health Profile":

Psychosocial Functioning

Test Booklet
Linda S. Ruehlman, PhD
Richard I. lanyon, PhD
Paul Karoh', PhD

Directions:
The following questions have been carefully chosen to give tis much
helpful information as possihle to your health care pro\'ider. Please
read each item carefully and mark your answers directly on this
bookJet. Don't spend too long thinking about any one item. There
are no right or wrong answers; everybody is different and ever)'body
will give a different pattern of answers. -, -t

B I R Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc. 16204 N. Florida Avenue Luiz, FL 33549 -1.800.331.8378 www.parino.coni
Copyright 1992, 1996 1998 by Psychological Assessment Resources, inc. All rights reSEr-.'sd, May not be reproduced in whole or in pari
in any form or by any means wilhout written oennission of Psychological Assessment Ftesources, Inc. This form is printed in green and
burgundy ink on carbonless paper. Any other version is unauthorized.
9 876 5 Reorder RO-3996 pnnted in the U.S.A.
N;nm* ._t)al>- ID# _("ienclei\
Eihiiit'ilv. -Ayr . _MLiiiuil Suiais . _l'',diK"aiion ,

0 \ ' c r ihc past year, wliirli o( ihc following events have yon c x p e r i e n e i r l r C^ircle I ("No") if'\(ni have not
experienced an even I. Ciicle 2 ("Yes") il'v'ou have experienced uii e \ e t n . Foi e:K'ii evcni iliat you }iave
experienced, please iMC h<v j i n u i i stress oi strain this cxent l a u s c J voii using t h e s t a l e iieM (<> liiai ilein.

If Yes, How Strcssttil Was This?

Not Al All Very
No Yes Stressful Slressftil

1. Mo;e<i in a iliKeri-iil liDilst- tir jpaitiiicm. ' I f Yes 1 3 4 ;")

'i. Legal prnhkius. + I f Yes 1 2 :^ 4 f)
;!, Began a newJnl). - I f Yes 1 '2 3 4 5
4. A rhild in trouble at si liool, work oj- wiili ihe law. IfYes 1 2 $ 4 5
a. .Slaried or stoijjied j^oiilg lo srhnoi. > If Yes 1 2 :i 4 i")
G. An increase- in argnmeius \viih \our spouse or
other family member. I 2 > If Yes .5 4
7. .\ serijnis ilhie.ss oCa close friend or rlcj^c (-.iniiK'
mcMnher. II \'C'. 1 2 ;i 4 5
5. Financial problems. IfYes 1 2 s I:>
0 3
[}. The death of a close friend or t lose Iannis- nKMtiher. ir>'( 1 \ .')
10. A child moving away from home. IfYes 1 2 3 4 .5
11. A close friend had seritjtis irouijlc. ifVes I 2 3 4 5
12. Tile birth or adoption of a child. IfYes 1 ^ \ 4 .5
Ki. Fired or laid off from vonr job. irs.-s 1 2 ;l 4 5
14. A serions illness of your own. If Yes 1 *y 3 4 5
1.5. Tronble \\iili vom' boss ttr co-workers. IfYes 1 2 ?> 4 5
I(i. Moved to a new <-ity. IfYes 1 2 S 4 5
2 1 n
17. Bought a new home. IfYei, 1 "
No Stress A Great
AiAII Deal
1B. Overall, linw- mttch stress or strain have \<ni felt over the pitsi year? 4 .5

Please rare the extent to tdiich (;acii al the follot\'in!^ siaiements Does Not Describes
desciilK's von \\4ien \'oy are mtdt-r siiess: Describe Me Vety
Me At All Weil
11). I Liy lo accept ill)- feelings. -.^ 4 .".
20. I make specific: plans to soh'e my problems. ;.( 4 5
21. My main goal is to feel better, ;', 4 .")
22. f focus on controlling the sinration. 3 4 .5
T^. 1 trv to remain calm. n 4 5
24. 1 tr\' n> lind out iitoi-e al.>ont iht; sitnatimi. .5! 4 5

riu' roilf)\\'iiig 1'' i|Ucslioiis icifi u.i \(>in it Udifinsliiiw cj\Tr titr past year wh)) i UHI' rrii.')i(i>; *>r (, Uisc himil) who are adults.
A Great

2,">. (Ivrr IIK- ]>;is! yeiir, lunv nimli cnmiMinii! sujiptiii tiicl you rcceivr
fVoin tlost' Irifrids oi tiuiiihr 1 2 .1 4 5
2i'i. Htiw MHKh (.mcHJonn! suppciri will tw iiv'ailablc in the near furnre? 1 2 3 4 5

Not At All Vety

Satisfied Satisfied

27. Iknv snri.'SfK'cl wen-\tm wis.li whatever cinnrKural SU|J]KM-I UHI rt-crivrd"-' 1 2 -'" 4 5
 None A Great Deal
2S. OviT l))(- pasi year, how iiiiu h advice, iiifoniKilioii, or |Tiiifl;irU'.i:
cliti vou r<'t:<'h't' fi'oin c.Iosr friends or ("los<; fMinilyr 1 1? ;! 4 fi
1^9. How imtrh .idvice,, inlormiiiion, or j^iiuhiiicr will ht- aviiilalilc
in the iif.ir hmire.- I -2
Not At All Very
Satisfied Satisfied
Mt. iiow SiiLislierJ were' ynu wilii wliaLe\er :ulviie, inforination, or
giiitlance \ou icieivedV I y ;i 4 5
Not At All A Great Deal
:ii. ( h e r ihe |)asl year, iunv <ineM did elo.se Trirnds or rkwc Caniil)'
do ihinjs lf>r vou oi y;\\v \ou diings vou needt-d?' 1 y S o
Not At All vety
Likely Likely
32. How likely i.s it dim Ihcy will do Thiii),;.s for v<jii or give you
things in the neiu' liirurc? I 2 ;i 4 r,
NotAtAII Very
Satisfied Satlsfieti
S;!. How satisfied were vmi widi whatever thev did for vou OI liave vou? I 2 ?1 -l

\\ hen au.swering etuh ol du following ijtie.slions, [)k:;tst: think only ;ihon.t eio.s<- !iie'.i(L\ or ckise faniiK who aj*e adults.
Neva" Vety Often
.'i4. Over the psist year, hc/W often wo'ie yonr cdo.se tiiends or (k)se
family angry, liiwi lie, or ini|)anent with yon? 1 2 3 4 5
?>ii. Over die |>asi year, how often did yom" riose frif nris oi' close
faniily make fmi of von. go.ssiji about yon, or reject vou? 1 ^-' 'A 4 ,")
?>{'). Ovei die past yeai*. how <ifien did your clo.se Iriemfs C)r close
family act insen.siiivc or incijn.siderate or take vou for granted? 1 2 3 1 5
37. Over tlie p;Lst year, how often were voiir clo,se friends or <;losc
family demandiiijr, distracting, or in your wav? 1 '2 3 4 .'i

.\nswer the followino- qiiesii.-ins in irrnis of liow vou have been in the pa.st week or
Not At All Very
38. H<.iw tii-ed have y-ou felt? i 2 4
3it. ilovv ttepresse<l h a w )'ou felt? 3 4
KJ. How di.9.?iitisfied hiive yon fell with your life a.s a wiiole?
'ti. How easilv Jiave von felt ,sc;ired? 3 .(
42. Hotv energetic litive yon felt? 3 4
43. Hosv often do -s'on have a "knot" in yotn siomttch? 3 i
44. How often have yon fell shaky or jit ten'? 3 4
45. How often liavtM'ou had trouble with Ntitir inemotv?
4G. How [luicii li'd-s vour mood bet'ii generally hajipy, upbeat, or positi\'e? 3 4
47. How close to ideal litis vour life been?
48. How often have you "tearcd the worst"? 3 4
49. How satisReti have \ o n felt with yonr life a.s a whole? 3 1

.")(). How easil)' could vou put your fears out of yonr mind? 3 *T

51. flciw much have you thonghi alxnti youi- laihu'es?

,52. How mnrh have you tended to blame youiself when things go immg? 3 4
53. How iiarrl fias il been to ioens on the things dial vou do? 3 4
54. How much have you lo.st interest in tilings? 3 4
55. How much have yon tended to feel guilty when ihings go wrong? 3 1
56. How often liave you I'elt worried?
57. How often have yon felt lighllieaded or di/./.y? 4
58. How worn otii htne vou fell? 4
 "-^"^{uc^c)

mitRH
Multidimensional Health Profile:
Health Functioning
Test Booklet
L i n d a S. R u e h l m a n , P h D
R i c h a i d 1. L a n y o n , P h D
P a u l Karoly, P h D

Directions:
The following questions have been carefully chosen to give as much
hclplitil information as possible to your health care provider. Please ,
read eacli item carefully and mark your answers directly on this
booklet. Don't spend too long thinking about any one item. There
are no right or wrong answers; everybody is different and everybody
will give a different pattern of answers.

B 4 R Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc. 16204 N. Florida Avetuie tut/, Ft 3a549 1.800.331.8378 wivw.parinc.twn

Copyright 1992. 1996, 1998 by Psychological Asssssmen' Rescurces. Inc. All rights rsssrved tilay not l56 i-eproduced in whole or in pari
in any form or by any means without written permission of Psychological Aasessmsnt Resources, Inc. This form is printed in burgundy and
green ink on carLionless paper. Any ottiei' vei.sion is unauthorized.
9876543 Reorder #RO-3997 Printed in Ihe U.S.A.
 _(-enrler
Ktlmiciiv -Age Mai iuil .Sl;ml^ ..Education _

1. T h i n k ;ibout i h c litsi few l i m e s yoii w e r e sid< a n d d e s c r i b e voi,ir typical iniu-ss (circle oneS;
Mild Modrnuf .Serious Very S':'iio-.i^
1 -2 :-i A

T h i n k i n g abijui \"uur imswer tc- q u e s t i o n n u m b e r 1 iibovt*, liow liktrlv is if ilini you iv-ould li of t h e following in i c s p o i i s e
lo ytJiir typical illnesf. ( w h e r h e r it is niild, m o d e r a t e , serious, o r very serious)!^
Not Al Al! Very
1 ikeiv uvtefy
2. Avoid stress? 1 3 ! 5
!i. Stay in b e d ? 1 ;i 4
4. T a k e rime otTfroin work, s c h o o l , u s u a l activiiie:
;>
5. Take p r e s c r i p t i o n m e d i c i n e s ?
chores? 1 S ! 5
:^
' 4 .>

6. Call u p o n y o u r feith in Clod?

7. Sepk .sym{>arhy o r c o n d b r t from oiiicrs?
s3 4
a
' m
5
8. I x ' t f r i e n d s k n o w about, itr" 4 5
9. Follovs all m e d i c a l ;idvicer J .1 5
10. G o lo a d o c t o r o r h o s p i a d ? 3 1 ; ,.5.:
1 1 . U s e spiritual hcalin)^? ;1 4 5
12. Talk ro your minister, ralibi. priest, o r spiritual l e a d e r ?
i.'i. Seek i h c a d v i c e o f friends?
> 4 3:
5
I'^l. T a k e overche-counier, n n n - p r e s c r i p r i o n m e d i c i n e ? !

Over t h e p a s t year, how Mften liave you dont* e;K:h of t h e following?

Daily Often limci; Rarely Neve:

In. G o n e for ^ brisk wnik? 1 2 3 1 5
16. D o n e strenitons exercise? 1 2 S 4 -J
17. EaU:n breakfast? 1 '2 \ -1 5
18. Eaten lunch? 2 4 5
19. S n a c k e d b e i w e e i i meals? 2
'^>
1 4 5
20. Eaten cancly o r sweeis? 1 2 3 4 5
21. D r u n k coffee, tea, o r s o d a - p o p with caffeine? 9
22. D r a n k decaffeiirated coffee, lea, o r s o d a - p o p ?
1
[)
^^
?,
i 5
1 4 5
23. Drunk beer? I 2 3 i 5
24. D r u n k wine? 1 2 3 4 5
25. D r u n k h a n i iitjuor? i 2 'J
i
26. U s e d stjeet. <:hug,sr 1 2 i 4 ft
27. S m o k e d cigarettes, cif^ars. o r n p i p e r 1 2 3 4 5
28- Put e x t r a salt o n y o u r food? 1 2 3 4 5
29. Kepi, track of your food intake o r caloric:.s? 1 9 3
M(1. T r i e d to eat les.s? 1 y 3 4 5
SI. W a t c h e d your cholesierol? 2
32. T a k e n v i t a m i n pilLs?
1 3 4 s
1 2 3 4 5
33. U s e d d e n i a l flo-ss? 1 0 3 4 5
3'1. Slepi, at lea.st seven h o u r s a uiglit? I 0 3 4 5
35. R e a d m a t e r i a l concernin^^ h e a l t h care? 1 2 3 4 S
36. T a l k e d t o friends a b o u t your h c a h h ? 1 0 3 4 5
37. W o r n your seatbeU? 1 2 3 4 5
38. Driven fa.^ier ihari t h e po.sied .speed limit? I 2 3 4 5

39. C o m p a r e d to o t h e r p e o p l e your age, liow g o o d h a s

y o u r healtt^ b e e n over your a d u l t life?
4 0 . O w n p a r e d to o i h e r [jeople your age, h<jw !.(i.>od h a s
y o u r healili b e e n over d i e p a s t six. m o n t h s ? i 5

r
41. Do you liiive a chronic iilncss (an illness histini; longer than six nioutlis)? (circle yes or no)
1 No go to question 43
2 Yes I go to question 42
NolAl A Great
All Deal
42. If you have a chronic illness, how much clots this
chronic illness initrfcre with or limit \ o u r life?
(If you do not have ;i chronic illness, do not answci
litis quc-.(inn1

Over the past year. ho' many times ha\<: you done eacli of the folkwing? (Circle ilie letter of the appropriate response.)
43, Been cxaniined bv a doctor in his or her office (except for pregnancy).
A. 0 B. j ' C. 2 D. 3-5 E. 6 or more
'M. Received treatment which required an overniglil slay at a hospiliil (not due to piegnancy or childbirth).
We arc ititeitsted in tlie number of separate admissions to tlie ho.spital, not the number of nights stayed.
A. 0 B. I C. 2 D, ;i-5 E. 6 or tiiorc
45. Receh'Cd treatment at an enier.E;ency room, clinic, or hospital (not including oveiiiiglit visits).
A, 0 P.. 1 C. 2' D.: E, fiortnore

How tmtcli do 'I'liu aijiee with each of the l()l!owine; statetntnt-si'

Don't Agree Stfongly
At All
46. 1 am the son of person who gets sick a lot. 1
47. Out country's health care system has ;i great many faults. 1
48. Good health is the mo.st imporl;ant element of a happv life. 1
49. I Icnow enou}(li to protect. my.sdf against fature illness or
injury. 1
50. [ am I'cry good ar. liiliing care of my own liealth. 1
51. In g e n a a i , 1 o-usi doctors. 1
52. 1 pay civrcful aitention to my health. 1
53. It tnakes me angry to see what is happening in organized
medicine today. 1
5'!. I set .specific g-oals for my health and fitness. 1
55. Good health is essential for being happy" and productive. 1
56. I can trust hospitals and nurses to faithfully look after my
heaitlt needs. 1
57. Some things are more imporraiu than good heaitli. 1
58. C-oini)ared to people my age, my chantcs of living a long,
healthy life arc ahov{> average. 1 9 '1 .1 0

59. I am very aware of .sen.sai ioas inside my body, 1 2 3 1 5

60. 1 pay clo.sc attention lo tlie workings ofmv bodv. 1 2 ,s 1 5
6 1 . 1 am more likely to contract a serious i!lnF.s.s than most
people my age. I 2 3 4 5
62. I am able to take care of my liealth. 1 2 (1
4 5
63. I worry about my health, dc.S]5ile doctors reassuring mc
that I'm healifiy. 1 9 .'! 4 5
64. 1 tjave the skills rtnd knowledge needed lo take good cai e
of my healtli. 1 2 ^ 4 5
65. 1 do what doctors siiy even if I cion'i fully undet stand the
rea.son for it. 1 2 S 4 5
(>6. Good healt.h is important lor achieving lile g<rals. 1 9 ?, '1 5
67. I have faith in the jiidgraent of doctors. 1 2 ?, 4 5
68. Our coimiry's health care system is the best m tht: world. 1 2 3 4 5
69. When it comes to my liealth, I try to anticipate
future problems. 1
 13. Well-Being Manifestation Measure Scale (WBMMS)
Please answer each of the following questions according to the scale provided. During the last
month,
Response format is:
1 2 3 4 5
Never rarely sometimes frequently almost always
1. I had self-confidence. 1 2 3 4 5
2. I felt that others loved me and appreciated me. 1 2 3 4 5
3.1 felt satisfied with what 1 was able to accomplish, 1 felt proud of myself. 1 2 3 4 5
4.1 felt useful. 1 2 3 4 5
5.1 felt emotionally balanced. 1 2 3 4 5
6. I was true to myself, being natural at all times. 1 2 3 4 5
7. 1 lived at a normal pace, not doing anything excessively. 1 2 3 4 5
8. My life was well-balanced between my family, personal and school activities. 1 2 3 4 5
9. I had goals and ambitions. 1 2 3 4 5
10. I was curious and interested in all sorts of things. 1 2 3 4 5
11. I had lots of "get up and go"; 1 took on a lot of projects. 1 2 3 4 5
12. 1 felt like having fun, doing sports and participating in all my favourite activities and past-times.
12 3 4 5
13. 1 smiled easily. 1 2 3 4 5
14. 1 had a good sense of humour, easily making my friends laugh. 1 2 3 4 5
15. I was able to concentrate and listen to my friends. 1 2 3 4 5
16. 1 got along well with everyone around me. 1 2 3 4 5
17. I was able to face difficult situations in a positive way. 1 2 3 4 5
18. I was able to clearly sort things out when faced with complicated situations. 1 2 3 4 5
19.1 was able to find answers to my problems without trouble. 1 2 3 4 5
20. I was quite calm. 1 2 3 4 5
21.1 had the impression of really enjoying and living life to the fullest. 1 2 3 4 5
22.1 felt good, at peace with myself. 1 2 3 4 5
23.1 found life exciting and I wanted to enjoy every moment of it. 1 2 3 4 5
24. My morale was good. 1 2 3 4 5
25. I felt healthy and in good shape. 1 2 3 4 5
 APPINDIX-C
DATA
BIO
 BIO-DATA

Name of the candidate (CAPITAL): MAMTA

Father/husband name: SH. JAGDEV SINGH
Mother name: SMT. SUM1TR.A DEVI
Date of birth: 20-07-1985 Sex: FEMALE
Married /Unmarried: UNMARRIED
E-mail address: dahiya.85.mamta@gmail.com
Educational qualification: (Starting from SSC/matriculation onwards)
Name of the Name of the Year of Division
Exam. Board/University Passing
J St
10"^ HBSE, BHIWANI 2000
^st
12'*^ HBSE, BHIWANI 2002
jSt
B.A. M. D. University, ROHTAK 2005
B.Ed. GGSIPU, DELHI 2007 1 ^' with Distinction
M.Sc. GJUS&T, HISAR 2009 1^'
M. Phil M. D. University, ROHTAK 2010 1^'with Distinction
Ph.d Registration Date: 21-10-2011, M. D. University, ROHTAK

Awards: Prof. Mrs. Anima Sen- lAAP Memorial Award (2013)

Papers Published: 5
Mamta & Sharma, N. R. (2013). Resilience and Self-efficacy as Correlates of Well-
being among the Elderly Persons. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied
Psychology, 39 (2), 281-288.
Mamta & Sharma, N. R. (2013). Study of Anger Expression across Different
Study/ Working Group. Darpan International Research Analysis, 1(1), 1-8.
Mamta & Sharma, N. R. (2013). Across Gender Comparison in Anger Expression.
Darpan International Research Analysis, 1(2), 47-53.
Mamta, Sharma, N. R., & Yadava, A. (2013). Positive Capacities as Indicators of
Mental Health. In D. Hooda & N. R. Sharma (Eds., 2013). Mental Health:
Risks and Resources (21-43).GXohaX Vision Publishing House: New Delhi.
Mamta, Renu & Sharma, S. (2013). Emotions and Sucidiation: An Examination. In
A. Yadava & N. R. Sharma (Eds., 2013). Suicide: Attitude and Prevention,
(9/-//7).Global Vision Publishing House: New Delhi.
Participation / Paper presentation in Conference / Seminars / Woriisliops: 14
> Participated in the work shop on ''Self Manasement: Psycholosical Capital in
Relation to Emotional wellbeins" in September 2007.
> Participated in the National Conference on ''Health Psycholosy: Parallel Themes
& Potential Synersies'' as Delegate in February 2008.
> Participated in the Poster Competition organized during "State Level Exhibition
on World AIDS Day' in December 2009.
> Attend National Seminar on "Positive Psychology & Health Interventions &
Strategies" in March 2010.
> Poster presented in International Conference on "Gender and the Chansins
World of Work & Health' in March 2010.
> Paper presented on topic "Positive Capacities as Indicators of Health" in Indian
Psychological Science Congress on "Health Psychology and Rehabilitation: The
Crisis among Youth and Aged" in October 2011.
> Participated in the work shop on "Research and Extension Avenues in Women
Studies" in February 2012.
> Paper presented on "Expression of Anger Across Gender" in National Seminar
on "Women Society and State" in February 2012.
> Participated in the work shop on "Enhancins Success and Flourishing In
Women" \n20\2.
> Attended the 2"'^ Indian Psychological Science Congress (IPSC) On
'Psychological Well-being: Building Bridges for Tomorrow' organized by Deptt.
of Psychology, P.O. Govt. College, Sector- 46, Chandigarh on 05-06 October
2012 and Presented a paper in this conference entitled as "Meaning in Life as
Correlate ofHeahh and Well-being".
> Attended workshop on 'Promoting Community Health and Well-being: Sharing
Field Research and Experiences' organized by Deptt. of Psychology, M.D.
University Rohtak on 15"' & 16'*' September 2012.
> Attended a one day workshop on 'Enhancing Success and Flourishing in Women'
organized by Women's Studies Centre, M.D. University Rohtak on 27"" March
2012.
> Attend the National seminar on 'Aging Workforce is a resource. We can no longer
afford to waste', organized by Deptt. of Psychology, Applied Psychology Unit,
University of Delhi, South Campus on 01-02 march 2013 and presented a paper in
this seminar on "Resilience and Self-cfficacy as Correlates of Well-being
among Senior Citizens".
> Attend one day workshop on: "Health and Legal Awareness" organized by
Women's Studies Centre, M.D. University, Rohtak onl6-03-2013.
> Participate in "Health Awareness and Gender Sensitization Camp" at Lakhan
Majra, organized by Women's Studies Centre, M.D. University, Rohtak on 29-03-
2013 to 30-03-2013.
> Attend the National conference on 'Stress Management Professional', on 08-09
Novemeber 2013 and presented a paper in this seminar on "Life Stress and Well-
being among Adult Persons".

I hereby declare that the information furnished above is true.

Date... 3}.'. I^.:.!.P. Signature of the candidate

Place fioMtSk
 APPENDIX-D

PUBLISHED PAR
 281

Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology

July 2013, Vol.39, No.2, 281-288.

Resilience and Self-efficacy as Correlates of Well-being among the

Elderly Persons
Mamta and Nov Rattan Sharma
M. D. University, Rohtak
Well-being is a dynamic concept that includes subjective, social, and psychological
dimensions as well as health-related behaviors. Resilience and self-efficacy are
important factors that contribute to well-being. This study explores the relationship
between resilience, self-efficacy, and well-being among 150 elderly persons between
the age range of 60 to 70 years. The participants were assessed v/lth a Resilience
Scale, General Self-efficacy Scale, and Well-being Manifestation Measure Scale.
The obtained data were analyzed using correlation and multiple regressions. There
were significant positive correlations amongst resilience, self-efficacy, and well-
being measures of the senior citizens. The findings further revealed that resilience
and self-efficacy significantly contribute to all measures of v/eli-belng.
Keyvkfords: Resilience, Self-efRcacy, Well-being
Well-being can be defined in terms of an Resilience is the capacity of a system to
individual's physical, mental, social, and absorb disturbance, undergo change, and
environmental status, with each aspect interacting stillretain essentially the same function, structure,
with the other and each having differing levels of identity and feedbacl< (The Resilience Alliance,
importance and impact according to each 2011). Resilience is the happy knack of being
individual (Kiefer, 2008). Well-being has been able to bungy jump through the pitfalls of life
related to numerous potential antecedents, such (Fuller, 1998). Resilience is a broad concept
as personality traits, emotions, physical health, covering many domains concepts related to
social class, wealth, and social support (Ryan & positive patterns of adaptation in the context of
Deci,2001). adversity (IVIasten & Obradovic, 2006).
One of the most widely used models of well- Resilient older adults are able to adjust to
being was presented by Ryff (1989) and Ryff and life adversities with little disruption to their lives.
Keyes (1995) in the context of developing a Resilience is considered as a personality
lifespan theory of human flourishing, describing characteristic that moderates the negative effects
well-being not simply as the attaining of pleasure, of stress and promotes adaptation (Wagniid &
but as 'the striving for perfection that represents Young, 1993). Resilience may be understood as
the realization of one's true potential' (Ryff, 1995). the ability to avert the impact of chronic strains,
This model is a multidimensional approach to the like chronic conditions, on the physical
measurement of psychological well-being that functioning, psychological functioning, and well-
taps six distinct aspects or facets i.e. autonomy, being (Talsma, 1995). It has been observed that
personal growth, self-acceptance, purpose in life, resilience and self-efficacy are well connected
environmental mastery, and positive relations w^th concepts.
others. There may be a large number of factors
Self-efficacy refers to a person's belief in his/
which significantly correlate with the well-being
her ability to organize and execute a required
status of the individual. These factors may be
course of action to achieve a desired result
grouped into psychological and demographical
categories. Resilience and self-efficacy which fall (Bandura, 1997). Self-efficacy determines an
in psychological category have been found to individual's resiliency to adversity and his/her
correlate with well-being at significant levels. vulnerability to stress and depression (Bandura,
Caprara, Barbaranelli, Gerbino& Pastorelli. 2003).

Genera! self-efficacy aims at a broad and stable
sense of personal competence to deal effectively
with a variety of stressful situations (Adeyemo &
Adeleye, 2008; Schwarzer, 1994).
The past few decades have witnessed a
progress of research in this field. There are very
few studies which indicated the relationship
between resilience and self-efficacy. Traits such
as self-mastery, self-efficacy, positive outlook, and
sense of humor have been isolated as contributing
to resilience in the general population (Richardson,
2002). Self-efficacy has been identified as
important for a resilient person (Flyn, Ghazai,
Legault, Vandemieulen & Petrick, 2004). Speight
(2009) observed that resilience was significantly
and positively correlated with self-efficacy,
whereas A Jalili (2010) reported that self-efficacy
was the positive significant predictor of resilience,
although, athletes and non-athletes had different
patterns to predict psychological resilience.
Some previous studies indicated the
relationship between resilience and well-being,
Resilience is associated Viith enhancing wellbeing
through having adaptive capacities that permit
some level of control over future direction to be
exerted rather than being solely left at the mercy
of unmanageable external fOTces (Deveson, 2003).
Resilience was positively related to v/ell-being
(Srivastava & Sinha, 2005). Low levels of resilience
emerged as a key psychosocial factor associated
with emotional well-being difficulties while high
levels of resilience were associated with a reduced
risk. High level of stress was related to an
increased risk of experiencing emotional well-
being difficulties (Sun, Buys, Tatov/ & Johnson,
2012). Resilience is found to be a significant
contributor to the subjective v/el!-being of
employees (Chauhan, 2013).
Several studies indicated that a high level of resilience and self-efficacy as correlates of well-
self-efficacy has many benefits for well-being being of elderly persons.
among adults (Magaletta & Oliver, 1999). Objectives:
Schwarzer (1993) conducted a study where it was
obsen/ed that generalized self-efficacy was a better
predictor for general psychological well-being in
comparison to anxiety and depression. Pajares
2.To adjudge the contribution of resilience
(2002) reported that self-efficacy beliefs provide
the foundation for human motivation, well-being,
and personal accomplishment because unless
282
people believe that their actions can produce the
outcomes they desire, they have little incentive
to act or to persevere in the face of difficulties.
Sahu and Rath (2003) revealed a strong
association between self-efficacy and well-being.
Beas and Salanova (2006) observed that there is
a negative and significant relationship between
self-efficacy and psychological well-being. Positive
self-efficacy affects the well being in a meaning
full way (Singh & Mansi, 2009). Rottmann, Dalton,
Christensen, Frederiksen and Johansen (2010)
concluded that self-efficacy was a predictor of
emotional well-being in women with breast cancer
one year after/zards of illness, but was not related
to physical and social well-being. Upadhyay and
Singh (2011) examined that there is a significant
difference in self-efficacy and well-being of high
and lovi/ educated housewives and regression
analysis reveals that, self-efficacy is a strong
predictor of well-being, after controlling the effect
of education. Pezent (2011) observed that
resilience and self-efficacy may play significant
role in maintaining the well-being of older adults
(65 to 95 years). Chauhan (2013) observed that
efficacy significantly contributes to overall
wellness, subjective well-being, and gainful
employment.
On the basis of previous studies, it can be
inferred that there is a strong relationship among
resilience, self-efficacy, and well-being. In the
Indian context, there is a lack of representative
work on the relationship among resilience, self-
efficacy, and wellbeing among elderly persons.
All this background is sufficient in itself to fill in
the gaps in knowledge by conducting a research
study on the relationship between resilience, self-
efficacy and well-being.
The present investigation aims to study
1 To assess relationship amongst resilience,
self-efficacy and well-being of elderly
persons.
and self-efficacy in well-being of elderly
persons.
 283

Hypotheses: Cronbach's alphas ranged from .76 to .90, with

1. Resilience and self-efficacy would the majority in the high .80. Criterion-related
significantly correlate to welt-being of validity is documented in numerous correlation
elderly persons. studies where positive coefficients were found with
favorable emotions, dispositional optimism, and
2. Resilience and self-efficacy would work satisfaction. Negative coefficients were found
significantly contribute to the well-being with depression, anxiety, stress, burnout, and
of elderly persons. health complaints.
Method Procedure:
Sample: Participants were contacted individually at
A sample of 150 elderly persons was selected their place of living. Respondents were clearly
on the basis of non random purposive method informed about the purpose of the study. After
from the retired population of mixed profession establishing the rapport with the participant(s),
from different places. The mean age of the he/she was asked to understand the general
participants was 65.60 years with a standard instructions, however, the instructions for specific
deviation of 3.56. tests were provided separately. When the
Insttvments: subject(s) were comfortable with instructions and
ready for testing, a mixed and random order
Weil-Being Manifestation Measure Scale questionnaires/ tests etc. were given. She/he was
(WBMMS): It v/as developed by Masse, Poulin, asked to answer each and every item of all the
Dassa, Lambert, Belair, and Battaglini (1998b) administered questionnaires and was ensured
was used. It consists of 25 items with six factors. that the responses given by him/her would be kept
The six factors or subscales of the WBMMS are: confidential. Before collection of the data informed
control of self and events (4 items), happiness {5 consent from each subject was also taken.
items), social involvement (4 items), self esteem
(4 items), mental balance (4 items), and Results and Discussion
sociability (4 items). Masse, Poulin, Dassa, From Table 1, mean scores of resilience, self-
Lambert, Belair, and Battaglini (1998a) found an efficacy, psychological well-being and its six
overall Crobach's alpha of 0.93 for the dimensions falls within the average categories
questionnaire, and a range of 0.71 to 0.85 on the which indicate normal distribution in the sample.
subscales. Table 1. Mean and SD of resilience, self-efficacy
Resilience Scale: It v/as developed by and well-being scores of elderly persons {N=150
Wagnild and Young (1993). The original Resilience Variables Mean SD
scale has 26 items but in this study authors used Resilience 71.45 12.99
the shorter version of that scale with 14 items. Self-efficacy 29.19 5.43
The shorter versions are derived from a factor Well-being (Overall) 92.17 17.02
analysis reported in Neil and Dias (2001). The Control of self and events 14.87 3.02
Happiness 19.05 3.82
Resilience scale-14 has only been used since
Social involvement 14.74 3.11
2008. It is strongly correlated with the longer
Self esteem 14.41 3.32
Resilience scale (r=".97)" and the internal
Mental balance 14.61 3.23
consistency reliability for the Resilience scale -
Sociability 14.49 3.00
14 is .93 (alpha coefficient).
Correlations were computed to study the
Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE): It v/as developed relationship amongst resilience, self efficacy,
by Schwarzer and Jerusalem (1995). This is a well-being and six dimensions of well-being. Co-
self administering 4 point rating scale containing efficient of correlation has been shown in Table-
10 items. All the 10 items yield the final 2. The results revealed that resilience is
composite score with a range from 10 to 40. It significantly and positively correlated with self-
requires 4 minutes on average for administration. efficacy (r=.433, p<.01). People who exhibit
 284

positive behavioral adaptation believe in one's effectively with a variety of stressful situations and
ability to mobilize cognitive resources. The they feel good with doing well.
findings are similar with the study done by The first hypothesis which states that
Caltabiano and Caltabiano (2006) who reported "Resilience and self-efficacy would significantly
that resilience was significantly and positively correlate to well-being among elderly persons" is
correlated with self-efficacy in old age {65 to hereby supported by the findings and in this way,
93years). Resilience is significantly and positively the first objective of the study is achieved. These
correlated with well-being (r= .264, p<.01} and all findings are consistent with the findings of the
dimensions of well-being i.e. Control of self and earlier study by Mil<ulincer and Florian (1998) who
events (r= .189, p<.05). Happiness (r=.218, reported that resilience has been positively
p<.01), social involvement (r=.195, p<.05), Self connected to well-being. Steverinl<, Lindenberg,
esteem (r=.306, p<.01), Mental balance (r=.252, and Slaets (2005) stated that a person's high
p<.01) and Sociability (r=.217, p<.01) score on self-efficacy beliefs is more likely that
respectively person will, indeed, undertakes the activities and
This implies that people high on resilience efforts needed to maintain or improve weil-being
have the ability to cope with stressful situation, among older people.Cramm, Hartgerink, de
disappointments, and catastrophe, and have good Vreede, Bakker, Steyerberg, Mackenbach,
psychological well-being. Resilience has positive and Nieboer (2012) reported that being self-
association with feeling of well-being. People who efficacious was associated vAXh weil-being among
exhibit positive behavioral adaptation are able to older adults (>65 years of age). Nygren, Alex,
control of self and events have social involvement Jonsen, Gustafson, Norberg, and Lundman (2011)
and sociability. People who are able to cope with observed correlations between resilience and well-
disappointments and stress have good mental being in a sample of older adults. Thus, it can be
balance, self esteem and happiness. Such people inferred from above results that people who have
have good social network and happy as well in high score on resilience and self-efficacy has good
his/her life. psychological well-being. They feel happy, full of
life vital energy, and have good mental balance
Self efficacy is also significant and positively
than who have low scores on resilience and self
associated with well-being (r= .323, p<.01) and
efficacy.
all dimensions of weltbeing i.e. Control of self and
events (r= .206, p<.05), Happiness {r=.290, Multiple Regression Analysis
p<.01), social involvement (r=.294, p<.01). Self The stepwise regression has an advantage
esteem (r=.368, p<.01), Mental balance {r=.279, over standaixl regression in the sense that it takes
p<.01) and Sociability (r=.244, p<.01) only the significant contributor in the equation
respectively. This indicates that self-efficacy has regression. The stepwise regression was
positive and significant associations with well- employed to find resilience and self-efficacy that
being and its dimensions. Senior citizens v/ho account maximum proportion of variance in v/eli-
believe in one's ability to mobilize cognitive being and well-being dimensions and to eliminate
resources have good social involvement, mental those that do not make additional contribution to
balance, and ability to control of self and events. the variables already in the equation. The predictor
People who score high on self-efficacy have a variables include resilience and self-elficacy. The
stable sense of persona! competence to deal
Table 2. Coefficient of correlations between resilience, self-efTlcacy and well-being of the elderly persons.
Self Well-being Control of Happiness Social Self Mental Sodability
efficacy (Overall) self & events Involvement esteem balance

Resilience .433** .264" .189" .218" .195' .306" .252" .217"

Self efficacy .323** .206' .290" .294" .368" .279" .244"
p< 0.01 (2-tailed). * p< 0.05 {2-tailed).
 285

criterion variable i.e. well-being, involves six
dimensions of well-being i.e. control of self and
events, happiness, social involvement, self-
esteem, mental balance, and sociability. Multiple
regressions were applied on each criterion
variable and following was observed for well-being.
Self-efficacy contributed to the significant
prediction of total well-being. Table 3 shows that
multiple R is ,32 and R^ equals .10 (F = 17.25, p
< .01). This implies that 10% of variance in total
well-being is accounted for by self-efficacy. The
regression coefficient 'a' (unstandardized
coefficients) of self efficacy is. 15 v^ich indicates
a positive direction relationship. The coefficient
correlation matrix (Table-2) also points out that
self-efficacy has positive relation with total well-
being. This suggests that high score on self-
efficacy predicts high well-being. Stepwise
multiple regression was then applied to each
dimension of well-being.
Control of self and events: Self-efficacy
contributed to the significant prediction of control
of self and events. Table 3 shows that multiple R
is .21 and R= equals .04 (F = 6.55, p < .05). This
implies that 4% of variance in control of self and
events is accounted for by self-efficacy. The
regression coefficient 'a' (unstandardized
coefficients) of self efficacy is. 12. The coefficient
correlation matrix (Table-2) also points out that
self-efficacy has positive relation with v/ell-being.
This suggests that high score on self-efficacy
predicts greater well-being. People, who are able
to complete tasks, reach the goals and self-
efficated has control of self and events are
Happiness: The results of the regression analysis
analysis of happiness reveal that only one predictor resilience and self-efficacy predictor meet the
variable meetthe criteria i.e. self-efficacy. Table criteria to make entry in the equation (Table-3).
3 shows that multiple R is .29 and R^ equals .08 Self-efficacy contributed to the prediction of self-
Table 3: Predictors of well-being and its dimensions as shown by stepwise multiple regression.
Criterion Predictor Multiple R
Well-being (overall) Self-efficacy .32
Control of self and events Self-efficacy .21
Happiness Self-efficacy .29
Social involvement Self-efficacy .29
Self esteem Self-efficacy .37
Resilience .40 .16
Mental balance Self-efficacy .28
Sociability Self-efficacy .24
(F = 13.63, p < .01). This implies that 8% of
variance in Happiness is accounted for by Self-
efficacy The regression coefficient 'a' of Self-
efficacy is .20. Thus, the predictor has positive
direction of relation with happiness. Similar
directionsof relationships were also observed in
the coefficient of correlation matrix (Table 2). These
findings suggests that high score on self-efficacy
predicts greater happiness. Senior citizens who
may believing in owns ability to mobilize cognitive
resources to obtained specific goals or outcomes
have feeling of contentment, love, satisfaction,
pleasure, happiness and joy. Thus, retired persons
with high reflected self-efficacy are happier.
Social Involvement: Regression Analysis
on social involvement scores indicates that out
of resilience and self-efficacy, only the self-
efficacy predictor variable met the criteria, as
shown in the Table 3. The significant predictor
came out to be self-efficacy with multiple R equal
to .29 and R^ equal to .09 (F = 13.99, p <.01).
This indicates that Self-efficacy accounts for 9%
of variance in Social Involvement. The regression
coefficient 'a' of self-efficacy is .17. The direction
of influence for Self-efficacy is positive. This
implies that high self-efficacy predicts enhanced
social involvement. It means that self-efficacy
predicts greater social involvement. Senior citizens
who show a strong sense of efficacy enhancing
human accomplishments and personal well-being
in many ways have higher social involvement and
interactions. Thus, senior citizens with high self-
efficacy beliefe expressed high social involvement.
Self-esteem: The results of regression
on self-esteem scores point out that
R= a F P<
.10 .15 17.25 .01
.04 .12 6.55 .05
.08 .20 13.63 .01
.09 .17 13.99 .01
.14 .23 23.22 .01
.05 14.22 .01
.08 .17 12.45 .01
.06 .14 9.37 .01
 286

esteem. The Multiple R for this predictor is .37 which means that self-efficacy accounted for 6%
and R^ is .14 (F = 23.22, p <.01), which means of variance in the criterion variable i.e. sociability.
that self-efficacy accounted for 14% of variance The regression coefficients 'it of self-efficacy is
in the criterion variable i.e. self-esteem. The .14. Thus, the predictor has a positive direction
regression coefficients 'a' of Self-efficacy is .23. of relation with sociability. Senior citizens who
Thus, the predictor has positive direction of have a stable sense of personal competence to
relation vi/ith self-esteem. It further means that deal effectively with a variety of stressful situations
senior citizens vv'ith high assurance in their have high sociability. The stepwise multiple R
capabilities and even may approach difficult tasks analysis helped the investigator to identify
as challenges to be mastered rather than as significant predictors of well-being. The analysis
threats to be avoided have high self-esteem. revealed that self-efficacy significantly predict the
Resilience also contributed to the prediction well-being specially control of self, happiness,
of self-esteem at serial number 2. The Multiple R social involvement, self esteem, mental balance
for this predictor is .40 and R^ is .16 (F = 14.22, p and sociability whereas resilience significantly
<.01), which means that self-efficacy and predict self- esteem dimension of v/ell-being.
resilience accounted for 14+2= 16% of variance The entire discussion presented above on the
in the criterion variable i.e. self-esteem. It further basis of ali the two (correlational analysis,
means that resilience accounted only 2% of stepwise multiple regression analysis) methods
variance in self esteem. The regression can be testified that resilience and self-efficacy
coefficients 'a' of resilience is .05. Thus, the are related significantly to well-being and different
predictor has positive direction of relation v,ith self- dimensions of well-being. The stepwise multiple
esteem. Senior citizens with high score on self- regression analysis revealed that resilience and
efficacy and resilience are likely to show high self- self-efficacy significantly predict well-being
esteem. dimensions. Therefore, the second hypothesis of
Mental Balance: The results of regression the study, "resilience and self-efficacy would
analysis on mental balance scores point out that predict the different dimensions of well-being
self-efficacy predictor meet the criteria to draw significantly among elderly persons" is proved and
entry in the equation (Table-3). Self-efficacy retained. It has been noticed that resilience and
contributed to the prediction of mental balance. self-efficacy do have potential to affect well-being
The Multiple R for this predictor is .28 and R^ is of an individual significantly. Present results are
.08 (F = 12.45, p <.01), which means that self- in line of some studies such as Christopher (2000)
efficacy accounted for 8% of variance in the who found that a higher degree of resilience and
criterion variable i.e. mental balance. The greater life satisfaction were the strongest
regression coefficients 'a' of self-efficacy is .17. predictors of psychological well-being. Salami
Thus, the predictor has positive direction of (2010) observed that self-efficacy predicted
relation with mental balance. Senior citizens who psychological well-being among retired persons
are able to set themselves challenging goals and (aged 52-75 years). Resilient coping is able to
maintain strong commitment to them have good predict a significant and large part of the variance
mental balance. Self-efficacy has also been found in well-being, without the need of including coping
to affect mental well-being and functioning through strategies among elderly people, 60 to 95 years
the individuals' belief in his or her ability to old (Tomas, Sancho, Melendez & Mayordomo,
overcome specific challenges (Bandura, 1997). 2012). In this way objective of the study are fully
achieved.
Sociability: The results of regression
analysis on sociability scores point out that self- Thus, this study has provided an insight in
efficacy predictor meet the criteria to entre in the the understanding of resilience, seif-efficacy, and
equation (Table-3). Self-efficacy contributed to the well-being of elderly persons. It has been
prediction of sociability. The Multiple R for this successfully demonstrated that resiliency and
predictor is .24 and R^ is .06 (F = 9.37, p <.01), self-efficacy enhances the psychological well-
 287

being. Various counseling implications can be Ageing, 9(4), 353-360.

derived for assisting senior citizens to develop Deveson, A. (2003), Resilience. Sydney: Allen &
and strengthen well-being. However, there are Unwin.
certain limitations of the study which may restrict Flyn, R.J., Ghazal, H., Legault, L., Vandermeulen, G.,
the generalization of the findings. One limitation & Petrick, S., (2004). Use of population
is concerned with gender differences as the measures and norms to identify resilient
investigators have not considered gender in outcomes in young people in care; an exploratory
context of resilience, self-efficacy and well-being. study. Child and Family Social Wor/c, 9, 65 - 79.
Another limitation of the study is related with the Fuller, A. (1998). From sun/iving to thriving: Promoting
scales used in this study as the same have not mental health In young people. Camberwell:
been standardized in India. The Australian Council for Educational
Research Ltd.
References Kiefer, R.N. (2008). An integrative review of the
A Jallll, M. H. (2010). Explaining Psychological concept of well-being. Holistic Nurse Practice,
Resilience Based on Self-Efficacy in Athlete and 22, 244-252.
Non-Athiele University Students. Journal of Motor Magaletta, P. R., & Oliver, J. IVl. (1999). The hope
Learr)ing and Movement, 2(6). construct, will, and ways: their relations v/ith self-
Adeyemo, D.A., & Adeleye, A.T. (2008). Emotional efficacy, optimism, and general well-being.
intelligence, religiosity and self-efficacy as Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55, 539-551. http:/
predictors of psychological well-being among /dx.dol.org/10.1002/1097-4579 (199905)
secondary school adolescents In Ogbomoso, assessed on 28 February 2013,
Nigeria. Europe's Journal of Psychology, 4(1). Masse, R., Poulin, C , Dasa, C . Lambert, J., Belair.
Bandura, A. (1937). Self-efficacy: The exercise of S., & Battaglini, A. (1998a). Elaboration et
control. New York: Freeman. validation d'un outil de mesure du bien-etre
Bandura, A., Capprara, G.V., Barbaranelli, C , psychologique: L'emmbep. Canadian Journal
Gerbino, M., & Pasorelli. C, (2003). Role of of Public Health, 89, 352-357.
affective seif-regulatory efficacy in diverse Masse, R., Pouiln, C, Dassa, C , Lambert, J., Belair.
spheres of psychological functioning. Child S., & Battaglini, A. (1998b). The structure of
Development, 74, 769-782. mental health higher-order confirmatory factor
analyses of psychological distress and
Beas, M.I., & Salanova. M, (2006). Self-efficacy
wellbeing measures. Social Indicators
beliefs, computer training and psychological
Research, 45, 475-504.
well-being among information and
communication technology workers. Computers Masten, A. S., & Obradovic, J. (2006). Competence
In Human Behavior, 22, 1043-1058. and resilience in development. Annals New/ York
Caltabiano, Marie L., & Caltabiano, Nerina Academy of Sciences, 1094, 13-27.
J. (2006). Resilience and health outcomes in the Mikulincer, M., & Florian, V. (1998). The relationship
elderly. Proceedings of the 39th Annual betvveen adult attachment styles and emotional
Conference of the Australian Association of and cognitive reactions to stressful events. In J.
Gerontology. 22-24. Simpson & S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory
Chauhan. K. (2013). Positive Psychological Capital and close relationships (143-165). New York:
and Employees' Wellness. Unpublished Guilford.
Doctoral Thesis, JVIaharlshi Dayanand Neill, J. T, & Dias, K. L. (2001). Adventure education
University, Rohtak. and resilience: The double-edged sword.
Christopher, K.A, (2000). Determinants of psychological Journal of Adventure Education & Outdoor
well-being In Irish immigrants. Westem Journal of Learning, 1 35-42.
Nursing Research, 22, 123-140. Nygren, B., Alex, L., Jensen, E., Gustafson, Y.,
Cramm.J.M., Hartgerink,J.M., deVreede.P. L., Bakker, Norberg, A.. & Lundman, B. (2011). Resilience,
T.J., Steyerberg,E.W., IVIackenbach, J.P., & sense of coherence, purpose in life and self-
Nieboer. A.P. (2012).The relationship between transcendence In relation to perceived physical
older adults' self-management abilities, well- and mental health among the oldest old. Aging
being and depression. European Journal of and Mental Health, 9, 354-362.
 288

Pajares, F. (2002). Overview of social cognitive theory Johnston, ^4easure in health psychology: A user's
and of self-efficacy Retrieved 20th August, 2009. portfolio: Causal and control beliefs, 35-37.
from http://w\vw.des.emory.edu/mfp/eff.html Singh, S., & Mansi (2009). Psychological Capital as
Pezent, G.D. (2011). Exploring the Role of Positive Predictor of Psychological Well Being. Journal
Psychology Constructs as Protective Factors of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology,
Against the Impact of Negative Environmental 35 (2), 233-238.
Variables on the Subjective Well-being of Older Speight. N. P. (2009). The relationship betvi/een self-
Adults. Doctoral dissertation. Texas A & IM efficacy resilience and academic achievement
University, Texas. among African-American urban adolescent
Richardson, G. E. (2002). The metatheory of students. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses.
resilience and resiliency. Journal of Clinical Srivastava, S., & Sinha, A. K. (2005). Resilience for
Psychology, 58(3), 307-321. well-being: The role of experiential learning.
Rottmann, N.. Daiton, S,0., Christensen, J., Psychological Studies, 50 (1), 40-49.
Frederiksen, K., & Johansen, C. (2010). Self- Steverink. ^3., Lindenberg. S., & Slaets, J. P. J (2005).
efucacy. adjustment style and v^ell-being in How to understand and improve older people's
breast cancer patients: a longitudinal study. self-management of welibeing. European
Quaity of Life Research, 19(6), 827-Z6. Journal of Ageing, 2(4), 235-244.
Ryan, R.M., & Decl, E.L. (2001). On happiness and Sun, J., Buys N., Tatow, D., & Johnson, L. (2012).
human potentials: A reviev/ of research on Ongoing Health Inequality in Aboriginal and
hedonic and eudemonic well-being. Annual Torres Strait islander Population in Australia:
Review of Psychology, 52. 141-166. Stressful Event, Resilience, and Mental Health
Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? and Emotional Well-Being Difficulties.
Explorations on the meaning of psychological International Journal of Psychology and
v/ell-being. Journal of Personality and Social Behavioral Sciences, 2(1), 38-45.
Psychology, 57, 10B9-1081. Talsma, A. N. (1995). Evaluation of a theoretical
Ryff, CD. (1995). Psychological well-being in adult model of resilience and select predictors of
life. Current Directions In Psychological Science, resilience in a sample of community based
4, 99-104. elderly. Dissertation, University of Michigan,
Ryff. CD., & Keyes. C.L. (1995). The structure of Michigan.
psychological Vi'ell-being revisited. Journal of The Resilience Alliance (2011). About RA. Retrieved
Personality and Social Psychology, 69,719-727. wwv'.resalliance.org/index.php/about_ra
Sahu, F. M,. & Rath, S. (2003), Self-efficacy and well- assessed on 21 February 2013.
being in worl<ing and non-working women: The Tomas, J.M.. Sancho, P., Melendez, J . C , &
moderating role of involvement. Psychology and Mayordomo, T. (2012). Resilience and coping
Developing Societies, 15, 187-200. as predictors of genera! well-being in the elderly:
Salami, S.O. (2010). Retirement context and A structural equation modeling approach. Aging
psychological factors as predictors of well-being & Mental Health, 16(3), 317-326.
among retired teachers. Europe's Journal of Upadhyay, S., & Singh, J. (2011). Perceived self-
Psychology 2, 47-64. efficacy and education as promotion of
Schwarzer, R. (1993). Measurement ofperceived self- psychological well-being. Indian Journal of
efficacy: Psychometric scales for cross-cultural Positive Psychology, 2(3-4), 237-239.
research. Freie University, Berlin. Wagnlld, GM., & Young. H.M. (1993). Development
Schv/arzer. R. (1994). Optimism, vulnerability, and and psychometric evaluation of the Resiliency
self-beliefs as health-related cognitions: A Scale, Journal of Nursing Measurement, 1(2),
systematic overviev*^. Psychology and Health: An 155-178.
Internationa! Journal, 9, 151-180. Received: March 14. 2013
Revised: April 15,2013
Schwarzer, R., & Jerusalem, IVI. (1995). Generalized Accepted: April 23, 2013
Self-Efficacy scale. In J. Weinamn, S. Wright, & M.
Mamta, Research Scholar, Department of Psychology MD University. Rohtak-124001
Nov Rattan Sharma, PhD, Professor, Department of Psycholo^f|^ni|e,r^ty. Rohtak
-124 001 M^^^^'^'^m

'M3np