vLJfhL 5.

22
^- 1, 1h , ^2, - 4h Ma f t brY nenfho rkghil
fhf.

A^ x1 , y1h , B^ x2 , y2h vgd bfhLfgLs f vf.

F x1 =- 1 , y1 = 1 kW x2 = 2 , y2 =- 4 .

uL f-mik nenfho rkghL

y - y1 x - x1
=
y2 - y1 x2 - x1
y-1
( = x+1
-4 - 1 2+1
( 3y - 3 = - 5x - 5
njitahd nenfho rkghL 5x + 3y + 2 = 0 MF.

vLJfhL 5.23
A(2, 1), B(-2, 3), C(4, 5) vgd 3 ABC- cf. c A-UJ tiuagL
eLnfho (median) rkghil fhf.
Knfhz X Kidia, mj v gf
A (2,1)
eLia izF nfhL eLnfhlhF.
BC- eL D vf.
Mfnt, BC- eL D` - 2 + 4 , 3 + 5 j = D(1, 4)
2 2
eLnfhL AD rkghL
y-1
= x - 2 ( a (x1, y1) = (2, 1) , (x2, y2) = (1, 4) )
4-1 1-2 B (2,3) D C(4,5)
y-1 x - 2
= gl. 5.30
3 -1
vdnt, njitahd eLnfho rkghL 3x + y - 7 = 0.

vLJfhL 5.24
xU nenfho x-btLJL 2 kW y-btLJL 3 v,
3 4
mnfho rkghil fhf.
bfhLfgLsit : nenfho x-btLJL a = 2
3
y-btLJL b = 3
4
btLJL mik nenfho rkghL

x + y = 1 ( x + y = 1 ( 3x + 4y = 1
a b 2 3 2 3
3 4
vdnt, njitahd rkghL 9x + 8y - 6 = 0 MF.

5. Mabjhiy toa 171

vLJfhL 5.25
(6, - 2) vD t brtJ kW btLJLf TLj 5
bfhlJkhd nenfhLf rkghLfis fhf.

njitahd nenfhLf x-btLJL a kW y-btLJL b vf.

vdnt, a + b = 5 (bfhLfgLsJ)
( b = 5-a
btLJL mik nenfho rkghL

x + y = 1 ( x + y = 1
a b a 5-a
^5 - ah x + ay
( = 1
a^5 - ah
^5 - ah x + ay = a^5 - ah (1)
nfhL (6,- 2) vw t brtjh,
(1) ( ^5 - ah 6 + a (- 2) = a^5 - ah
( a2 - 13a + 30 = 0.
( ^a - 3h^a - 10h = 0
vdnt, a = 3 myJ a = 10
a = 3 v, (1) ( ^5 - 3h x + 3y = 3^5 - 3h
( 2x + 3y - 6 = 0 (2)
a = 10 v, (1) ( ^5 - 10h x + 10y = 10^5 - 10h
( - 5x + 10y = - 50
( x - 2y - 10 = 0. (3)
njitahd nenfhLf rkghLf 2x + 3y = 6 kW x - 2y - 10 = 0.

g 5.4

1. x-mUJ 5 myFf bjhiy csJ x-mRF izahdJkhd

nenfhLf rkghLfis fhf.

2. (-5,-2) vw t brtJ MamRfSF izahdJkhd

nenfhLf rkghLfis fhf.

3. nH bfhLfgLs tufSF nenfhLf rkghLfis fhf.

(i) rh -3; y-btLJL 4.
(ii) rhnfhz 600 , y-btLJL 3.

172 10M tF fj
4. xU nenfhL y-mir MF nkyhf 3 myFf u btLwJ
kW tan i = 1 (i vgJ nenfho rh nfhz ) v, mj
2
nenfho rkghil fhf.
5. tU nenfhLf rh kW y btLJL Madtiw fhf.
(i) y = x + 1 (ii) 5x = 3y (iii) 4x - 2y + 1 = 0 (iv) 10x + 15y + 6 = 0
6. tU tufSF, nenfhLf rkghLfis fhf.
(i) rh -4 ; (1, 2) vw t brwJ.
(ii) rh 2 ; (5, -4) vw t brwJ.
3
7. rh nfhz 300 bfhl kW (4, 2), (3, 1) Ma fis izF
nenfhL Jo eL t brY nenfho rkghil fhf.

8. tU f t brY nenfho rkghil fhf.

(i) (-2, 5), (3, 6) (ii) (0, -6), (-8, 2)

9. P(1, -3), Q(-2, 5), R(-3, 4) Ma Kidfis bfhl 3 PQR- Kid R-UJ
tiuagL eLnfho rkghil fhf.

10. nenfho rkghL fhQ Kiwia gagL, tU f xnu

nenfho mik vd fhLf.
(i) (4, 2), (7, 5), (9, 7) (ii) (1, 4), (3, -2), (-3, 16)

11. nH bfhLfgLs x, y-btLJLfis bfhl nenfhLf

rkghLfis fhf.
(i) 2, 3 (ii) - 1 , 3 (iii) 2 , - 3
3 2 5 4
12. nH bfhLfgLs nenfhLf rkghLfUJ x, y-btL
JLfis fhf.
(i) 5x + 3y - 15 = 0 (ii) 2x - y + 16 = 0 (iii) 3x + 10y + 4 = 0

13. (3, 4) vw t brtJ, btLJLf j 3 : 2 vd csJkhd

nenfho rkghil fhf.

14. (2, 2) vw t brtJ, btLJLf TLj 9 Mf bfhl

nenfhLf rkghLfis fhf.

15. (5, -3) vw tahf brY, ms rkkhf, Mdh F btntwhf

cs btL JLfis bfhl nenfho rkghoid fhf.

16. (9, -1) vw t brtJ x-btLJlhdJ, y-btLJo

msit ngh KklF bfhlJkhd nenfho rkghil fhf.

5. Mabjhiy toa 173

17. xU nenfhL MamRfis A kW B Ma f btLwJ. AB-
eL (3, 2) v, AB- rkghil fhf.
18. x-btLJlhdJ y-btLJo msit l 5 myFf mfkhf
bfhl xU nenfhlhdJ (22, -6) vw t brwJ v,
mnfho rkghil fhf.
19. ABCD vw rhrJu U Kidf A(3, 6) kW C(-1, 2) v, mj _iy
l BD tahf brY nenfho rkghil fhf.
20. A(-2, 6), B (3, -4) Ma fis izF nenfhL Jil P vw
cwkhf 2 : 3 vw j wJ. P tahf brY
rh 3 cila, nenfho rkghil fhf.
2

5.7 nenfhL rkgho bghJ mik

(General Form of Equation of a straight line)
gntW totf mikj nenfhLf rkghLfis ax + by + c = 0 ,
(a , b , c vgd a ! 0 myJ b ! 0 vd bfhl bkba khf)
vw bghJ mikF khwyh vd Vfdnt FLnsh. nghJ
tUtdtiw fhngh.
(i) ax + by + c = 0 vw nenfho rh kW y-btLJL.
(ii) ax + by + c = 0 vw nfhoF izahd nenfho rkghL.
(iii) ax + by + c = 0 vw nfhoF brFjhd nenfho rkghL.
(iv) U btL nenfhLf rF .
(i) ax + by + c = 0 vw nenfho rh kW y-btLJL
(The slope and y-intercept of the straight line ax + by + c = 0 )
ax + by + c = 0 vgij y =- a x - c , b ! 0 vd kh mikfyh. (1)
b b
(1) - I rh-btLJL mik cs y = mx + k vw rkghLl xl,
rh m = - a , y-btLJL = - c MF.
b b
` ax + by + c = 0 vw rkghoUJ,
x- bfG kh cW
rh m = , y-btLJL = vd bgWnwh.
y- bfG y- bfG

(ii) ax + by + c = 0 vw nfhoF izahd nenfho rkghL

(Equation of a line parallel to the line ax + by + c = 0 )
U nenfhLf rhf rk v, v kLnk mit izahF. vdnt,
ax + by + c = 0 vw nfhoF izahd nfhLf rkghL ax + by + k = 0
vw to mik. J k- midJ kfSF bghUJ.

174 10M tF fj
(iii) ax + by + c = 0 vw nenfhoF brFjhd nfho rkghL
(Equation of a line perpendicular to the line ax + by + c = 0 )
MamRfSF izahf mikahj U nenfhLf xWbfhW
brFJ v, v kLnk mt rhf bgUfgy 1 MF.
vdnt, ax + by + c = 0 vw nfhoF brFjhf mik vyh
nenfhLf rkghL bx - ay + k = 0 , k xU kh MF.
F
a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 ; a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0 vw U nenfhLf
(i) a1 = b1 v, v kLnk izahf mik.
a2 b2
(ii) a1 a2 + b1 b2 = 0 v, v kLnk brFjhf mik.
F nenfhLf rkghLf bfGf akwit.

(iv) U btL nfhLf btL

(The point of intersection of two intersecting straight lines)
U nenfhLf izahf iyba, mit xU bto
bfhS. m uL nfhLf J mik. vdnt, mitf
U rkghLfis g _y btL ia fhzyh.
vLJfhL 5.26
3x + 2y - 12 = 0 , 6x + 4y + 8 = 0 Ma nenfhLf iz vd Wf.
x- bfG
3x + 2y - 12 = 0 - rh m1 = =-3
y- bfG 2

thnw, 6x + 4y + 8 = 0 - rh m2 = - 6 = - 3
4 2
` m1 = m2 . Mfnt, U nenfhLfS izahF.
vLJfhL 5.27
x + 2y + 1 = 0 , 2x - y + 5 = 0 Ma nenfhLf xWF xW brFjhdit
vd Wf.
x- bfG
x + 2y + 1 = 0 - rh m1 = = -1
y- bfG 2
x- bfG
2x - y + 5 = 0 - rh m2 = = -2 = 2
y- bfG -1
vdnt, rhf bgUf gy m1 m2 = - 1 # 2 = 1
2
Mfnt, U nenfhLf xWbfhW brFjhdit.

vLJfhL 5.28
x - 8y + 13 = 0 vw nfhoF izahdJ (2, 5) vw t brtJkhd
nenfho rkghil fhf.
5. Mabjhiy toa 175
 x - 8y + 13 = 0 vw nenfhoF izahd nenfho tot
x - 8y + k = 0 . J (2, 5) vw t brtjh,
2 - 8 (5) + k = 0 ( k = 38.
` njitahd nenfho rkghL x - 8y + 38 = 0 MF.

vLJfhL 5.29
3 ABC - Kidf A(2, 1), B(6, 1), C(4, 11) vf. A-UJ tiuagL
FJnfho rkghil fhf.

BC- rh = 11 + 1 = 6
4-6
AD vgJ BC-F brFJ. vdnt AD- rh = 1
6
` AD- rkghL y - y1 = m^ x - x1h

y - 1 = 1 ^ x - 2h ( 6y - 6 = x - 2 gl. 5.31
6
` njitahd nenfho rkghL x - 6y + 4 = 0 MF.

g 5.5
1. tU nenfhLf rhfis fhf.
(i) 3x + 4y - 6 = 0 (ii) y = 7x + 6 (iii) 4x = 5y + 3 .
2. x + 2y + 1 = 0 , 3x + 6y + 2 = 0 Ma nenfhLf iz vd Wf.
3. 3x - 5y + 7 = 0 , 15x + 9y + 4 = 0 Ma nenfhLf xWF xW brFJ
vd Wf.
y
4. = x - p kW ax + 5 = 3y vgd iz v, a - kig fhf.
2
5. 5x - 2y - 9 = 0 , ay + 2x - 11 = 0 Ma nenfhLf xWF xW brFJ
v, a - kig fhf.
6. 8px + ^2 - 3ph y + 1 = 0 , px + 8y - 7 = 0 Mad brFJ nenfhLf v,
p - kfis fhf.
7. ^h, 3h , (4, 1) Ma fis izF nenfhL, 7x - 9y - 19 = 0 vw
nenfhL brFjhf bto bfhwd v, h - kig fhf.
8. 3x - y + 7 = 0 vw nenfhoF izahdJ (1, - 2) vw t
brtJkhd nenfho rkghil fhf.
9. x - 2y + 3 = 0 vw nenfhoF brFjhdJ (1, - 2) vw t
brtJkhd nenfho rkghil fhf.
10. (3, 4), (- 1, 2) vw fis izF nenfhLJo ika
FJnfho (perpendicular bisector) rkghil fhf.

176 10M tF fj
11. 2x + y - 3 = 0 , 5x + y - 6 = 0 Ma nenfhLf rF tahf,
(1, 2), (2, 1) Ma fis izF nenfhoF izahf cs
nenfho rkghil fhf.
12. 5x - 6y = 1 , 3x + 2y + 5 = 0 Ma nenfhLf rF tahf,
3x - 5y + 11 = 0 vw nenfhoF brFjhf mik nenfho
rkghil fhf.

13. 3x - y + 9 = 0 , x + 2y = 4 Ma nenfhLf btL l, 2x + y - 4 = 0 ,

x - 2y + 3 = 0 Ma nenfhLf btL ia izF nenfho
rkghil fhf.

14. 3 ABC- Kidf A(2, - 4), B(3, 3), C(- 1, 5) v, B-UJ tiuagL
FJnfhL t brY nenfho rkghil fhf.

15. 3 ABC- Kidf A(- 4,4 ), B(8 ,4), C(8,10) v, A-UJ tiuagL
eLnfhL t brY nenfho rkghil fhf.

16. MUJ 3x + 2y = 13 vw nenfhoF tiuagL brFJ

nfho moia (foot of the perpendicular) fhf.

17. xU tl U lf rkghLf x + 2y = 7 , 2x + y = 8 kW
tl J mikJs xU (0, - 2) v, tl Muij fhf.

18. 2x - 3y + 4 = 0 , x - 2y + 3 = 0 Ma nenfhLf rF ia,

(3, - 2), (- 5, 8) M a f i s i z F n e n f h L J o
eLia, izF nfhLJo rkghil fhf.

19. Urkgf Knfhz 3PQR- PQ = PR kW mogf QR vgJ x-m J

mikwJ vf. nkY, Kid P MdJ y-m J mikwJ. PQ- rkghL
2x - 3y + 9 = 0 v, PR tahf brY nenfho rkghil fhf.

g 5.6

rahd ilia njbjLf.

1. ^a, - bh , ^3a, 5bh Ma fis izF nenfhL Jo eL
(a) ^- a, 2bh (b) ^2a, 4bh (c) ^2a, 2bh (d) ^- a, - 3bh
2. A^1, - 3h , B^- 3, 9h Ma fis izF nenfhL Jil 1:3 vw
j F P
(a) ^2, 1h (b) ^0, 0h (c) ` 5 , 2j (d) ^1, - 2h
3
3. A^3, 4h , B^14, - 3h Matiw izF nenfhLJL x-mir P
rwJ v, mnfhLJil P F j
(a) 4 : 3 (b) 3 : 4 (c) 2 : 3 (d) 4 : 1

5. Mabjhiy toa 177

4. (2, 5), (2, 12), (10, 1) Ma fis Kidfshf bfhl Knfhz
eLnfhL ika (centroid)
(a) ^6, 6h (b) ^4, 4h (c) ^3, 3h (d) ^2, 2h
5. ^1, 2h , ^4, 6h , ^ x, 6h , ^3, 2h vgd tir X izfu Kidf v,
x - k
(a) 6 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 3
6. (0,0), ^2, 0h , ^0, 2h Ma fsh mik Knfhz gu
(a) 1 r. myFf (B) 2 r. myFf (C) 4 r. myFf (D) 8 r. myFf

7. ^1, 1h , ^0, 1h , ^0, 0h , ^1, 0h Ma fsh mik ehfu gu

(A) 3 r. myFf (B) 2 r. myFf (C) 4 r. myFf (D) 1 r. myFf
8. x-mRF izahd nenfho rh nfhz
(a) 0c (b) 60c (c) 45c (d) 90c
9. ^3, - 2h , ^- 1, ah Ma fis izF nenfho rh - 3 v,
2
a - k
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
10. ^- 2, 6h , ^4, 8h Ma fis izF nenfhoF brFjhd
nenfho rh
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) - 3 (d) - 1
3 3
11. 9x - y - 2 = 0 , 2x + y - 9 = 0 Ma nenfhLf rF
(A) ^- 1, 7h (B) ^7, 1h (C) ^1, 7h (D) ^- 1, - 7h
12. 4x + 3y - 12 = 0 vw nenfhL y-mir btL
(A) ^3, 0h (B) ^0, 4h (C) ^3, 4h (D) ^0, - 4h
13. 7y - 2x = 11 vw nenfho rh
(a) - 7 (b) 7 (c) 2 (d) - 2
2 2 7 7
14. (2 , 7) vw t brtJ, x-mF izahdJkhd nenfho
rkghL
(a) x = 2 (b) x =- 7 (c) y =- 7 (d) y = 2
15. 2x - 3y + 6 = 0 vw nenfho x, y-btLJLf Kiwna
(a) 2, 3 (b) 3, 2 (c) - 3, 2 (d) 3, - 2

16. xU tl ika (- 6, 4). xU l xU Kid (- 12, 8) v, mj

kW Kid
(a) (- 18, 12) (b) (- 9, 6) (c) (- 3, 2) (d) (0, 0)

178 10M tF fj
17. M t brtJ 2x + 3y - 7 = 0 vw nfhoF brFJkhd
nenfho rkghL
(a) 2x + 3y = 0 (b) 3x - 2y = 0 (c) y + 5 = 0 (d) y - 5 = 0
18. y-mF izahdJ ^- 2, 5h vw t brtJkhd nenfho
rkghL
(a) x - 2 = 0 (b) x + 2 = 0 (c) y + 5 = 0 (d) y - 5 = 0
19. (2, 5), (4, 6), ^a, ah Ma f xnu nenfho mikwd v, a- k
(a) - 8 (b) 4 (c) - 4 (d) 8
20. y = 2x + k vw nenfhL (1, 2) vw t brwJ v, k- k
(a) 0 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) - 3
21. rh 3 Mf, y btLJL - 4 Mf cs nenfho rkghL
(a) 3x - y - 4 = 0 (b) 3x + y - 4 = 0
(c) 3x - y + 4 = 0 (d) 3x + y + 4 = 0
22. y = 0 kW x =- 4 Ma nenfhLf btL
(a) ^0, - 4h (b) ^- 4, 0h (c) ^0, 4h (d) ^4, 0h
23. 3x + 6y + 7 = 0 kW 2x + ky = 5 Ma nenfhLf brFjhdit v, k-
k
(A) 1 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 1
2
id bfhf
P (x1, y1) , Q^ x2, y2h Ma fSF ilnas bjhiy
^ x2 - x1h2 + ^ y2 - y1h2
A^ x1, y1h , B^ x2, y2h Ma fis izF nenfhL Joid cwkhf
lx2 + mx1 ly2 + my1
l : m vw j F P c , m MF.
l+m l+m
js A^ x1, y1h , B^ x2, y2h Ma fis izF nenfhL Joid
lx - mx1 ly2 - my1
btwkhf l : m vw j F Q c 2 , m MF.
l-m l-m
^ x1, y1h , ^ x2, y2h Ma fis izF nenfhLJo eL
x + x2 y1 + y2
c 1 , m.
2 2
^ x1, y1h , ^ x2, y2h ^ x3, y3h Ma fis cfshf bfhl Knfhz gu

= 1 / x1 (y2 - y3) = 1 " x1 ^ y2 - y3h + x2 ^ y3 - y1h + x3 ^ y1 - y2h,

2 2
= 1 "^ x1 y2 + x2 y3 + x3 y1h - ^ x2 y1 + x3 y2 + x1 y3h, .
2

5. Mabjhiy toa 179

 A^ x1, y1h , B^ x2, y2h , C^ x3, y3h Ma _W f xnu nenfho mika
gjid
(i) x1 y2 + x2 y3 + x3 y1 = x2 y1 + x3 y2 + x1 y3 (myJ)
(ii) AB- rh = AC- rh (m) BC- rh.
xU nenfhL if x-mRl i ms nfhz clhdh, mnfho
rh m = tan i MF.
^ x1, y1h , ^ x2, y2h Ma fis izF neFjw nenfho rh
y2 - y1 y y
m= = 1- 2.
x2 - x1 x1 - x2
x- bfG
ax + by + c = 0 vw nenfho rh m = = -a, b ! 0
y- bfG b
iliy nfho rh akhF. neFJ nfho rhit
tiuaWf ayhJ.
U nfhLf rhf rkkhf Ujh, Ujh kLnk mit izahF.
neFjw U nenfhLf rhf bgUf gy - 1 (mjhtJ,
m1 m2 = - 1) Mf Ujh, Ujh kLnk mit brFJ nfhLfshF.

nenfho rkghLf

t. v nenfhL rkghL
1. x-mR y=0
2. y-mR x=0
3. x-mF iz y=k
4. y-mF iz x=k
5. ax+by+c =0 F iz ax + by + k = 0
6. ax+by+c =0 F brFJ bx ay +k = 0
bfhLfglit rkghL
1. M t brY nenfhL y = mx
2. rh m kW y-btLJL c y = mx + c
3. rh m kW xU (x1 , y1) y y1 = m(xx1)
4. (x1 , y1), (x2 , y2) Ma U f t y - y1 x - x1
=
brY nenfhL y2 - y1 x2 - x1
5. x-btLJL a kW x+ y =1
y- btLJL b a b

180 10M tF fj
 6 toa
There is geometry in the humming of the strings, there is music
in the spacing of spheres - Pythagoras

6.1 mKf
mKf
mogil jrk
gntW toa cUtf gfis Muh
njw
fj X nt toa (Geometry) MF.
Jakhd msf cj gtifahd toa
nfhz Urkbto
totf gfis wafis vLnfhf
njw
(Axioms) kW njwfSl (Theorems) fwtnj
tobthj mKiw toa (Theoretical Geometry) vnwh.
Knfhzf toa fgdh, xUtUila jUf mogil
bjhLnfhL - eh F w tsU.
njw .K. 300- thj (Euclid) toa
jij vd fUjgLwh. %gz njitaw
jhfu njw
btgil cikfshd vLnfhf myJ
monfhf kW Vfdnt %fgl Kof
Madtiw mogilahf bfhL jUF
Kiw toa Kofis Muht a t
F Kiwia Fdh.
fllfiy kW bgha nghw Jiwf
toa Ka gF twJ. vLJfhlhf, e
th Kakhf sF gy ghyf, rtrk kW
tobthj Knfhzf Matiw gagL

mikfglit. cWahf, mf Rik kW
(Euclid)
mGj Matiw jhF w bfhlitahf
( .K 300)

cs ghyfis fLtjF, tobthj kW rtrk
Knfhzf gf cjwd. fllfis
o Elements fLnghJ toa U tiff gadhwJ. xW
vD , fj tuyh fllfis nkY cWahFwJ. kbwhW mj
midtlK bgUjhfij mHid nkY TLwJ. toa totfis
VgLa xU f wj neahf gagLJnghJ mit, fllf kW
gilghF. fjij jh{kfh nghw flikf Mad midtU
UggLw milahs dfshf khW.
Fghf m xU thd
fj gy f thfY, mtiw
toaiy fg Ka
J bfhSjY toa %gzf Ka
ghlyhf sFwJ. bgU gF twd.
bghJ tFviz (GCD) mogil jrk njw ff nuf
fzl o tKiw fj nkij nj (Thales) vgtuh mfglJ. J
xU wj gaDs KiwahF. mt bgauh nj njw vW miHfgLwJ.

181
njwij fl braghL _y J bfhsyh.
brJ gh
+ XAY vw VnjD xU nfhzij tiuf. P1, P2, D, P3 kW B
Ma fis (5 f) AX vw f J
AP1 = P1 P2 = P2 D = DP3 = P3 B = 1 (myF) vUFkhW Ff.
B- tahf VjhtJ xU nfhoid f AY I C- btLkhW tiuf. L
D- tna BC-F izahf AC -I E- btLkhW xU nfhL tiuf.
Y
bghJ, AD = AP1 + P1 P2 + P2 D = 3 myFf.
nkY, DB = DP3 + P3 B = 2 myFf. C

` AD = 3
DB 2
AE kW EC- sfis msf. E

AE = 3 vd mayh.
EC 2
nj ngh, DABC - DE < BC v,

AD = AE vd mayh. A P1 P2 D P3 B X
DB EC gl 6.1
j Koid mogil jrk njw myJ nj njwkhf %fyh.
njw tUkhW:
6.2 mogil jrk kW nfhz Urkbto njwf
(Basic proportionality and Angle Bisector theorems)
njw 6.1 mogil jrk njw myJ nj njw
(Basic Proportionality theorem or Thales Theorem) A

xU nenfhL xU Knfhz xU gfF

G
izahf kw uL gffis btLkhW F
tiuaglh mnfhL mU gffis E l
D
rkj F.
bfhLfgLsit : DABC - BC-F izahf
cs l vw nenfhL ABI D-Y ACI E-Y
btLwJ.
%f : AD = AE B
DB EC C
gl 6.2
mik : BE, CD I nr.
EF = AB kW DG = CA tiuf.
%gz EF = AB . vdnt Knfhzf ADE kW DBE MaitfSF EF
FJaukhfmikwJ.
DADE - gu = 1 # mogf # cau = 1 AD # EF
2 2
DDBE - gu = 1 # mogf # cau = 1 DB # EF
2 2
182 10M tF fj
 1 AD EF
#
DADE - gugs AD
` = 2 = (1)
DDBE - gugs 1 DB EF DB
#
2
thnw, 1 AE DG
# #
DADE - gugs AE
= 2 = (2)
DDCE - gugs 1 EC DG EC
# #
2
Mdh, DDBE , DDCE vgd de vw xnu mogfij bfhL BC kW
DE Ma iz nenfhLfSF ilY mikJsd.
` DDBE - gugs = DDCE - gugs (3)
(1), (2) , (3)-UJ AD = AE vd bgWnwh. Mfnt, njw %fglJ.
DB EC
isnjw (Corollary)
DABC - BC- iznfhL DE MdJ AB-I D-Y AC -I E-Y btLwJ v,
(i) AB = AC (ii) AB = AC
AD AE DB EC
%gz: kh?
bj
SF
(i) nj njwUJ cf
a = c v, a + b = c + d .
AD = AE b d b d
DB EC
J Tl jrk vdgL.
( DB = EC
AD AE DB = EC
F,
( 1 + DB = 1 + EC AD AE
AD AE Tl jrk go
( AD + DB = AE + EC AD + DB = AE + EC
AD AE AD AE
Mfnt, AB = AC
AD AE
(ii) thnw,

AB = AC vd %fyh.
DB EC
j kWjiy njwK cikahFkh? jid nrhJ ghf, tU
braghoid brJ ghngh.
brJ gh
AX vw f J + XAY tiuf. mf nk P1, P2, P3, P4 kW B vw
fis AP1 = P1 P2 = P2 P3 = P3 P4 = P4 B = 1 myF, vwthW Ff.
ij nghnw, f AY- nk Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4 kW C fis
AQ1 = Q1 Q2 = Q2 Q3 = Q3 Q4 = Q4 C = 2 myFf, vwthW Ff.

6. toa 183
 nghJ P1 Q1 kW BC Matiw izf. Y
C
AP1 = 1 . Q4
nghJ
Q3
P1 B 4
Q2
AQ1
nkY, = 2 = 1. Q1
Q1 C 8 4
vdnt, AP1 = AQ1 . A P1 P2 P3 P4 B X
P1 B Q1 C
gl 6.3
P1 Q1 kW BC vgd iznfhLf vgjid fhnwh.
mjhtJ, P1 Q1 < BC . (1)
ijnghnw, P2 Q2, P3 Q3 P4 Q4 vgdtiw izg _y

AP2 = AQ2 = 2 kW P Q < BC (2)

2 2
P2 B Q2 C 3
AP3 = AQ3 = 3 kW P Q < BC (3)
3 3
P3 B Q3 C 2
AP4 = AQ4 = 4 kW P Q < BC (4)
4 4
P4 B Q4 C 1
(1), (2), (3), (4)-UJ, xU Knfhz xU nenfhL U gffis xnu
j F v, mnfhL _whtJ gfF izahf UF
vd mayh.
nj nghW, nj njw kWjiyia T %ngh.
njw 6.2 mogil jrk njw kWjiy (nj njw kWjiy)
Converse of Basic Proportionality Theorem ( Converse of Thales Theorem)
xU nenfhL xU Knfhz U gffis A
xnu j Fkhdh, mnfhL _whtJ gfF
izahf UF. F
D
E l
bfhLfgLsit: l vw nfhL, Knfhz T ABC-
gff AB, AC Matiw Kiwna D, E-
AD = AE vUFkhW btLwJ. B C
(1) gl 6.4
DB EC
%f: DE < BC
mik: DE MdJ BC-F izahf iyba, DF < BC vUFkhW DFI tiuf.
%gz DF < BC . vdnt, nj njwgo,
AD = AF (2)
DB FC
(1), (2) MaitfUJ AF = AE ( AF + FC = AE + EC
FC EC FC EC
AC = AC ` FC = EC
FC EC
F kW E vgd xnu ahf mikjh kLnk FC = EC bkahF.
vdnt, DE < BC

184 10M tF fj
njw 6.3 nfhz Urkbto njw (Angle Bisector Theorem)
xU Knfhz xU nfhz cw (btw) UrkbtoahdJ
mnfhz v gfij cwkhf (btwkhf), mnfhzid mla
gff j F.
iy( i ) (cw nfhz Urkbto) e

bfhLfgLsit : 3 ABC - +BAC - cw Urkbto AD .

mJ BC -I D - rwJ.
A
BD = AB

>
%f:
DC AC
mik : DA-F izahf C- tahf xU

>
iznfhL tiuf.mnfhL BA- ia E-
rfL. vdnt, CE < DA b D c
gl 6.5
%gz CE < DA kW AC xU FWFbto (Transversal).
vdnt, +DAC = +ACE (xWl nfhzf) (1)
kW +BAD = +AEC (xj nfhzf) (2)
+A - cw nfhz Urkbto AD. Mjyh,
+BAD = +DAC (3)
(1), (2) ,(3)-UJ +ACE = +AEC vd bgWnwh.
vdnt, 3 ACE - AE = AC (rk nfhzfSF vnu cs gff rk)
3 BCE - CE < DA . vdnt,

BD = BA (nj njw)
DC AE
( BD = AB (a AE = AC )
DC AC
Mfnt, njw %f glJ. P
f (ii) (btw nfhz Urkbto) (njF mW)
A
bfhLfgLsit: 3 ABC - AD vgJ +BAC -
btw nfhz Urkbto kW BC id E
D- btLwJ.
%f : BD = AB
B C D
gl 6.6
DC AC
DA-F izahf C- tahf xU nenfhL tiuf. mnfhL BA-it
mik :
rF E vf. vdnt, CE < DA .

%gz CE < DA kW AC xU FWF bto,

+ECA = +CAD (xW l nfhzf) (1)
6. toa 185
 nkY, CE < DA kW BP xU FWFbto vgjh,
+CEA = +DAP (xj nfhzf) (2)
Mdh, AD vgJ +CAP - nfhz Urkbto vgjh,
+CAD = +DAP (3)
(1), (2), (3)-UJ,
+CEA = +ECA
vdnt, 3 ECA - AC = AE (rknfhzfSF vnu mikj gff rk)

3 BDA - EC < AD .

` BD = BA (nj njw)
DC AE
( BD = BA (a AE = AC )
DC AC
njw %fglJ.

njw 6.4 nfhz Urkbto njw kWjiy (Converse of Angle Bisector Theorem)
xU Knfhz xU c t brY xU nenfhL, mj
vgfid cwkhf (btwkhf), kw U gff j Fkhdh,
mnfhL c mikj nfhzid cwkhf (btwkhf) U rkghffshf
F.
iy (i ) : (cwkhf)
bfhLfgLsit : 3 ABC -, AD vw nenfhL, vgf BC -I cwkhf e

BD = AB vwthW wJ. (1)

DC AC
a
%f : +BAC - cw Urkbto AD .

mjhtJ, +BAD = +DAC vd %f ntL

mik : b d c
gl 6.7
C- tahf DA-F izahf nenfhL tiuf. mnfhL BA- id
rF E vf. Mfnt, CE < AD

%gz CE < AD vgjh, nj njwgo, BD = BA (2)

DC AE
(1), (2)-UJ, AB = BA
AC AE
` AE = AC
nghJ, 3 ACE - +ACE = +AEC ( a AE = AC ) (3)
iznfhLf AD kW CE- FWF bto AC.

186 10M tF fj
 vdnt, +DAC = +ACE (xW lnfhzf rk) (4)
nkY, iznfhLf AD kWCE Mat FWF bto BE.

vdnt, +BAD = +AEC (xjnfhzf rk ) (5)

(3), (4) ,(5)-UJ ilgJ, +BAD = +DAC
` AD vgJ +BAC - Urkbto MF.
njw %fglJ.

iy (ii btwkhf (njF mW)

bfhLfgLsit : 3 ABC - nfhL AD MdJ

BD = AB (1)
DC AC
vd mikkhW vgf BC- id btwkhf D- wJ.
P
%f : +PAC - Urkbto AD.
A
mjhtJ, +PAD = +DAC vd %f ntL.
E
mik : C- tahf DA-F izahf nenfhL
tiuf. mnfhL BA-it rF id E-vd
B C D
Ff. vdnt, CE < DA gl 6.8

%gz CE < DA . vdnt, nj njwgo, BD = BA (2)

DC EA

(1), (2)-UJ, AB = AB ` AE = AC
AE AC
3 ACE - +ACE = +AEC (a AE = AC ) (3)
iznfhLf AD kW CE Madt FWFbto AC MF.

vdnt, +ACE = +DAC (xW l nfhzf) (4)

iznfhLf AD kW CE- FWF bto BA.
vdnt, +PAD = +AEC (xj nfhzf) (5)
(3) , (4), (5)-UJ, +PAD = +DAC
` +PAC - Urkbto AD. Mfnt, +BAC - btw Urkbto AD
MF.
njw %fglJ.

vLJfhL 6.1
3 ABC - DE < BC kW AD = 2 . AE = 3.7 br. v, EC-I fhf.
DB 3
3 ABC -, DE < BC .

6. toa 187
 A
` AD = AE (nj njw)
DB EC 3.7 br.

( EC = AE # DB D E
AD
thwhf, EC = 3.7 # 3 = 5.55 br. .
2 B C
gl 6.9
vLJfhL 6.2
3 PQR - gff PQ kW PR- f J mikj f S kW T
vf. nkY, ST < QR , PR = 5.6 br. kW PS = 3 v, PT- I fhf.
SQ 5
3 PQR - ST < QR . nj njwgo,
PS = PT (1) P
SQ TR
PT = x vf. ` TR = PR PT = 5.6 x

5.6
br.
(1)-UJ PT = TR c PS m

SQ T
S
x = (5.6 - x)` 3 j
5
5x = 16.8 - 3x
R
vdnt, x = 16.8 = 2.1. Mfnt, PT = 2.1 br. Q
8 gl 6.10
vLJfhL 6.3
3 ABC - gff AB kW AC- Mat nk mikj f D kW
E vf. nkY, AD = AE kW +ADE = +DEA v, 3 ABC xU Urkgf
DB EC
Knfhz vd Wf.

AD = AE vd bfhLfgLsJ.
DB EC
Mjyh, nj njw kWjiy go DE < BC .

` +ADE = +ABC (1) A

kW +DEA = +BCA (2)

nkY, +ADE = +DEA (bfhLfgLsJ) (3) D E

(1), (2) , (3)-UJ +ABC = +BCA

B C
` AC = AB ( rk nfhzfSF vnu mikj gff rk) gl 6.11

vdnt 3 ABC xU U rkgfKnfhz MF.

vLJfhL 6.4
3 ABC - gff AB, BC kW CA Mat mikj f D, E kW F
vf. nkY, DE < AC kW FE < AB v, AB = AC vd Wf.
AD FC
188 10M tF fj
 A
3 ABC - DE < AC .

` BD = BE (nj njw) (1)

DA EC F
D
nkY, FE < AB vd bfhLfgLsJ.

` BE = AF (nj njw) (2) C

EC FC
(1), (2)-UJ, BD = AF
E
B
AD FC gl 6.12

( BD + AD = AF + FC (Tl jrk )
AD FC
vdnt, AB = AC .
AD FC
vLJfhL 6.5
3 ABC - +A vw nfhz cw Urkbto AD MdJ, gf BCI D-
rwJ. BD = 2.5 br. , AB = 5 br. kW AC = 4.2 br. v, DC-I fhf.
A
3 ABC -, AD vgJ +A - cw Urkbto.
` BD = AB (nfhz Urkbto njw)

4.2
DC AC

br.
r.
5b
( DC = BD # AC
AB
B C
Mfnt, DC = 2.5 # 4.2 = 2.1br.. 2.5br. D
5 gl 6.13
vLJfhL 6.6
3 ABC -, +A - btw Urkbto MdJ BC- id E- rwJ.
AB = 10 br. , AC = 6 br. kW BC = 12 br. v, CE-I fhf.
3 ABC - +A - btw Urkbto AE vf. nkY AE MdJ BC-
id E- rwJ.
CE = x br.. vf. nfhz Urkbto njw go,
D
BE = AB ( 12 + x = 10 A
CE AC x 6 br
.
10 6 br.
3^12 + xh = 5x. vdnt, x = 18. B E
12 br. C x
Mjyh, CE = 18 br. . gl 6.14
vLJfhL 6.7
3 ABC - gf BC- eL D vf. P kW Q vgd AB kW AC-f
nk mikj f MF. nkY, +BDA kW +ADC Ma nfhzfis Kiwna
DP kW DQ vgd U rkghffshf F v, PQ < BC vd Wf.

3 ABD - +BDA - nfhz Urkbto DP vf.

6. toa 189
 ` AP = AD (nfhz Urkbto njw) (1) A
PB BD
3 ADC - +ADC - nfhz Urkbto DQ vf.
= AD (nfhz Urkbto njw)
AQ P Q
` (2)
QC DC
B C
Mdh, BD = DC (a D vgJ BC- eL) D
gl 6.15

= AD
AQ
nghJ, (2) ( (3)
QC BD
AP AQ
(1),(3)-UJ, =
PB QC
Mfnt, PQ < BC . (nj njw kWjiy)

g 6.1
1. D kW E Ma f Kiwna DABC - gff AB kW AC-f DE < BC
vUFkhW mikJsd.
(i) AD = 6 br. , DB = 9 br. kW AE = 8 br. v, AC-I fhf.
(ii) AD = 8 br. , AB = 12 br. kW AE = 12 br. v, CE-I fhf.
(iii) AD = 4x3, BD = 3x1, AE = 8x7 kW EC = 5x3 v, x- kig fhf.
A

2. gl AP = 3 br. , AR = 4.5 br. , AQ = 6 br. , AB = 5 br.

P R
Q
kW AC = 10 br. . v, AD- kig fhf.
B
D C
3. E kW F vw f Kiwna 3 PQR - gff PQ kW PR Mat
J mikJsd. tUtdtF EF < QR vgjid rghf.

(i) PE = 3.9 br. ., EQ = 3 br.., PF = 3.6 br. kW FR = 2.4 br. .

(ii) PE = 4 br. , QE = 4.5 br.., PF = 8 br. kW RF = 9 br. . O

4. gl AC < BD kW CE < DF . E
F
OA =12 br. , AB = 9 br. , OC = 8 br. . A C

kW EF = 4.5 br. v, FO- it fhf. B D

5. ABCD vw ehfu, AB-F iz CD vf. AB-F izahf tiuagl xU

BQ
nenfhL AD-I P-Y BC-I Q-Y rwJ v, AP = vd Wf.
PD QC A

6. gl PC < QK kW BC < HK . AQ = 6 br. , QH = 4 br. , Q

H K
HP = 5 br., KC = 18 br. v, AK kW PB-fis fhf. P

B C

190 10M tF fj
 P
7. gl DE < AQ kW DF < AR
v, EF < QR vd Wf. E F
D

Q R
A
8. gl
A
DE < AB kW DF < AC D

v, EF < BC vd Wf.
E P
F
B C
9. AD vgJ 3 ABC - +A - cw nfhz Urkbto. mJ BCI D- rwJ.
(i) BD = 2 br., AB = 5 br., DC = 3 br. v, AC fhf.
(ii) AB = 5.6 br., AC = 6 br. kW DC = 3 br. v, BC fhf.
(iii) AB = x, AC = x 2, BD = x + 2 kW DC = x 1 v, x- kig fhf.
10. tUtdtW AD vgJ 3 ABC - +A - nfhz Urkbto MFkh vd
nrhf.
(i) AB = 4 br. , AC = 6 br. , BD = 1.6 br. , kW CD = 2.4 br. ,
(ii) AB = 6 br. , AC = 8 br. , BD = 1.5 br. . kW CD = 3 br. .
Q
11. MP vgJ 3 MNO - +M - btw Urkbto. M
.
nkY, J NO- id P- rwJ. br
10 6 br.
MN = 10 br., MO = 6 br., P
N O
NO = 12 br. v, OP-I fhf. 12 br.

12. ABCD vw ehfu +B kW +D Mat Urkbtof AC-I E-

btLwd v, AB = AD vd Wf.
BC DC
13. TABC - +A - cw Urkbto BC-I D-Y, +A - btw Urkbto
BC- id E-Y rwd v, BD = CD vd Wf.
BE CE
14. ABCD vw ehfu AB =AD. AE kW AF vgd Kiwna +BAC kW
+DAC Mat cw Urkbtof v, EF < BD vd Wf.

6.3 tobthj Knfhzf (Similar Triangles)

vlh tF rtrk Knfhzfis g thf fnwh. U toa
cUtf xnu ms kW xj tot bfhlitahf U mit rtrk
(Congruent) vd mnjh. gF tot xjitahf Mdh msf
ntWglitahf U mikj toa cUtfis g fngh. jifa
totfis eh tobthjit (Similar) vnwh.
eik Rs cUtfis fhQ nghJ, Xnu tot cs, rk myJ
khWgl msf bfhl gy bghUfis ghnwh. vLJfhlhf, xU

6. toa 191
kuYs iyf, xj totY xnu myJ
ntWgl msfis bfhlitahf csd.
ijnghnw, xnu glRUis bfhL vLfgL
gntW msfyhd bkahd Hglf ah
xj totfY Mdh ntWgl msfY
UF. itah
tobthj bghUf
vdgL.
l nj
nuf eho (Thales of Miletus)
toaiy mKf (624-546 .K.)
vyh
gLatuhf brhy Knfhz
gL nj, v -fS to jJt mP, Ph
bth kW fja z vd
cs uLf -jit magltfS, Kjik
c a u f i s ahdtuhf fgt nj
mt Hfis, Mth. fhuzfis
bfhL jUF Kiwia
tobthj Knfhzf gfis gagL Kj Kj toa
fljt vd fUjgLwh. thW tobthj gagLatU tnu.
nkY t, toa
Knfhzf gaghL cauf, uf Ma
gy njwfis bfhL
msLfis fzl VJthwd. t, Urkgf oJsh. fj gy
Knfhz rkgffSF vnu cs nfhzf fzFfis f t
ifahl Kiw midt
rk vd flh. brKiw toa, tobthj ftdij <jJ. .K. 585-
Knfhzf, brnfhz Knfhzf Mat Na ufzij KTona
gfis gagLdh. bjj bgUik tiu
rhU.
rtrk tot glf, tobthjitahf
UF. Mdh j kWjiy bkahf Uf njitiy. j gF,
eh Knfhzf tobthj jikfis g mnth. nkY, mitfis
gagL fzFfSF fhngh. tU va braghL, tobthj
Knfhzfis kdjs ma ekF cj.
brJ gh

bka mil xU Knfhz totij bto vL.

jiuF nk 1 l cau j milia Na x fhl.
bjhltir Knfhz totfis jiu fhz VJthf j
milid jiuia neh efJ.

jiuia, mil beUf beUf, g ajh bfhL brwJ. jiuia

L nkneh yf yf, g bgajh bfhnl brwJ.

Knfhz tot ms khWglhY, mj Kidf mik nfhz

msf vnghJ xnu ms Ugij ghfyh.

192 10M tF fj
 tiuaiw
U Knfhzf
(i) xj nfhzf rk (myJ)
(ii) xj gff sf rk j (myJ jrk) UF
v, mKnfhzfis tobthj Knfhzf vngh.
mjhtJ, xU Knfhz kbwh uhd thf v, uL
Knfhzf tobthjit (similar) MF.

Mfnt, 3 ABC kW 3 DEF Ma uL Knfhzf,

D

(i) +A = +D , +B = +E , +C = +F A

(myJ)

(ii) AB = BC = CA vd Ujh,
DE EF FD B C E F
gl 6.16 gl 6.17
mitf tobthj KnfhzfshF.

F A, B, C Ma cf Kiwna D, E kW F Ma cfSF xjit

ahF. tobthj Knfhzfis Fplhf 3ABC + 3DEF vd vGJnwh.
+ vD FpL tobthjJ vgij FF.
Fiu
3 ABC, 3DEF Mat tobthj jikia bghUjkhd xj cfis
bfhl Fplhf 3 BCA + 3 EFD kW TCAB + TFDE vd Ffyh.

6.3.1 tobthj KnfhzfSfhd Kiwf

tU _W mogil Kiwf, Knfhzf tobthjit vgij
%f nghJkhdit.

(i) tobthj KnfhzfSfhd AA-Kiw (Angle-Angle similarity criterion)

xU Knfhz uL nfhzf Kiwna kbwhU Knfhz uL
nfhzfSF rkkhdh, mU Knfhzf tobthjit MF.
F
xU Knfhz uL nfhzf Kiwna kbwhU Knfhz
uL nfhzfSF rkkhdh, mt _whtJ nfhzfS Kiwna
rkkhF. vdnt tobthj KnfhzfSfhd AA-Kiwia, AAA-Kiw
vW Ffyh.

(ii) tobthj KnfhzfSfhd SSS-Kiw (Side-Side-Side similarity criterion)

U Knfhzf, xj gff jf rkkhdh, mt xj
nfhzf rk. vdnt U Knfhzf tobthjit.

6. toa 193
(iii) tobthj KnfhzfSfhd SAS-Kiw (Side-Angle-Side similarity criterion)
xU Knfhz xU nfhz kbwhU Knfhz xU nfhzF
rkkhf, mU Knfhzf mnfhzfis csla xj gff
jrkY Ujh, mU Knfhzf tobthjit.
tobthj Knfhzf Kof ytiw %gz goaLnth.
(i) U tobthj Knfhzf gugsf j mt xj gff
tff jF rk.
A
(ii) xU brnfhz Knfhz brnfhzij
bfhl c tna fzF brFJnfhL
tiujh, mnfho U wK mik U
Knfhzf kW bga Knfhz Mad
xWbfhW tobthjitahf mik. B D C
gl 6.18
F, (m) T DBA + T ABC (M) 3 DAC + 3 ABC
() 3 DBA + 3 DAC E
A
(iii) U Knfhzf tobthjit v, xj
gff j mt xj FJauf
jF rk.
TABC + TEFG v AB = BC = CA = AD B D C F H G
EF FG GE EH gl 6.19 gl 6.20
(iv) U Knfhzf tobthjitahf U, xj gff j xj
Rwsf jF rk. mjhtJ,

T ABC + T DEF v, AB = BC = CA = AB + BC + CA .
DE EF FD DE + EF + FD
vLJfhL 6.8
A, B vgd TPQR - gff PQ, PR-f nk mikj f vf. nkY,
AB < QR , AB = 3 br. , PB = 2 br. kW PR = 6 br. v, QR- sid fhf.
AB = 3 br., PB = 2, br., PR = 6 br. kW AB < QR .
P
DPAB kW DPQR -
2
+PAB = +PQR (xj nfhzf) 3 6
+P vgJ U KnfhzfSF bghJ. A B

` DPAB + DPQR (AA-Kiw)

Q R
Mjyh, xj gff jf rk.
gl 6.21
vdnt, AB = PB
QR PR

( QR = AB # PR = 3 # 6
PB 2
Mfnt, QR = 9 br. .

194 10M tF fj
vLJfhL 6.9
1.8 cauKs xUt xU uo (pyramid) mUnf W bfhoUwh.
xU Fl neu mtUila H s 2.7 kW uo H s 210
v, uo cau fhf. A

ab, de vgd Kiwna uL kW

kj cauf vf.

BC, EF vgd Kiwna uL kW

kj Hf sf vf. B C

DABC kW DDEF - 210

+ABC = +DEF = 90o gl 6.22

+BCA = +EFD
D
(xU Fl neu Fl Vw nfhzf rk)

1.8
` DABC + DDEF (AA-Kiw)
vdnt, AB = BC E F
DE EF
2.7
( AB = 210 ( AB = 210 # 1.8 =140.
1.8 2.7 2.7 gl 6.23
uo cau = 140 .

vLJfhL 6.10
xU nfhu cid, xUt nfhuUJ 87.6 u jiu cs
xU fzho ghwh. fzho nk nehathW csJ. mt fzhoUJ
0.4 uY mt iliy ghit nfho kl jiuUJ 1.5
cauY csJ v, nfhu cau fhf. (kj mo, fzho kW
nfhu mo Mait xnu nenfho csd)
AB, ED vgd Kiwna kj cau, nfhu cau vf. C vgJ
fzho nfhu c gL (Point of incidence) vf. E
DABC kW DEDC - +ABC = +EDC = 90 ,
o

+BCA = +DCE
(xU Fl neu Fl Vw nfhzf A
rk. mjhtJ gLnfhz, vbuh nfhzF
rk)
1.5

` DABC + DEDC (AA-Kiw) B C D

ED DC 0.4 87.6
` = (xj gff rkj UF)
AB BC gl 6.24

( ED = DC # AB = 87.6 # 1.5 = 328.5 .

BC 0.4
nfhu cau = 328.5 .
6. toa 195
vLJfhL 6.11
xU Hgl fUYs gl RU xU ku g s 35 ..
byF glRUSF ilgl u 42 .. nkY, byUJ kuJF
cs u 6 v, Hgl A
vLfgL ku gF s
F
fhf.
H
AB, EF vgd Kiwna by

35.
6 G
Hgl vLfgL ku C

gF s kW glRU
E
g s vf. C vD
42.
byi[ FfL. CG, B
CH vgd DACB kW DFEC - gl 6.25

FJauf MF.
AB || FE vgJ bj.
DACB kW DFEC - +BAC = +FEC
+ECF = +ACB
(Fbjnfhzf rk)
` DACB + DECF (AA-Kiw)
vdnt, AB = CG
EF CH
( AB = CG # EF = 6 # 0.035 = 5
CH 0.042
H gl vLfgl ku gF s 5 MF.

g 6.2

1. tU glf xbthY bjahjdt kfis fhf. vyh

sfS bro l bfhLfgLsd. (msf mslgo iy)
A A
(i)
y
(ii) (iii)
A G x
x z
B F
8 C 6 H E F
4
8 D 3 E F 6
y x G G
5 y
D 6
24 E
B 5 D 7 C
B 9 C

2. xU Hgl fU glRU, 1.8 cauKs xU kj g s

1.5 br.. vf. fU byUJ glRU 3 br. u Ujh, mt
Hgl fUUJ vts u Ugh?

196 10M tF fj
3. 120 br.. cauKs xU W xU sF fg moUJ y,
mjF nebuuhf 0.6 ./ ntf elJ bfhoUwh. sF,
jiu klUJ 3.6 . cau csJ v, W H sij
4 dhofSF wF fhf.
4. xU W flfiu mt jijl Uwh.
fl J xUt bjhlJ j Koahk
jjJ bfhoUgij flh.
mt clnd nk 50 bjhiy UF
j jijia cj brkhW TFulh.
tis l t jij xU glFF 10
mUUjh. t mglif gagL
_ bfhoUgtid mila ntLbk, 126 mgl bry
ntL. mnj rka mW C x glUJ
98 u brY xUtid fhwh. C Ugt _
bfhoUgtUF H csh. mtiu fhghw C cst vts
bjhiy bry ntL? (glij ghf) (dh kL njFajW)
5. DABC - gff AB kW AC- Kiwna P kW Q vw f csd.
AP = 3 br., PB = 6 br., AQ = 5 br. kW QC = 10 br. v, BC = 3 PQ vd
Wf.
6. DABC -, AB = AC kW BC = 6 br. vf. nkY, AC- D vgJ AD = 5 br.
kW CD = 4 br. vW UFkhW xU v, DBCD + DACB vd Wf.
j _y DB-ia fhf.
7. DABC - gff AB kW AC-f nk mikj f Kiwna D kW
E vf. nkY, DE || BC, AB = 3 AD kW DABC - gugs 72 br.2 v,
ehfu DBCE- gugsit fhf.
8. 3 ABC- gf sf 6 br., 4 br., 9 br. kW 3 PQR + 3 ABC . 3PQR-
xU gf 35 br. v, 3PQR- Rws f mfkhf vts Uf TL?
A
9. gl DE || BC. nkY, AD = 3 v,
BD 5
D E
DADE - gugs
(i) ,
DABC - gugs
B C
rtf BCED - gugs
(ii) Madt kfis fhf.
DABC - gugs

10. muR, xU khef gagLjglhj ygF

x a bjhngilid Wt
lLwJ. Hl gF ajhf
mikfgL bjhngil gF
gugsit FwJ. gF gugsit
fhf.

6. toa 197
11. xU Wt itu FWF btL njhw to, gl D
A
fhoathW xU gl brjh. F AE = 16 br., EC = 81 br..
mt BD vw FWF Fid gagLj Uwh. E

mF s vts UfntL? B
C
12. xU khzt bfhofg cauid fzl Uwh.
bfhofg c vbuhig fzho fhQ tif, xU
W fzhoia jiu itwh. mfzho mtlUJ 0.5
bjhiy csJ. fzhoF bfhofgF ilna cs bjhiy
3 kW mtDila ilkl ghit nfhL jiuUJ 1.5 cau
csJ v, bfhofg cauij fhf. (khzt, fzho kW
bfho fg Mad xnu nenfho csd.)
Y
13. xU nkTiu gl fhoathW FWF btL

6
njhwij bfhLsJ. 8 h
(i) tobthj Knfhzfis bjbjLf. Z X
W
(ii) Tiu cau h-I fhf. 10

njw 6.5 jhfu njw (bgsja njw)

(Pythagoras theorem (Baudhayan theorem))
xU brnfhz Knfhz fz tf kw U gff
tff TLjYF rk.
bfhLfgLsit : brnfhz 3 ABC-, +A = 90c.
2 2 2
%f : BC = AB + AC
mik : AD = BC tiuf.
%gz
Knfhzf ABC kW DBA-f, +B bghJthd nfhz.
A
nkY, +BAC = +ADB = 90c.
` 3 ABC + 3 DBA (AA - Kiw)
vdnt, mt xj gff jf rk. B D C
gl 6.26
Mfnt, AB = BC
DB BA
2
( AB = DB # BC (1)
ij nghnw, 3 ABC + 3 DAC .

vdbt, BC = AC
AC DC
2
( AC = BC # DC (2)
(1) kW (2) Matiw Tl,
2 2
AB + AC = BD # BC + BC # DC

198 10M tF fj
 = BC^ BD + DC h
2
= BC # BC = BC
2 2 2
Mfnt, BC = AB + AC . jhfu njw %fglJ.
Fiu
jhfu njw uL mogil fUJfis bfhLsJ. xW
gugsfis gaJ. kbwhW sfis gaJ. vdnt, j w njw
toaiy, afjij izwJ. jhfu njw kWjiy
bkahF. njw KjKj vgtuh FlgL %fglJ.

jhfu njw kWjiy TW nH bfhLfgLsJ. (%gz gfhf

lgLsJ)
njw 6.6 jhfu njw kWjiy (Converse of Pythagoras theorem)
xU Knfhz, xU gf tf, kw U gff tff
TLjYF rk v, Kj gfF vnu cs nfhz brnfhz.

6.4 tlf kW bjhLnfhLf (Circles and Tangents)

tlJl bjhls xU nenfhL mtlid xnubahU
kL bjhLkhdh, mnfhL tlF xU bjhLnfhL (Tangent) vdgL.
toa tl bjhLnfhLf, toa mikf kW UgzfY
Ka gfhWwd. j ghlgFa tlf, bjhLnfhLf Matiw
mogilahf bfhl y Kofis sFnth. mt _y, bjhLnfhL-
eh njw (Tangent-Chord Theorem) vdgL Ka njwid %ngh. xU
nenfhL kW xU tl Matiw xU js vLJ bfhlh, mit _W
tiff mik. mit xid kbwhW btlhk nghfyh; mit uL
f btlyh. Wahf, xiw kbwhW xnu xU kL bjhlyh.

P P P
B

A
Q Q Q

gl 6.27 gl 6.28 gl 6.29

gl. 6.27-, tlF nenfhL PQ-F bghJ iy.

gl. 6.28-, nenfhL PQ vgJ tlid A, B vw U btntW f
btLwJ. iy PQ MdJ tlF xU btLnfhL (Secant)MF.
gl. 6.29-, nenfhL PQ- tlK xnu xU bghJ ia bfhLsd.
mjhtJ, nenfhL tlid xnu xU bjhLwJ. nenfhL PQ MdJ
tlF A- bjhLnfhL (Tangent) vdgL.
6. toa 199
 tiuaiw:
xU nenfhL tlid xnu xU kL bjhLkhdh mnfhL
tlF bjhLnfhL vdgL. m bjhL (Point of Contact) vdgL.

tlf kW bjhLnfhLfis mogilahf bfhl njwf ( %gz )

1. tl VnjD xU tiuagl bjhLnfhL, bjhL t
brY MuF brFjhF.
2. tl xU xnu xU bjhLnfhL kLnk tiua Ko.
3. tlF btna cs xU UJ, mtlF U bjhLnfhLf
tiuaKo.
4. tlF btYs VnjD xU UJ mtlF tiuagl
U bjhLnfhLf sf rk.
5. U tlf xiwbahW bjhLkhdh bjhL ahdJ tlf
ikafis izF nenfho mik.
6. U tlf btwkhf bjhLkhdh, tl ikafSF ilna cs
ukhdJ mt Muf TLjYF rkkhF.
7. U tlf cwkhf bjhLkhdh, tl ikafSF ilna cs
ukhdJ mt Muf ahrF rkkhF.

njw 6.7 bjhLnfhL - eh njw (Tangent-Chord theorem)

tl bjhLnfho bjhL tna xU eh tiuaglh, mj eh

bjhLnfhLl VgLJ nfhzf Kiwna xbthW jjahf khW
tl JLf mikj nfhzfSF rk.
bfhLfgLsit : O-it ikakhf cila tl A vD ST xU
bjhLnfhL, AB xU eh.
P, Q vgd AB vw eh vbu gff cs VnjD U f.
C

%f : (i) +BAT = +BPA (ii) +BAS = +AQB

B

mik : tl AC vw lid tiuf.

P O
B, C Matiw izf. Q
%gz
TW fhuz S A T
gl 6.30
+ABC = 90c miu tl c mik nfhz 90c
+CAB + +BCA = 90c brnfhz T ABC- Knfhz U
)

FWnfhzf TLj. (1)

+CAT = 90c bjhL l bjhLnfhoF brFjhF.
( +CAB + +BAT = 90c (2)
+CAB + +BCA = +CAB + +BAT (1) , (2)-UJ

200 10M tF fj
( +BCA = +BAT (3)
+BCA = +BPA xnu tlJoYs c miknfhzf rk (4)
+BAT = +BPA . (3), (4)-UJ (5)
Mfnt, (i) %fglJ.
nkY, + BPA + +AQB = 180c tl ehfu vbu nfhzf.

( +BAT + +AQB = 180c (5)-UJ (6)

nkY, +BAT + +BAS = 180c nenfho mikj nfhzf. (7)
+BAT+ +AQB = +BAT + +BAS (6), (7)-UJ
+ BAS = + AQB. vdnt, (ii) %fglJ.
Mfnt, njw %fglJ.

njw 6.8 bjhLnfhL - eh njw kWjiy

(Converse of Tangent-Chord Theorem)
xU tl xU eh xU Kid tna tiuagl nenfhL mehQl
clhF nfhzkhdJ kW tl JoYs nfhzF rkkhdh, m nenfhL
tlF xU bjhLnfhlhF.
tiuaiw
AB vw nfhL Jo P vgJ xU . PA # PB A P B
vgJ PA, PB-I gffshf bfhl brtf
gugsitFwJ. jbgUfgyvgJABvwnfhLJogFfsha
PA kW PB M mikfgl brtf gugs vW miHfgLwJ.

njw 6.9
A
A B
xU tl U ehf C P
xiwbahW cwkhf (btwkhf) P B D
bto bfhlh xU eh btL D O O
JLfsh mikfgL brtf C
gugs kbwhU eh btL
JLfsh mikfgL brtf gl 6.31 gl 6.32
gugsF rk.
gl.6.31-, O-it ikakhf cila tl AB kW CD vw uL ehf,
xiwbahW cwkhf P vw btLwd. vdnt, PA # PB = PC # PD.
gl 6.32-, O-it ikakhf cila tl AB kW CD vw uL ehf,
xiwbahW btwkhf P vw btLwd. vdnt, PA # PB = PC # PD.
vLJfhL 6.12
xU tl A- tiuagL bjhLnfhL PQ vf. AB vgJ tl
eh vf. nkY, +BAC = 54c kW +BAQ = 62c vW mikkhW tl nk
cs C v, +ABC -I fhf.

6. toa 201
: A- PQ xU bjhLnfhL kW AB xU eh.
C B
vdnt, +BAQ = +ACB = 62c. (bjhLnfhL - eh njw) 62c

nkY, +BAC + +ACB + +ABC = 180c.

54c
(xU Knfhz _W nfhzf TLj 180c) 62c
P A Q
+ABC = 180c - (+BAC + +ACB)
gl 6.33
= 180c (54c+ 62c) = 64c.
vLJfhL 6.13
fhQ xbthU glY x- kig fhf.
(i) (ii) A
5
B
A 4 8 4
C P
D
3 P
x B
x D 2

gl 6.34 gl 6.35

(i) F PA PB = PC PD (ii) F PA PB = PC PD
( PB = PC.PD ( 9 # 4 = (2+x) 2
PA
vdnt, x = 8 # 3 = 6. x + 2 = 18 vdnt, x = 16.
4
vLJfhL 6.14
gl PA, PB vgd O-it ikakhf bfhl tlF bt
P-UJ tiuagl bjhLnfhLfshF. CD vgJ tlF
E vD tiuagl bjhLnfhL. AP = 15 br. v, T A
C
PCD - Rwsit fLo.
O
E P
btna cs UJ tlF tiuagl
bjhLnfhLf sf rk vgjid eh mnth. D
B
` CA = CE, DB = DE, PA = PB.
` T PCD - Rws = PC + CD + DP gl 6.36
= PC + CE + ED + DP
= PC + CA + DB + DP
= PA + PB = 2 PA (a PB = PA )
Mfnt, T PCD - Rws = 2 # 15 = 30 br..
vLJfhL 6.15
ABCD vw ehfu, mj vyh gffS xU tlij bjhLkhW mikJsJ.
AB = 6 br., BC = 6.5 br. kW CD = 7 br. v, AD- sij fhf.
ehfukhdJ tlij bjhL f P, Q, R kW S vf.
` AP = AS (1), BP = BQ (2), CR = CQ (3), DR = DS (4).

202 10M tF fj
 (1), (2), (3) kW (4) Matiw TlilgJ, D
7 br.
C
R
AP + BP + CR + DR = AS + BQ + CQ + DS
= AS + DS + BQ + CQ

6.5br.
S Q
( AB + CD = AD + BC.
AD = AB + CD BC = 6 + 7 6.5 =6.5 P
B
Mfnt, AD = 6.5 br.. A 6 br.
gl 6.37

g 6.3
A B

1. gl TP xU bjhLnfhL. A, B vgd tl Js
f. + BTP = 72c kW + ATB = 43c v + ABT-I 43c
72c
fhf. T P
2. xU tl AB, CD vD U ehf xiwbahW cwkhf P-
bto bfhwd.
(i) CP = 4 br., AP = 8 br.., PB = 2 br. v, PD-I fhf.
(ii) AP = 12 br., AB = 15 br., CP = PD v, CD-I fhf.
3. AB kW CD vw U ehf tlF btna P vD bto
bfhwd.
(i) AB = 4 br., BP = 5 br. kW PD = 3 br. v, CD-I fhf.
(ii) BP = 3 br., CP = 6 br. kW CD = 2 br. v, AB-I fhf.
4. xU tl, TABC- gf BC-I P- bjhLwJ. mtl AB kW AC-f
fis Kiwna Q kW R- bjhLwJ v, AQ = AR = 1 (TABC- Rws)
2
vd Wf.
5. xU izfu vyh gffS xU tlid bjhLkhdh
mizfu xU rhrJukhF vd Wf.
6. xU jhkiu thdJ j klF nk 20 br. cau csJ. jo
gF j klF nH csJ. fhW RnghJ jL jsgL,
jhkiu thdJ jo Mug iyUJ 40 br. u jiu
bjhLwJ. Mug iy j klF nH cs jo s fhf?
7. brtf ABCD- cw O-UJ brtf Kidf A, B, C, D
2 2 2 2
izfgLsd v, OA + OC = OB + OD vd Wf.

g 6.4
rahd ilia njbjLf.
1. 9 ABC- gff AB kW AC Matiw xU nenfhL Kiwna D kW
E-f btLwJ. nkY, mnfhL BC-F iz v AE =
AC
(A) AD (B) AD (C) DE (D) AD
DB AB BC EC

6. toa 203
2. 9ABC- AB kW AC-fYs f D kW E vgd DE < BC vwthW
csd. nkY, AD = 3 br., DB = 2 br. kW AE = 2.7 br. v, AC =
(A) 6.5 br. (B) 4.5 br. (C) 3.5 br. (D) 5.5 br.
3. 9 PQR- RS vgJ +R - nfhz cw Urkbto. P

PQ = 6 br., QR = 8 br., r. 4 br.

6b S
RP = 4 br. v, PS = Q 8 br. R
(A) 2 br. (B) 4 br. (C) 3 br. (D) 6 br. A

4. gl AB = BD , +B = 40c kW +C = 60c v, +BAD =

AC DC
40c 60c
(A) 30c (B) 50c (C) 80c (D) 40c B D C
A
5. gl x- kghdJ x 4
56c
D E
(A) 4 $ 2 myFf (B) 3 $ 2 myFf 8 10
(C) 0 $ 8 myFf (D) 0 $ 4 myFf B
56c
C
6. TABC kW TDEF -f +B = +E kW +C = +F v,
(A) AB = CA (B) BC = AB (C) AB = BC (D) CA = AB
DE EF EF FD DE EF FD EF
A
7. bfhLfgl glF, bghUjhj Tid flf.

(A) TADB + TABC (B) TABD + TABC D

(C) TBDC + TABC (D) TADB + TBDC

B C
8. 12 sKs xU neFjhd F, 8 sKs Hiy jiu VgLJwJ.
mnj neu xU nfhu 40 sKs Hiy jiu VgLJwJ v,
nfhu cau
(A) 40 (B) 50 (C) 75 (D) 60
9. U tobthj Knfhzf gff j 2:3 v, mt
gugsf j

(A) 9 : 4 (B) 4 : 9 (C) 2 : 3 (D) 3 : 2

10. Knfhzf ABC kW DEF tobthjit. mt gugsf Kiwna
100 br. 2, 49 br. 2 kW BC = 8.2 br. v, EF =
(A) 5.47 br. (B) 5.74 br. (C) 6.47 br. (D) 6.74 br.
11. U tobthj Knfhzf Rwsf Kiwna 24 br., 18 br. vf. Kj
Knfhz xU gf 8 br. v, kbwhU Knfhz mjF xj gf

(A) 4 br. (B) 3 br. (C) 9 br. (D) 6 br.

204 10M tF fj
12. AB, CD vgd xU tl U ehf. mit lgLnghJ P-
rwd kW AB = 5 br., AP = 8 br., CD = 2 br. v, PD =

(A) 12 br. (B) 5 br. (C) 6 br. (D) 4 br.

D
13. gl ehf AB kW CD vgd P- btLwd A

AB = 16 br., PD = 8 br., PC = 6 kW AP >PB v, AP =

P
(A) 8 br. (B) 4 br. (C) 12 br. (D) 6 br. B
C
14. P vD , tl ika O-UJ 26 br. bjhiy csJ. P-UJ
tlF tiuagl PT vw bjhLnfho s 10 br. v, OT =

(A) 36 br. (B) 20 br. (C) 18 br. (D) 24 br.

15. gl, +PAB = 120c v, +BPT = C B

(A) 120o (B) 30o

c
120
A
(C) 40
o
(D) 60 o
P T
16. O-it ikakhf cila tlF PA, PB vgd bt P-UJ
tiuagl bjhLnfhLf. bjhLnfhLfSF il cs nfhz 40 o
v, +POA =
(A) 70o (B) 80o (C) 50o (D) 60o
A D
17. gl, PA, PB vgd tlF btnas P
Q
P-UJ tiuagl bjhLnfhLf.
nkY CD vgJ Q vw tlF C
B
bjhLnfhL. PA = 8 br., CQ = 3 br. v, PC =
(A) 11 br. (B) 5 br. (C) 24 br. (D) 38 br.

18. brnfhz DABC - +B = 90c kW BD = AC . BD = 8 br., AD = 4 br.

v, CD =
(A) 24 br. (B) 16 br. (C) 32 br. (D) 8 br.
19. uL tobthj Knfhzf gugsf Kiwna 16 br. 2, 36 br. 2.
Kj Knfhz FJau 3 br. v, kbwhU Knfhz mjid
xj FJau
(A) 6.5 br. (B) 6 br. (C) 4 br. (D) 4.5 br.
20. U tobthj Knfhzf DABC kW DDEF Mat Rwsf
Kiwna 36 br., 24 br.. nkY, DE = 10 br. v, AB =
(A) 12 br. (B) 20 br. (C) 15 br. (D) 18 br.

6. toa 205
 7 Knfhza
There is perhaps nothing which so occupies the middle position of
mathematics as trigonometry J.F. Herbart

7.1 mKf
mKf tlf f msf kW mfis
tiugLJ ehf msf Ma tF ilna
KbwhUikf
cs bjhlid tgjfhf Knfhza
caufS ufS cUthfglJ. Knfhza, 15 M whoF
wF xU Knfhz nfhzf msfis mj
gff sfSl bjhlgLj gaLjglJ.
.K. 2M who thj nuf ehil nrj
ghr (Hipparchus) Knfhza gilghs vd
TwgLwJ. Knfhz msf vd bghUgL
Knfhza (Trigonometry) vD brhYFa
bgUik ghnjhnyhk of (Bartholomaus Pitiscus)
(1561-1613) vgtiu rhU.
xgjh tF, btntW Knfhza
jf, mtilnaahd j bjhlf kW
ghr Knfhza mltizia gagL fzF
(Hipparchus) fSF fhQ Kiw Madtiw fwnjh.
(190 - 120 .K.) Knfhza KbwhUikf g, kiyf,
(Greece) fllf nghwt caufis, mitfSF
t Knfhzaiy ilgl ufis neilahf msJ ghuhk,
nkgLdh. Knfhz Knfhza jfis kL gagL mtiw
a gagLjgL ml fl Kiwfis g j maha eh
tizfis cUthdh. nfhs ff cnsh.
Knfhza gy fzF
fSF id flh. 7.2 Knfhza KbwhUikf
Na kW ru ga (Trigonometric identities)
jkJ nfhghLfdhY kW
mt flj Knfhza
xU rkghlhdJ tiuaWfgl kh myJ
dhY, Na ufzij K khf vyh kfSF bkahdh, mrkghL
Tona mtjF egfkhd xU KbwhUikahF vgjid eh mnth.
2 2
Kiwia Kj Kj vLJfhlhf, ^a + bh2 = a + 2ab + b vw rkghL
ghr cUthdh. xU KbwhUikahF. Vbd, midJ bkbaf
th elF ffis a, b fSF rkghL bkahF.
btWfzh TJ M
bra l fhykhf gagl nj nghW xU nfhzkh, Knfhz
gy thda fUfis j fis bfhl rkghlhdJ, mYs
ajhf fLojJ
t i u aWfgl nfhzf vyh kfSF
kL, jifa gy
fUfis nkgLa bkahdh, mrkghL Knfhza KbwhUik
bgUik tiu rhU. vdgL.
206
 vLJfhlhf ^sin i + c osi h2 - ^sin i - cos i h2 = 4 sin i cos i vw rkghL
i - midJ kfSF bkahjyh, rkghL xU Knfhza
KbwhUikahF. UD (sin i + cos i) 2 = 1 vw rkghL KbwhUik
MfhJ. Vb d , r k g h L i = 0c - F bkahwJ. M dh, i = 45c v,
2
^sin 45c + cos 45ch2 = c 1 + 1 m = 2 ! 1 vgjh, rkghL bk MfhJ.
2 2
j maha, midJ Knfhza KbwhUikf kW rkghLf
Mad khf vbjj kfSF bghUSilajhf mikwdnth,
mkfSF mit eF tiuaWfgljhf fUjgLwd.

jhfu KbwhUikf (Pythagorean identities) vd miHfgL gaDs

_W KbwhUikfis jUJ, mtiw gagL ntW y KbwhUikfis
bgWnth.
2 2 2
brnfhz 3 ABC - AB + BC = AC (1)
C
2
rkghL (1)- xbthU cWig AC M tFf ilgJ,
2 2 2
AB + BC = AC ( AC ! 0 )
2 2 2
AC AC AC
AB 2 BC 2 i
` AC j + ` AC j = 1 A B
gl 7.1
2 2
vdnt, cos A + sin A = 1
+A = i vf. 0c < i < 90c vd cs i - vyh kfSF
2 2
cos i + sin i = 1 (2)
nkY, cos 0c + sin 0c = 1 kW cos 90c + sin 90c = 1 vgJ bjthwJ.
2 2 2 2

vdnt, (2) MdJ 0c # i # 90c vw vyh i kF bkahF.

(1)-I AB M tFf ilgJ,
2

2 2
AB + BC = AC 2 (a AB ! 0)
2 2 ` AB j
AB AB
AB 2 BC 2 AC 2 2 2
` AB j + ` AB j = ` AB j ( 1 + tan i = sec i . (3)

i = 90c vw kF tan i kW sec i tiuaWfglhjjh,

KbwhUik (3)MdJ 0c # i < 90c vw i - vyh kfSF bkahF.
L (1)- xbthU cWig BC2 M tFf ilgJ,
2 2
AB + BC = AC 2 (a BC ! 0)
2 2 ` BC j
BC BC
AB 2 BC 2 AC 2 2 2
` BC j + ` BC j = ` BC j ( cot i + 1 = cosec i . (4)

i = 0cvw kF cot i kW cosec i tiuaWfglhjjh,

KbwhUik (4) MdJ 0c < i # 90cvw vyh i - kfSF bkahF.
7. Knfhza 207
nkfl KbwhUikfSF rkkhd y Kof nH jugLsd.
KbwhUik rkkhd totf
(i) sin2 i + cos2 i = 1 sin2 i = 1 - cos2 i (myJ) cos2 i = 1 - sin2 i

(ii) 1 + tan2 i = sec2 i sec2 i - tan2 i = 1 (myJ) tan2 i = sec2 i - 1

(iii) 1 + cot2 i = cosec2 i cosec2 i - cot2 i = 1 (myJ) cot2 i = cosec2 i - 1

Fiu
nkny cs KbwhUikfis eh FWnfhz i - UJnsh.
Mdh KbwhUikf, i - vkfSF Knfhza rhf
tiuaWfgLsnjh mkfSF KbwhUikf bkahF.
ghl nfhz i - FWnfhz kfis kL vLJbfhnth.

bghJthf, Knfhza rhf cs KbwhUikfis %f xU bghJthd

tKiw VJ iy. UD nH jugLs y cf, Knfhza
KbwhUikfis %f gaDsjhf mik.
(i) bfhLfgLsit, %fgl ntoait Matiw ftd bfhL
KbwhUikfis ftdkhf gof.
(ii) va gFia vLJ thFtJ myJ RUFtijl KbwhUik
fyhd gFia vLJbfhL RUFtJ RygkhdJ.
(iii) y rkaf KbwhUik U gffY nfhitf fyhf U,
U gFfis jjahf vLJ RU, xnu nfhitahf jjahf
bgw ntL.
(iv) dfis xizFnghJ gYWnfhitf Tl gagL
afj cfis gagLj.
(v) njit v, xbthU cWig mjF rkkhd sine, cosine MadtF
kh RUFtjF Ka bra.
2 2 2 2
(vi) xU KbwhUik MdJ, tan i, cot i, cosec i, sec i MaitfSl Toa
2 2 2 2
cWfis bfhoUjh sec i = 1 + tan i kW cosec i = 1 + cot i
vgdtiw gagLJtJ eik gaF.

vLJfhL 7.1

sin i + cos i = 1 vw KbwhUikia Wf.

cosec i sec i

sin i + cos i = sin i + cos i

cosec i sec i 1 1
` sin i j ` cos i j
2 2
= sin i + cos i = 1.

208 10M tF fj
vLJfhL 7.2
1 - cos i = cosec i - cot i vw KbwhUikia Wf.
1 + cos i

1 - cos i = ^1 - cos i h ^1 - cos i h

#
1 + cos i ^1 + cosih ^1 - cosih
^1 - cos i h2 ^1 - cos i h2 2 2
= 2 2 = 2 (a 1 - cos i = sin i )
1 - cos i sin i
= 1 - cos i = 1 - cos i
sin i sin i sin i
= cosec i - cot i .
vLJfhL 7.3
6cosec ^90c - i h - sin ^90c - i h@ [cosec i - sin i] [tan i + cot i] = 1
vw KbwhUikia Wf.
6cosec ^90c - i h - sin ^90c - i h@ [cosec i - sin i] [tan i + cot i]

sin i cos i
= ^sec i - cos i h^cosec i - sin i h c cos i + sin i m (a cosec (90c - i) = sec i,
sin (90c - i) = cos i )
2 2
=` 1 - cos i j` 1 - sin i jc sin i + cos i m
cos i sin i sin i cos i
2 2
= c 1 - cos i mc 1 - sin i m` 1
j
cos i sin i sin i cos i
2 2
= c sin i mc cos i m` 1
j = 1. (sin2 i + cos2 i = 1)
cos i sin i sin i cos i
vLJfhL 7.4
tan i + sec i - 1 = 1 + sin i vd Wf.
tan i - sec i + 1 cos i

tan i + sec i - 1
tan i - sec i + 1
tan i + sec i - ^sec2 i - tan2 i h
= ^a sec2 i - tan2 i = 1h
tan i - sec i + 1

= ^tan i + sec ih - ^sec i + tan ih^sec i - tan ih ^ a a - b = ^a + bh (a - bh )

2 2

tan i - sec i + 1

= (tan i + sec i) 61 - ^sec i - tan i h@

tan i - sec i + 1
^tan i + sec i h^tan i - sec i + 1h
=
tan i - sec i + 1

= tan i + sec i = sin i + 1 = 1 + sin i .

cos i cos i cos i
7. Knfhza 209
vLJfhL 7.5

tan i + cot i = 1 + tan i + cot i vw KbwhUikia Wf.

1 - cot i 1 - tan i

tan i + cot i
1 - cot i 1 - tan i
1 1
= tan i + tan i = tan i + tan i
1- 1 1 - tan i tan i - 1 1 - tan i
tan i tan i
2 2
= tan i + 1 = tan i + 1
tan i - 1 tan i^1 - tan i h tan i - 1 ^- tan i h^tan i - 1h
2
= tan i - 1
tan i - 1 ^tan i h^tan i - 1h

= 1 tan i - 1 j
2
^tan i - 1h
` tan i

1 ^tan3 i - 1h
=
^tan i - 1h tan i
2 2
^tan i - 1h^tan i + tan i + 1 h
= ^a a3 b3 = ^a bh^a2 + ab + b2hh
(tan i - 1) tan i
2
= tan i + tan i + 1
tan i
2
= tan i + tan i + 1 =tan i + 1 + cot i
tan i tan i tan i
= 1 + tan i + cot i .

vLJfhL 7.6
2 2
^sin i + cosec i h2 + ^cos i + sec i h2 = 7 + tan i + cot i vw KbwhUikia Wf.

^sin i + cosec i h2 + ^cos i + sec i h2

2 2 2 2
= sin i + cosec i + 2 sin i cosec i + cos i + sec i + 2 cos i sec i

= sin i + cos i + cosec i + sec i + 2 sin i 1 + 2 cos i 1

2 2 2 2

sin i cos i
2 2
= 1 + ^1 + cot i h + ^1 + tan i h + 2 + 2
2 2
= 7 + tan i + cot i .

210 10M tF fj
vLJfhL 7.7
^sin6 i + cos6 i h = 1 - 3 sin2 i cos2 i vw KbwhUikia Wf.

6 6
sin i + cos i
2 3 2 3
= ^sin i h + ^cos i h
2 2 3 2 2 2 2
= ^sin i + cos i h - 3 sin i cos i ^sin i + cos i h
3 3
(a a + b = ^a + bh3 - 3ab^a + bh )
2 2
= 1 - 3 sin i cos i . ^a sin2 i + cos2 i = 1 h

vLJfhL 7.8
3
sin i - 2 sin i = tan i vw KbwhUikia Wf.
3
2 cos i - cos i

3 2
sin i - 2 sin i = sin i^1 - 2 sin i h
3 2
2 cos i - cos i cos i^2 cos i - 1h
2 2 2
= c sin i me sin 2i + cos i2 - 2 sin 2 i o ^a sin2 i + cos2 i = 1h
cos i 2 cos i - ^sin i + cos i h
2 2
= ( tan i ) e cos2 i - sin2 i o = tan i .
cos i - sin i
vLJfhL 7.9

sec i - tan i = 1 - 2 sec i tan i + 2 tan2 i vw KbwhUikia Wf.

sec i + tan i

sec i - tan i
sec i + tan i

= c sec i - tan i m # c sec i - tan i m

sec i + tan i sec i - tan i

^sec i - tan i h2
= 2 2
sec i - tan i
^sec i - tan i h2
= ^a sec2 i - tan2 i = 1h
1
2 2
= ^sec i - tan i h2 = sec i + tan i - 2 sec i tan i
2 2
= ^1 + tan i h + tan i - 2 sec i tan i ^a sec2 i = 1 + tan2 i h

2
= 1 - 2 sec i tan i + 2 tan i.

7. Knfhza 211
vLJfhL 7.10
2
1 + sec i = sin i vd Wf.
sec i 1 - cos i


1+ 1
1 + sec i cos i (cos i + 1)
sec i = 1 = (cos i)
cos i
cos i
= 1 + cos i
(1 - cos i)
= (1 + cos i) #
(1 - cos i)
2
= 1 - cos i
1 - cos i
2
= sin i .
1 - cos i
vLJfhL 7.11
^cosec i - sin i h^sec i - cos i h = 1 vw KbwhUikia Wf.
tan i + cot i

Kj, lJ gf csij vLJbfhnth.

^cosec i - sin i h^sec i - cos i h

= ` 1 - sin i j` 1 - cos i j
sin i cos i
2 2
= c 1 - sin i mc 1 - cos i m
sin i cos i
2 2
= cos i sin i = sin i cos i (1)
sin i cos i
F

sin i cos i
mLjjhf, tyJ gf csij fUJnth. = sin i cos i
1
1 1 = sin i cos i
tan i + cot i = sin i sin2 i + cos2 i
+ cos i 1
cos i sin i =
sin2 i + cos2 i
sin i cos i
1 1
= 2 2 = sin2 i + cos2 i
c sin i + cos i m sin i cos i sin i cos i
sin i cos i 1
=
tan i + cot i
= sin i cos i (2)

(1) kW (2) MatUJ,

(cosec i - sin i)^sec i - cos i h = 1 .

tan i + cot i
212 10M tF fj
vLJfhL 7.12
2 2
tan i + sin i = m , tan i - sin i = n kW m ! n v, m - n = 4 mn vd fhLf.

m = tan i + sin i , n = tan i - sin i vgd bfhLfgLsd.

2 2
m - n = ^tan i + sin i h2 - ^tan i - sin i h2
2 2 2 2
= tan i + sin i + 2 sin i tan i - ^tan i + sin i - 2 sin i tan i h
= 4 sin i tan i (1)
nkY, 4 mn = 4 ^tan i + sin i h^tan i - sin i h
2
= 4 tan i - sin i = 4
2 2 sin i - sin2 i
e 2 o
cos i
= 4
2
sin i c 1 -1
2 m
cos i
2 2
= 4 sin i (sec i - 1)
2 2
= 4 sin i tan i (a sec2 i - 1 = tan2 i)
= 4 sin i tan i. (2)
2 2
(1) kW (2)-UJ, m - n = 4 mn .
vLJfhL 7.13
tan2 a = cos2 b - sin2 b v, cos2 a - sin2 a = tan2 b vd Wf.

cos2 b - sin2 b = tan2 a vd bfhLfgLsJ.

cos2 b - sin2 b 2
= sin 2a Tl-fj jrk
1 cos a
2 2 a = c v, a + b = c + d
cos b - sin b sin2 a
= b d a-b c-d
cos2 b + sin2 b cos2 a
Tl fj jrk ia gagLj ilgJ,
(cos2 b - sin2 b) + (cos2 b + sin2 b) 2 2
2 2 2 2
= sin2 a + cos2 a
(cos b - sin b) - (cos b + sin b) sin a - cos a

2 cos2 b 1
( 2
=
- 2 sin b sin a - cos2 a
2

sin2 b
( - 2
= sin2 a - cos2 a
cos b
( tan2 b = cos2 a - sin2 a vd WtglJ.
F : Tl-fj jrk ia gagLjhkY nkny cs
fzF fhzy.
7. Knfhza 213
 g 7.1
1. tUtd xbthW KbwhUik MFkh vd fhf.
2 2 2 2
(i) cos i + sec i = 2 +sin i (ii) cot i + cos i = sin i
2. tU KbwhUikfis Wf.
2 2 2
(i) sec i + cosec i = sec i cosec i
2
(ii) sin i = cosec i + cot i
1 - cos i

(iii) 1 - sin i = sec i - tan i (iv) cos i = 1 + sin i

1 + sin i sec i - tan i
2
(vi) 1 + cos i - sin i = cot i
2 2
(v) sec i + cosec i = tan i + cot i
sin i ^1 + cos i h
(vii) sec i ^1 - sin i h^sec i + tan i h = 1 (viii) sin i = 1 - cos i
cosec i + cot i
3. tU KbwhUikfis Wf.
sin ^90c - i h cos i
(i) + = 2sec i .
1 + sin i 1 - cos ^90c - i h

(ii) tan i + cot i = 1 + sec i cosec i .

1 - cot i 1 - tan i
0 0
sin ^90 - i h cos ^90 - i h
(iii) + = cos i + sin i .
1 - tan i 1 - cot i
0
tan ^90 - i h cosec i + 1
(iv) + = 2 sec i.
cosec i + 1 cot i

(v) cot i + cosec i - 1 = cosec i + cot i.

cot i - cosec i + 1

(vi) ^1 + cot i - cosec i h^1 + tan i + sec i h = 2 .

(vii) sin i - cos i + 1 = 1 .

sin i + cos i - 1 sec i - tan i
0

(viii) tan i = sin i sin ^90 - i h

2 2 0
1 - tan i 2 sin ^90 - i h - 1
(ix) 1 - 1 = 1 - 1 .
cosec i - cot i sin i sin i cosec i + cot i
2 2
(x) cot i + sec i = (sin i cos i)^tan i + cot i h .
2 2
tan i + cosec i
2 2 2 2
4. x = a sec i + b tan i kW y = a tan i + b sec i v, x - y = a - b vd Wf.
2
5. tan i = n tan a kW sin i = m sin a v, cos i = m2 - 1 , n ! +1, vd Wf.
2

n -1
6. sin i, cos i kW tan i vgd bgUF bjhl (G.P.) U
6 2
cot i - cot i = 1 vd Wf.
214 10M tF fj
7.3 caufS ufS (Heights and Distances)
nfhfSFilnas u, vtbu fu
cau, f bjhiy cs Na, ru, ... nghwtF
ilnas u Mad vthW msfgLwd myJ
fzlgLwd vgJ ekF aghf csJ. tiw
ms ehlhit bfhL msl Kokh?

cik, mthW msj vgJ ayhJ.

Knfhza jfis bfhL j l ufis
fzl Ko vgJ ekF Mtij mwJ. nkY
Knfhza jf, njrglfis tiua kW gl 7.2
mrnuif, fnuifia bfhL xU miklij fhz gagLwd.
nahliy (Theodolite) vw fU ( gl 7.2) xU bghUis cWnehFgt
iliy ghitnfhoF, mbghUSF ilgl nfhzij msf
gagLwJ. nahliy fU, msf Ff bgw xWbfhW
brFjhf cs uL rfufS, xU bjhiyneh csd. rfuf,
ilklnfhzf kW neFJ nfhzf Matiw msf cjwd.
njitahd nfhzij msgjF, bjhiynehia mia nehathW
itfntL. mnfhz msit bjhiyneh msnfh fhzyh.
e g bfhofg cauij neuoahf msJ ghfhk, mj
cauij fhngh.
bfho fg mo B-UJ 10 u jiu A vw xU
khzt W bfhoUwh vf. mt bfhofg c Dia 60c nfhz
ghwh. mtUila iliy ghit nfho kl E MdJ (Eye level) jiu
klUJ 1.2 cau csJ vdbfhnth. (gl.7.3I ghf) D

brnfhz TDEC - +DEC = 60c

bghGJ, tan 60c = CD

EC
( CD = EC tan 60c
vdnt, CD = 10 3 = 10 # 1.732
60
= 17.32 E
C
10
1.2

bfhofg cau, BD = BC + CD A 10 B
= 1.2 + 17.32 = 18.52 gl 7.3
thW, neuoahf msJ ghfhknyna e g bfhofg
cauij ekh fhz KowJ. vdnt, xU brnfhz Knfhz xU gfK,
xU FWnfhzK bjjh, Knfhza jfis gagL kw gf
msfis fLof aY. caufis kW ufis fhg
mofo eh gagLJ y fiy brhfis nghGJ tiuaWngh.

7. Knfhza 215
ghit nfhL (Line of sight)
eh xU bghUis ghF nghJ, ekJ fUJ mbghUSF cs
nenfhL ghitnfhL vdgL. F fzL u myJ rkjgl u f
mfkhf csjh, bghUis xU ahf fUJnwh.
wf nfhz kW Vw nfhz (Angle of depression and angle of elevation)
xU bghU iliy ghit
nfhoF nH U, mbghUis
ghf eh e jiyia jhj ntL.
j f nghJ ekJ ff xU
iliy ghit nfhL
wf
nfhz
nfhz Hhf efwd. thW
ghit
nfhL
VgL nfhz wf nfhz
vdgL. mjhtJ, iliy ghit
nfhoF nH bghU UFnghJ
ghit nfhoF iliy ghit
nfhoF ilnas nfhz
gl 7.4 wf nfhz vdgL. (gl 7.4).
xU bghU e iliy
ghitnfhoF nkny Ujh, eh
jiyia ca mbghUis ghf ghi
tn
fhL
ntoUF. j fnghJ
e ff xU nfhz nkyhf Vw nf
hz
efwd. thW VgL nfhz
iliy ghit nfhL
Vw nfhz vdgL. mjhtJ,
iliy ghit nfhoF
nknys ghit nfhoF
ilnas nfhz Vw nfhz
vdgL. (gl 7.5). gl 7.5
F
(i) ghitahs cau juglho ghitahsiu xU ahf vLJ
bfhnth.

(ii) ghitahs xU bghUis ghF nghJ VgL Vw nfhzkhdJ,

mbghUUJ ghitahsiu ghF nghJ VgL wf nfhzF
rk.

cauf kW uf bjhlghd fzFfSF fhz tU

gof gagL.
(i) dhid ftdkhf gojmjnfwthW xU va kh glij tiuf.
(ii) gl jf milahsf bfhLJ jugl kfis Ff.
(iii) fzl ntoa cauij h vd bfhf. uij x vd bfhf.
(iv) fzF fhz cj Knfhza jij njbjLf.
(v) bfhLfgl kfis uL, njitahd kid fhf.

216 10M tF fj
 tU braghL, kw Kiwfis l bghU cauij, va Kiw
fla cj.
brJ gh

xU cR FH (straw) ika xU xU
cR FH
Kidia fl. kbwhU Kidia fhj gW
fUl (paper clip) fLf.

j cR FH ikaid xU nfhzkh
(protractor) mow Wfkhf xl. yhdJ vjj
jlf yhk bjh xU FJnfhil, VgLJjiy
cW brf.
fhjgW

neuoahf msf ayhj btnas xU caukhd bghUis fU
mjhtJ, TilgJ tisa, bfhofg myJ g gl 7.6
fll cau t VjhtJ xid nj brf.

cR FH _y mbghU cia ghf. yhdJ nfhzkh
msLfis bjhL l VgL nfhzij msf. Vw nfhz
fhz, mnfhz msid 90c- UJ ff. nfhzij i vf.
iliy ghit nfhoF, jiuklF cs uij msJ mij x

vf. c fhyoUJ mbghU mogFF cs bjhiyit msJ
mij y vd bfhs.
t msfis xU gl Ff.

bghU cau (h) fhz, h = x + y tan i vw rkghil gagLj.

vLJfhL 7.14
200 sKs dh xU fhwho flgL gwJ bfhoUwJ. mj
jiuklJl 300 nfhzij VgLdh, fhwho jiuklUJ vts
cau gwwJ vd fhf. (F xU nenfho csjhf fUJf)
jiuklUJ fhwhoF cs u h vf.
gl AC vgJ s vf.
+CAB = 30c kW AC = 200
C

200
vd bfhLfgLsJ. h

brnfhz 3 CAB- sin 30c = h

30
A B
200
gl 7.7
( h = 200 sin 30c
` h = 200 # 1 = 100
2
mjhtJ jiu klUJ fhwho u 100 .

7. Knfhza 217
vLJfhL 7.15
Rt rhJ itfgl xU VahdJ jiul 60c nfhzij VgLJwJ.
V mo RtUJ 3.5 u csJ v, V sij fhf.

AC vgJ Via, B vgJ Rt moia FfL.

C
V s ac = x vf.
+CAB = 60c kW AB = 3.5 vd bfhLfgLsJ.
x

brnfhz 3 CAB -, cos 60c = AB

AC
AC = AB
60
( A 3.5 B
cos 60c gl 7.8
` x = 2 # 3.5 = 7
vdnt, V s 7 MF.

vLJfhL 7.16
30 sKs xU fg H s 10 3 v, Na Vw
nfhz (jiu klUJ Vw nfhz) msid fhf.
s vgJ Na iy vd Bc vgJ fg vd S
bfhf.
C
AB = 10 3 vgJ fg H s vf. A-
Na Vwnfhz i vf.

BC = 30
30
brnfhz 3 CAB-, tan i = BC = 30 = 3
AB 10 3 3
( tan i = 3
` i = 60c i
A B
jiu klUJ Na Vw nfhz 60c. 10 3
gl 7.9
vLJfhL 7.17
xU nfhu moUJ 30 3 bjhiy F xU ghitahs,
mnfhu cid 30c Vw nfhz fhwh. jiuklUJ
mtUila iliy ghitnfhoF cs u 1.5 v, nfhu
cauij fhf.

BD vgJ nfhu cau vf. AE vgJ jiuklF ghitahs

iliy ghitnfhoF ilna cs u vf.

218 10M tF fj
 AB = EC vUFkhW AB-F izahf EC-I tiuf. D

AB = EC = 30 3 kW
AE = BC = 1.5 vd bfhLfgLsJ.
brnfhz 3 DEC-, E 30
C
30 3

1.5
tan 30c = CD B
EC A 30 3
gl 7.10
( CD = EC tan 30c = 30 3
3
` CD = 30
Mjyh, nfhu cau, BD = BC + CD
= 1.5 + 30 = 31.5
vLJfhL 7.18
neFjhd xU ku nkghf fhdh KJ, mKj gF nH
GJlhk, ku c jiul 30c nfhzij VgLJwJ. ku c mj
moUJ 30 bjhiy jiuia bjhLwJ v, ku KG cauij fhf.
C
C vw ku KJsJ
vd ku c jiuia bjhL
A vd bfhf. ku B mo vf.
AB = 30 kW +CAB = 30c vd
bfhLfgLsd.
30
brnfhz 3 CAB -, A 30 B
tan 30c = BC gl 7.11
AB
( BC = AB tan 30c
` BC = 30
3
= 10 3 (1)
bghGJ, cos 30c = AB
AC
( AC = AB
cos 30c
vdnt, AC = 30 # 2 = 10 3 # 2 = 20 3 . (2)
3
Mfnt, ku cau = BC + AC = 10 3 + 20 3
= 30 3 .
vLJfhL 7.19
X mntf ngh khd, jiu klUJ 3000 cau, kbwhU
mntf ngh khdij ne nkyhf flwJ. mthW flF nghJ jiu
kl xU Fl UJ mt Vw nfhzf Kiwna 60c
kW 45c v, mj neu ulhtJ ngh khd kW Kj ngh khd
MatF ilgl uij fzLf. ( 3 = 1.732 )
7. Knfhza 219
 O vw U ngh khdfis cW nehFtjhf A
bfhnth.
Fl neu mntf ngh khdf uL h
xF nkyhf kbwhW neFjhf gwF nghJ mt
iyf A, B vf.
B
AC = 3000 vd UFkhW jiu cs C vf.

3000 - h
jnghJ, +AOC = 60c kW +BOC = 45c.
mntf ngh khdfSF ilgl u h vf.
brnfhz 3 BOC -, tan 45c = BC 45 60
OC O C
%
( OC = BC (a tan 45 = 1) gl 7.12

vdnt, OC = 3000 - h (1)

brnfhz 3 AOC , tan 60c = AC
OC
AC 3000
( OC = tan 60% = 3

= 3000 # 3 = 1000 3 (2)

3 3
(1) kW (2)-UJ ekF ilgJ,
3000 h = 1000 3
( h = 3000 - 1000 # 1.732 = 1268
uL mntf ngh khdfSF ilgl u 1268 .
vLJfhL 7.20
xU nfhu moUJ xU F c Vwnfhz 60c vf.
F moUJ nfhu c Vwnfhz 30c kW nfhu cau
50 v, F cauij fhf.
AD vgJ nfhu cau kW BC vgJ F cau vf.
jnghJ, +CAB = 60c, +ABD = 30c kW AD = 50 vd bfhLfgLsd.
BC = h l vf. C
brnfhz TDAB - tan 30c = AD
AB
( AB = AD
tan 30c
` AB = 50 3 (1) h

nkY, brnfhz 3 CAB- tan 60c = BC D

AB
50

( BC = AB tan 60c
h = BC = (50 3 ) 3 = 150 ( (1) - UJ ) 60 30
A B
vdnt, F cau 150 . gl 7.13

220 10M tF fj
vLJfhL 7.21
xU brFjhd RtU, xU nfhuK xU Fl ilbt csd.
nfhu cUJ ghF nghJ, Rt c kW mo Mat wf
nfhzf Kiwna 45c kW 60c MF. nfhu cau 90 v, Rt
cauij fhf. ( 3 = 1.732 )
AE kW BD vgd Kiwna Rtiu nfhuij Fwd.
AB=EC vwthW AB-F izahf EC-I tiuf. vdnt, AE = BC.
AB = x kW AE = h vf.
BD = 90 , +DAB = 60c kW +DEC = 45c (bfhLfgLsJ)
AE = BC = h
vdnt, CD = BD - BC = 90 - h .
brnfhz 3 DAB-, tan 60c = BD = 90
AB x
( x = 90 = 30 3 (1)
3
brnfhz 3 DEC -, tan 45c = DC = 90 - h gl 7.14
EC x
x = 90 - h (2)
(1) kW (2) MatUJ, 90 - h = 30 3
Mfnt, Rt cau h = 90 - 30 3 = 38.04 .
vLJfhL 7.22
flfiu cs brFjhd ghiw x J flgLs xU fyfiu
sf WbfhoUF xU W, HFir U glFfis ghwh.
mglFf wfnfhzf Kiwna 30c, 60c kW U glFfSilnas
u 300 v, fl klUJ fyfiu sf c uij fhf.
( glFfS, fyfiu sfK xnu nenfho csd)
A kW D vgd Kiwna ghiw moghf kW fyfiu sf c
vf. B kW C vgd U glFf vf.
fl klUJ fyfiu sf cF cs u h vf.
AB = x vf.
D
bfhLfgLsit :
30
+ABD = 60c, +ACD = 30c kW BC = 300 .
60
brnfhz TABD -, tan 60c = AD
AB h

( AB = AD
tan 60c
60
x = h
30
vdnt, (1) A x B 300 C
3
gl 7.15

7. Knfhza 221
 nkY, brnfhz 3 ACD -,
tan 30c = AD
AC
( AC = AD ( x + 300 = h
tan 30c 1
c m
3
x + 300 = h 3
(2)
(1)-I (2)- ul ilgJ h + 300 = h 3
3
( h 3 - h = 300
3
` 2h = 300 3 . vdnt, h = 150 3.
fl klUJ fyfiu sf cF cs u = 150 3 .

vLJfhL 7.23
xU Wt, jiuUJ 88.2 cau iliy nfho fh efU
xU gid 60c Vw nfhz ghwh. jiuF mtdJ iliy ghit
nfhoF ilna cs u 1.2 . J neu fJ, mnj lUJ mt
gid ghF nghJ Vwnfhz 30cMf FiwwJ v, fhy ilbt
g efj uij fhf.

A-UJ Wt gid ghgjhf

bfhnth.
E, D vgd gdhdJ A- Kiwna 60c, 30c Vw
nfhzij VgLJ g iyf vf.
B, C vgd BE = CD = 87 vd mik il-
iy ghit nfho cs f vf. 60c

Al , Bl kW C l vgd Al A = Bl B = C l C = 1.2 30c

vwthW mik, jiu cs f vf. Cl

Al Bl
+EAB = 60c, +DAC = 30c gl 7.16

C l D = 88.2 .
vdnt, BE = CD = 87 .
nkY, brnfhz 3 EAB-,

tan 60c = BE
AB

AB = 87 = 87 = 29 3
tan 60c 3
brnfhz 3 DAC- tan 30c = DC
AC

222 10M tF fj
 vdnt, 87 = 87 3 .
AC =
tan 30c
Mfnt, g efj u ED = BC = AC - AB
= 87 3 - 29 3 = 58 3
vLJfhL 7.24
xU fll nk xU bfho fg wJ. jiuYs xU UJ
bfhofg c kW mo Mat Vwnfhzf Kiwna 60c kW 45c
vf. nkY bfho fg cau 10 v, fll cauij fhf.
( 3 = 1.732 )

A vD UJ bfhofg c kW mo Mat Vw
nfhzf Kiwna 60c kW 45c vf.
B vgJ fll mo vf.
BC kW CD vgd Kiwna fll cau kW bfhofg cauij
Fwd.
bfhLfglit: +CAB = 45c , +DAB = 60c kW CD = 10
jnghJ, BC = h kW AB = x vf.
brnfhz 3 CAB-,

tan 45c = BC .
AB
vdnt, AB = BC mjhtJ, x = h MF. (1)
nkY, brnfhz 3 DAB-,
gl 7.17
tan 60c = BD
AB
( AB = h + 10% ( x = h + 10 (2)
tan 60 3
(1) kW (2)-UJ, h = h + 10
3
( 3h-h = 10
( h = c 10 3 + 1 = 10^ 3 + 1h
mc m
3-1
3 -1 3 +1
= 5^2.732h = 13.66
vdnt, fll cau 13.66 .
vLJfhL 7.25
xUt flklUJ 14 cauKs cs xU fg nk js W
bfhL brFjhd xU ghiw Kfo cid 60c Vw nfhzY mj
moid 30c wf nfhzY fhwh v, brFjhd ghiw cau ahJ?

7. Knfhza 223
 BD vgJ brFjhd ghiw cau vf. A vgJ fg mo vf. fg
nk js E vD UJ ghiw ghfgLwJ vf. AE = 14 .
D
AB-F izahf AB = EC vwthW EC-I tiuf.
bfhLfglit: +ABE = 30c, +DEC = 60c kW AE =14 .

brnfhz 3 ABE -, tan30c = AE

AB

` AB = AE ( AB = 14 3
tan 30c 60 C
E
30

14

14
vdnt, EC = 14 3 ( a AB = EC )
30
brnfhz 3 DEC -, tan 60c = CD A B
EC gl 7.18
` CD = EC tan 60c ( CD = (14 3 ) 3 = 42
Mfnt, ghiw cau BD =
BC + CD = 14 + 42 = 56 .
vLJfhL 7.26
iliy gwJ bfhoUF xU Mfha khdij A vD
UJ ghFnghJ mj Vw nfhz 60c. mkhd iliy 15
dhof gwj mnj UJ mj Mfha khd Vw nfhz 30c
Mf khWwJ. khd 200 / ntf gwJ bfhoUjh, khd gwJ
bfhoUF khwhj iliy cauij fhf.

E D
A vD UJ Mfha khdij
ghgjhf bfhnth. mj Mugiy E vf.
h h
15 dhofSF Mfha khd iy
D vf. BE kW CD vgd Mfha khd
gwF khwhj cau vf. 30
60
A x B C
+DAC = 30c kW +EAB = 60c vd gl 7.19

bfhLfgLsJ.
BE = CD = h vf.
AB = x vf.
15 dhof khd brw u,
ED = 200 # 15 = 3000 ( u = ntf # fhy )
mjhtJ, BC = 3000 .
brnfhz 3 DAC -,

tan 30c = CD
AC
( CD = AC tan 30c

224 10M tF fj
 mjhtJ, h = (x + 3000) 1 . (1)
3
brnfhz 3 EAB -,
tan 60c = BE
AB
( BE = AB tan 60c ( h = 3 x (2)
(1) kW (2)-UJ 3 x = 1 ^ x + 3000h
3
( 3x = x + 3000 ( x = 1500 .
(2)-UJ h = 1500 3 .
Mfha khd gwF khwhj iliy cau = 1500 3 .

g 7.2
1. xU Rik CUJ (truck) Rikia wf VJthf 30c Vw nfhz xU
rh js (ramp) csJ. rh js, c jiuUJ 0.9 cau
csJ v, rh js s ahJ?
2. cau 150 br. cs xU W xU sF fg K wthW 150 3 br.
sKs Hiy VgLJwh v, sF fg c Vw
nfhzij fhf.
3. A kW B vw fSF ilgl u 2 UF tiu, xW vG
xia kwJ nff aY. RtUJ 1 u jiuYs A MdJ
xU yah czgL iy cs B-ia Rt fhwJ.
A-UJ B-F Vw nfhz 30c Mf UFnghJ A MdJ B-F
vrif x Ljh, yF iu ilFkh myJ ilfhjh?
(A- vrif xia B nfFnghJ mJ jL vd bfhf)
4. u neu xUt ml nkf_l jsid
(cloud ceiling) fhz ufhrkhd xU s xid
nkfij neh brFjhf brYJwh.
msUJ 100 u, jiuUJ
1.5 cau bghUjgl nahliy (Theodolite)
_y nkf_lij ghFnghJ Vwnfhz 60c
60 1.5
v, ml nkf_l js vts cau csJ?
100
(gl 7.20).
gl 7.20
(F: ml nkf_l js vgJ f Fiwj
cau ytToa ml nkf_lkhF. Mfha khd ghJfhghf nkny
cau, jiu wf nghJkhd cau ml nkf_ljs mika ntL.
u s xid brFjhf nk neh brY ml nkf_l
jsid xu brJ js cauij fhwhf).

7. Knfhza 225
5. 40 br. sKs xU CryhdJ (pendulum), xU KG miy nghJ, mj
c 60c nfhzij VgLJwJ. mj miy, Cr Fo Jtf
iyF, W iyF ilna cs f Fiwj uij fhf.
6. xWbfhW nebuuhf cs U kuf J A, B vw U fhiff 15 kW
10 cauf mkJ bfhoUjd. mit jiuUF xU tilid
Kiwna 45c kW 60c wf nfhz ghwd. mit xnu neu s
Fiwthd sKs ghij rkntf gwJ, mtilia vLf Kajh
vj gwit bt bgW? (U kuf mo, til Mad xnu nenfho csd)
7. tl to cs xU fh ika xU sF fg wJ.
tl g mikj P, Q vD U f sF fgdo 90c
nfhzij VgLJwd. nkY, P-UJ sF fg c
Vw nfhz 30c MF. PQ = 30 v, sF fg cauij fhf.
8. 700 cau gwJ bfhoUF xU bAfhlUJ xUt X M
U fiuf nebuuhf cs U bghUfis 30c, 45c wf nfhzf
fhwh v, M mfyij fhf. ( 3 = 1.732 )
9. rkjs W bfhoUF X vgt, mtlUJ 100 u gwJ
bfhoUF xU gwitid 30c Vw nfhz ghwh. mnj neu,
Y vgt 20 cauKs xU fll c W bfhL mnj gwitia
45c Vw nfhz ghwh. UtU W bfhL mtfSilnas
gwitia vbuuhf ghwd v, Y-UJ gwit cs uij fhf.
10. tFgiw mkJ bfhoUF xU khzt fUgyif iliy
ghit nfhoUJ 1.5 cau cs Xaij 30c Vw nfhz
fhwh. Xa mtDF bjthf bjahjjh neuhf fUgyifia
neh efJ L mj Xaij 45c Vw nfhz bjthf
fhwh v, mt efj uij fhf.
11. xU Wt 30 cauKs fllF vnu Fl u wh.
mtDila iliy ghitnfhL jiuklUJ 1.5 cau csJ.
mt fllij neh elJ brY nghJ, mfll c Vw
nfhz 30c-UJ 60cMf cawJ. mt fllij neh elJ brw
uij fhf.
12. 200 mo cauKs fyfiu sf cUJ, mj fhghs xU
njh kW xU glF Matiw ghwh. fyfiu sf mo, njh
kW xU glF Mad xnu ir xnu nenfho mikwd. njh,
glF Mat wf nfhzf Kiwna 45c kW 30c vf. uL
ghJfhghf Uf ntLbk, mitfSF ilgl u FiwjJ 300
moahf Uf ntL. ilbt Fiwjh fhghs vrif x vGg
ntL. mt vrif x vGg ntLkh?

226 10M tF fj
13. jiu WbfhoUF xU Wt fh, iliy nfho khwhj
cau efJ bfhoUF xU gid fhwh. xU Fl
iy Wt 60c Vw nfhz gid fhwh. 2 lf fj
d mnj iyUJ Wt L gid ghFnghJ Vwnfhz
30c Mf FiwwJ. fh ntf 29 3 /l v, jiuUJ g
cau fhf.
14. xU neuhd beLrhiy xU nfhuij neh brwJ. nfhu c
W bfhoUF xUt uhd ntf tJbfhoUF xU Cia
30c wf nfhz fhwh. 6 lf fj d mj C
wf nfhz 60cv, nfhuij mila C nkY vjid lf
vLJ bfhS?
15. xU braif nfhSF xnu ir mikJs U fLghL
iyafUJ mbraif nfh Vw nfhzf Kiwna 30c kW
60c vd csd. mU iyaf, braifnfh Ma it _W
xnu brFJ js mikwd. U iyafSF ilna cs
u 4000 . v, braifnfhSF, F ilna cs uij
fhf . ( 3 = 1.732 )
16. 60 cauKs xU nfhuUJ xU fll c kW mo Mat
wf nfhzf Kiwna 30c kW 60c v, fll cauij fhf.
17. 40 cauKs xU nfhu c kW mo MatUJ xU fyfiu
s c Vw nfhzf Kiwna 30ckW 60c v, fyfiu
s cauij fhf. fyfiu s cUJ nfhu
moF cs uij fhf.
18. xU V nkgu xU UJ fhQnghJ, 45 cau
gwJ bfhoUF xU bAfhl Vw nfhz 30c Mf csJ.
mUJ mnj neu j bAfhl H wf
nfhz 60c v, bAfhlUF V nkguF ilgl uij
fhf.
g 7.3
rahd ilia njbjLf.
1. ^1 - sin2 i h sec2 i =
2 2
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) tan i (D) cos i

2. ^1 + tan2 i h sin2 i =
2 2 2 2
(A) sin i (B) cos i (C) tan i (D) cot i

3. ^1 - cos2 i h^1 + cot2 i h =

2 2
(A) sin i (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) tan i

4. sin ^90c - i h cos i + cos ^90c - i h sin i =

(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) 2 (D) 1

7. Knfhza 227
 2
5. 1- sin i =
1 + cos i
(A) cos i (B) tan i
(C) cot i (D) cosec i
4 4
6. cos x - sin x =
2 2
(A) 2 sin x - 1 (B) 2 cos x - 1
2 2
(C) 1 + 2 sin x (D) 1 - 2 cos x.

7. tan i = a v,x - k
x a + x2 2

(A) cos i (B) sin i

(C) cosec i (D) sec i
2
8. x2 y
x = a sec i , y = b tan i v, 2 - 2 - k
a b
(A) 1 (B) 1 (C) tan2 i (D) cosec2 i
9. sec i =
cot i + tan i
(A) cot i (B) tan i (C) sin i (D) cot i

sin ^90c - i h sin i cos ^90c - i h cos i

10. + =
tan i cot i
(A) tan i (B) 1 (C) 1 (D) sin i

11. gl, AC = C

(A) 25 (B) 25 3

(C) 25 (D) 25 2 60c

3
A 25 B
12. gl +ABC = C
100 3

(A) 45c (B) 30c

(C) 60c (D) 50c

A 100 B

13. xU nfhuUJ 28.5 u W bfhoUF xUt nfhu

cia 45c Vw nfhz fhwh. mtUila iliy ghit nfhL
jiuUJ 1.5 cau csJ v, nfhu cau

(A) 30 (B) 27.5

(C) 28.5 (D) 27

228 10M tF fj
 C
14. gl, sin i = 15 v, BC =
17

(A) 85 (B) 65

85
i
(C) 95 (D) 75 A B

15. ^1 + tan2 i h^1 - sin i h^1 + sin i h =

(A) cos2 i - sin2 i (B) sin2 i - cos2 i
(C) sin2 i + cos2 i (D) 0

16. ^1 + cot2 i h^1 - cos i h^1 + cos i h =

(A) tan2 i - sec2 i (B) sin2 i - cos2 i

(C) sec2 i - tan2 i (D) cos2 i - sin2 i

17. ^cos2 i - 1h^cot2 i + 1h + 1 =

(A) 1 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 0

18. 1 + tan2 i =
1 + cot2 i
(A) cos2 i (B) tan2 i (C) sin2 i (D) cot2 i
19. sin2 i + 1 =
1 + tan2 i
(A) cosec2 i + cot2 i (B) cosec2 i - cot2 i
(C) cot2 i - cosec2 i (D) sin2 i - cos2 i

20. 9 tan2 i - 9 sec2 i =

(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) 9 (D) 9

cfSF bjkh?
gh vnlh (Paul Erdos) (kh 26, 1913 brlg 20, 1996) vgt
Anf ehil nrj fja mP Mth. fja tuyh
mf vif M fLiufis btl mP bgUkf
Kjikahdtuhf t fUjgLwh. j tif fj nkij nahdhL
My (Leanhard Euler) vgt kLnk tUl xljft. vnlh 1475
Muh fLiufis, nahdhL My 800 Muh fLiufis
fj vGsd. vnlh j theh 511 fja mPfnshL
nrJ M brJsh. nkY, fj M brtij xU r_f
nritahf fUdh.

7. Knfhza 229
 8 msa
Measure what is measurable, and make measurable what is not so
-Galileo Galilei
8.1 mKf
nenfhL JLf sf, js totf
KDiu Rwsf kW guf, kbghUf
tisguf kW fd msf Madtiw
tisgu kW g tF toa xU gFia msa
fd ms (Mensuration) vnwh. mwhl th gy iyfY
msa gagLtjh bghUf msfis g
v cUis fgJ f mtakhwJ. mogil toa js,
v T gKf wguf kW k cUtf (v.fh.
nfhsf) tisguf kW mitf fd
v nfhs msf Madtiw fU bfhnwh.
izj fd cUtf wguF fdmsF cs j MdJ
kW khwh fdmsf ehndh ma (Nano Science) Ka nfhghLf
xwhf fUjgLwJ. Vbd, mj ehndh
ma ms kW bjh EQfij gagLJ
ms rhj gfis mJ bfhs mogilah
mikwJ.
eh j maha cUis, T, nfhs kW
izj fd cUtf wguf kW fdmsf
Madtiw vthW fhgJ vd ff cnsh.

8.2 wgu myJ nkgu (Surface Area)

uhf efuij rhj fwj
Mbko fja mPuhd Mbko
(Archimedes) (Archimedes) vgt cUis xD
midJ wfis bjhLkhW f
(287 .K. - 212 .K.)
rahf csla nfhs

fdmsthdJ, mj RW cUis
gilfhy fja fdms _ uL gfhf gl 8.1
mPf f f fj UFbkd %jh. jid jDila f wj
nkijahf Mbko fUj rhjid vd fUdh. mt iw br Kiwia
gLwh. gagL xU gutisa mikj gF
guig fljh.
toa jstotf, xU k cUt wgu myJ nkgu
mt gu kW Kgkhz vgJ mjDila btw gu MF.
k bghUf wguf Mfnt, xU Kgkhz bghU
kW fdmsf bjhlghf btgf guf nrJ ilgJ
mt Fljf tif mj wgu MF. y fd cUtf
gfhsh. wguid mU cs glf 8.1
kW 8.2 Mad sFwd. gl 8.2

230
8.2.1 ne tl cUis (Right Circular Cylinder)
xnu tot kW xnu msit bfhl tltot jhfisnah myJ
milfisnah xU Fl vif vLJ bfhL brFjhf xJ
xW rahf bghUJgo mLF nghJ ilF fdcUt netl cUis vdgL.
tiw tltot mogfF brFjhf UFkhW itfgl ntL vgij
id bfhf. (ghf gl 8.3 )

gl 8.3
tiuaiw
xU brtfij mj VnjD xU gfij mrhf bfhL xU
KGRW RHWnghJ clhF k cUt ne tl cUis vdgL.

brJgh
C B B
ABCD xU brtf vf. brtfkhdJ
AB vw gfij bghUJ xU KGRW
RHwgLtjhf fUJnth RHahdJ gl
fhoaJ nghw X netl cUisia cUthFwJ.
F AB vgJ cUis mR vdgL. AB-
s cUis s (cau) vd AD(= BC)- s D A A
cUis Mu vd miHfgL. gl 8.4

F
(i) cUis moghf tlto iyba,
m
mJ rh cUis (Oblique cylinder) vdgL. R

(ii) cUis mrhdJ mj tltot

R
m

moghfF brFjhf iyba, mJ

mR

tl cUis (Circular cylinder) vdgL.

(iii) cUis mrhdJ mj tl tot
moghfF brFjhf U mJ netl gl 8.5
cUis (Right circular cylinder) vdgL.

(i) netl cUis tisgu (Curved Surface area of a right circular cylinder)
mUYs gl, netl cUis mo kW cyikj xnu msthd
tl gFf xWbfhW izahf csd. nkY,
cUis neFJ nkgu tisthf csjh, mj
gu cUis tisgu (lateral surface area or curved sur-
h
mR

face area (CSA) ) myJ wgu vdgL.

cUis tisgu = moRws # cau
CSA = 2rr # h = 2rrh r. myFf. 2rr
gl 8.6

8. msa 231
(ii) k netl cUis bkhj wgu rr 2

(Total surface area of a solid right circular cylinder)

bkhj wgu (TSA) = tisgu + mogf gu + nk gf gu 2rrh
= tisgu + 2 (mogf gu)
= 2rrh + 2 # rr2
Mfnt, bkhj wgu = 2rr (h + r) r. myFf.
2
rr
gl 8.7
(iii) netl clw cUis (Right circular hollow cylinder)
U FHh, ugFHh nghw k cUtf clw netl cUis
to csd. h cau bfhl clw cUis bt Mu kW c Mu
Kiwna R kW r vf.
r
j tisgu = btw tisgu + cw tisgu
= 2rRh + 2rrh
Mfnt, tisgu = 2rh (R + r) r.myFf
bkhj wgu = tisgu + 2 # mogf gu h h
= 2rh (R + r) + 2 # [rR2 - rr2]
= 2rh (R + r) + 2r (R + r) (R - r)
vdnt, clw cUis bkhj wgu R
= 2r (R + r) (R - r + h) r. myFf gl 8.8

nkY, clw cUis jok, w = R - r MF.

F
ghlgF njitgLnghJ r - njhuha kghf 22 vd bfhnth.
7

vLJfhL 8.1
xU k ne tl cUis (solid right circular cylinder) Mu 7 br kW cau
20 br v, mj (i) tisgu (ii) bkhj wgu Matiw fhf.
( r = 22 vf).
7
r kW h vgd Kiwna netl k cUis Mu kW cau vf.
F, r = 7 br. , h = 20 br.
tisgu = 2rrh
jnghJ,
= 2 # 22 # 7 # 20
7
20 br.

netl cUis tisgu = 880 r.br.

nkY, bkhj wgu = 2rr (h + r)

= 2 # 22 # 7 # [20 + 7] = 44 # 27 7 br.
7
vdnt, bkhj wgu = 1188 r. br.. gl 8.9

232 10M tF fzF

vLJfhL 8.2
xU k ne tl cUis bkhj wgu
880 br.2
880 r.br. kW mj Mu 10 br. v, mUis
tisguig fhf ( r = 22 vf).
7
10 br.
r kW h vgd Kiwna k netl cUis gl 8.10
Mu kW cau vf. S vgJ k netl
cUis bkhj wgu vf.

F, r =10 br.. nkY S = 880 r. br.

khW Kiw :
nghJ, S = 880 ( 2rr [h + r] = 880
tisgu
( 2 # 22 # 10 [h + 10] = 880
7 = bkhj wgu
( h + 10 = 880 # 7 2mogf gu
2 # 22 # 10
( h + 10 = 14 = 880 2 rr2
vdnt, cUis cau, h = 4 br. = 880 2 # 22 # 102
7
nkY cUis tisgu,
= 1760
2rrh = 2 # 22 # 10 # 4 = 1760 7
7 7
= 251 3 r.br..
Mfnt, cUis tisgu = 251 3 r.br.. 7
7
vLJfhL 8.3
xU k ne tl cUis MuK cauK 2 : 5 vw j csd. mj
tisgu 3960 r.br. v, cUis Mu kW cau fhf. ( r = 22 vf)
7 7
: r kW h vgd Kiwna xU k netl cUis Mu kW cau vf.
r : h = 2 : 5 ( r = 2 . vdnt, r = 2 h .
h 5 5
netl cUis tisgu = 2rrh

( 2 # 22 # 2 # h # h = 3960
7 5 7
( h2 = 3960 # 7 # 5 = 225
2 # 22 # 2 # 7
h = 15 ( r = 2 h = 6.
5
Uis cau 15 br. kW Mu 6 br..
Mfnt, c

vLJfhL 8.4
120 br. sK, 84 br. lK bfhl xU rhiyia rkgLJ cUisia
(road roller) bfhL xU isahLl rkgLjgLwJ. isahL liy
rkgLj Uis 500 KG RWf RHy ntL. isahLliy rkgLj xU
r. lUF 75 igrh j, liy rkgLj MF bryit fhf. ( r = 22 vf)
7
8. msa 233
: rhiyia rkgLJ cUis Mu r = 42 br. kW s h = 120 br..

cUis xU KGRdh
3 = cUis tisgu
rkgLjgL l gu

= 2rrh
= 2 # 22 # 42 # 120
7

84 br.
= 31680 br. 2.

rkgLjgL l gu 3 = 31680 # 500
500 KG RWf
120 br.
= 15840000 br. 2 gl 8.11

= 15840000 = 1584 2 (10,000 br. 2 = 1 r.)

10000
1 r. lUF rkgLj MF bry = ` 75
100
vdnt, isahLliy rkgLj MF bkhj bry = 1584 # 75 = ` 1188.
100
vLJfhL 8.5
xU clw cUis c kW bt Muf Kiwna 12 br.. kW
18br.. vf. nkY mj cau 14br. v mUis tisgu kW bkhj
wguig fhf. ( r = 22 vf.)
7
: r, R kW h vgd Kiwna clw cUis cMu, btMu kW
cau vf.
12 br.
Mfnt, r = 12 br., R = 18 br., h = 14 br.,
tisgu = 2r h(R+r)

14 br.
= 2 # 22 # 14 # ^18 + 12h
7
= 2640 r.br.
18 br.
bkhj wgu = 2r (R + r) (R - r + h) gl 8.12

= 2 # 22 # (18 + 12) (18 - 12 + 14)

7
= 2 # 22 # 30 # 20 = 26400 .
7 7
fnt, bkhj wgu = 3771 3 r.br..
M
7
8.2.2 ne tl T (Right circular cone)
gT (ice cream) ua T tot TL, nfh nj cgF, rf
nfhkh bjh, kUjh itF T tot fy (mehandi container) nghw
kfis myJ bghUfis eh mwhl th ghnwh. nkfl
fdcUtf ah mnefkhf netl T to csd.

234 10M tF fzF

 xU k bghU moghf rkjs tlgFahf UJ, mgF gu
uhf rhthf FiwJ bfhnl tUnghJ W xU Kokhdh,
m c vd mk bghU T vd miHfgL. netl T
vd TWnghJ T mogF tl to csJ vd, ne vgJ tl toyhd
mogf ika tna brY mR, mogf jsF brFjhf csJ
vd bghUgL. ghl gF, netl Tig tiuaWJ mj wguig
fhngh. fhQ bra_y xUt Tid neuoahf brJ ghfyh.
brJgh
B- brnfhzKila xU brnfhz 3 ABC- I joj xU jhUJ
btobaLf. xWbfhW brFjhd gff VnjD xU
gf bfoahd iy xLf. iy if oJ bfhL iy
mrhf bfhL Knfhzij VnjD xU ir RHWf.
vd fwJ? K
nfhzij RHWtjh VgL B B
C B D C D C
cUtij fhz Kowjh?
thW RHWnghJ cUthF
cUt xU netl T MF.
brnfhz 3 ABC MdJ,
brnfhzij csla AB
vw gfij mrhf bfhL
360cRHY nghJ VgL A A A
fdcUt ne tl T
vdgL. gl 8.13

F AB- sij T cau (h) vd BC- sij A

T Mu (r) vd AC- sij T rhau
l vd miHfgLwJ. glUJ (BC = BD = r) kW
(AD = AC = l) vd mayh.
brnfhz 3 ABC- l
h
rhau, l = h2 + r2 ( jhfu njwgo)
brFJau, h = l2 - r2
D r C
Mu, r = 2 2
l - h vd fhzyh. B
gl 8.14
F
(i) T moghf tlto iy B
v, mJ rh T (oblique cone) MF.
(ii) T mrhdJ mj tl tot
moghfF brFjhf iy v,
mJ tl T (circular cone) vdgL.
A
(iii) T tl tot moghf O
ikaF brFjhf c mikjh gl 8.15
mJ ne tl T (right circular cone) vdgL.

8. msa 235
clw T tisgu (Curved surface area of a hollow cone)
xU tl nfhzgF Mu l vd mj ika nfhz i vd bfhf.

L vgJ s vf. vdnt, l N

i
2rl = 360c ( L = 2rl # ic (1)
L ic 360c l
nghJ, eh tl nfhzgF l l
L
Mufis xizJ xU netl h
Tid bgWnth.
s L = 2rr . F r vgJ
M M r
T Mu.
L
(1)-UJ eh bgWtJ, gl 8.16
Fiu
2rr = 2rl # ic
360c xUtl nfhz gF Mufis
xizJ T cUthFnghJ
( r = l c ic m fhQ khwf VgLwd.
360c
tlnfhzgF T
( r = ic
c m
l 360c Mu (l) " rhau (l)

A vgJ tl nfhzgF s (L) " moRws 2rr

gu v, gu " tisgu rrl

rl2 = 360c ( A = rl2 ic (2)

c m
A ic 360c
T tisgu = tl nfhzgF gu = A
2 r
vdnt, T tisgu A = rl2 c ic m = rl ` j . (rk (2)-UJ)
360c l
Mfnt, T tisgu= rrl r. myFf.

(ii) k ne tl T bkhj wgu r rl

(Total surface area of a solid cone)

k T bkhj wgu =
)
T tisgu
r r2
+ tl mogF gu
gl 8.17
= rrl + rr2
k T bkhj wgu = rr^l + r h r. myFf.
vLJfhL 8.6
xU k ne tl T Mu kW rhau Kiwna 35 br. kW 37br..
v T tisgu kW bkhj wguig fhf. ( r = 22 vf)
7

236 10M tF fzF

 r kW l vgd Kiwna ne tl T Mu kW rhau vf.
vdnt, r = 35 br., l = 37 br.
Mfnt, tisgu = rrl = r^35) (37h 37br.

= 4070 r.br.
nkY, bkhj wgu = rr [l + r]
= 22 # 35 # 637 + 35 @
7
Mfnt, bkhj wgu = 7920 r.br. 35br.

vLJfhL 8.7 gl 8.18

O kW C vgd Kiwna xU ne tl T mogF ika kW c vf.

B vgJ mogF tl RW VnjD xU vf. T mogF
Mu 6 br. kW +OBC = 60 o v, T cau kW tisguig fhf.

Mu OB = 6 br. kW +OBC = 60 o vd bfhLfgLsJ.

C
brnfhz 3 OBC-

cos 60 o = OB
BC
( BC = OB
cos 60c
` BC = 6 = 12 br. 60c
O
(1 ) A B
2 6br.
vdnt, T rhau l = 12 br.
gl 8.19
nkY, brnfhz 3 OBC-
tan60 o = OC
OB
( OC = OB tan 60c = 6 3
Mfnt, T cau OC = 6 3 br.
vdnt, T tisgu rrl = r # 6 # 12 = 72r r.br..
(F oc = 6 3 -I OC 2 = BC 2 - OB 2 UJ bgwyh)
vLJfhL 8.8
21 br. MuKs xU tlUJ 120c ika nfhz bfhl xU tl
nfhzgFia btobaLJ, mj Mufis xizJ xU Tghdh,
ilF T tisguig fhf ( r = 22 ).
7
T Mu r vf
tl nfhzgF nfhz, i = 120c
tl nfhzgF Mu, R = 21 br.

8. msa 237
tlnfhzgF Mufis xizJ mjid xU Tghf khwyh.
vdnt, T moRws = tl s 21br.
120c
( 2rr = i c # 2rR 21br.
360c l
h
( r = ic # R
360c
r
vdnt, T Mu r = 120 # 21 = 7 br. 2rr
360
gl 8.20
nkY, T rhau = tl nfhzgF Mu
khW Kiw :
l = R ( l = 21 br.
T tisgu
vdnt, T tisgu = rrl = tl nfhzgF gu
= ic # rR2
= 22 # 7 # 21 = 462 r.br.. 360c
7
= 120 # 22 # 21 # 21 = 462 r.br..
360 7
8.2.3 nfhs (Sphere)
xU tl tot jfoid mj VnjD xU lij mrhf bfhL RHW
nghJ cUthF fd cUt nfhs vdgL. nkY, nfhskhdJ xU Kgkhz
bghUshF. mjF tisgu kW fd ms cL.
(i) xU k nfhs tisgu (Curved surface area of a solid sphere)
brJgh

xU tl tot jfil vLJ bfhL, mj xU l tna xU iy
xLf. lij mrhf bfhL jfoid 360c RHWf. mnghJ njhW
bghU gJ nghW fhzgL. a tot nfhs vdgL.
fhQ brayhdJ xU nfhs tisgu mj MuF rkkhd Mu
bfhl xU tl gu ehF klF rkkhF vgij ma cj.
xU be (Plastic) gij
vLJ bfh.
mj c xU
Cia bghUJ. r r

g KGw guig
xU uhd yh il r 2
bt RWf. rr
iy btna
vLJ RWtjF r r
gagLjgl
sij msf.
mj iy ehF
gl 8.21
rkghffshf f.
gl fhoaJ ngh ehF JLfis jj tlto itf
ilj tl Mufis msf.
jnghJ, nfhs Mu = rk tlf Mu .
nfhs tisgu = 4 # tl gu = 4 # rr2
vdnt, nfhs tisgu = 4rr2 r. myFf.

238 10M tF fzF

(ii) k miunfhs (Solid hemisphere)
2 rr 2
xU k nfhs ika tahf brY xU js
mnfhsij U rk ghffshf F. xbthU gF xU
miunfhs vdgL.
nfhs tisgu
Mfnt, miunfhs tisgu = 2rr2
2
= 4rr =2 rr2 r. myFf.
2
gl 8.22
2
miunfhs bkhj wgu = miu nfhs tisgu
rr 2
+ tlgF gu
= 2rr2 + rr2 2 rr 2

miunfhs bkhj wgu = 3rr2 r. myFf.

gl 8.23

(iii) clw miunfhs (Hollow hemisphere)

R kW r vgd Kiwna clw miu nfhs bt kW c Muf vf.
clw miu nfhs tisgu

clw miunfhs clw miunfhs

= 3+ )
btw tisgu cw tisgu r R
=2rR + 2rr = 2r^ R + r h r.myFf.
2 2 2 2

btw tisgu + cw tisgu

bkhj wgu = )
+ gF gu
gl 8.24
= 2 rR + 2 rr + r ^ R - r h
2 2 2 2

2 2
= 2r^ R + r h + r^ R + r h^ R - r h
= r^3R2 + r2h r. myFf.
vLJfhL 8.9
7 clKs xU clw nfhsD cwkhf xU rf u nkhlh
ir rhfr brwh. mj rhfr u rhfr bra ilL clw
nfhs c wguig fhf. ( ( r = 22 vf)
7
clw nfhs cw l 2r = 7
nkhlh ir u, rhfr bra ilL gu
= nfhs cw tisgu
= 4rr2 = r (2r)
2

= 22 # 7
2

7
Mfnt, nkhlh ir u rhfr brL l gu = 154 r..

8. msa 239
vLJfhL 8.10
xU k miunfhs bkhj wgu 675r r.br. v mj tisguig
fhf. r

k miunfhs bkhj wgu

675 r br.2
3rr = 675r r.br.
2

( r2 = 225 gl 8.25

k miunfhs tisgu = 2rr2 = 2r # 225 = 450r r.br..

vLJfhL 8.11
miunfhs tot z jok 0.25 br.. mj cw Mu 5 br. v
mz btw tisguig fhf. ( r = 22 vf)
7
r, R kW w vgd Kiwna miunfhs tot z c Mu,
bt Mu kW jok vf.
5br.
0.25br.
vdnt, r = 5 br., w = 0.25 br. R
` bt Mu R = r + w = 5 + 0.25 = 5.25 br.
btw tisgu = 2rR2

= 2 # 22 # 5.25 # 5.25
7 gl 8.26
Mfnt, z btw tisgu = 173.25 r.br..

g 8.1
1. xU k ne tl cUis Mu 14 br. kW cau 8 br.. v, mj
tisgu kW bkhj wguig fhf.
2. xU k ne tl cUis bkhj wgu 660 r. br.. mj l 14 br..
v, mUis cauij, tisguig fhf.
3. xU k ne tl cUis tisgu kW moRws Kiwna 4400 r.br.
kW 110 br.. v, mUis cauij, lij fhf.
4. xU khif, xbthW 50 br.. MuK, 3.5 cauK bfhl 12 ne tl
cUis tot f csd. mfSF tz r xU rJu lUF
` 20 j vd brythF?
5. xU k ne tl cUis bkhj wgu 231 r. br.. mj tisgu
bkhj wgu _ uL gF v, mj Mu kW cauij fhf.
6. xU k ne tl cUis bkhj wgu 1540 br. 2. mj caukhdJ,
mogf Muijngh ehF klF v, cUis cauij fhf.
7. uL ne tl cUisf Muf j 3 : 2 vf. nkY mt
cauf j 5 : 3 v, mt tisguf jij fhf.

240 10M tF fzF

8. xU clw cUis btw tisgu 540r r.br.. mj cl
16 br. kW cau 15 br.. v, mj bkhj wguig fhf.
9. xU cUis tot UFHh btw l 25 br., mj s 20 br..
kW mj jok 1 br. v, mFHh bkhj wguig fhf.
10. xU k netl T Mu kW cau Kiwna 7 br. kW 24 br..
v, mj tisgu kW bkhj wguig fhf.
11. xU k ne tl T cnfhz kW Mu Kiwna 60c kW 15 br.
v, mj cau kW rhauij fhf.
12. xU k ne tl T moRws 236 br. . kW mj rhau 12 br.
v, mT tisguig fhf.
13. netl T to Ffgl beFa l 4.2 kW mj cau
2.8 . vf. beFaiy kiHUJ ghJfhf jh Jah frahf
_lgLwJ v, njitahd jh J guig fh.
14. 180c ika nfhzK 21 br.. MuK bfhl tlnfhz toyhd U
jfo Mufis izJ xU T cUthfgLwJ v, mT
Muij fhf.
15. xU netl k T MuK rhauK 3 : 5 vw j csd.
mT tisgu 60r r.br. v, mj bkhj wguig fhf.
16. 98.56 r.br. wgu bfhl xU k nfhs Muij fhf.
17. xU k miunfhs tisgu 2772 r.br. v, mj bkhj
wguig fhf.
18. uL k miunfhsf Muf 3 : 5 vw j csd.
mnfhsf tisguf j kW bkhj wguf j
Matiw fhf.
19. xU clw miunfhs bt Mu kW c Mu Kiwna 4.2 br. kW
2.1 br. v mj tisgu kW bkhj wguig fhf.
20. miunfhs tot nkTiu cw tisguF tz r ntosJ.
mj cw moRws 17.6 v, xU rJu lUF ` 5 j, tz r
MF bkhj bryit fhf.

8.3 fd ms (Volume)
Jtiu y k bghUf wgu bjhlghd fzFfis fnlh.
nghJ eh, y efj fd cUtf fdmsfis vthW fzLtJ vd
fhngh. fdms vgJ lij milJ bfhS ms MF. xU k
bghU fdms vgJ k bghU vrhj wa MF.
vLJfhlhf, xU k bghUis XuyF gf bfhl KoW vif
fd rJufshf f Kokhdh, mfdrJuf vifna mbghU
fdms MF.

8. msa 241
 gl 8.27- cs fdrJu fdms
= gf # gf # gf 1br.

= 1 br. # 1 br. # 1 br. = 1 f. br..

1br.2
1br.
xU bghU fdms 100 f.br. vd TWnthkhdh, 1br.
mbghUis KGtJ ug ekF 1 f.br. fdms bfhl 100 gl 8.27
fdrJuf njit vgij czJwJ.
tisguig nghynt fdms xU if kghF. nkY k bghUf
lbgadh mt fdms khw VgLtiy. y fd cUtf
fdmsf nH tukhf jugLsd.

8.3.1 netl cUis fdms (Volume of a right circular cylinder)

(i) k netl cUis fdms
(Volume of a solid right circular cylinder)
netl cUis mogf gu kW cau Mat
h
bgUfgy mUis fdms vdgL. V = rr 2 h
vdnt, cUis fdms, V = mogfgu # cau
= rr 2 # h rr 2

Mfnt, netl cUis fdms, V = rr2 h f. myFf MF. gl 8.28

(ii) clw cUis fdms (gagLjgl cnyhf fdms)

(Volume of a hollow cylinder) r

R kW r vgd Kiwna clw cUis bt

kW c Muf vf. nkY h vgJ cUis cau vf.
btgf cUis cgf cUis
fdms, V = 3-)
fdms fdms
= rR 2 h - rr 2 h
Mfnt, clw cUis fdms, R

V = rh (R2 - r2) f.myFf MF.

gl 8.29
vLJfhL 8.12
xU netl cUis tisgu 704 r.br. kW mj cau 8 br. v,
mUis fdmsit l fhf. ( r = 22 )
7
r kW h vgd Kiwna xU netl cUis Mu kW cau vf.
h = 8 br., tisgu = 704 r.br.
tisgu = 704
( 2 rrh = 704
8br.

704br.2
( 2 # 22 # r # 8 = 704
7 r
` r = 704 # 7 = 14 br.
2 # 22 # 8 gl 8.30

242 10M tF fzF

 cUis fdms, V = rr2 h
= 22 # 14 # 14 # 8
7
= 4928 f.br.
cUis fd ms = 4.928 l. (1000 f.br. = l l)
vLJfhL 8.13
xU clw U FHh s 28 br.., mj bt kW clf
Kiwna 8 br. kW 6 br.. v, U FHh fdmsit fhf. nkY 1 f.br.
U vil 7 uh v, U FHh vilia fhf. ( r = 22 )
7
r, R kW h vgd Kiwna UFHh c Mu, bt Mu kW cau vf.
2r = 6 br., 2R = 8 br. , h = 28 br. 6br.

vdnt, r = 3 br. kW R = 4 br.

U FHh fdms, V = r # h # (R + r) (R - r)

= 22 # 28 # (4 + 3) (4 - 3)

28br.
7
` fdms, V = 616 f.br.
1 f.br. U vil = 7 uh
616 f.br. U FHh vil = 7 # 616 uh
8br.
Mfnt, U FHh vil = 4.312 .. gl 8.31

vLJfhL 8.14
xU k ne tl cUis mogf gu kW fdms Kiwna 13.86 r.br.
kW 69.3 f.br.. v, mUis cau kW tisguig fhf. ( r = 22 )
7
A kW V vgd Kiwna netl cUis mogf gu kW fdms vf.
vdnt, mogf gu A = rr = 13.86 r.br.
2

nkY, fdms, V = rr h = 69.3 f.br.

2

Mfnt, rr h = 69.3
2

( 13.86 # h = 69.3
` h = 69.3 = 5 br. V = 69.3 br.3
13.86
nkY, mogf gu = rr = 13.86
2

22 # r2 = 13.86
7 A =13.86 br.2
r = 13.86 # 7 = 4.41
2

22 gl 8.32
` r = 4.41 = 2.1 br..

8. msa 243
 cUis tisgu = 2rrh
= 2 # 22 # 2.1 # 5
7
vdnt, tisgu = 66 r.br..

8.3.2 netl T fdms (Volume of a right circular cone)

r kW h vgd Kiwna netl T Mu kW cau vf.
T fdms V = 1 # rr h f. myFf. Nuij fhQ bra_y
2

3
ahagLjyh.
brJgh
fl gl fhoathW rk ms Mu kW cau bfhl clw T
kW clw cUisia jahf. nghJ eh fl bra_y T
fdmsid flayh. kz myJ utdh Tid u. wF
mjid cUisD bfhLf. nrhjidia bjhlJ br nghJ _whtJ
Kiw W cUisahdJ kz / utjh KGtJ u.

gl 8.33

j va braUJ r kW h vgd Kiwna cUis Mu kW

cau v, 3 # (T fdms) = cUis fdms = rr h vd mayh.
2

vdnt, T fdms = 1 # rr h f. myFf vd mayh.

2

3
vLJfhL 8.15
xU k netl T fdms 4928 f.br.. kW mj cau 24 br.
v, mT Muij fhf. ( r = 22 vf )
7
r, h kW V vgd Kiwna T Mu, cau kW fdms vf.
vdnt, V = 4928 f.br. kW h = 24 br.

Mfnt, 1 rr2 h = 4928

3
4928br.3 h l
( 1 # 22 # r2 # 24 = 4928
3 7 24br.
( r = 4928 # 3 # 7 = 196.
2

22 # 24
r
Mfnt, T Mu r = 196 = 14 br.. gl 8.34

244 10M tF fzF

8.3.3 xU T ilfl fdms ( Volume of a frustum of a cone )
eh VnjD xU k ne tlTig vLJ bfhL, mjid xU a
netl T ilFkhW U ghffshf btodh ilF va gFia
T ilfl (frustum of a cone) vngh. jid fl bra _y mJ
bfhsyh.
brJgh
fk myJ bkGif vLJbfhL, mUJ xU netl Tid
cUthFf. mj moghfF izahf xU fah mjid btl.
mnghJ ilF a T ghfid F. cl vs gF vJ?
k T vs gF T il fl (frustum) vdgL. y
bkh frustum vgj bghU btobaLfgl xU JL vd bghUgL.
frustum vw brh gik frusta vgjhF.

gl 8.35
R

Mfnt, xU k netl Tid mj moghfF izahf xU

jsjh btLnghJ ilF T moghfnjhL izj gF T
ilfl vdgL. ilflF uL tlgFf cL. xW
moghfY kbwhW nkgFY UF.

eh T ilfl fd msit nghJ fhngh.

xU T ilfl fdms vgJ uL Tf fd
msf ntWghil ju ntbwhWky. (gl 8.35)
xU k netl T il flij vLJbfhnth. R vgJ
bfhLfgl T Mu vf. r kW x vgd Kiwna ilflij a
wF ilj a T Mu kW cau vf. h vgJ ilfl cau
vf.
jnghJ,
bfhLfgl a T
ilfl fd ms, V = 3-)
T fd ms fdms

= 1 # r # R # (x + h) - 1 # r # r # x
2 2

3 3

V = 1 r 6 x^ R - r h + R h @ . (1)
2 2 2

8. msa 245
 gl 8.36-UJ DBFE + DDGE R
BF A F B
` = FE
GE DG
( = x+h R h
x r r

( Rx - rx
= rh C D
h+x G
( x (R - r)
= rh (2)
x
thW, eh bgWtJ x = rh
R-r
nghJ (1)-UJ ( V = 1 r 6 x^ R - r h + R h @
2 2 2

3 E
8.36
( = 1 r 6 x^ R - r h^ R + r h + R h @
gl

2

3
( = 1 r 6 rh^ R + r h + R h @ ( (2)-UJ )
2

3
ilfl fdms, V = 1 rh (R2 + r2 + Rr) f.myFf.
3
F
* ilfl tisgu = r (R + r) l , F l =
2 2
h + (R - r)
* ilfl bkhj gu = rl (R + r) + rR + rr , F l =
2 2 2 2
h + (R - r)
* (njFait my)
vLJfhL 8.16
xU ilfl toyhd th nkw kW mow Muf Kiwna 15 br.
kW 8 br.. nkY, MH 63 br. v, mj bfhssit l fhf. ( r = 22 )
7
R kW r vgJ Kiwana th nkw kW mow gFf Muf
vd h vgJ mj cau (MH) vd bfhf. 15br.

Mfnt, R = 15 br., r = 8 br. kW h = 63 br..

th fdms = 1 rh (R + r + Rr)
2 2

3
63br.
= 1 # 22 # 63 # (15 + 8 + 15 # 8)
2 2

3 7
= 26994 f.br.
= 26994 l (1000 f.br. = 1 l)
1000 8br.
vdnt, th fdms = 26.994 l. gl 8.37

8.3.4 nfhs fdms (Volume of a sphere)

(i) xU k nfhs fdms (Volume of a solid sphere)
fhQ va nrhjid _y xU nfhs fdmsid
V = 4 rr f.myFf vd mayh.
3

3
246 10M tF fzF
 brJgh
R myF MuK, H myF cauKs xU cUis tot ghuij
vLJ bfhf. mjid KGtJ juh u. r myF Mu bfhl (F
R 2 r) nfhsij, cUisghu _f brJ btnaa jiu r myF
MuK, H myF cauK bfhl kbwhU cUis tot ghu uf. j
kl caukhdJ mj Muij nghW 4 klF rkkhf UF (h = 4 r).
3 3
nghJ nfhs fdms btnawgl j fdmsF rk MF.
btnawgl j fd ms V = mogu x cau
= rr2 # 4 r (F j kl cau h = 4 r )
3 3
= 4 rr
3

3
4
` nfhs fdms, V = rr f. myFf vd mJ bfhsyh.
3

H H
btnawgl
r h j
r
R 4 rr 3
3
gl 8.38 R r

(ii) clw nfhs fdms (gagLjgl cnyhf fdms)

(Volume of a hollow sphere)
r kW R vgd Kiwna xU clw nfhs c kW bt Muf vf.
clw nfhs btnfhs cnfhs R
3= 3- )
fdms fdms fd ms
r
= 4 rR - 4 rr
3 3

3 3 gl 8.39
4
` clw nfhs fdms = r (R - r ) f.myFf.
3 3

3
(iii) k miu nfhs fdms (Volume of a solid hemisphere).
k miunfhs fdms = 1 # k nfhs fdms
2 2 rr 3

1
= # rr 4 3 3
2 3
gl 8.40
k miunfhs fdms = 2 rr f.myFf.
3

3
(iv) clw k miunfhs fdms (gagLjgl cnyhf fdms)
(Volume of a solid hollow hemisphere)
r R
clw miu bt miu c miu
3 = -
3 )
nfhs fdms nfhs fdms nfhs fd ms

= 2 # r # R3 - 2 # r # r3
3 3
clw miunfhs fdms = 2 r^ R3 - r3h f.myFf.
3 gl 8.41
8. mssa 247
vLJfhL 8.17
8.4 br. l bfhl xU nfhstot k cnyhf vFo fd msit
fhf.( r = 22 vf )
7
r vgJ k nfhs tot cnyhf v Fo Mu vf.
8.4br.
Mfnt, 2r = 8.4 br. ( r = 4.2 br.
cnyhf vFo fd ms V = 4 rr
3

3
= 4 # 22 # 42 # 42 # 42 gl 8.42
3 7 10 10 10
vdnt, cnyhf vFo fd ms = 310.464 f.br..

vLJfhL 8.18
xU T, xU miunfhs, kW xU cUis Mad rk moguid
bfhLsd. T cau, cUis cauF rkkhf, nkY au,
mt MuF rkkhf Ujh _ fd msfSilna cs
jij fhf.
r vgJ T, miunfhs kW cUis bghJthd Mu vf.
h vgJ T kW cUis r

cau vf. vdnt, r = h MF. h

h
V1, V2 kW V3 vgd Kiwna T,
miunfhs kW cUis
r r
fdmsfis FfL. gl 8.43

nghJ, V1 : V2 : V3 = 1 rr h : 2 rr : rr h
2 3 2

3 3
= 1 rr : 2 rr : rr (r=h)
3 3 3
(
3 3
( V1 : V2 : V3 = 1 : 2 : 1
3 3
Mfnt, fdmsf j 1 : 2 : 3.

vLJfhL 8.19
xU k nfhs fdms 7241 1 f.br. v, mj Muij fhf.
7
( r = 22 vf)
7
r kW V vgd Kiwna nfhs Mu kW fdms vf.
r
V = 7241 1 f.br.
7 br.3
7241 1
4 rr3 = 50688 7
(
3 7
( 4 # 22 # r3 = 50688 gl 8.44
3 7 7
248 10M tF fzF
 r = 50688 # 3 # 7
3

7 4 # 22
= 1728 = 43 # 33
Mfnt, nfhs Mu, r = 12 br..
vLJfhL 8.20

xU clw nfhs fdms 11352 f.br.. kW mj bt Mu 8 br..

7
v, mnfhs cMuij fhf ( r = 22 vf).
7
R kW r vgd Kiwna clw nfhs bt kW c Muf vf.
V vgJ mnfhs fdms vf.
r
Mfnt, fdms V = 11352 f.br.. R
7
8br.
( 4 r (R3 - r3) = 11352
3 7
( 4 # 22 (83 - r3) = 11352
3 7 7 gl 8.45
3
512 - r = 387 ( r = 125 = 5
3 3

vdnt, c Mu r = 5 br..
g 8.2

1. xU k cUis Mu 14 br.. mj cau 30 br. v, mUis

fdmsit fhf.
2. xU kUJtkidYs nehah xUtUF dK 7 br. lKs cUis
tot z torhW (Soup) tHfgLwJ. mghu 4 br. cauF
torhW xU nehahF tHfglh, 250 nehahfSF tHf njitahd
torh fdmsid fhf.
3. xU k cUis Mu kW cau TLj 37 br.. vf. nkY, mj
bkhj wgu 1628 r.br. v, mUis fdmsit fhf.
4. 62.37 f.br.. fdms bfhl xU k netl cUis cau 4.5 br.
v, mUis Muij fhf.
5. uL ne tl cUisf Muf j 2 : 3. nkY cauf j
5 : 3 v, mt fdmsf jij fhf.
6. xU cUis Mu kW cau j 5 : 7. nkY mj fdms
4400 f.br. v, mUis Muij fhf.
7. 66 br. # 12 br. vD ms bfhl xU cnyhf jfoid 12 br. cauKs
xU cUisahf khdh ilF cUis fdmsit fhf.
8. xU bgyhdJ xU ne tl cUis to csJ. bg s 28 br.
kW mj Mu 3 .. bgD mikj ik (uh~ig)- Mu 1 .
v, bg jahf gagLjgl kugyif fdmsit fhf.
8. msa 249
9. xU k T Mu kW rhau Kiwna 20 br. kW 29 br.. v
mk T fdmsit fhf.
10. kudhyhd xU k T moRws 44 br.. kW mj cau 12 br.
v mk T fdmsit fhf.
11. xU ghu ilfl to csJ. mj nkw Mu kW cau
Kiwna 8 br. kW 14 br. vf. mghu fdms 5676 f.br. v,
3
mogfYs tl Muid fhf.
12. xU netl T ilfl UwK mikj tl f
Rwsf Kiwna 44 br. kW 8.4r br. vf. mj cau 14 br.
v,milfl fdmsit fhf.
13. 5 br., 12 br.. kW 13 br.. gf msf bfhl xU brnfhz 3ABC
MdJ 12 br.. sKs mj xU gfij mrhf bfhL RHwgLnghJ
cUthF T fdmsit fLo.
14. xU k ne tl T MuK cauK 2 : 3 vw j csJ. mj
fdms 100.48 f.br. v, mT rhauij fLo. (r = 3.14 vf)
15. xU ne tl T fdms 216r f.br. kW mT Mu 9 br. v,
mj cauij fhf.
16. nfhs toyikj 200 U FLf (ball bearings) xbthW 0.7 br. Mu
bfhlJ. U ml 7.95 uh / br. 3 v U FLf
iwia fhf. ( iw = fdms ml)
17. xU clw nfhs bt kW c Muf Kiwna 12 br. kW 10 br.
v, mnfhs fd msit fhf.
18. X miunfhs fd ms 1152r f.br. . v, mj tisgu fhf.
19. 14 br. gf msf bfhl xU fdrJu UJ btobaLfgL
fbga T fdmsit fhf.
20. 7 br. Mu bfhl nfhs tot g fhW brYjgLnghJ mj Mu
14 br. Mf mfjh, mU iyf g fdmsf jij
fhf.
8.4 izj fdcUtf (Combination of Solids)
eKila mwhl th, uL myJ mjFnk izj fd cUtfsh
Md isahL bghikf, thfdf, ghuf, fUf nghwtid
fhnwh.
eh izj fd cUtf tisgu kW fd msid vthW
fltJ?

gl 8.46

250 10M tF fzF

 izj fd cUt bkhj wgughdJ mizj cUt
izJs fdcUtf bkhj wguf TLjYF rkkhf Uf
ntoaiy. Uj nghY, gl 8.46- izj fd cUt bkhj
wgughdJ mUt izJs T kW miunfhs wguf
TLjYF rkkhF. nkY mizj cUt fd ms MdJ izJs
muL fd cUtf fd msf TLjYF rk MF. glUJ,
fd cUt bkhj wgugs = miunfhs tisgu + T tisgu
fd cUt fd ms = miunfhs fd ms + T fd ms

vLJfhL 8.21
xU k kubghikahdJ miunfhs nk T
izj to csJ. miunfhs kW T Mat Mu

17.5br.
3.5 br.. nkY bghik bkhj cau 17.5 br. v mbghik
jahf gagLjgl ku fd msit fhf. (r = 22 )
7
miunfhs gF : T gF :
Mu r = 3.5 br. Mu r = 3.5 br. 3.5br.
cau h = 17.5 - 3.5 = 14 br. gl 8.47

bghik jahf gagLjgl miu nfhsgF TgF

3= 3+)
ku fdms fdms fd ms

= 2 rr + 1 rr h
3 2

3 3
2
= rr ^2r + hh
3
= 22 # 3.5 # 3.5 # ^2 # 3.5 + 14h = 269.5
7 3
Mfnt, kubghik jahf gagLjgl ku fd ms = 269.5 f.br..
vLJfhL 8.22
xU nfhigahdJ miunfhs J cUis izj to csJ. cUis
gF cau 8 br. kW nfhig bkhj cau 11.5 br.. v mnfhig
bkhj wguig fhf. (r = 22 vf.)
7
miunfhs gF : cUis gF :
8br.
11.5br.

Mu, r = bkhj cau 8 br.. cau, h = 8 br..

( r = 11.5- 8 = 3.5 br. Mu, r =3.5 br. = 7 br.
2
nfhig bkhj wgu =
)
miunfhs gF tisgu
+ cUis gF tisgu gl 8.48

= 2rr + 2rrh = 2rr (r + h)

2

= 2 # 22 # 7 ` 7 + 8j
7 2 2
vdnt, nfhig bkhj wgu = 253 r.br..
8. msa 251
vLJfhL 8.23
xU rf TlhukhdJ cUis J T izj to mikJsJ.
Tlhu bkhj cau 49 . mj moghf l 42 . cUisghf cau
21 . nkY 1 r. jh J iy `12.50 v, Tlhu mikf njitahd
jh J iyia fhf. ( r = 22 )
7
l
h1
cUis gF T gF r

49
l, 2r = 42 Mu, r = 21

21
Mu, r = 21 cau, h1 = 49 - 21 = 28

cau, h = 21 rhau, l =
2 2
h1 + r
42
=
2 2
28 + 21
gl 8.49
= 7 4 + 3 = 35
2 2

njitahd jh J bkhj wgu = cUis gF tisgu

+ T gF tisgu
= 2rrh + rrl = rr (2h + l)
= 22 # 21^2 # 21 + 35h = 5082
7
vdnt, jh J gu = 5082 r.
1 r. jh J iy = `12.50
vdnt, njitahd jh J bkhj iy = 5082 # 12.5 = `63525.

vLJfhL 8.24
xU clw nfhs bt kW c lf Kiwna 8 br. kW 4
br.. nfhskhdJ cUfgL 8 br. lKs ne tl k
Tghf khwglh T cauij fhf.
R kW r vgd Kiwna clw nfhs bt kW 2br.

c Mu vf. 4br.

h kW r1 vgd Kiwna ne tl T cau kW Mu vf.

clw nfhs
btl cl T
2R = 8 br. 2r = 4 br. 2r1 = 8 br.
( R = 4 br. ( r = 2 br. ( r1 = 4 br.
clw nfhs cUfgL xU k Tghf thfglh h

k T fd ms = clw nfhs fd ms

( 1 rr 2 h = 4 r 6 R 3 - r 3 @
3 1 3 8br.
gl 8.50

252 10M tF fzF

 ( 1 # r # 42 # h = 4 # r # ^43 - 23h
3 3
( h = 64 - 8 = 14
4
Mfnt, T cau h = 14 br..

vLJfhL 8.25
7 br. lKs cUis tot Kfit js j csJ. m
xbthW 1.4 br. lKs y nfhs tot gF ff nghlgLwJ.
cUisYs kl 5.6 br. cau vjid gF ffis KfitD
nghlntL vd fhf?
njitahd gF ff vifia n vf. gF ff kW cUis
tot Kfit Muf Kiwna r1, r2 vf.
gF ff cUis tot Kfit
l, 2r1 = 1.4 br. l, 2r2 = 7 br.

5.6 br.
Mu, r1 = 0.7 br. Mu, r2 = 7 br.
2
h vgJ ffis nghl d j
1.4 br.
kl cau vf.
h = 5.6 br. 7br.
gl 8.51
gF ffis Kfit nghl
caj j kl fdms = n gF ff fd ms
( rr2 h = n # 4 rr1
2 3

3
2
3r2 h
n = 3
4r1
3 # 7 # 7 # 5.6
n = 2 2 = 150.
4# 7 # 7 # 7
10 10 10
vdnt, njitahd gF ff vif = 150.
vLJfhL 8.26
14 br. lKs xU cUis tot FHh tahf, jiu kF 15 .
ntf 50 sK kW 44 mfyKs xU brtf tot bjhoF brYdh,
bjho 21 br. cauF j ug vjid k neukhF? (r = 22 vf.)
7
j ntf = 15 . / k ntf 15 . / k
14 br.
= 15000 / k
FHh l, 2r = 14 br.
r = 7
100
h vgJ j kl cau vf 21br.
44
50
h = 21 br. = 21
100 gl 8.52

8. msa 253
 jnghJ 1 k neu FHh tna btnaa j fd ms
= FHh FWF btL gu # neu # ntf
= rr2 # 1 # 15000
= 22 # 7 # 7 # 15000 f.br.
7 100 100
bjho ghrgl j fd ms
lbh = 50 # 44 # 21
100
bjho T k neu j ghrglJ vd bfhnth

3=
T k neu FHh tna bjho ghrgl
Mfnt,
btnawgl j fd ms j fdms

( 22 # 7 2 # T # 15000 = 50 # 44 # 21
7 ` 100 j 100
Mfnt T = 2 k

vdnt, kl 21 br. cau 2 k neukhwJ.

vLJfhL 8.27
55 br. # 40 br. # 15 br. vw msf bfhl fdbrtf tot k U
gyif cUfgL xU FHhahf thfgLwJ. mFHh bt l kW jok
Kiwna 8 br. kW 1 br. v, mFHh sij fhf. (r = 22 vf.)
7
h1 vgJ FHh s vf.
U FHh bt kW c Muf Kiwna R kW r vf.

Ugyif fdms = l b h = 55# 40# 15 vf. 8br.

U FHh :
1br.
bt l, 2R = 8 br.
15br.

vdnt,bt Mu, R = 4 br. 40br.

jok, w = 1 br. 55br.

vdnt, c Mu r = R - w = 4 - 1 = 3 br. gl 8.53

jnghJ, UFHh fd ms = U gyif fd ms

( rh1 (R + r) (R - r) = lbh
22 # h (4 + 3)(4 - 3) = 55 # 40 # 15
7 1

Mfnt, FHh s, h1 = 1500 br. = 15 .

254 10M tF fzF

 g 8.3
1. xU isahL ggukhdJ (Top) T J miunfhs izj to
csJ. miunfhs l 3.6 br. kW ggu bkhj cau 4.2 br.
v, mj bkhj wguig fhf.
2. xU fd cUt, miunfhs J cUis izj to csJ.
mfdUt l kW bkhj cau Kiwna 21 br. kW 25.5 br.
v, mj fd msit fhf.
3. xU kUJ FahdJ xU cUis UwK miunfhsf izj
to csJ. kUJ F bkhj s 14 . kW l 5 . v
mkUJ F wguig fhf.
4. xU TlhukhdJ cUis J T izj to csJ. Tlhu
bkhj cau 13.5 kW l 28 . nkY cUis ghf cau 3 v,
Tlhu bkhj wguig fhf.
5. fkiz gagL xU khzt 48 br. cauK 12 br. MuK bfhl
ne tlk Tig brjh. mTig kbwhU khzt xU k
nfhskhf khdh. mthW khwgl a nfhs Muij fhf.
6. 24 br. MuKs xU k cnyhf nfhskhdJ cUfgL 1.2 . MuKs
uhd cUis fahf khwglh, mf sij fhf.
7. 5 br. ctlMuK 24 br. cauK bfhl T tot ghu KG
ms j csJ. juhdJ 10 br. cMuKs cUis tot
fh ghuF khwgLnghJ, cUis ghu cs kl
cauij fhf.
8. js j uggl 12 br. lKs cUis tot ghu 6 br.
lKs xU k nfhsij KGtJkhf _f brjh, cUis tot
ghu caj kl cauij fhf.
9. 7 br. c Mu bfhl cUis tot FHh tna 5 br. / dho ntf
j ghwJ. miu k neu mFHh tna ghj j
fd msit (l) fhf.
10. 4 lK 10 cauKs cUis tot bjhoYs juhdJ 10 br.
lKs xU cUis tot FHh tna kF 2.5 . ntf
btnawgLwJ. bjho ghas j btnawgl MF neuij
fhf. (Mug iy bjho KGtJ j uggLsJ vd bfhf.)
11. 18 br. MuKs k cnyhf nfhskhdJ cUfgL _W a btntW
mss nfhsfshf thfgLwJ. mthW thfgl uL k
nfhsf Muf Kiwna 2 br. kW 12 br. v _whtJ nfhs
Muij fhf.
12. xU clw cUis tot FHh s 40 br.. mj c kW bt Muf
Kiwna 4 br. kW 12 br.. mlw cUis FHh cUfgL 20 br.
sKs k ne tl cUisahf khWnghJ ilF a cUis
Muij fhf.
8. msa 255
13. 8 br. lK 12 br. cauK bfhl xU ne tl k U TghdJ
cUfgL 4 . MuKs k nfhs tot FLfshf thfglh
ilF nfhs tot FLf vifia fhf.

14. 12 br. lK 15 br. cauK bfhl netl cUis KGtJ gTdh

(ice cream) uggLsJ. gTHhdJ 6 br. lK, 12 br. cauK
bfhl nkw miunfhs izj toyikj T uggLwJ.
vjid Tf gTid KGtJkhf ugyh vd fhf.
15. 4.4 sK 2 mfyK bfhl xU fd brtf tot bjho kiH
nrff gLwJ. bjho 4 br. cauF nrffgl kiH uhdJ
40br. MuKs cUis tot fh ghuF khwgLnghJ mghu
cs j kl cauij fhf.
16. kzyh uggl xU cUis tot th cau 32 br. kW Mu
18 br.. mkz KGtJ jiu xU netl T to bfhlgLwJ.
mthW bfhlgl kz T cau 24 br. v, mT Mu kW
rhauij fhf.
17. 14 lK kW 20 MHKs xU zW cUis to btlgLwJ.
mthW btLnghJ njhobaLfgl k uhf guggL 20 # 14
msf mogfkhf bfhl xU nkilahf mikfglh, mnkil
cau fhf.
g 8.4
rahd ilia njbjLf.
1. 1 br. MuK kW 1 br. cauK bfhl xU ne tl cUis tisgu
(A) r br. 2 (B) 2r br. 2 (C) 3r br. 3 (D) 2 br. 2
2. xU netl cUis MukhdJ mj cau gh v mj bkhj
wgu
(A) 3 r h r.m (B) 2 rh2 r.m (C) 3 rh r.m (D) 2 r h r.m
2

2 3 2 3
3. xU netl cUis mogf gu 80 r. br.. mj cau 5 br. v,
mj fd ms
(A) 400 br. 3 (B) 16 br. 3 (C) 200 br. 3 (D) 400 br. 3
3
4. xU netl cUis bkhj wgu 200 r r. br.. kW mj Mu 5 br.
v mj cau kW Mu TLj
(A) 20 br. (B) 25 br. (C) 30 br. (D) 15 br.
5. a myFf MuK, b myFf cauK bfhl xU netl cUis tisgu
(A) ra2 b r.br. (B)2r ab r.br. (C) 2r r.br. (D) 2 r.br.
6. xU netl T kW netl cUis MuK cauK Kiwna rk
cUis fd ms 120 br. 3 v, T fd ms
(A) 1200 br. 3 (B) 360 br. 3 (C) 40 br. 3 (D) 90 br. 3

256 10M tF fzF

7. ne tl T l kW cau Kiwna 12 br. kW 8 br. v mj
rhau

(A) 10 br. (B) 20 br. (C) 30 br. (D) 96 br.

8. xU ne tl T moRws kW rhau Kiwna 120r br. kW
10 br. v mj tisgu
(A) 1200r br. 2 (B) 600r br. 2 (C) 300r br. 2 (D) 600 br. 2
9. xU ne tl T fd ms kW mogf gu Kiwna 48r br. 3 kW
12r br. 2 v, mj cau
(A) 6 br. (B) 8 br. (C) 10 br. (D) 12 br.
10. 5 br. cauK, 48 r.br. mogf gu bfhl xU ne tl T fd ms
(A) 240 br. 3 (B) 120 br. 3 (C) 80 br. 3 (D) 480 br. 3
11. uL cUisf cauf Kiwna 1:2 kW mt Muf Kiwna 2:1
Ma jfU, mt fd msf j

(A) 4 : 1 (B) 1 : 4 (C) 2 : 1 (D) 1 : 2

12. 2 br. Mu cs xU nfhs tisgu
(A) 8r br. 2 (B) 16 br. 2 (C) 12r br. 2 (D) 16r br. 2 .
13. xU k miunfhs l 2 br. v mj bkhj wgu

(A) 12 br. 2 (B) 12r br. 2 (C) 4r br. 2 (D) 3r br. 2.

14. 9 r f.br.. fd ms bfhl nfhs Mu
16

(A) 4 br. (B) 3 br. (C) 3 br. (D) 2 br..

3 4 2 3
15. uL nfhsf tisguf j 9 : 25. mt fd msf
j

(A) 81 : 625 (B) 729 : 15625 (C) 27 : 75 (D) 27 : 125.

16. a myFf Mu bfhl k miunfhs bkhj wgu
(A) 2r a2 r.m (B) 3r a2 r.m (C) 3r a r.m (D) 3a2 r.m.
17. 100r r.br. tisgu bfhl nfhs Mu
(A) 25 br. (B) 100 br. (C) 5 br. (D) 10 br..
18. xU nfhs tisgu 36r r.br. v, mj fd ms

(A) 12r br. 3 (B) 36r br. 3 (C) 72r br. 3 (D) 108r br. 3
8. msa 257
19. 12r br. 2 bkhjgu bfhl k miunfhs tisgu
(A) 6r br. 2 (B) 24r br. 2 (C) 36r br. 2 (D) 8r br. 2.
20. xU nfhs MukhdJ kbwhU nfhs Mu gh v mt fd
msf j
(A) 1 : 8 (B) 2: 1 (C) 1 : 2 (D) 8 : 1
21. xU k nfhs tisgu 24 br..2 mj nfhsij uL miunfhsfshf
jh ilF miunfhsf x bkhj wgu

(A) 12 br. 2 (B) 8 br. 2 (C) 16 br. 2 (D) 18 br. 2

22. uL Tf rk Muf bfhLsd. nkY mt rhauf j
4 : 3 v, tisguf j
(A) 16 : 9 (B) 2 : 3 (C) 4 : 3 (D) 3 : 4

nfhbg VG ghyf (The Seven Bridges of Knigsberg) vw

fj xU tuyhW wbgw fzfhF. UZahYs nfh bg
(jnghija UZah fhuhL) (The city of Knigsberg in Prussia, now Kaliningrad,
Russia) efukhdJ b# M (Pregel river) WwK mikUjJ. nkY U
bgU fis bfhoUjJ. efu, UbgU f kW mj ygu
Mad VG ghyfsh izfgoUjJ.
xnu xU Kiw kLnk mghyfis flJ efu midJ gFfSF
brtjfhd tfhQj xU f vGjJ. ghyf myhJ ntW t
fis mila KoahJ. xbthU ghyij xnu xU Kiw kLnk KGtJkhf
gagLj ntL vw gjid fgoUjJ. (xUt ghyid
ghu flJ brW, d Ug brW ntW t gh uij flf
TlhJ).

1735- nahdhL My (Leonhard Euler) dhF iy vd

%jh. My gagLa vkiwahd Kof nfhy aYF
(Graph theory) tnfhaJ. nkY mKof iza aYF (Topology)
mogilahf mikjd.

258 10M tF fzF

 idbfhf
tisgu bkhj wgu
t.v
fdms
bga gl ( Curved
Surface area) (Total surface area) (Volume)
netl k
cUis
1 h 2rrh 2rr^h + r h rr 2 h
(Right circular
cylinder) r

r
netl clw rR 2 h rr 2 h
cUis h
2 2r^ R + r h^ R r + hh = rh^ R r h
2 2
2rh^ R + r h
(Right circular
hollow cylinder) R = rh^ R + rh^ R rh

netl
1 rr 2 h
3 k T h
l rrl rr^l + r h
3
(Right circular cone)
r

ilfl h 1 rh^ R2 + r2 + Rr h
4 ------- -- - - - - - 3
(Frustum of a cone)
R

knfhs r 4 rr 3
5 4rr2 ---
(Solid sphere) 3

clw nfhs R
6 --- --- 4 r^ R 3 r3h
(Hollow sphere) r 3

k r
2 rr 3
7 miunfhs 2 rr 2 3rr2 3
(Solid hemisphere)

clw r R gagLjgl
2r ^ R + r h + r ^ R r h
2 2 2 2
miunfhs cnyhf
8 2 2
2r ^ R + r h fdms =
(Hollow
= r^3R2 + r2h 2 r ^ R3 r3h
hemisphere) 3

9 T l = h2 + r2 10. FHh tna gh j

l
h h = l2 r2 fdms
r r = l2 h2 = {FWF btL gu # ntf # neu}
tisgu = tlnfhzgF gu 11. cU jahfgL a fd
R
rrl = i # rr
2 l cUtf vif
360 h
cUfgl fd cUt fdms
=
L
r
cUthfgl xU fd cUt fdms
s = T moRws
L = 2rr
12 1 3 = 1000 l, 1 bl 3 = 1 l, 1000 br. 3 = 1 l, 1000 l = 1 .

8. msa 259
 9 brKiw toa
Give me a place to stand, and I shall move the earth
-Archimedes

9.1 mKf
mKf .K.3000 Jtf v, njha toa
yfis msl gagLjglJ. Mugfhy
bjhLnfhLf
toa vgJ mDgt _ykhf flagl,
Knfhzf s, nfhz, gu kW fd ga nfhghLfis
tlehfuf bfhL tsailjJ. y msit, fLkhd,
tha kW w gtif bjhf nghw
tYs eilKiw njitfis iw br
bghUL toa nfhghLf cUthd.
afj, gFgh nghw ghlfis
l toaYfhd KaJtij FiwF
tif ghll khwfis bfhLtu y
rg fhy gy a Kafis nkbfhLsd.
Mdh gy fjayPf cWahf khwij
uk Fj vwd. cik toa fj
(598-668 ..) w gFf cs gy fj fis J
ah bfhs cjwJ. ghlgF eh tl
gHfhy ah bjhLnfhLf, Knfhzf kW tlehfufis
fwj fj mP bfhLfgl msfis bfhL vthW tiutJ
ukhjh jhejh vd fhngh.
vw iy uk Fj eh xgjh tF tlnjhL bjhlila
vGdh. to, tl eh (chord), tlJL (segment), tl nfhzgF
ehfu gu fhQ Nu
(sector) nghwt bghUis mJsnsh.
t f wj fLo
fhQ braf _y btLnfhL (Secant),
MF.
bjhLnfhL (Tangent) Madtiw id TWnth.
p, q, r kW s vgd
tlehfu gff v, brJ gh
mj gu fhQ Nuij xU fhj VnjD
njhuhakhf kW rahf xU Mu bfhl tl C
P
tUkhW fljh. tiuf. mtlF PQ A

tl ehfu gu vw btLnfhL tiuf. M

p+r q+s PQ-F izahf mj
= c 2 mc 2 m (njhuhakhf) U wfY gy iz L

= (t - p) (t - q) (t - r) (t - s) nfhLfis tiuf. btL D

(rahf) nfhLf, tlij rF B Q
F, 2t = p+q+r+s . f xiwbahW

260
 beU tUtnjhL, xU iy mU fS xnwhblhW bghUJtij
fhzyh. PQ-F izahf mikj btLnfhLf AB kW CD Mad
tlij Kiwna L kW M vw f bjhLwd. F nfhLf AB
kW CD vgd tl nk Kiwna L kW M- mikj bjhLnfhLf
vdgL. nkY AB MdJ CD-F izahf miktij eh fhzyh.

brJgh
xU tl tiuJ mtl nk P vw ia l3
Ff. gl fhoaJ ngh P tna gy l4 l2
nfhLfis tiuf. P tbrY nfhLf tl
l5 B
uL f rwd. nenfhLf l2, l3, l4 C
A
kW l5 Mad tlij Kiwna A, B, C kW D vw
D
kbwhU Y rwd. nfhLf ( l2, l3, l4
l1
kW l5 Mad) tlyikj btLnfhLf P

MF. Mdh l1 vw nfhL kL P vw xU

kLnk tlij bjhL brwJ. nfhL l1 MdJ
P- mtlF tiuagL bjhLnfhL
vdgL.
xU tl, bjhLnfhL, mbjhL tiuagl MuK
xWbfhW brFJ vgij eh mnth. A

AP MdJ tlF btna mikj P vw

UJ tl nk mikj A vw O P
tiuagl bjhLnfhL vngh.

brnfhz DOPA -, OA = AP B
2 2 2
OP = OA + AP ( jhfu njw go)
2 2
AP = OP - OA .

9.2 xU tlF bjhLnfhL tiuj (Construction of a tangent to a circle)

eh nghJ fl Kiwf bjhLnfhLf tiuj g fngh
(i) ikaij gagL tiuj
(ii) bjhLnfhL - eh njwij (using tangent-chord theorem) gagL tiuj.
9.2.1 tlF xU bjhLnfhL tiuj (ikaij gagLj)
(Construction of a tangent to a circle using the centre)
Ko
xU tl bjhLnfhL, mbjhLnfhL tlij bjhL tna
brY MuK xWbfhW brFjhdit.

9. brKiw toa 261

vLJfhL 9.1
3.2 br.. MuKs tl tiuf. tl nk P vw xU ia FJ
m tna xU bjhLnfhL tiuf. ( ikaij gagLJf)
cjgl
bfhLfgLsit: tl Mu = 3.2 br..
T

O P
3.2br..
T

M N Tl

L
O P
3.2 br..

Tl

tiuKiw:
(i) O-it ikakhf bfhL 3.2 br.. MuKs tl tiuf.
(ii) tl nk P vw ia FJ OP I izf.
(iii) P-ia ikakhf bfhL OP- L vw l btLgo xU tl
tiuf.
!!
(iv) m nk LM = MN = LP vwthW M, N vw fis F.
(v) + MPN- nfhz Urkbto PT tiuf.
(vi) TP I T l tiu o njitahd bjhLnfhL T l PT tiuf.

Fiu

P vw tahf OP-F brFjhf nenfhL PT tiuJ

bjhLnfhL tiuayh. F PT vgJ P- mikj bjhLnfhL MF.

9.2.2 bjhLnfhL-eh njwij gagL tl nk mikj

bjhLnfhL tiuj. (Construction of a tangent to a circle using
the tangent-chord theorem)
Ko bjhLnfhL - eh njw.

xU tlYs eh kW mj xU Kid mikj bjhLnfhL Mat

ilnas nfhz, eh xWl tl Jo mik nfhzF rk.

262 10M tF fzF

vLJfhL 9.2
3.2 br. MuKs tl tiuf. tl nk P vw iaia FJ
m bjhLnfhL-eh njwij gagL bjhLnfhL tiuf.
bfhLfgLsit : tl Mu = 3.2 br..
cjgl

R
Q
R
O
Q

Tl P T

O
3.2 br.

Tl P T

tiuKiw
(i) O-it ikakhfbfhL 3.2 br.. MuKs tl tiuf.
(ii) tlnk P vw ia Ff.
(iii) Ptna VnjD xU eh PQ tiuf.
(iv) P kW Q-I jJ R vw ia f P,Q kW R vgd fofhu
K efU vir mikkhW Ff.
(v) PR kW QR-Madtiw izf.
(vi) P - +QPT = +PRQ tiuf.
(vii) TP I T l tiu o njitahd bjhLnfhL T l PT-ia tiuf.

9.2.3 tlF btna mikj UJ tlF bjhLnfhL

nrhof tiuj. (Construction of pair of tangents to a circle from an external
point)
Kof
(i) tlF btna mikj UJ tlF uL
bjhLnfhLf tiuayh.
(ii) lf, tlg 90c-ia VgLJ.

9. brKiw toa 263

vLJfhL 9.3
3 br. MuKs tl tiuf. tl ikaUJ 7 br.. bjhiy
xU ia FJ, mUJ tlF bjhLnfhLf tiuf. nkY
bjhLnfhLf sij msJ vGJf.
bfhLfgLsit: tl Mu = 3 br.., OP = 7 br..
cjgl
T

r.
3b
O P
7 br.

6.3
br
..
Tl

.
br.
6.3

Tl

tiuKiw (Construction)
(i) O-it ikakhf bfhL 3 br.. MuKs tl tiuf.
(ii) tlF btna, tl ika O-UJ 7 br.. bjhiy P vw
ia FJ OP-ia izf.
(iii) OP ikaFJnfhL tiuf. mJ OP-ia M- btlL.
(iv) M-ia ikakhf, MO (= MP)it Mukhf bfhL kbwhU tl tiuf.
(v) uL tlfS T kW T l - rF.
(vi) PT kW PT l tiuf. itna njitahd bjhLnfhLf MF.
bjhLnfho s, PT = 6.3 br..
rghj
brnfhz TOPT -
2 2
PT = OP - OT = 7 -3
2 2

= 49 - 9 = 40 ` PT = 6.3 br.. (njhuhakhf)

264 10M tF fzF

 g 9.1
1. 4.2 br. MuKs xU tl tiuJ mtl nk VnjD xU ia
Ff. tl ikaij gagL m tna bjhLnfhL tiuf.
2. 4.8 br. MuKs xU tl tiuf. tl nk VnjD xU ia F.
bjhLnfhL - eh njwij gagL m tna bjhLnfhL tiuf.
3. 10 br. lKs xU tl tiuf. tl ikaUJ 13 br..
bjhiy P vw ia FJ mUJ tlF PA kW
PB vw bjhLnfhLf tiuJ mj sfis fzLf.
4. 6 br. MuKs xU tl tiuJ mj ikaUJ 10 br. bjhiyYs
xU ia Ff. mUJ tlF bjhLnfhLf tiuJ
mj sfis fzLf.
5. 3 br. MuKs tl ikaUJ 9 br. bjhiy xU ia
Ff. mUJ tlF bjhLnfhLf tiuJ, mj sfis
fzLf.

9.3 Knfhzf tiuj (Construction of triangles)

eh Vfdnt gf msfis, nfhzfis bfhL Knfhzf tiua
fWnsh. eh
(i) mogf (base), cnfhz Y
(vertical angle) kW mogfUJ v
cF tiuagl FJnfhL (altitude). A

(ii) mogf, cnfhz kW

i
mogfUJ v cF tiuagl
eLnfhL (median) juglh vthW O
Knfhz tiutJ vd fhngh. P

nfhz i -I csla nfhL

Jo nk mikj tlgFia tiuj
(Construction of a segment of a circle on a given line 90i
B C
segment containing an angle i ) i

bfhLfgl nfhzij csla

nfhLJo J mikj tl gFia
tiu Kiwia fhngh.
X
tiuKiw
(i) BC vw nfhLJL tiuf.
(ii) B -, +CBX = i tiuf.
(iii) BY = BX tiuf.

9. brKiw toa 265

(iv) BC- ikaFJnfhL tiuf. mJ BY-ia O- rfL.
(v) O-it ikakhf, OB-ia Mukhf bfhL X tl tiuf.
(vi) tlnk A vw ia Ff. bjhLnfhL - eh njw go, bga
BAC MdJ njitahd cnfhz i bfhl tlgF MF.

mogf kW cnfhz bfhL Knfhz tiuj. (Construction of

a triangle when its base and the vertical angle are given)
C2
mogfK, cnfhzK juglh
Y
vthW Knfhz tiuayh vgij tU
i
goiyf tfyh. C3 C1
tiuKiw (Construction)
i
(i) nfhLJL AB tiuf. i

(ii) A-, +BAX = i tiuf. O

C
i
(iii) AY = AX tiuf.
(iv) AB- ikaFJnfhL tiuJ mJ
AY -ia O- rfL.
(v) O-it ikakhf, OA I Mukhf A i B
bfhL xU tl tiuf.
(vi) tl khW tlJo C vw
ia FJ AC kW BC ia
X
izf.
(vii) 3 ABC vgJ njitahd Knfhz MF.

nkY, mnj mogf ms, cnfhzK bfhl gy Knfhzf

xU Knfhz 3 ABC vd eh mayh.
F, AX = AY . Mfnt, +XAY = 90c.
nkY, OB = OA. ( tl Muf).
AX vgJ A vw mikj bjhLnfhL kW C vgJ tl nk
mikj xU .

vdnt, +BAX = +ACB . ( bjhLnfhL - eh njw).

Fiu
nknys gl tl nk C1, C2, C3, ... Ma fis vLJ
bfhlh Knfhzf DABC1, DABC2, DABC3, g Mait xnu
mogfK, rkc nfhzK bfhl Knfhzfshf mik.

266 10M tF fzF

9.3.1 mogf, cnfhz kW cUJ mogfF tiuagl
FJnfhL juglh Knfhz tiuj. (Construction of a triangle when its
base, the vertical angle and the altitude from the vertex to the base are given)
vLJfhL 9.4
AB = 6 br.. +C = 40c kW c C-UJ AB-F tiuagl FJnfho
s 4.2 br.. bfhl DABC tiuf.
bfhLfgLsit : DABC - AB = 6 br.., +C = 40c ,
C-UJ AB-F tiuagl FJnfho s = 4.2 br..
K cjgl

40c

4.2 br..
Cl
M
6 br..

40c
4.2 br..

40c M 6 br..

tiuKiw
(i) nfhLJL AB = 6 br. tiuf.
(ii) +BAX = 40c vd UFgo AX tiuf.
(iii) AY = AX tiuf.
(iv) AB- ikaFJ nfhL tiuf. mJ AY kW AB-Madtiw Kiwna O
kW M f rwJ.
(v) O-ia ikakhf, OA-it Mukhf bfhl tl tiuf.
(vi) tl gF AKB vgJ nfhz 40c bfhoUF.
(vii) ikaFJnfhL MO-, MH = 4.2 br. UF go H vw ia Ff.
(viii) AB-F izahf CHC l tiuf. mJ tlij C kW C l -f rF.
(ix) AC kW BC izf Jnt njitahd Knfhz DABC MF.
Fiu
F, 3 ABC l vgJ njitahd kbwhU Knfhz MF.

9. brKiw toa 267

9.3.2 mogf, cnfhz kW mogfF tiuagl eLnfhL
juglh Knfhz tiuj. (Construction of a triangle when its base, the
vertical angle and the median from the vertex to the base are given)
vLJfhL 9.5
mogf BC = 5.5 br.., +A = 60c kW c A-UJ tiuagl eLnfhL
AM- s = 4.5 br. bfhl DABC tiuf.
bfhLfgLsit : DABC -, BC = 5.5 br.., +A = 60c, eLnfhL AM = 4.5 br..

K cjgl
A
A Al
60c
Y

4.5br..
60c
4.5

M
br

O B 5.5br.. C
..

B C
M 5.5br..
60c

X
tiuKiw
(i) BC = 5.5 br.. mss xU nfhLJL tiuf.
(ii) B tna +CBX = 60c vd UF go BX tiuf.

(iii) BY= BX tiuf.

(iv) BC- ikaFJnfhL tiuf. mJ BY kW BC-fis O kW M -f
rwJ.

(v) O-it ikakhf, OB-ia Mukhf bfhL tl tiuf. tl

K-I Ff.
(vi) bga BKC MdJ nfhz 60c-I bfhoUF.

(vii) M-I ikakhf bfhL 4.5 br. MuKs xU tiuf. mJ tlij A kW

Al f rF.

(viii) AB, AC Madtiw izf.

(ix) 3 ABC myJ TAl BC vgJ njitahd Knfhz MF.

268 10M tF fzF

vLJfhL 9.6
BC = 4.5 br., +A = 40c kW c A-UJ BC F tiuagl eLnfho
s AM = 4.7 br.. vd UF go DABC tiuf. nkY A-UJ BC-F tiuagl
FJnfho s fhf.
bfhLfgLsit : DABC -, BC = 4.5 br.., +A = 40c kW
eLnfho s AM = 4.7 br.. cjgl
A
K

40c

4.7br..

Al B M C
4.5br..
40c
4.
7b
3.2br..

r.
.

40c M 4.5br..

tiuKiw

(i) BC = 4.5 br. vd UF go xU nfhLJL tiuf.

(ii) +CBX = 40c vd UF go BX tiuf.
(iii) BY = BX tiuf.
(iv) BC- ika FJnfhL tiuf. mJ BY kW BC-fis Kiwna O kW M
f rfL.
(v) O-it ikakhf, OB-I Mukhf bfhL xU tl tiuf. m K-I
Ff.
(vi) bga BKC MdJ, cnfhz 40c- bfhoUF.
(vii) M-I ikakhf bfhL 4.7 br.. MuKs xU tiuf. mJ tlij A kW
Al -f rF.
(viii) AB kW AC Madtiw izf. DABC myJ 3 Al BC njitahd
Knfhz MF.
(ix) CB-I CZ tiu Lf.
(x) AE = CZ tiuf.
(xi) FJnfhL AE- s 3.2 br..

9. brKiw toa 269

 g 9.2

1. AB = 5.2 br. sKs nfhLJo J 48c nfhz VgLJ tlgFia

mikf.

2. D PQR- mogf PQ = 6 br.., +R = 60c kW c R-UJ PQ-F tiuagl

FJnfho s 4 br. vd UFkhW D PQR tiuf.

3. PQ = 4 br.., +R = 25c kW c R-UJ PQ -F tiuagl FJnfho s

4.5br.. vw msf bfhl DPQR tiuf.
4. DABC -, BC = 5 br.., +A = 45c kW c A-UJ BC-F tiuagl
eLnfho s 4 br. vd UF go DABC tiuf.

5. BC = 5 br.., +BAC = 40c kW c A-UJ BC-F tiuagl eLnfho

s 6 br.. vw msf bfhl DABC tiuf. nkY c A-UJ tiuagl
FJnfho s fhf.
9.4 tl ehfu tiuj (Construction of cyclic quadrilateral)
xU ehfu ehF cfS, xU tl g D
mikjh mehfu tl ehfu (Cyclic Quadrilateral) vdgL. tl
C
ehfu v nfhzf if u nfhzfshF. mjhtJ
vnfhzf TLj 180c MF. Mfnt jh, xU tl ehfu
O
tiua IJ msfSF gyhf jFj ehF msfns nghJkhdJ.
bfhLfgl msfis bfhL tlehfu ABCD B
A
tiuj cs gntW goiyfis g fhngh.
(i) bfhLfgl msfis bfhL xU
D
cjgl tiuJ 3 ABC myJ 3 ABD tiuf. C
(ii) gff AB kW BC-fSF U rk
TL brFJnfhLf mjhtJ O
ikaFJnfhLf (Perpendicular bisectors)
tiuf. mitf O- rfL.

(iii) O-ia ikakhf, OA (= OB=OC) I Mukhf A B

bfhL 3 ABC - RWtl (Circumcircle) tiuf.

(iv) bfhLfgl msid bfhL ehfhtJ

c D-I fhf. AD kW CD- fis izf.

(v) jnghJ, ABCD vgJ njitahd tl ehfu MF.

nH (tirgLsthW) bfhLfgl msfis bfhL tl ehfu
vthW tiutJ vd fhngh.

270 10M tF fzF

 (i) _W gff kW xU _iyl. (ii) uL gff kW uL
_iylf. (iii) _W gff kW xU nfhz. (iv) uL gff
kW uL nfhzf. (v) xU gf kW _W nfhzf. (vi) uL
gff, xU nfhz kW xU iz nfhL.
tif I - _W gff kW xU _iyl bfhLfgL nghJ ehfu tiuj
(Type I- Three sides and one diagonal of a cyclic quadrilateral are given)
vLJfhL 9.7
AB = 6 br.., AC = 7 br.., BC = 6 br.. kW AD = 4.2 br.. msf bfhl
tl ehfu ABCD tiuf.
bfhLfgLsit : tl ehfu ABCD-, AB = 6 br.., AC = 7br..,
BC = 6 br.. kW AD = 4.2 br..
cj gl
C

6b
..

r.
4.2br..

r
7b
O
6br
..
.
r.

A 6br.. B
7b
4.2br..

6br..

tiuKiw
(i) cjgl tiuJ m bfhLfgl msfis Ff. AB = 6 br. mss
xU nfhLJL tiuf.
(ii) f A kW B- ia ikakhf bfhL Kiwna 7 br. kW 6 br.
MuKs tlf (arcs) tiuf. mitf mJ C vw rF. AB
kW AC -fis izf.
(iii) nfhLJLf AB kW AC-f ikaFJnfhLf tiuJ mit
rF O-I fhf.
(iv) O-I ikakhf kW OA (= OB = OC) -I Mukhf bfhL DABC - RW
tl tiuf.
(v) A-I ikakhf bfhL 4.2br. MuKs tl tiuf mJ RW tlij
D- rfL.
(vi) AD kW CD Madtiw izf. Jnt njitahd tlehfu ABCD MF.

9. brKiw toa 271

tif II - uL gff kW uL _iylf bfhLfgL nghJ
tlehfu tiuj (Type II -Two sides and two diagonals of a cyclic quadrilateral are given)
vLJfhL 9.8
PQ = 4 br.., QR = 6 br.., PR = 7.5 br. kW QS = 7 br.. msf bfhl
tlehfu PQRS tiuf.
bfhLfgLsit : tlehfu PQRS-, PQ = 4 br.., QR = 6 br..,
PR = 7.5 br.. kW QS = 7 br.. cj gl

..
S

br
7b

6br..
7.5
r.
.
..

4br..
br

P Q
7.5

6br..

7b
r.
.

4br..

tiuKiw

(i) cjgl tiuJ, m bfhLfgl msfis Ff. nfhLJL

PQ = 4 br.. tiuf.
(ii) f P kW Q- ia ikakh bfhL Kiwna 7.5 br.. kW 6 br.. MuKs
tl f tiuJ, mit rF R I fhf.
(iii) PR kW QR-fis izf.
(iv) PQ kW QR- ikaFJnfhLf tiuJ mit rF O-it
fhf.
(v) O-it ikakhf kW OP(=OQ=OR)-ia Mukhf bfhL DPQR - RW
tl tiuf.
(vi) Q-it ikakhf bfhL 7 br. MuKs xU tiuf. mJ RW tlij S -
rF.
(vii) PS kW RS-fis izf.
(viii) njitahd tlehfu PQRS MF.

272 10M tF fzF

tif III - _W gff kW xU nfhz bfhLfgL nghJ tlehfu
tiuj (Type III Three sides and one angle of a cyclic quadrilateral are given)

vLJfhL 9.9
AB = 6 br.., BC = 5.5 br.., +ABC = 80c kW AD = 4.5 br.. msf bfhl
tl ehfu ABCD tiuf.

bfhLfgLsit: tl ehfu ABCD-, AB = 6 br.., BC = 5.5 br..,

+ABC = 80c kW AD = 4.5 br..

X cj gl
C C
D

5.5br..
D

4.5br..
O

5.5br..
80c
A 6br.. B

O
4.5br..

80c

A 6br.. B

(i) cjgl tiuJ m bfhLfgl msfis Ff.

AB = 6 br. sKs xU nfhLJL tiuf.
(ii) B tna +ABX = 80c vD go BX tiuf.
(iii) B-ia ikakhf bfhL 5.5 br.. MuKs tl tiuf. mJ BX-ia
rF C vf. AC-ia izf.
(iv) AB kW BC-f ikaFJnfhLf tiuJ mit rF O
vf.
(v) O-it ikakhf kW OA (= OB = OC) Mukhf bfhL DABC - RW
tl tiuf.
(vi) A-ia ikakhf bfhL 4.5 br. MuKs tl tiuf mJ
RWtlij rF D vf.
(vii) AD kW CD Madtiw izf.
(viii) njitahd tlehfu ABCD MF.
9. brKiw toa 273
tif IV - uL gff kW uL nfhzf bfhLfgL nghJ tl
ehfu tiuj (Type IV -Two sides and two angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are given)
vLJfhL 9.10
EF = 5.2 br.., +GEF = 50c, FG = 6 br.. kW +EGH = 40c vw msf
bfhl tlehfu EFGH tiuf.
bfhLfgLsit: tlehfu EFGH -, EF = 5.2 br.., +GEF = 50c
FG = 6 br.. kW +EGH = 40 o
X cjgl
G
H
40c

6br..
40c
Y

6br.. 50c
E 5.2br.. F

50c
5.2br..

tiuKiw:
(i) X cjgl tiuJ m bfhLfgl msfis Ff.
EF = 5.2 br.. sKs nfhLJL tiuf.
(ii) E-, +FEX = 50c vD go EX tiuf.
(iii) F-ia ikakhf bfhL 6 br. MuKs X tiuJ mJ EX ia rF
G vf.
(iv) FG-ia izf.
(v) EF kW FG-f ikaFJ nfhLf tiuf. mitf O-
rfL.
(vi) O-it ikakhf kW OE (= OF = OG) -I Mukhf bfhL TEFG - RW
tl tiuf.
(vii) G , +EGY = 40c vDgo GY tiuf.
(viii) GY MdJ RWtlij btL H vf. EH-I izf. jnghJ
njitahd tlehfu EFGH MF.

274 10M tF fzF

tif V - xU gf, kW _W nfhzf bfhLfgL nghJ tlehfu
tiuj (Type V- One side and three angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are given)

vLJfhL 9.11
PQ = 4 br.., +P = 100c, +PQS = 40c kW +SQR = 70c vDgo tlehfu
PQRS tiuf.
bfhLfgLsit: tlehfu PQRS-,
PQ = 4 br.., +P = 100c, +PQS = 40c kW +SQR = 70c.
cjgl

S R

O
70c
100c
40c
P Q
4br..

70c
100c
40c
4br..

tiuKiw:
(i) cjgl tiuJ, m bfhLfgl msfisFf.
PQ = 4 br.. mss nfhlJL tiuf.
(ii) P- +QPX = 100c vD go PX tiuf.
(iii) Q- +PQY = 40c vD go QY tiuf QY MdJ PX -I S- rfL.
(iv) PQ kW PS-f ikaFJnfhLf tiuJ mit rF O-ia
fhf.
(v) O-it ikakhf OP( = OQ = OS )ia Mukhf bfhL 3 PQS - RW
tl tiuf.
(vi) Q-, +SQZ = 70c vD go QZ tiuf. mJ tlij R- rfL.
(vii) RS-I izf.
njitahd tl ehfu PQRS MF.

9. brKiw toa 275

tif VI - uL gff, xU nfhz kW xU iznfhL bfhLfgL nghJ
tlehfu tiuj. (Type VI Two sides , one angle and one parallel line are given)

vLJfhL 9.12
AB = 5.8 br.., +ABD = 35c, AD = 4.2 br.. kW AB || CD vw msf bfhl
tl ehfu ABCD tiuf.
bfhLfgLsit: tl ehfu ABCD-, AB = 5.8 br.., cjgl
+ABD = 35c, AD = 4.2 br.. kW AB || CD.
C
D

4.2br..
35c
A 5.8br.. B
4.2 br..

35c
5.8br..

tiuKiw
(i) cjgl tiuJ, m bfhLfgl msfis Ff.
AB = 5.8 br.. mss xU nfhLJL tiuf.
(ii) B-, +ABX = 35c vDgo BX tiuf.
(iii) A-ia ikakhf bfhL 4.2 br. MuKs X tl tiuf mJ BX -ia
rF D vf.
(iv) AB kW AD-f ikaFJnfhLf tiuf mit rF O-vf.
(v) O-ia ikakhf, OA (= OB = OD)-I Mukhf bfhL DABD -
RW tl tiuf.
(vi) DY < AB vDgo DY tiuf mJ tlij rF C vf.
BC-ia izf.
(vii) njitahd tl ehfu ABCD MF.

276 10M tF fzF

 g 9.3
1. PQ = 6.5 br.., QR = 5.5 br.., PR = 7 br.. kW PS = 4.5 br.. vw msf
bfhl tl ehfu PQRS tiuf.
2. AB = 6 br.., AD = 4.8 br.., BD = 8 br.. kW CD = 5.5 br.. vw msf
bfhl tl ehfu ABCD tiuf.
3. PQ = 5.5 br.., QR = 4.5 br.., +QPR = 45c kW PS = 3 br.. Ma msf
bfhl tl ehfu PQRS tiuf.
4. AB = 7 br.., +A = 80c, AD = 4.5 br.. kW BC = 5 br.. vw msf bfhl
tl ehfu ABCD tiuf.

5. KL = 5.5 br.., KM = 5 br.., LM = 4.2 br.. kW LN = 5.3 br.. Ma msf

bfhl tl ehfu KLMN tiuf.
6. EF = 7 br.., EH = 4.8 br.., FH = 6.5 br.. kW EG = 6.6 br.. msf bfhl
tl ehfu EFGH tiuf.
7. AB = 6 br.., +ABC = 70c, BC = 5 br.. kW +ACD = 30c Ma msf
bfhl tlehfu ABCD tiuf.
8. PQ = 5 br.., QR = 4 br.., +QPR = 35c kW +PRS = 70c Ma msf
bfhl tl ehfu PQRS tiuf.
9. AB = 5.5 br.., +ABC = 50c, +BAC = 60c kW +ACD = 30c Ma msf
bfhl tl ehfu ABCD tiuf.
10. AB = 6.5 br.., +ABC = 110c, BC = 5.5 br.. kW AB || CD vwthW mik
tlehfu ABCD tiuf.

cfSF bjkh?
1901 Kj xbthU ML aa, nta, clTa (kUJt)
ya kW mik Ma Jiwf wJ sFnthF bgUikFa
nehg gR (Nobel Prize) tHfgL tUwJ. l eho lhnAhYs
nehg mwflis _y ML njhW tHfgL tU ta grhdJ
xU rtnjr UjhF. Mdh fjF nehg gR tHfgLtiy.
rtnjr fj Tlikgh (International Mathematical Union) ehF
MLfSF xU Kiw elj bgW rtnjr fj fhu kheho
xbthU Kiw 40 taij flfhj uL, _W myJ ehF fja
mPfSF tHfgL UJ gjf (Fields Medal) vdgL.
gjf fjfhd nehg gR vd ghuhlgLwJ.

9. brKiw toa 277

 10 tiuglf
I think, therefore I am
- Rene Descartes
10.1 mKf
tiuglf (Graphs) vgd jftfis fhL
mKf glfshF. vil vthW cauJl bjhlilanjh,
mnj nghW U ntWgl msf vthW bjhlilad
Ugo tistiuf vgij tiuglf czJ. y neuf
tiuglf afjij fK bfhzJ J bfhtJ
w tiuglf fodkhf UF. FpLfsh mikj fj
nfhitfSF kW mt tiuglfSF
ilnas bjhlig fW bfhtJ afj
totikfis J bfhs ttif brwJ.
fU bfhLs, fhz ntoa
fj dhF sfkF tif XusF
Jakhd tiuglij tiu gHfij khztf
VgL bfhs ntL. xU fzF toa
sf bgwkLkyhJ afj it frahf
csjh vd nrhjid brJ ghf, ftdJl
tiuagl tiuglf cj. tiuglf _y
bgwgL f midJ njhuhakhd kf
vgij idbfhs ntL. vj msF
Jakhf tiuglfis tiunwhnkh, mnj msF
bu blfho bgwgL kfS Jakhf mik.
(Rene Descartes) 10.2 Ugo nfhitf tiuglf
(1596-1650) (Quadratic Graphs)
uh tiuaiw
f : A " B xU rh vf. F A kW B vgd
blfho, kUJtkid
bkbaf fz R - cfzfshF. midJ
gLif UFnghJ <
tir nrhof fzkhd "^ x, yh ; x ! A, y = f (x) ,
() xW mtUila miw
vgJ f - tiugl vd miHfgL.
xU _iy R R gwJ
x- mikj xU gYWnfhitia tiugl to
bfhoUgij ghJ fhoa
jsij fljh. Fl aY. y = f (x) = ax + b, a ! 0 vw xUgo
gYWnfhit tiugl vgJ rh 'a' cila
blfho gFKiw tot
xU nenfhlhF (oblique line) .
fjij cUthdh. j
2
_y Mabjhiy mRfis y = f (x) = ax + bx + c, a ! 0 vD Ugo gYW
gagL tiuglfis nfhit tiugl vgJ nenfhl w bjhlahd
tiutjF ttFjh. xU tistiu MF. jid gutisa (Parabola) vW
TWt.

278
 tU tiuglf btntwhd gYWnfhitfis fhLwd.
y y y

O x O x O x

y = (x + 1) (x - 2) , y = (x + 4) (x + 1) (x - 2), y = 1 (x + 4) (x + 1) (x - 3) (x - 0.5)
14
Ugo gYWnfhit Kgo gYWnfhit ehgo gYWnfhit

9-M tF xUgo gYWnfhit y = ax + b, a ! 0, - nenfhL

y = ax + bx + c , F a , b
2
tiuglfis tiua eh fWnsh. nghJ
kW c Mad bk khf kW a ! 0 , vw Ugo gYWnfhit
tiuglij vthW tiutJ vgij kW mj gf vjifad vgij
maUnwh.
2
y = ax + bx + c - tiugl
2
y = ax + bx + c vgij fUJf. tfgLJj Kiwia gagL
gYwnfhitia tUkhW vGjyh.
b 2 1 b2 4ac m .
` x + 2a j = a c y + -4a
2
Mfnt, 1 c y + b - 4ac m $ 0 . (xU nfhit tf vnghJnk if)
a 4a
2
tistiu (gutisa) c V c- b , 4ac - b m MF.
2a 4a
2
a > 0 v, tistiu nkneh w cilaJ. y = 4ac - b vw
4a
nenfho J kW mjF nkny tistiu mik. nkY tistiuahdJ

x = - b vw nenfhil bghWJ rkuhf UF.

2a
2
a < 0 v, tistiu neh w cilaJ. y = 4ac - b vw nfho
4a
J mjF G tistiu mik. nkY x = - b vw nenfhil bghUJ
2a
rkuhf UF.

Ugo gYWnfhitfSF y vLJfhLfS mt tiuglf

jik nHs mltiz bfhLfgLsd.

10. tiuglf 279

 tir gYWnfhit c a- tistiu
2
v ( y = ax + bx + c ) F jik
(i) nkneh w cilaJ.
(ii) y = 0 vw nenfho J
y = 2 x2
1 (0, 0) if mjF nkny mik
a = 2, b = 0, c = 0
(iii) y-mF, mjhtJ x= 0- F
rkuhf tistiumik.

(i) neh w cilaJ.

(ii) y = 0 vw ne nfho J kW
y = 3 x2
2 (0, 0) Fiw mjF nH mik.
a = 3, b = 0, c = 0
(iii) y-mF, mjhtJ x = 0-F
rkuhf tistiu mik.

(i) nkneh w cilaJ

y = x - 2x - 3
2
(ii) y = 4 vw nenfho J
3 (1, 4) if
a = 1, b = 2, c = 3 mjF nkny mik.
(iii) x = 1-F rkuhf mik.

2
y = ax + bx + c vw Ugo gYWnfhit tiuglij tiutjfhd
tKiwf (Procedures to draw the quadratic graph of y = ax 2 + bx + c )

(i) y = ax2 + bx + c -I gagL x- btntW kfis mjFa y-

kfis mltiz gLJf.

(ii) bghUjkhd mslij njbjLf.

x-m mslK y-m mslK xnu msthf Uf

ntoaiy. tiuantoa tiugl Koj msF bga ms
UFkhW ms l njbjLfgl ntL. tiugl ms vj
msF bgajhf Uwnjh, mjnfg bgwgL KofS Jakhf
mik
2
(iii) tiugljh fis Ff. y = ax + bx + c - tiugl
nenfhL JLf iy vgjh, mtiw xU nenfhlw iHthd
tistiuah (Smooth Curve) izf.

vLJfhL 10.1
2
y = 2x -F tiugl tiuf.

280 10M tF fzF


x -F 3-UJ 3 tius KGf kfis bfhLJ mtF Vw
y- kfis fL, flthW mltizgLJf.
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
x
2
9 4 1 0 1 4 9

y = 2x
2 18 8 2 0 2 8 18

(- 3, 18), ( 2, 8), (1, 2), (0, 0), (1, 2), (2,8) y

msl
kW (3, 18) Ma fis tiugljh xmR 1br. = 1 myF
ymR 1br. = 2 myFf
Ff. mfis xU nenfhlw iHthd
tistiuah (smooth curve) izf. tis
2
tiuahdJ y = 2x - tiuglkhF.

2x 2
y=
Fiu
(i) j tistiuahdJ y-mir bghUJ
rkuhf UF. mjhtJ, y -m
lgf mikJs tiugl (1, 2)
xl O
gFahdJ y-m tygf cs x
gF fzho gkhF.
yl
(ii) y- kf Fiw vfshf iy. vdnt, gl 10.1
tiugl x -mRF mikahJ.

vLJfhL 10.2
2
y =- 3x tiugl tiuf.

x - F 3 UJ 3 tius KGf kfis bfhLJ mtF Vw

y kfis fL, flthW mltizgLJf.

x 3 2 1 0 1 2 3

x
2
9 4 1 0 1 4 9

y =- 3x
2
27 12 3 0 3 12 27

10. tiuglf 281

 y msl
xmR 1br. = 1 myF
ymR 1br. = 3 myFf

xl
x
(1,3) (1,3)

y = - 3x 2

yl

gl 10.2
(3, 27), (2, 12), (1, 3), (0, 0), (1,3), (2, 12) kW (3, 27) Ma fis
tiugljh Ff.
mfis xU nenfhlw iHthd tistiuah (smooth curve)
2
izf. thW bgwgL tistiu y =- 3x tiuglkhF. tiugl
gutisa (parabola) vdgL.
Fiu
2
(i) y- kf midJnk ifaw kfshf csjh y =- 3x
tiugl x-mRF nk mikahJ.
(ii) tiugl y-mir bghWJ rkuhdJ.

10.2.1 ax + bx + c = 0 vw Ugo rkghil tiugl _y j.

2

2
(To solve the quadratic equation ax + bx + c = 0 graphically)
Kj Ugo gYWnfhit y = ax2 + bx + c- tiuglij tiuf.
tistiuahdJ x-mid btodh, tistiu kW x-mR Mad btL
f x-Mabjhiyf kfns, bfhLfgl rkgho
fshF.

282 10M tF fzF

vLJfhL 10.3
2
tiugl _y f: x - 2x - 3 = 0

Kj y = x2 - 2x - 3 - tiuglij tiunth.
x -F 3 UJ 4 tius KGf kfis bfhLJ mjFa y-
kfis fL flthW mltizgLJf.

x 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
x2 9 4 1 0 1 4 9 16
- 2x 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
y 12 5 0 3 4 3 0 5

(3, 12), (2, 5), (1, 0), (0, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (3, 0), (4, 5) Ma f i s
tiugl jh Ff. fis nenfhlw iHthd tistiuah
y
(smooth curve) izf. msl
xmR 1br. = 1 myF
tistiu x mir (1, 0) kW ymR 1br. = 2 myFf

(3, 0) Ma f btLwJ.

f x Ma bjhiyf
1 kW 3.

Mfnt, fz {1, 3}.

Fiu
(i) x-m, vnghJ y =0 MF.
3

(ii) y- kf if kW
x-
-2

Fiw vfshf Ugjh

= x2

tistiuahdJ x-mRF
y

nkY G mik. xl O
x
(iii) x = 1 vw nfhil bghUJ
tiugl rkuhdJ.
J y- mir bghUJ
yl
rkuhdJ my.
gl 10.3

10. tiuglf 283

vLJfhL 10.4
2
tiugl _y f: 2x + x - 6 = 0

Kj, x -F 3-UJ 3 tius KGf kfis bfhLJ mtF

2
Vw y = 2x + x - 6 kfis fL, flthW mltizgLJf.

x 3 2 1 0 1 2 3

x
2
9 4 1 0 1 4 9

2x
2
18 8 2 0 2 8 18
x 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
y 9 0 5 6 3 4 15

(3, 9), (2, 0), (1, 5), (0, 6), (1, 3), (2, 4) kW (3, 15) Ma fis
tiugl jh Ff. fis nenfhlw iHthd tistiuah
2
(smooth curve) izf. thW bgwgl tistiu y = 2x + x - 6 vw
gYWnfhit tiuglkhF. y
msl
tistiu x- mir (2 , 0) kW xmR 1br. = 1 myF
ymR 1br. = 2 myFf
(1.5, 0) Ma f btLwJ.

f x Ma bjhiyf
2 kW 1.5 MF.

Mfnt, fz {2 , 1.5 }.
+x-6

Fiu
y = 2x 2

2
2x + x - 6 = 0 -I tiugl
_y f tU Kiwia
gwyh.

(i) y = 2x - tiugl tiuf.

2
xl O x

(ii) y = 6 - x - tiugl tiuf.

(iii) U tiuglf btL
f x Mabjhiyf
2
kfns 2x + x - 6 = 0 -
fshF. yl

gl 10.4

284 10M tF fzF

vLJfhL 10.5
2 2
y = 2x - tiuglij tiuJ mUJ 2x + x - 6 = 0 vw rkghil
f.

2 2
Kj y = 2x - tiuglij tiunth. y = 2x F tU mltizia
mikf.
x 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
x2 9 4 1 0 1 4 9
y = 2x 2 18 8 2 0 2 8 18
(3, 18), (2, 8), (1,2), (0, 0), (1, 2), y
msl
(2, 8) kW (3, 18) Ma fis xmR 1br. = 1 myF
ymR 1br. = 2 myFf
tiugljh Ff.

fis nenfhlw
iHthd tistiuah (smooth curve)
izf.
2
2x + x - 6 = 0 - _yfis

x2
2 2
fhz y = 2x kW 2x + x - 6 = 0

y=2
Ma rkghLfis f.
2
nghJ, 2x + x - 6 = 0 .
2
( y = 2x . Mfnt y + x 6 = 0
( y=x+6
2
vdnt, 2x + x - 6 = 0 - _yf
2
y = 2x kW y = x + 6 Mad y=
x
bto bfhS f x- +6
O
MabjhiyfshF. . xl
x
nghJ, y = - x + 6 vw
nenfhoFa mltizia
mikngh. yl
gl 10.5
x 1 0 1 2
y = -x + 6 7 6 5 4
nknys fis tiugljh FJ mtiw xU nenfhlh
izf.
nenfhL kW gutisa Madt btL f (2, 8)
kW (1.5, 4.5) MF. f x-Mabjhiyf 2 kW 1.5 MF.
2
vdnt, rkghL 2x + x - 6 = 0- fz { 2 , 1.5} MF.
10. tiuglf 285
vLJfhL 10.6
2
y = x + 3x + 2 - tiugl tiuf. mij gagL x2 + 2x + 4 = 0 vw
rkghil f.

2
Kj, y = x + 3x + 2 -fhdmltizia tUkhW jahbrnth.

x 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
x
2
16 9 4 1 0 1 4 9
3x 12 9 6 3 0 3 6 9
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
y 6 2 0 0 2 6 12 20

y
(4, 6), (3, 2), (2, 0), (1, 0), msl
(0, 2), (1, 6), (2, 12) kW (3, 20) xmR 1br. = 1 myF
ymR 1br. = 2 myFf
Ma fis tiugljh
Ff. fis ne
nfhlw iHthd tistiuah

+2
(smooth curve) izf. ilf

+ 3x
bgw tistiuahdJ,

y = x2
2
y = x + 3x + 2 - tiuglkhF.
2
nghJ, x + 2x + 4 = 0
2
( x + 3x + 2 x +2 = 0
2
( y = x - 2 a y = x + 3x + 2
2
vdnt, x + 2x + 4 =0 - _yf,
2
y = x - 2 kW y = x + 3x + 2
Mad bto bfhS
fsh ilf bgWwd. xl O x
nghJ nenfhL y = x - 2 -
tiuglij tiunth.

jF y = x - 2 -fhd mltizia
2
x
tUkhW mikngh. y=
yl
x 2 0 1 2
gl 10.6
y = x-2 4 2 1 0
2
Mdh, nenfhL y = x - 2 MdJ tistiu y = x + 3x + 2 -I btliy.
2
vdnt , x + 2x + 4 =0-F bk_yf VJ iy.

286 10M tF fzF

 g 10.1
1. tU rhf tiugl tiuf.
2
(i) y = 3x
2
(ii) y =- 4x
(iii) y = ^ x + 2h^ x + 4h
2
(iv) y = 2x - x + 3
2. tiugl _y tU rkghLfis f.
2
(i) x - 4 = 0
2
(ii) x - 3x - 10 = 0
(iii) ^ x - 5h^ x - 1h = 0
(iv) ^2x + 1h^ x - 3h = 0
2 2
3. y = x - tiugl tiuJ, mjid gagL x - 4x - 5 = 0 vw
rkghil f.
2 2
4. y = x + 2x - 3 - tiugl tiuJ, mjid gagL x - x - 6 = 0 vw
rkghil f.
2 2
5. y = 2x + x - 6 - tiugl tiuJ, mjid gagL 2x + x - 10 = 0 vw
rkghil f.
2 2
6. y = x - x - 8 - tiugl tiuJ, mjid gagL x - 2x - 15 = 0 vw
rkghil f.
2 2
7. y = x + x - 12 - tiugl tiuJ, mjid gagL x + 2x + 2 = 0 vw
rkghil f.

10.3 y wtif tiuglf (Some Special Graphs)

ghlgF gYWnfhit khfSilna cs bjhl
(i) ne khWghL (Direct variation) kW
(ii) v khWghL (Indirect variation) v w t h W m i k n g h J , g Y W
nfhit tiuglij vthW tiutJ vd mJ bfhnth.
y MdJ x-F nej U, VnjD xU if v k-F y = kx vd
eh bgWnwh. j iy khf xWbfhW ne khWgho (Direct variation)
Ugjhf fUjgL. nkY mj tiugl xU nenfhlhF (Straight line)

y-MdJ x-F jiy jU, VnjD xU if k-F y = k vd

x
eh bgWnwh. F khf xWbfhW v khWghoUgjh (Indirect
variation) mj tiugl xU uhd nenfhlw tistiuthf mik. J brtf
mgutisa (Rectangular Hyperbola) vd magL. (brtf mgutisa
rkghL, xy = k, k > 0 vwthW UF).

10. tiuglf 287

vLJfhL 10.7
fhQ mltizF jFj tiugl tiuJ khf khWghL
jikia fh. mkhWgho khia (constant of proportionality) fhf.
x 2 3 5 8 10
y 8 12 20 32 40
nkY x = 4 v y- kig fhf.

bfhLfgLs mltiz x - k mfF nghJ y - k

nej mfwJ. y
msl
Mfnt, khWghL xU nekhWghL xmR 1br. = 1 myF

(Direct variation) MF. ymR 1br. = 5 myFf

vdnt, y \ x vd vGjyh.

mjhtJ, y = kx, k > 0 xU kh MF. 4x

y=
y
( = k k vgJ jrk kh.
x
k = 8 = 12 = g = 40 . = 4
2 3 10
` k = 4. O x
nghJ, y = 4x vw cw xU
nenfhil mikF.
gl 10.7

(2, 8), (3, 12), (5, 20), (8, 32) kW (10, 40) Ma fis tiugl jh
Ff. fis xU nenfhlh izf. thW bgwgl nenfhL
y = 4x- tiuglkhF.

nkY, x = 4 v, y = 16 vd tiugl y = 4x - thyhf mayh.

vLJfhL 10.8
xU to XLgt A vw lUJ B vw lF xU uhd
ntf xnu t btntW ehf gaz brwh. mt gaz brj ntf,
muid flf vLJ bfhl neu Madtiw ga tuf
(ntf-fhy) tU mltiz bfhLfgLsd.
ntf (.. / k)
2 4 6 10 12
x
neu (k)
60 30 20 12 10
y

288 10M tF fzF

ntf - fhy tiugl tiuJ mUJ
(i) mt kF 5 . ntf brwh uij flf MF gaz neu
(ii) mt Fl uij 40 kneu flf vj ntf gaf
ntL
Madtiw fhf.

y
msl
mltizUJ x- xmR 1br. = 1 myF
ymR 1br. = 10 myFf
k mfkhFnghJ y-
k vj FiwwJ
vd mnwh. j tifahd neu

khWghL v khWghL MF.

vdnt xy = k MF. xy = 12
0
O x
F xy = 120
ntf

gl 10.8
Mfnt, y = 120
x

(2 , 60), (4 , 30), (6 , 20), (10 , 12) kW (12, 10) Ma fis tiugljh

Ff. fis nenfhlw iHthd tistiuah izf.

tiuglUJ ,

(i) kF 5 . ntf brwh gaz neu 24 k MF.

(ii) Fl uij 40 k neu flf, mtUila ntf 3 . / k MF.

vLJfhL 10.9

xU t, _jFokf it bjhifF 10% jto jUwJ. it

bjhifF mjF X MLF ilF toF ilnaahd bjhlid
fhl xU tiugl tiuf. mj _y,

(i) ` 650 it bjhifF ilF to kW

(ii) ` 45 toahf ilf t brYjgl ntoa it bjhif
Madtiw fhf.

10. tiuglf 289


eh tU mltizia jahngh
it bjhif
100 200 300 400 500 600 700
`x
jto ` y 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

y
nkfl mltizUJ, msl
x mR 1br. = ` 100
vjhf y = 1 x vd mayh. nkY y mR 1br.= ` 10
10
y= 1 x - tiugl xU nenfhL MF. x
1
10 10
vdnt mltiz bfhLfgl y=

UJ tiugl tiuayh.
to
j tiugl UJ

(i) `650 it bjhifF ca to

bjhif `65 vd, x

(ii) ` 45 toahf ilf njitahd it bjhif

it bjhif ` 450 vd
gl 10.9
mayh.

g 10.2

1. xU ngUJ kF 40.. ntf brwJ. jFa u-fhy bjhlfhd

tiugl tiuf. ij gagL 3 kneu ngUJ gaj
uij fLo.

2. thfgl nehL jff vif kW mjfhd iy tu

tU mltiz jugLsJ.

nehLjff
vif 2 4 6 8 10 12
x
iy
30 60 90 120 150 180
`y
jfhd tiugl tiuJ mj _y
(i) VG nehL jff iyia fhf.
(ii) ` 165-F thfgL nehL jff vifia fhf.

290 10M tF fzF


3.
x 1 3 5 7 8

y 2 6 10 14 16

nkfl mltiz cs tuF tiugl tiuJ, mj _y

(i) x = 4 v y- kig fhf.
(ii) y = 12 v x- kig fhf.
4. xU l gh iy ` 15 vf. gh msF iyF cs
bjhlid fhL tiugl tiuf. mjid gagL,
(i) jrk khia fhf.
(ii) 3 l gh iyia fhf.
5. xy = 20, x , y > 0 vgj tiugl tiuf. mjid gagL x = 5 v, y -
kig, y = 10 v, x - kig fhf.

6.
ntiyahf
vif 3 4 6 8 9 16
x
ehf
vif 96 72 48 36 32 18
y
mltiz bfhLfgLs tufhd tiugl tiuf. mj _y
12 ntiyahf mntiyia KGtJkhf brJ Kof MF ehf
vifia fhf.

Fljf nknfhf
1. fj dhit vG Mwiy, mdhF fhgijl
cathf fUjglntL. - #h{ nfl. (Georg Cantor)

2. fj f ah khw Koahjit kW kWgjF

mghglitfshF. Mdh kw maYs f midJ
XusF thjF cglitf vgnjhL, a fLofsh
mitf khwglToa thf csd vgjhjh, fjayhdJ
kw mafisl kfjhd KaJt thjjhf fwJ.
- Mg IO (Albert Einstein)

10. tiuglf 291

 11 a
It is easy to lie with statistics. It is hard to tell the truth without it
-Andrejs Dunkels

mKf
11.1 mKf
uhl (Croxton) kW bfsl (Cowden)
guj msitf
Mnah TWF zf, a (Statistics) vgJ
R tufis nrfj, mj, M brj,
v tufUJ fUJfis gy tiff
yftf ruhr
jUj vd tiuaWfgLwJ. R.A. (R.A. Fisher)
l yf vgt a vD maiy fj xU
khWghL bfG vd, mJ Tjh tufSF braghL
fj vd nghWwh.
nAhnu br (Horace Secrist) vgt
aiy tUkhW tiuaiw brwh. a
vgJ gntW fhuzfdh Fl ms ghf
gLgitf tuf nrifahF. tuf
vfsh FfgL, tirgLjgL myJ
Vila ms Jakhf mslgL, Kghfnt
khfgl nehffhf mitfis Kiwahf
nrfgJ mitfSilnas bjhlfis
btgLJtJ ayhF.
fh ar
(Karl Pearson) J.F. ghu (J.F. Baron) vgt Statistics (a)
(1857-1936) vD brhiy jDila Elements of Universal
yhJ Erudiation vD KjKiwahf gagLdh.
ed fhy a vgJ btW tuf
fh ar vD
My a tYe nrf kW mtufis glsffY.
ed a Jiwia mltizfY mgJ kL my. Tjh
Watf Kndho brj tuf UJ mDkhj kW rakw
Mth. t a fj NH KG uidF Ko nkbfhs nghw
Jiwia Wdh. aa ma fUJf iwj thf J fUjgLwJ.
fUJnfhshd Uw eh Vfdnt ikanghF msitfshd, TL
vw fUij a
ruhr, iliy ms kW KfL Mad g
mKfgLdh. ma
fWnsh. mit ekF gut ika gF cs
yfz (Grammar of science)
vw mtUila gy tuf mlia ga xU fUij jUwd.
Ka fUJf IO ika nghfsitf ga mjfdh
kW w ma tYef tuf gutiy ga KG fUJfis bjJ
fhya ma bfhif bfhs ayhJ. vLJfhlhf (i) 82, 74, 89, 95
f mfkhf mikjd. kW (ii) 120, 62, 28, 130 Ma uL btntW

292
bjhlfSF xnu TL ruhr 85 MF. Kj bjhl cs vf, ruhr
85-F beUfkhf csd. Mdh, ulhtJ bjhl cs vf, ruhr 85-UJ
gutyhf usJ. vdnt ikanghF msitf, tufis ga jtwhd
KofSF t tFfyh. TL ruhria xo, tuf vthW gusd
vgij ma cj tif tufSfhd xU msL njitgLwJ.

11.2 guj msitf (Measures of dispersion)

gut (distribution) tuf vj msF guUwJ vgij
guj msitf sFwJ. R (Range R), fhkhd yf (Quartile Deviation
Q.D), ruhr yf (Mean Deviation M.D), l yf (Standard Deviation S.D) Mad
guj msitfshF. F, eh ytiw sfkhf ffyh.
11.2.1 R (Range)
R vgJ guj msitf vjhd xU msit MF. xU v bjhF
cs vf f caj kW f Fiwj kfSilna cs ahr R
MF.
` R = bgU k - W k = L- S.
nkY, v bjhF R bfG = L - S .
L+S
vLJfhL 11.1
43, 24, 38, 56, 22, 39, 45 Ma tuf R kW RbfG fhf.
tufis VWtir 22, 24, 38, 39, 43, 45, 56 vd mikf.
bgU k L = 56 kW W k S = 22.
vdnt, R = L- S
= 56- 22 = 34
Mfnt, R bfG = L - S
L+S
= 56 - 22 = 34 = 0.436
56 + 22 78
vLJfhL 11.2
xU tFYs 13 khztf vil (.) tUkhW.
42.5, 47.5, 48.6, 50.5, 49, 46.2, 49.8, 45.8, 43.2, 48, 44.7, 46.9, 42.4
t R kW R bfGit fhf.
tufis VWtir tUkhW vGjyh,
42.4, 42.5, 43.2, 44.7, 45.8, 46.2, 46.9, 47.5, 48, 48.6, 49, 49.8, 50.5
bfhLfgLs tu bgU k L= 50.5 kW W k S = 42.4
Mfnt, R = L- S
= 50.5- 42.4 = 8.1
nkY, R bfG = L - S = 50.5 - 42.4 = 8.1
L+S 50.5 + 42.4 92.9
Mfnt, R bfG = 0.087

11. a 293
vLJfhL 11.3
xU tu bjhF bgU k 7.44 kW mj R 2.26 v,
mbjhF W kig fhf.
R = bgU k - W k
( 7.44 - W k = 2.26
` W k = 7.44- 2.26 = 5.18.
11.2.2 l yf (Standard deviation)
guj msitfhz wj t, tuf bjhFYs xbthU
kF, mj TL ruhrF cs ahrfis tfgL, mj
tffSF ruhr fhgjhF. thW bgwgL guj msit yf tf
ruhr myJ gutgo (Variance) vdgL. yf tf ruhr if tf_y
lyf (Standard Deviation) vdgL. yf tf ruhr vbghGJ if KG
vzhf UF.
fh (Gauss) vgt gagLa ruhr iH (mean error) vw thijF
gyhf, 1894- fh ar (Karl Pearson) vgt l yf vw thijia
Kj Kj gagLdh.
tuf vj my FlgLwnjh, mnj my l yfK
FlgL. l yf tu kf ruhrUJ vts yUwJ
vgij fhL. Fiwthd ks lyf, tu kf TL ruhrF
mik gusij, caj ks lyf, tu kf mf
gusd vgij fhLwd.
x kW v vw FpLfis Kiwna guj TL ruhr (A.M) kW
l yfij (S.D) Fl gagLJnwh. tuf a
mogil mtiw VWtir myJ wF tir mikj gntW
Kiwf fhQ Nufis gagL, eh l yf v - it
fzLnth. (NufSF %gz njitiy)

TL Cf ruhr Kiw
neuo Kiw goyf Kiw
ruhr (Assumed mean
tu (Direct method) Kiw (Step deviation method)
method)
bjhFf
glhjit
/ x2 - c / x m2 / d2 / d2 - c / d m2 / d2 - c / d m2 # c
n n n n n n n
(ungrouped)
F,
F, d = x A F, d = x - A
c
d = x-x
bjhFf / fd2 / fd2 - e / fd o2 / fd2 e / fd o2 # c
glit /f /f /f /f /f
(grouped)
F :
n cWfis (vf) bfhl bjhFF tUtd bkahF
/^ x - x h = 0 , / x = nx kW / x = nx .
294 10M tF fzF
(i) neuo Kiw (Direct method)
cWf tff v bgwgL bghGJ Kiwia gagLjyh.

Kiw lyf fhz cj Nu , v = / x2 - c / x m2

n n
vLJfhL 11.4
xU khj 8 khztf goj jff vif tUkhW.
2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 6, 12, 10. tu l yfij fzLf.

x x2 F, n = 8
2 4
5 25 lyf, v =
/ x2 - c / x m2
n n
6 36
8 64 = 690 - 68 2
8 `8 j
10 100
11 121 = 86.25 - ^8.5h2
12 144
14 196 = 86.25 - 72.25

/ x =68 / x =690
2
= 14 - 3.74.
(ii) TL ruhr Kiw (Actual mean method)
TL ruhr dkhf yho, mjhtJ KG vzhf UFnghJ
Kiwia gagLjyh.
Kiw l yf fhz cj Nu,

v=
/^ x - x h2

myJ v =
/ d2 . F d = x - x .
n n
vLJfhL 11.5
xU tFF eljgl bghJ mnj bkhj kbgf 40-F,
6 khztf bgw kbgf 20, 14, 16, 30, 21 kW 25. tu l
yf fhf.
nghJ, TLruhr A. M. =
/ x = 20 + 14 + 16 + 30 + 21 + 25
n 6
( x = 126 = 21.
6
flthW mltizia mikf.
x d= x-x d2
14 -7 49 Mfnt, v =
/ d2 = 172
16 25 n 6
-5
20 -1 1 = 28.67
21 0 0
25 16 vdnt, v - 5. 36.
4
30 9 81
/ x = 126 /d = 0 / d2 = 172
11. a 295
(iii) Cf ruhr Kiw (Assumed mean method)
bfhLfgl tu TLruhr KG vzhf iyba, Cf
ruhr Kiw lyf fhzyh. TLkhd tiu xA vgJ f a KG
vfshf mikkhW bghUjkhd v A-id bj brnwh. thW bj
bragL v A-I Cf ruhr vngh. J TL ruhrF f beUfkhf mik.

jnghJ, d = x - A -it gagL yffis fhngh.

Mfnt, l yf v =
/ d2 - c / d m2 .
n n
F :
Cf ruhr Kiw goyf Kiw, l yf fhQ neuo Kiw
vikahfgl khW Kiwf MF.

vLJfhL 11.6
62, 58, 53, 50, 63, 52, 55 Ma vfSF l yf fhf.
Cf ruhr A=55 vd vLJ bfhL fhQ mltizia mikf.
x d=xA
/d /d m
2
d 2 2

= x 55 v = -c
n n
50 -5 25
52 9 = 160 - 8 2
-3 7 `7j
53 -2 4
55 0 = 160 - 64
0 7 49
58 3 9
62 49 = 1056
7 49
63 8 64
= 32.49
/d = 8 / 2
d =160 7

` l yf v - 4.64

(iv) go yf Kiw (Step deviation method)

tu vf f bgadthf kW xU bghJ fhuia bfhL
U, l yf fhz, go yf Kiwia gagLJnwh. Cf ruhr A- I
Kj njbjLJ, wF d = x - A I fzL yfij fhnwh. F c
c
vgJ xA- kfSF xU bghJ fhuia FF.

Kiw l yf fhz gagLJ Nu v =

/ d2 - c / d m2 # c.
n n
vLJfhL 11.7
10 khztf fj nj bgw kbgf tUkhW,
80, 70, 40, 50, 90, 60, 100, 60, 30, 80. kfSF l yf fhf.

296 10M tF fzF

 bfhLfgl tuf bghJ fhu c = 10 MF. Cf ruhr A = 70
vd vLJ bfhf. F tu kf vif, n = 10.

nkY, c = 10, d = x - A vd bfhL fhQ mltizia mikf.

10

x d = x - 70 d
2
10
30 -4 16
40 -3 9
50 -2 4
60 -1 1
60 -1 1
70 0 0
80 1 1
80 1 1
90 2 4
100 3 9
/d = -4 / d2 = 46
v =
/ d2 - c / d m2 #c
n n

= 46 - - 4 2 # 10
10 ` 10 j

= 46 - 16 # 10 = 460 - 16 # 10 = 444 = 2 111

10 100 100
` l yf, v - 21.07.
nkny FLs ehF Kiwfshd neuoKiw, TL ruhr Kiw, Cf ruhr
Kiw, go yf Kiw Mat VnjD xiw gagL, tuf bjhFF
l yfij v fhzKo.
xnu tu bjhFF btntW Kiwf l yf kf
fhzglhY mitf vghjthW btntwhf UfhJ. Mfnt, v kid
fhz khztf bfhLfgl tufis bghUJ, bghUjkhd VnjD xU
Kiwia gwyh.
Kof
(i) xU guj xbthU klD xnu viz Todhnyh myJ
fjhnyh mj l yf khwhk UF.
(ii) tu xbthU kig k, vw akw khah
bgUdhnyh myJ tFjhnyh ilF a kfSfhd
lyf mj Kj l yfij Kiwna, k M bgUf myJ
tFf ilF vzhf UF.
11. a 297
vLJfhL 11.8
3, 5, 6, 7 Ma tuF l yf fhf. xbthU klD 4
I Tl ilF a kfSfhd l yfij fhf.
bfhLfgl tu xbthU klD 4 I Tl, x = 7, 9,
x = 3, 5, 6, 7 10, 11 Ma a kfis bgWnwh.
F, A = 6 vf. F, A = 10 vf.
x d=x6 d
2 x d = x 10 d
2

3 -3 9 7 -3 9
5 -1 1 9 -1 1
6 0 0 10 0 0
7 1 1 11 1 1
/d = -3 / d2 = 11 / d = - 3 / d2 = 11

lyf, v =
/ d2 - c / d m2 / d2 - c / d m2
n n l yf, v1 =
n n
2
11 - - 3
=
2
4 ` 4j = 11 - ` - 3 j
4 4
v = 11 - 9 = 35 v1 = 11 - 9 = 35
4 16 4 4 16 4
nkny cs vLJfho xbthU klD 4I Tl, ilF a l
yf khwhk UwJ.
vLJfhL 11.9
40, 42, 48 vD tuF l yf fhf. xbthU k
3 M bgUfgLnghJ ilF a kfSfhd l yf fhf.
bfhLfgLs tuf xbthU kig 3M bgUf
40, 42, 48- l yfij fhngh. ilF a kf 120,126,144.
Cf ruhr A = 132 vf.
Cf ruhr A = 44 vf.
a tu l yf v1 vf.
x d = x 44 d
2
x d = x 132 d
2
40 -4 16
42 4 120 - 12 144
-2
48 16 126 6 36
4
144 12 144
/d = -2 / 2
d = 36
/d = -6 / 2
d =324

l yf, v =
/ d
2

- c
/ d
m
2
/d
2
/ d
2

n n l yf, v1 = - c m
n n
2
= 36 - ` - 2 j 2
3 3 = 324 - ` - 6 j
3 3
v = 104 v1 = 312 = 104
3 3
298 10M tF fzF
 nkny cs vLJfho, xbthU kig 3-M bgUF nghJ, ilF
tu a l yf, Kj l yfij 3 M bgUf ilF
vzhf UwJ.
vLJfhL 11.10
2
Kj n a vf l yf v = n - 1 vd %f.
12
Kj n a vf 1,2,3, g , n.
t TL ruhr, x = Rx = 1 + 2 + 3 + g + n
n n
n^ n + 1h n + 1
= = .
2n 2
Kj n a vf tff TLj,

/ x2 = n^n + 1h6^2n + 1h .

l yf, v =
/ x2 - c / x m2
n n
n^n + 1h^2n + 1h 2
= -` n + 1j
6n 2
^n + 1h^2n + 1h 2
= -` n + 1 j
6 2
n 1 ; ^2n + 1h - ^n + 1h E
= ` +
2 j 3 2

n 1 ; 2^2n + 1h - 3^n + 1h E
= ` +
2 j 6
n 1 4n + 2 - 3n - 3
= ` +
2 j` 6 j
2
n 1 n-1 n -1
= ` +
2 j` 6 j
=
12
2
Kj n a vf l yf, v = n -1 .
12
Fiu:
tU Kofis mJ bfhf.
bghJ ahr d bfhl xU TL bjhl tir vj xU bjhlahd
2
n cWf l yf, v = d n - 1 . vdnt,
12
2
(i) i, i + 1, i + 2, g, i + n - l yf v = n -1 , i d N
12
2
(ii) bjhlahd n uilgil KGf l yf v = 2 n -1,n d N
12
2
(iii) bjhlahd n xiwgil KGf l yf v = 2 n -1,n d N
12

11. a 299
vLJfhL 11.11
Kj 10 a vf l yf fhf.
2
Kj n a vf l yf = n -1
12
Mfnt, Kj 10 a vf l yf
2
= 10 - 1 = 100 - 1 - 2.87.
12 12
bjhFfgl tuf l yf
(Standard Deviation of grouped data)
(i) TL ruhr Kiw (Actual mean method)
jj tuf xbthU kid, mj TL ruhrUJ
yff vLJ, l yf fhz gagL Nu

v=
/ fd2 MF. F, d = x - x .
/f
vLJfhL 11.12
xU fj dho dh ngho 48 khztf bgw kbgf tU
mltiz jugLsd.
kbgf x 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
fbtf f 3 6 9 13 8 5 4
tufhd l yfij fzLf.
bfhLfgLs tufSF fl mltizia mikf.
x f fx d=x x fd fd
2

=x9
6 3 18 -3 -9 27
7 6 42 -2 - 12 24
8 9 72 -1 -9 9
9 13 117 0 0 0
10 8 80 1 8 8
11 5 55 2 10 20
12 4 48 3 12 36
/ f =48 / fx =432 /d = 0 / fd = 0 / fd 2
= 124

TL ruhr, xr =
/ fx = 432 = 9.
/f 48

l yf, v=
/ fd2
/f
= 124 = 2.58 - 1.61
48
300 10M tF fzF
(ii) Cf ruhr Kiw (Assumed mean method)
Cf ruhrUJ tu kf yffis fzL bghGJ,
l yf fhz gagL Nu,
2 2
Rfd Rfd
v= -c m . F d = x - A.
Rf Rf
vLJfhL 11.13
tU tufhd l yf fhf.
x 70 74 78 82 86 90
f 1 3 5 7 8 12
Cf ruhr A = 82 vf.
x f d = x 82 fd 2
fd
70 1 - 12 - 12 144
74 3 -8 - 24 192
78 5 -4 - 20 80
82 7 0 0 0
86 8 4 32 128
90 12 8 96 768
/f =36 / fd =72 / fd2 =1312

l yf v =
/ fd2 - e / fd o2
/f /f
= 1312 - 72 2
36 ` 36 j

= 328 - 22
9

= 328 - 36
9

= 292 = 32.44
9
` v - 5.7 .

vLJfhL 11.14
tU gut yf tf ruhria fhf.
ilbt 3.5-4.5 4.5-5.5 5.5-6.5 6.5-7.5 7.5-8.5
fbtf 9 14 22 11 17

11. a 301
 Cf ruhr A = 6 vf.
x

ika 2
ilbt
k f d=x-6 fd fd
3.5-4.5 4 9 -2 - 18 36
4.5-5.5 5 14 -1 - 14 14
5.5-6.5 6 22 0 0 0
6.5-7.5 7 11 1 11 11
7.5-8.5 8 17 2 34 68
/f = 73 / fd = 13 / fd2 = 129
yf tf ruhr, v =
2 / fd2 - e / fd o2
/f /f
2
= 129 - ` 13 j = 129 - 169
73 73 73 5329
= 9417 - 169 = 9248
5329 5329
2
Mfnt, yf tf ruhr v - 1.74.
(iii) go yf Kiw (Step deviation method)
vLJfhL 11.15
cyf fhgJ nghof 71 Kd uf moj nfhf
vif tuf tU mltiz bfhLfgLsJ. tu
l yf fhf.
ilbt 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70
fbtf 8 12 17 14 9 7 4
A = 35 vf.
ehfhtJ u bfhLfgLs xA- kf bghJfhu c = 10.
x
ilbt ika xA d = x-A
f c fd fd
2
k
0- 10 5 8 30 -3 - 24 72
10- 20 15 12 20 -2 - 24 48
20- 30 25 17 10 -1 - 17 17
30- 40 35 14 0 0 0 0
40- 50 45 9 10 1 9 9
50- 60 55 7 20 2 14 28
60- 70 65 4 30 3 12 36
/f = 71 / fd = - 30 / fd2 = 210

302 10M tF fzF

 l yf, v =
/ fd2 - e / fd o2 # c
/f /f
= 210 - - 30 2 # 10
71 ` 71 j

= 210 - 900 # 10
71 5041

14910 - 900 # 10
=
5041
= 14010 # 10 = 2.7792 # 10
5041
l yf, v - 16.67.
vLJfhL 11.16
40 f JLf sf (br.-F Ujkhf) nH bfhLfgLsd.
tufhd yf tf ruhria fzLf.
s (br.) 1-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70
f JLf
2 3 8 12 9 5 1
vif
Cf ruhr A = 35.5 vf.
s ika k JLf
x vif d= xA fd fd
2

(f)
1-10 5.5 2 - 30 - 60 1800
11-20 15.5 3 - 20 - 60 1200
21-30 25.5 8 - 10 - 80 800
31-40 35.5 12 0 0 0
41-50 45.5 9 10 90 900
51-60 55.5 5 20 100 2000
61-70 65.5 1 30 30 900
/ f = 40 / fd = 20 / fd2 = 7600
yf tf ruhr, v
2
=
/ fd
2

-e
/ fd
2
2
o = 7600 - ` 20 j
/f /f 40 40
= 190 - 1 = 760 - 1 = 759
4 4 4
2
` v = 189.75.
11.2.3 khWghL bfG (Coefficient of Variation)
khWghL bfG fhQkhW tiuaWfgLwJ.
khWghL bfG C.V = v # 100 . F v , x vgitf Kiwna bfhLfgLs
x
tuf l yf kW TL ruhr MF. khWghL bfGit
rh l yf (relative standard deviation) vd miHfgLwJ.

11. a 303
Fiu:
(i) uL myJ mjF nkgl tu bjhFf ik jikia
myJ iy jikia (consistency) xl, khWghL bfG gagLwJ.
(ii) xU tu khWghL bfG mfkhf Ujh, mj tu
Fiwj ik jik myJ Fiwj iy jik bfhLsJ.
(iii) khWghL bfG Fiwthf Ujh, mj tu mf ik jik
myJ mf iy jik bfhLsJ.

vLJfhL 11.17
18, 20, 15, 12, 25 vw tufSF khWghL bfGit fhf.
bfhLfgLs tuf TL ruhria fzLnth.
TL ruhr x = 12 + 15 + 18 + 20 + 25
5
= 90 = 18.
5
x d = x - 18 d
2

12 -6 36
15 -3 9
18 0 0
20 2 4
25 7 49
/d = 0 / d2 = 98
v =
/ d2 = 98
n 5
= 19.6 - 4.427.
khWghL bfG C.V = v # 100
xr

= 4.427 # 100 = 442.7 .

18 18
` khWghL bfG C.V = 24.6

vLJfhL 11.18

5 bf isahL nghof uL kil uf vLj Xlf (runs)

tUkhW. mtf Xlf vLg ah mf ik jik cilat?
kil u A 38 47 34 18 33
kil u B 37 35 41 27 35

304 10M tF fzF


kil u A kil u B
x d = x - xr d
2 x d = x - xr d
2

18 - 16 256 27 -8 64
33 -1 1 35 0 0
34 0 0 35 0 0
38 4 16 37 2 4
47 13 169 41 6 36
170 0 442 175 0 104

x = 170 = 34 x = 175 = 35
5 5

v =
/ d2 v =
/ d2
n n
= 442 = 88.4 104 = 20.8
=
5 5
- 9.4
- 4.6
khWghL bfG, C.V = v # 100
xr
khWghL bfG, C.V = v # 100
= 9.4 # 100 xr
34
= 4.6 # 100
= 940 35
34
= 27.65 = 460 = 92 = 13.14
35 7
` kil u A vLj XlfSfhd ` kil u B vLj XlfSfhd
khWghL bfG = 27.65 (1) khWghL bfG = 13.14 (2)
(1) kW (2) UJ B- khWghL bfG, A- khWghLbfGit
lFiw. vdnt, B vw kil u, A vw kil uiu l Xlf vLg
mf ik jikia bfhLsh.
vLJfhL 11.19
xU tu 30 kf TL ruhr kW l yf Kiwna 18
kW 3 MF. mt TL bjhifia, nkY mt tff TL
bjhifia fhf.
30 kf TL ruhr, x = 18
vdnt, 30 kf TL bjhif, / x = 30 # 18 = 540 (x =
/x )
n
l yf, v = 3

2
v =
/ x
2

-c
/ x
m
2

n n

11. a 305
 (
/ x2 2
- 18 = 9
30

(
/ x2 - 324 = 9
30
( / x2 - 9720 = 270 ( / x2 = 9990
` / x = 540 kW / x2 = 9990.
vLJfhL 11.20
xU tu, 20 kf TL ruhr kW l yf Kiwna 40
kW 15 vd fzlgld. mitfis rghFnghJ 43 vw k jtWjyhf 53
vd vGjglJ bja tjJ. mtu rahd TL ruhr kW rahd l
yf Matiw fhf.
rahd TL ruhria Kj fhngh
20 tuf ruhr, x =
/ x = 40 (bfhLfgLsJ)
n
(
/ x
= 40
20
( / x = 20 # 40 = 800
Ujgl / x = / x + rahd k jtwhd k

Ujgl / x = 800 + 43- 53 = 790.

` Ujgl ruhr = 790 = 39.5 (1)

20

2
yf tf ruhr, v =
/
x
2

- c
x/m
2
= 225 (bfhLfgLsJ)
n n
(
/
x
2
2
- 40 = 225
20
( /
2
x - 32000 = 225 # 20 = 4500.
` / x2 = 32000 + 4500 = 36500
Ujgl / x = / x + (rahd k) (jtwhd k)
2 2
2 2

Ujgl / x = 36500 + 43 53 = 36500 + 1849 2809

2 2 2

= 36500 - 960 = 35540.
2
Ujgl x
2
/
vdnt, Ujgl v = (Ujgl ruhr)2
n
= 35540 - (39.5)
2
20
= 1777 1560.25 = 216.75.
Ujgl v = 216.75 - 14.72.
` Ujgl ruhr = 39.5 kW Ujgl l yf - 14.72

306 10M tF fzF

vLJfhL 11.21
xU tu bjhF / x =35, n=5, /^ x - 9h2 = 82 v ,
/x 2
kW /^ x - x h2 Matiw fhf.
/ x = 35 kW n = 5 vd jugLsJ.
` x =
/ x = 35 = 7 .
n 5
/ 2
x -I fzLnth.
/^ x - 9h2 = 82
( /^ x2 - 18x + 81h = 82
( / x2 - `18/ xj + `81/1j = 82
( / x2 - 630 + 405 = 82 a / x = 35 kW /1 = 5
( / x2 = 307.
/^ x - x h 2
-I fzl,
/^ x - 9h2 = 82
( /^ x - 7 - 2h2 = 82 F x = 7. vdnt, x9 = (x7)2

( /6^ x - 7h - 2 @2 = 82
( /^ x - 7h2 - 2/6^ x - 7h # 2 @ + / 4 = 82
( /^ x - x h - 4/^ x - x h + 4/1 = 82
2

( /^ x - x h - 4 (0) + (4 # 5) = 82
2
a /1 = 5 kW /^ x - x h = 0
( /^ x - x h = 62
2

` / x2 = 307 kW /^ x - x h = 62.
2

vLJfhL 11.22
U tu bjhlf khWghL bfGf 58 kW 69 vf. nkY, mt
l yff Kiwna 21.2 kW 15.6 v, mt TL ruhrfis fhf.

khWghL bfG, C.V = v # 100 vd mnth.

x
` x = v # 100 .
C.V
Kj bjhl TL ruhr, x1 = v # 100 .
C.V
= 21.2 # 100 a C.V = 58 kW v = 21.2
58
= 2120 = 36.6
58

11. a 307
 ulhtJ bjhl TL ruhr x2 = v # 100
C.V
= 15.6 # 100 a C.V = 69 kW v = 15.6
69
= 1560
69
= 22.6.
KjyhtJ bjhl TL ruhr = 36.6 , ulhtJ bjhl TL ruhr = 22.6.

g 11.1
1. tU kfSF R kW R bfG fhf.
(i) 59, 46, 30, 23, 27, 40, 52, 35, 29.
(ii) 41.2, 33.7, 29.1, 34.5, 25.7, 24.8, 56.5, 12.5.
2. xU tu W k 12. mj R 59 v m tu
bgU kig fhf.
3. 50 msf fbga k 3.84 .. mj R 0.46 . v, mitf
W kig fhf.
4. flj tu bjhFYs 20 kf l yf 5 vf.
tu xbthU kig 2 M bgUdh ilF a
tuf l yf kW yf tf ruhr fhf.
5. Kj 13 a vf l yfij fzLf.
6. fhQ tuf l yfij fzLf.
(i) 10, 20, 15, 8, 3, 4. (ii) 38, 40, 34 ,31, 28, 26, 34.
7. fl mltiz bfhLfgLs tu l yfij
fzLf.
x 3 8 13 18 23
f 7 10 15 10 8

8. xU gYs 200 khztf xU jf ffh tha jff

vifia ga tu fhQ mltiz bfhLfgLsJ.
jff vif 0 1 2 3 4
khztf vif 35 64 68 18 15
tu l yfij fzLf.

9. tU tu yf tf ruhria fzLf.
x 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
f 4 4 5 15 8 5 4 5

308 10M tF fzF

10. xU ghjrh FWF ghijia flf y (pedestrian crossing) vLJ bfhl
neu tu fl mltiz bfhLfgLsJ.
neu (eho) 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30
egf vif 4 8 15 12 11
tuF yf tf ruhr kW l yfij fzLf.

11. L cikahsf 45 ng mtfSila bjU gRik NH lfhf

mjd. tNfgl bjhif tu tU mltiz
bfhLfgLsJ.
bjhif
0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100
(`)
L
cikahsf 2 7 12 19 5
vif
tuF yf tf ruhr kW lyfij fzLf.
12. fhQ gut (distribution) yf tf ruhr fhf.
ilbt 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
fbtf 15 25 28 12 12 8
13. xU tu bjhFYs 100 kf ruhr kW l yf Kiwna
48 kW 10 MF. midJ kf TL bjhif kW mitf
tff TL bjhif Matiw fhf.
14. 20 kf ruhr kW l yf Kiwna 10 kW 2 vd fzlgld.
rghF nghJ 12 vw kghdJ jtWjyhf 8 vW vLJbfhsglJ
bja tjJ. rahd ruhr kW rahd l yf Madtiw fhf.
15. n = 10, x = 12 kW / x2 = 1530 v, khWghL bfGit fzLf.
16. tU kf khWghL bfGit fzLf : 20, 18, 32, 24, 26.
17. xU tu khWghL bfG 57 kW l yf 6.84 v, mj
TL ruhria fhf.
18. xU FG 100 ng csd, mtf cauf TL ruhr 163.8br. kW
khWghL bfG 3.2 v, mtfSila cauf l yfij fhf.
19. /x = 99, n = 9 kW /^ x - 10h2 = 79 v, /x 2
kW /^ x - x h2

Matiw fhf.

20. xU tFYs A, B vw U khztf bgw kbgf tUkhW:

A 58 51 60 65 66
B 56 87 88 46 43
tf ah Fj ik jikia bfhLsh?

11. a 309
 g 11.2
rahd ilia njbjLf.
1. 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23 , 29 vw Kj 10 gfh vf R
(A) 28 (B) 26 (C) 29 (D) 27
2. bjhFYs tuf f a k 14.1 kW mtu R 28.4
v, bjhF f bga k
(A) 42.5 (B) 43.5 (C) 42.4 (D) 42.1
3. bjhFYs tuf fbga k 72 kW fa k 28 v,
mbjhF R bfG
(A) 44 (B) 0.72 (C) 0.44 (D) 0.28

4 11 kf Rx = 132 v, mt TL ruhr
(A) 11 (B) 12 (C) 14 (D) 13

5. n cWf bfhl vj xU vf bjhFF R (x - x ) =

(A) Rx (B) x (C) nx (D) 0

6. n cWf bfhl vj xU vf bjhFF (Rx) - x =

(A) nx (B) (n - 2) x (C) (n - 1) x (D) 0

7. x, y, z- l yf t v, x + 5, y + 5, z + 5- l yf

(A) t (B) t + 5 (C) t (D) x y z

3
8. xU tu lyf 1.6 v, mj yf tf ruhr (gutgo)

(A) 0.4 (B) 2.56 (C) 1.96 (D) 0.04

9. xU tu yf tf ruhr 12.25 v, mj l yf

(A) 3.5 (B) 3 (C) 2.5 (D) 3.25

10. Kj 11 a vf yf tf ruhr

(A) 5 (B) 10 (C) 5 2 (D) 10

11. 10, 10, 10, 10, 10- yf tf ruhr

(A) 10 (B) 10 (C) 5 (D) 0
12. 14, 18, 22, 26, 30- yf tf ruhr 32 v, 28, 36, 44, 52, 60- yf
tf ruhr
(A) 64 (B) 128 (C) 32 2 (D) 32

310 10M tF fzF

13. tuf bjhF x lyf 2 2 . mYs xbthU k
3 M bgUf ilF a tu bjhF lyf
(A) 12 (B) 4 2 (C) 6 2 (D) 9 2
14. / (x - x ) 2
= 48, x = 20 kW n = 12 v, khWghL bfG
(A) 25 (B) 20 (C) 30 (D) 10
15. y tuf TL ruhr kW lyf Kiwna 48, 12 v,
khWghLbfG
(A) 42 (B) 25 (C) 28 (D) 48
id bfhf
q (i) R = L- S. mjhtJ, bfhLfgl tu fbga kF
fa kF cs ahr R MF.
(ii) RbfG = L - S .
L+S
q bjhFfglhj tuf lyf ( v )

(i)
/ x2 c
/ x m2 (ii)
/ d2
n n n
(d = x - x kW x = TLruhr)

(iii) / d2 - c / d m2 (iv) / d2 - c / d m2 #c
n n n n
x A
(d = x- A kW A Cf ruhr) `d = -
c j
q bjhFfgl tuf lyf ( v )

(i) / fd2 (ii) / fd2 - e / fd o2

/f /f /f
d = x - x kW x = TLruhr. d = x- A, A = Cf ruhr

(iii) / fd2 - e / fd o2 # c. F d = x - A
/f /f c

q bfhLfgl tu cs xbthU vQlD (k) VnjD xU

Fl viz Todhnyh myJ fjhnyh ilF a tu
lyf khwhJ.
q bfhLfgl tuYs xbthU viz (k) xU kh k M
bgUf myJ tFf ilF a kf l yfkhdJ, giHa
lyfij kh k M bgUf myJ tFf ilF vzhf
UF.
2
q Kj n a vf lyf v = n -1 .
12
q lyf tfkhdJ, yf tf ruhr myJ gutgo vdgL.
q khWghL bfG, C.V = v # 100 . uL myJ mjF nkgl tuf
x
ik jikia xl khWghLbfG gagLwJ.

11. a 311
 12 fjf
It is remarkable that a science which began with the consideration
of games of chance should have become the most important object of
human knowledge -P.D. Laplace.

mKf
12.1 mKf
mwhl thif eh ghF
fjf bjhik
ff kW nkbfhS bgUghikahd
tiuaiw
braf thfSF cglit. fg,
fjf Tl a, Mnguiy, d kW bjhWneh
njw guj nghw ff VgLtij Kdnu
Cf ayhJ. vghuhk VgL ff
kj FyF ngHid VgLJwd.
Vfdnt elj ff tuf mogil,
Jnghw ff vfhy VgLbkd
Jakhf Kdnu Cf aYkhdh, njitahd
KjL eltoiffshY nrjij fLgLJ
brafshY kj d MgJfUJ
fhgwgL. thW KTona, ffis
Cf aYtjF fjfa (Probability theory)
a o. yhyh
(Pierre de Laplace)
fgJ f mtakhwJ.
(1749-1827) 1654 M ML brthna o-a (Chevalier de
uh
Mere) vgtuh vGggl xU Njhl fzdh
yhyh vgh vnghJ fbgw buR fjayPf sh ghf
jiywj mayhsfS
(Blasie Pascal) kW a o-bgkh (Pierre de Fermat)
xUtuhf fUjgLwh, t
uhR eho l vd MnahUilna foj gkhw eilbgwJ.
bgUikahf miHfgLwh. f fjf fUaiy fj
1812- a gy thyhf cUthaJ. oa A (Christian
mogil Kofis cUth Huggens) (1629-1695), bgndh (Bernoulli) (1654-1705),
dh. t tU Kiw
fhuzij fl fj o nkht (De-Moivre) (1667-1754), a o yhyh
jJtid fjf mo (Pierre de Laplace) (1749-1827), fh (Gauss) (1777-1855),
gil Tdh. fjf ghrh (Poisson) (1781-1845), brnr (Chebyshev)
bfhiffis KjKj m
KfgLatU tnu Mth. (1821-1894) kW khnfh (Markov) (1856-1922) nghw
t fj bfhiff fjayPf fjf fUa tsF
x W f j f v g J bgU gfjd. 1933- UZa fjayP
nrhjid rhjfkhd ff
fSF bkhj elf aY v.nfhnkhnfhnuh (A.Kolmogorov) vgh vLnfh
fffSF cs j mQFKiw (Axiomatic approach) ed fjf
vgjhF. fUaYF monfhdh.
312
 ff elgij, elfhkUgij bghUnj fjff UF.
fjfa fUJ TWfshd th nrhjid (uhl nrhjid) (random
experiment), Ka (trial), TW bt (sample space) kW gntW tifahd ff
(events) ga tiuaiwfis eh fngh.
fjayPf nrhjid (experiment) kW nrhjid Kofis
(outcomes) guj ms gagLJwd. TJ ftfgL myJ msL
br vj xU braY nrhjid vdgL. Fl eh yfF tUif
njh vifia g brj, xU ehzaij RLj, gy wf
gJf bfhl igUJ xU gid vLj kW xU Fl l xU
eh fG gJf vifia g brj Mad nrhjidfhd
y cjhuzfshF.
xU nrhjidia fJtjF Kghfnt Koid Tw ayhj nrhjid
th nrhjid vgjhF. UD xU nrhjid Ko fH ths
midJ Kofis eh goalyh.
xU rkth nrhjid fH ths midJ ff fznk
mnrhjid TWbt vdgL. J S vw vGjh FfgLwJ. xU
nrhjidia xbthU Kiw brtJ xU Ka (trial) vdgL.
TWbt S - vj xU cfzK nrhjid xU f (event) vdgL.
A vgJ S- cfz vf. xU nrhjid eljgL nghJ ilj KothdJ
A- csJ v, A vw f elJsJ vW Twyh.
y vLJfhLf _y rkth nrhjid, TWbt kW ff
Matiw sFnth.

rkth nrhjid TWbt y ff

xU uhd ehzaij S = " H, T , " H , mjhtJ, jiy GtJ xU
xUKiw RLj. f.
"T , mjhtJ, GtJ kbwhU
f.
xU uhd ehzaij S = " HH, HT, TH, TT , " HT, HH , kW "TT , Mad
U Kiw RLj. y ff.
uhd gfilia S = "1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 , "1, 3, 5 ,, "2, 4, 6 ,, "3 , kW "6 ,
xUKiw cULj. Mad y ff.

rk th ff (Equally likely events)

uL myJ mjF nkgl ff xbthW ftjfhd
thf rkkhf UFkhdh, mff rk th ff vdgL. xU
ehzaij RLnghJ jiy GjY, GjY rk th ff MF.

12. fjf 313

xiwbahW yF ff (Mutually exclusive events)
xWF nkgl ff vj xU f,
kw ffis fHlhk eljh, mff
xiwbahW yF ff vdgL. mjhtJ
jifa ff xnu neu fHhJ. A kW B vgd gl 12.1
xiwbahW yF ff v, A + B = z .
xU uhd ehzaij RL nghJ jiy Gj MdJ Gjiy
fHlhJ. mnjngh xU uhd gfilia cUodh, ilf ths MW
isfS xiwbahW yF ffshF. Vbd, gfilia cUL nghJ
xnu neu gfil uL myJ mjF nkgl Kff isfshf mikahJ.
u ff (Complementry events)
xU rkth nrhjid VjhtJ xU fia E S
vd bfhf. S vgJ mj TWbt vf. S -UJ Mdh 1 E
E
E - yhj kw isfis E - u f vnwh.
2, 4, 6 3
J E vd FfgLwJ. vdnt E = S - E. nkY E kW
E Mad xiwbahW yF ffshF. 5
xU gfil cULj, 2- klF ilF f
gl 12.2
E = {2, 4, 6} vd Fjh E- u f E = {1, 3, 5}
MF.
iw br ff (Exhaustive events)
ff E1, E2, g, En vgdt nr fz rk th nrhjid
TWbt Mf U, E1, E2, g, En Mad iw br ff MF.
cW f (Sure event)
xU gfilia cUL nghJ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 kW 6 vf VnjD X v
ilF f cWahf fG. vdnt J xU cW f MF.
rkth nrhjid TWbt X cW fahF. Vbd, mj
VjhtJ xU cW, cWahf nrhjid xbthU KaY fG.

ayh f (Impossible event)

xUnghJ eilbgw Koahj f ayh f vdgL.J z vd
FfgL. vLJfhlhf, xU gfilia xU Kiw cUL nghJ v 7 ilF
f xU ayh f MF.
rhjfkhd isf (Favourable outcomes)
njitahd xU fF bjhlghd isf, mfF rhjfkhd
isf vdgL. vLJfhlhf, xU gfilia xU Kiw cULnghJ
xiwgil v ilf bgWtij f E vf. isf 1, 3 kW 5 vgd
E- rhjfkhd isf MF.

314 10M tF fzF

 F
ghl rkth isf kW KoW TWbt bfhl
rkth nrhjidfis kL vLJbfhnwh. nkY, gF
nrhjidF vLJbfhsgl ehzaf kW gfilf xnu uhdit
vdbfhnth.
12.2 fjffhd bjhik tiuaiw
(Classical definition of probability)
xU TWbt n isf, m isf A vw fF rhjfkhf
U, n^ S h = n, n^ Ah = m vd FLnth. f A- fjf P(A)
MdJ m-F n-F cs jkhf tiuaWfgLwJ. mjhtJ,
A F rhjfkhd isf vif
P (A) =
nrhjid isf bkhj vif
n (A)
` P (A) = = m MF.
n (S) n
F

(i) nkfl fjffhd bjhik tiuaiwahdJ, Kowh isf

bfhl nrhjidY, rkth myhj nrhjidY Vilajhf
UfhJ .
(ii) A vw VnjD xU ffhd fjf 0-F 1-F ilnyh
myJ 0 Mfnth myJ 1 Mfnth mik.
mjhtJ, 0 # P (A) # 1 .
(iii) cWahd f fjf xW MF. mjhtJ P (S) = 1 .
(iv) elf ayh f fjf a MF. mjhtJ P (z) = 0 .
(v) A vw f eilbgwhk Ugjfhd fjf
P (A my) = P (A ) myJ P (Al ) = n - m = n - m
n n n
( P (A ) = 1 - m = 1 - P (A) .
n
(vi) P (A) + P (A ) = 1 .

vLJfhL 12.1
xU uhd gfil xU Kiw cUlgLwJ. tU ffSfhd
fjffis fhf.
(i) v 4 ilj (ii) xU uilgil v ilj
(iii) 6- gfh fhuf ilj
(iv) 4-I l bga v ilj

uhd xU gfil cULj TWbt S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} . vdnt n (S) = 6

12. fjf 315

 (i) v 4 ilF fia A vf.
A = {4} ` n (A) = 1 .
n (A)
` P (A) = =1.
n (S) 6
(ii) xU uilgil v ilF fia B vf.
` n (B) = 3 .
B = {2, 4, 6} gl 12.3

n (B)
vdnt, P (B) = =3 =1.
n (S) 6 2
(iii) 6- gfhfhuf ilF fia C vf.
` n (C) = 2 .
C = {2, 3}
n (C)
vdnt, P (C) = =2 =1.
n (S) 6 3
(iv) 4 -I l bga v ilF fia D vf.
D = {5, 6} . Mfnt, n (D) = 2 .
n (D)
vdnt, P (D) = =2 =1.
n (S) 6 3
vLJfhL 12.2
xU uhd ehza uL Kiw RlgLwJ. fhQ ffSfhd
fjfid fhf.
(i) U jiyf ilj (ii) FiwjJ xU jiy ilj
(iii) xU kL ilj.

xU ehzaij uL Kiwf RLt ilF TWbt

S = {HH, HT, TH, TT} .
` n(S) = 4.
(i) U jiyf ilF fia A vf. A = { HH } .
n (A) = 1.
n (A)
Mfnt, P (A) = = 1.
n (S) 4
(ii) FiwjJ xU jiy ilF fia B vf.
vdnt, B = { HH, HT, TH } . Mfnt, n (B) = 3.
n (B)
Mfnt, P (B) = = 3.
n (S) 4
(iii) xU kL ilF fia C vf. vdnt, C = { HT, TH }
n (C) = 2.
n (C)
Mfnt, P (C) = = 2 =1.
n (S) 4 2

316 10M tF fzF

vLJfhL 12.3
Kj UgJ a vfUJ xU KG v rkth Kiw
njbjLfgLwJ. mj v xU gfh vzhf Ugjfhd fjfid
fhf.
TWbt, S = { 1, 2, 3, g, 20 } .
` n(S) = 20.
njbjLfgL v gfh vzhf UF fia A vf
A = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19} .
n(A) = 8.
n (A)
vdnt, P(A) = = 8 = 2.
n (S) 20 5
vLJfhL 12.4
35 bghUf mla bjhF x 7 bghUf FiwghLilad.
mbjhFUJ xU bghU rkth Kiw njbjLF nghJ mJ
Fiwghlw bghUshf Ugjfhd fjf ahJ?

bkhj bghUf vif

n(S) = 35.
FiwghLila bghUf vif = 7.
Fiwghlw bghUis njbjLF fia A vf.
Fiwghlw bghUf vif n(A) = 35 - 7 = 28 .
vdnt, Fiwghlw bghUis njbjLF f fjf
n (A)
P (A) = = 28 = 4 .
n (S) 35 5
vLJfhL 12.5
U uhd gfilf xU Kiw cUlgLwd. fhQ ffSfhd
fjfid fhf.
(i) Kf vf TLj 8 Mf Uj (ii) Kf vf xnu vfshf (doublet)
Uj (iii) Kf vf TLj 8-I l mfkhf Uj
U gfilfis cUL nghJ ilF TWbt
S = { (1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6),
(2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6),
(3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6),

(4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6),
(5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6),
gl 12.4
(6, 1), (6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6) }

` n (S) = 6 # 6 = 36
(i) Kf vf TLj 8 Mf UF fia A vf.
A = {(2, 6), (3, 5), (4, 4), (5, 3), (6, 2)}.
Mfnt, n(A) = 5.
n (A)
vdnt, P(A) = = 5 .
n (S) 36
12. fjf 317
(ii) U gfilfY xnu v (uilf) ilF fia B vf
B = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6)} .
vdnt, n(B) = 6.
n (B)
Mfnt, P(B) = = 6 =1.
n (S) 36 6
(iii) C vgJ Kf vf TLj 8-I l mfkhf ilF f vf.
C = {(3,6), (4, 5), (4, 6), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)} .
vdnt, n(C) = 10.
n (C)
Mfnt, P(C) = = 10 = 5 .
n (S) 36 18
vLJfhL 12.6
eF fiyJ itfgl 52 Lfis bfhl L foUJ
rkth nrhjid Kiw xU L vLfgLwJ. mj L tUtdthf
Uf fjffis fhf.
52 Lf tu.
(i) uhrh (ii) fU uhrh Spade Hearts Clavor Diamond
(iii) ngL (iv) lak 10
bkhj Lf vif n (S) = 52. A A A A
2 2 2 2
(i) A vgJ vLfgl L uhrhthf (King) 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4
UF f vf. 5 5 5 5
` n (A) = 4. 6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7
n (A)
` P (A) = = 4 = 1 . 8 8 8 8
n (S) 52 13 9 9 9 9
(ii) B vgJ vLfgl L fU uhrhthf 10 10 10 10
J J J J
(Black King) UF f vf. Q Q Q Q
K K K K
n (B) = 2.
13 13 13 13
n (B)
` P (B) = = 2 = 1 .
n (S) 52 26

(iii) C vgJ vLfgl L ngL (Spade) lhf UF f vf.

n (C) = 13.
n (C)
` P (C) = = 13 = 1 .
n (S) 52 4

(iv) D vgJ lak 10 (Diamond - 10) vw L vLF f vf.

n (D) = 1.
n (D)
P (D) = = 1 .
n (S) 52

318 10M tF fzF

vLJfhL 12.7
xU tF cs 35 khztf 20 ng Mf kW 15 ng
bgf. rkth Kiw xU khzt njbjLfgLwh v, tU
ff fjffis fhf. (i) njbjLfgLgt khztdhf Uj
(ii) njbjLfgLgt khzahf Uj.

S vgJ nrhjid TWbt vd bfhf.

` bkhj khztf vif n (S) = 35
nrhjid khzt kW khz Mnahiu njbjLF
ffis Kiwna B kW G vd bfhf.
Mfnt, n (S) = 35, n (B) = 20 kW n (G) = 15.
n (B)
(i) khztid njbjLgjfhd fjf P(B) = = 20
n (S) 35
vdnt, P (B) = 4 .
7
n (G)
(ii) khzia njbjLgjfhd fjf P(G) = = 15
n (S) 35
Mfnt, 3
P (G) = .
7
vLJfhL 12.8
xU Fl eh kiH tUtjfhd fjf 0.76. mFl eh
kiH tuhk Ugjfhd fjf ahJ?
Fl eh kiH tU vw fia A vd meh kiH tuhk
UF fia A vd bfhf.
P (A) = 0.76
P (A ) = 1 - 0.76 a P (A) + P (A ) = 1
= 0.24
` Fl eh kiH tuhk Ugjfhd fjf 0.24 MF.

vLJfhL 12.9
xU ig 5 t kW y y w gJf csd. migUJ xU y
w gij vLgjfhd fjf, xU t w gij vLgjfhd fjf
_W klF v, migYs y w gJf vifia fhf.

igYs y w gJf vif x vd bfhf.

vdnt, bkhj gJf vif, n (S) = 5 + x .
B vgJ xU y w gij vLF f kW R vgJ xU t w
gij vLF f vd bfhf.

12. fjf 319

 P (B) = 3P (R) vd bfhLfgLsJ.
n (B) n (R)
( = 3
n (S) n (S)
( x = 3 5
c
5+x 5+xm
( x = 15
Mfnt, y w gJf vif = 15.

vLJfhL 12.10
tUtdtfhd fjfid fhf.
(i) rkth Kiw njbjLfgL belho (leap year)
53 btHikf Uj.
(ii) rkth Kiw njbjLfgL belho 52 btHikf
kLnk Uj.
(iii) rkth Kiw njbjLfgL rhjhuz tUl (Non-leap year)
53 btHikf Uj.

(i) xU belho cs ehf vif = 366. mjhtJ 52 thuf
kW 2 ehf.
52 thuf 52 bt Hikf csd. jKs uL ehf
fhQ VG thf VnjD xwhf UF.
(PhW, f), (f, brth), (brth, j), (j, ahH),
(ahH, bt), (bt, r) kW (r, PhW).

xU belho 53 btHikf Ugjfhd fjf nknys 7

thf xU btHik tUtjfhd fjf xnw MF. Mfnt
tUkhW TWbtia vLJbfhsyh.
(PhW, f), (f, brth), (brth, j),
S=) 3 .
(j, ahH), (ahH, bt), (bt,r), (r, PhW)

Mfnt, n(S) = 7.
nknys 7 thf, xU btHik tUtjfhd fia A vf.
A = "^ahH, bth,^bt, rh, vdnt, n(A) = 2.
n (A)
vdnt, p (A) = = 2.
n (S) 7
Mfnt, tUl 53 btHikf Ugjfhd fjf 2 .
7
(ii) xU belho 52 btHikf kLnk tUtjhf U, 52 thuf
nghf jKs U ehf btHik cWahf tuhJ.

320 10M tF fzF

 B vgJ, jKs U ehf btHik yhkUgjfhd f
vd bfhf.
vdnt, B = {(PhW, f), (f, brth), (brth, j),
(j, ahH), (r, PhW)}.
Mfnt, n(B) = 5.
n (B) 5
vdnt, P (B) = = .
n (S) 7
F A kW B vgd u ff vgij ftf.
(iii) rhjhuz tUl bkhj ehf vif = 365.
mjhtJ rhjhuz tUl 52 thuf kW xU eh UF.
52 thuf 52 btHikf UF. jKs xU eh tU VG
thf xwhf mik.
PhW, f, brth, j, ahH, bt kW r.
vdnt, xU rhjhuz Mo 53 bt Hikf Uf, nknys VG
thf xU btHik Uf ntL.
vdnt, TWbtia tUkhW vGjyh.
S = {PhW, f, brth, j, ahH, bt, r}.
` n (S) = 7.
VG thf, btHik tU fia C vd bfhf.
C = {bt} ( n (C) = 1.
n (C) 1
` P (C) = = .
n (S) 7
vdnt, xU rhjhuz Mo 53 bt Hikf Ugjfhd fjf 1 .
7
vLJfhL 12.11
xU rkth nrhjid xU f A vf. mf u f
A vf. P (A) : P (A ) = 7 : 12 v, P(A) I fhf.
P (A) : P (A ) = 7 : 12 vd bfhLfgLsJ.
P(A) = 7k kW P( A ) = 12k vd bfhf. khWKiw
F k > 0 P (A)
= 7
P (A ) 12
eh P (A) + P (A ) = 1 vd mnth.
12 P(A) = 7 P (A )
7k + 12k = 1 ( 19k = 1. = 7 [1P(A)]
k = 1 . 19 P(A) = 7
19
` P(A) = 7k = 7 .
19 vdnt, P(A) = 7 .
19

12. fjf 321

 g 12.1

1. xU ig cs 1 Kj 100 tiu vfsh Ffgl 100 LfUJ

xU L vLfgLwJ. mthW vLfgL o v 10 M tFgL
vzhf Ugjfhd fjfid fhf.
2. xU uhd gfil uL Kiw cUlgLwJ. Kf vf TLj 9
ilf bgWtjfhd fjf fhf?
3. U gfilf xU nru cUlgLwd. Kf vfis bfhL
mikfgL <yf v 3 M tFgL vzhf Ugjfhd fjf
fhf.
4. 12 ey KilfSl 3 mGa Kilf fyJsd. rkth Kiw
njbjLfgL xU Kil, mGajhf Ugjfhd fjf vd?
5. U ehzafis xnu rka RLnghJ, mfgrkhf xU jiy
ilgjfhd fjfid fhf.
6. eF fiyJ mLa 52 Lfis bfhl foUJ rkth Kiw
xU L vLfgLwJ. tUtdtF fjffis fhf.
(i) vLj L lak Mf Uf (ii) vLj L lak yhk
Uf (iii) vLj L V lhf yhk Uf.
7. _W ehzaf xnu neu RlgLwd. tU ffSF
fjfid fhf.
(i) FiwjJ xU jiy ilgJ (ii) U f kL ilgJ (iii) FiwjJ
U jiyf ilgJ.
8. xU ig 1 Kj 6 tiu vf Ffgl 6 btis w gJfS kW
7 Kj 10 tiu vf Ffgl 4 t w gJfS csd. rk th
Kiw xU gJ vLfgLwJ v, tU ffSF fjfid
fhf.
(i) vLfgl gJ xU uil v bfhl gjhf Uj
(ii) vLfgl gJ xU btis w gjhf Uj.
9. 1 Kj 100 tiuyhd KG vfUJ rk th Kiw
njbjLfgL xU v (i) xU KG tfkhf (perfect square) Uf
(ii) KG fdkhf yhk (not a cube) Uf Madt fjffis fhf.
10. mb#odh, gfshnjZ, dh, mnfhyh, UZah kW mah Ma
ehLf bgafis bfhl goaUJ xU RWyhga rkth
Kiw xU eho bgaiu njbjLwh. m vw vG MugkhF
eho bgaiu njbjLgjfhd fjf vd?

11. xU bgo 4 gir, 5 y kW 3 t w gJf csd. rkth

Kiw xU gij njbjLf mJ
(i) t w gjhf Uf (ii) gir w gjhf yhkUf
Madt fjffis fhf.

322 10M tF fzF

12. 20 Lf 1 Kj 20 tius KG vf FfgLsd. rkth
Kiw xU L vLfgLwJ. mthW vLfgl oYs v
(i) 4- klfhf Uf (ii) 6- klfhf yhk Uf
Ma ff fjffis fhf.

13. 3, 5, 7 Ma vfis yffshf bfhL xU uoyf v

mikfgLwJ. mbt 57 I l bgajhf Ugjfhd fjf
fhf. (mbt xnu yfij L gagLj TlhJ).

14. _W gfilf xnu neu cUlgLnghJ, _W gfilfY xnu v

ilgjfhd f fjfid fhf.

15. U gfilf xnu neu cUlgLnghJ ilF Kf vf

bgUfgy xU gfh vzhf Ugjfhd fjfid fhf.

16. xU Kfit y, gir kW btis wfyhd 54 gFff

csd. xU gF fiy vLFnghJ, y w gFf ilgjfhd
fjf 1 kW gir w gFf ilgjfhd fjf 4 v,
3 9
mKfit cs btis w gF ff vifia fhf

17. xU ig cs 100 rilf, 88 rilf ey iyY, 8 rilf

a FiwghLlD kW 4 rilf bga FiwghLlD csd. A
vw tf ey iy cs rilfis kLnk Vwh. Mdh B vw
tf mf FiwghL cila rilfis kL Vf kWwh. rkth
Kiw VnjD X rilia njbjLf mJ (i) A-F Vilajhf mika
(ii) B-F Vilajhf mika MadtF fjffis fhf.

18. xU ig cs 12 gJf x gJf btis wKilait. (i) rkth

Kiw xU gJ njbjLf, mJ btis wkhf Ugjfhd fjf
fhf. (ii) 6 a btis w gJfis mig itjd, xU
btis w gij njbjLgjfhd fjf MdJ (i)- bgwgl
fjfid nghy UklF v, x- kid fhf.

19. coa (Piggy bank) 100 IgJ igrh ehzfS 50 xU %gh

ehzafS 20 uL %gh ehzafS kW 10 IJ %gh
ehzafS csd. rkth Kiw xU ehza njbjLF nghJ
(i) IgJ igrh ehzakhf Uf (ii) IJ %gh ehzakhf yhk Uf
Madt fjffis fhf.

12. fjf 323

12.3 fjf Tl njw (Addition theorem on probability)
S vw KoW btww fz cfzf A kW B v,
S
n (A , B) = n (A) + n (B) - n (A + B) kW n (S) ! 0 . B
A
UwK n (S) M tFf, A+B
n (A , B) n (A) n (B) n (A + B)
= + - (1)
n (S) n (S) n (S) n (S)
A,B
cfzf A kW B Madtiw xU rkth gl 12.5
nrhjid A kW B vw ffshf fUdh, (1) MdJ
P (A , B) = P (A) + P (B) - P (A + B) vd ilF.
Kont fjf Tl njwkhF.

F
(i) A , B vw f eilbgw ntLbk A vw f eilbgwyh
myJ B vw f eilbgwyh myJ uL ffS xnu
neu eilbgwyh. A + B vw f eilbgw ntLbk A, B vw
U ffS xnu neu eilbgwntL.
(ii) A- B- xiwbahW yF ff v, A + B = 0 MF.
vdnt, P (A , B) = P (A) + P (B) . Vbd, P (A + B) = 0 .
(iii) A + B vw fia, xU fzkhf fUJnghJ A + B kW A \ B vgd
rk fzfshF.

Kof (%gz yhk)

(i) A, B kW C vgd TWbt S -I rhj VnjD _W ff v,
P (A , B , C) = P (A) + P (B) + P (C) - P (A + B) - P (B + C) - P (A + C) + P (A + B + C) .

(ii) A1, A2 kW A3 Mad xiwbahW yF ff v,

P (A1 , A2 , A3) = P (A1) + P (A2) + P (A3) .

(iii) A1, A2, A3, g, An vgd xiwbahW yF ff v,

P (A1 , A2 , A3 , g , An) = P (A1) + P (A2) + P (A3) + g + P (An) .

(iv) P (A + B ) = P (A) - P (A + B) , S
A B
P (A + B) = P (B) - P (A + B)
A+B
F, A + B vgJ A- B yhkY vd bghUgL
A+B A+B
nj ngh, A + B vgJ B- A yhkY vd
bghUgL. gl 12.6

324 10M tF fzF

vLJfhL 12.12
_W ehzaf xnu neu RlgLwd. fjf Tl
njwij gagL, rahf U f myJ Fiwjgr xU jiyahtJ
ilF f fjfid fhf.

TWbt S = " HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, HTT, THT, TTH, TTT , .
Mfnt, n (S) = 8.
rahf U f ilF fia A vf
vdnt, A = " HTT, TTH, THT , kW n (A) = 3.
n (A)
` P (A) = = 3.
n (S) 8
FiwjJ xU jiyahtJ ilF fia B vf
vdnt, B = " HTT, THT, TTH, HHT, HTH, THH, HHH , kW n (B) = 7.
n (B)
` P (B) = = 7.
n (S) 8
A kW B Mad xiwbahW yfh ff. Vbd
A + B = A . vdnt, P (A + B) = P (A) = 3 .
8
` P (A myJ B) = P (A) + P (B) - P (A + B)
Mfnt P (A , B) = 3 + 7 - 3 = 7 .
8 8 8 8
F
nkfl vLJfho eh fjf Tl ia gagLnsh.
UD A , B = B vgjh P (A , B) = P (B) = 7 vd v ilF.
8
vLJfhL 12.13
xU gfil UKiw cUlgLwJ. FiwjJ xU cUlyhtJ v 5
ilgjfhd fjfid fhf. (Tl njwij gagLJf)

xU gfil UKiw cUlgLbghGJ ilF TWbt S-

vif n (S) = 36 MF.
Kj cUl v 5 ilF fia A vf.
` A = "(5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6) , .

Mfnt, n (A) = 6, P(A) = 6 .

36
ulh cUl v 5 ilF fia B vf.
` B = "(1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 5), (4, 5), (5, 5), (6, 5) , .

12. fjf 325

 Mfnt, n (B) = 6 kW P (B) = 6 .
36
nkY, A + B = "5, 5 ,
Mfnt, A kW B Mad xiwbahW yfhj ff MF.
` n (A + B) = 1 kW P (A + B) = 1 .
36
` fjf Tl njwgo,
P (A , B) = P (A) + P (B) - P (A + B) .
= 6 + 6 - 1 = 11 .
36 36 36 36

vLJfhL 12.14
xU khzF kUJt f nrif ilgjfhd fjf 0.16
vf. bgha f nrif ilgjfhd fjf 0.24 kW U
ffY nrif ilgjfhd fjf 0.11 v,

(i) kUJt kW bgha ff VnjD xU f

nrif ilgjfhd fjf fhf.

(ii) kUJt f kLnkh myJ bgha f kLnkh

nrif ilgjfhd fjf fhf.

kUJt f nrif ilgjfhd f A vf. bgha

f nrif ilgjfhd f B vf.
(i) P (A) = 0.16, P (B) = 0.24 kW P (A + B) = 0.11
P ( VjhtJ xU f nrif ilgJ)
A+B A+B A+B
= P (A , B) = P (A) + P (B) - P (A + B)
= 0.16 + 0.24 - 0.11 = 0.29 MF.
(ii) P (VjhtJ xU f kL nrif ilgJ) A kL B kL
gl 12.7
= P (A kL myJ B kL)
= P (A + B ) + P (A + B)
= 6 P (A) - P (A + B) @ + 6 P (B) - P (A + B) @
= ^0.16 - 0.11h + ^0.24 - 0.11h = 0.18 MF.
vLJfhL 12.15
ENTERTAINMENT vw brhYs vGJfUJ rkth Kiw
xU vGij nj bra, mbtGJ My cbuGjhfnth myJ vGJ T
Mfnth Ugjfhd fjfid fhf. (vGJf Ug Ug tuyh).

326 10M tF fzF

 ENTERTAINMENT vw brh 13 vGJf csd.
` n (S) = 13.
X cbuGJ njbjLfgL fia A vf.
` n (A) = 5.
n (A)
Mfnt, P (A) = = 5 .
n (S) 13
T vw vGij njbjLfgL fia B vf.
` n (B) = 3
n (B)
Mfnt, P (B) = = 3 .
n (S) 13
vdnt, P (A myJ B) = P (A) + P (B) ( a A- B- xiwbahW yF ff)

= 5 + 3 = 8 .
13 13 13
vLJfhL 12.16
A, B kW C vgd xiwbahW yF kW iwbr ff
vf. nkY, P (B) = 3 P (A) kW P (C) = 1 P (B) v, P(A)-I fhf.
2 2
P (A) = p vf. Mfnt, P (B) = 3 P (A) = 3 p .
2 2
nkY, P (C) = P (B) = 1 ` 3 pj = 3 p .
1
2 2 2 4
A, B kW C Mad xiwbahW yF kW iw br ff
vd bfhLfgLsd.
` P (A , B , C) = P (A) + P (B) + P (C) kW S = A , B , C .
jnghJ, P (S) = 1. ( P (A) + P (B) + P (C) = 1
( p + 3 p + 3 p = 1
2 4
( 4p + 6p + 3p = 4 ( p= 4
13
` P (A) = 4 .
13
vLJfhL 12.17
52 Lfis bfhl xU LfoUJ rkth Kiw xU L
vLfgL nghJ, mL xU uhrh (King) myJ xU Ah (Heart) myJ xU
t w lhf ilgjfhd fjfid fhf.
A, B kW C vgd Kiwna xU uhrh, xU Ah nkY xU t w L
ilF f vf.
vdnt, n (S) = 52, n (A) = 4, n (B) = 13 kW n (C) = 26.
n (A + B) = 1, n (B + C) = 13, n (C + A) = 2 kW n (A + B + C) = 1.
` P (A) = 4 , P (B) = 13 kW P (C) = 26 . nkY,
52 52 52
12. fjf 327
 P (A + B) = 1 , P (B + C) = 13 , P (C + A) = 2 kW P (A + B + C) = 1 .
52 52 52 52
P (A , B , C) = P (A) + P (B) + P (C) - P (A + B) - P (B + C) - P (C + A) + P (A + B + C)
= 4 + 13 + 26 - 1 - 13 - 2 + 1 = 44 - 16
52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52
= 7 .
13
vLJfhL 12.18
xU ig 10 btis, 5 fU, 3 gir kW 2 t w gJf csd.
rkth Kiw njbjLfgL xU gJ, btis myJ fU myJ gir
wkhf Ugjfhd fjfid fhf.
S-I TWbt vf.
` n (S) = 20.
W, B kW G Mad Kiwna xU btis, xU fU kW xU gir w
gij njbjLF ff vf.
n (W)
xU btis w gij vLF f fjf P (W) = = 10 .
n (S) 20
n (B)
xU fU w gij vLF f fjf P (B) = = 5 .
n (S) 20
n (G)
xU gir w gij vLF f fjf P (G) = = 3 .
n (S) 20
` xU gij njbjLf mJ btis myJ fU myJ girahf Uf
fjf P (W , B , G) = P (W) + P (B) + P (G) ( a W, B kW G Mad xiwbahW
yF ffshF.)
= 10 + 5 + 3 = 9 .
20 20 20 10
(F : P (W , B , G) = P (Rl ) = 1 - P (R) = 1 - 2 = 9 vd ilia bgwyh)
20 10
g 12.2
1. A kW B vgd xiwbahW yF ff. nkY
P (A) = 3 kW P (B) = 1 v, P (A , B) -I fhf .
5 5
2. A kW B vw uL ff P (A) = 1 , P (B) = 2 kW P (A , B) = 1
4 5 2
v, P (A + B) -I fhf.
3. A kW B vw uL ff P (A) = 1 , P (B) = 7 kW P (A , B) = 1
2 10
v, (i) P (A + B) (ii) P (Al , Bl ) Matiw fhf.
4. xU gfil UKiw cUlgLwJ. Kjyhtjhf cUlgLnghJ xU
uilgil v ilj myJ mU cUl Kf vf
TLj 8 Mf Uj vD f fjfid fhf.

328 10M tF fzF

5. 1 Kj 50 tiuyhd KGfUJ rkth Kiw X v njbjLf
gLnghJ mbt 4 myJ 6 M tFgLtjfhd fjf fhf.
6. xU ig 50 kiu MfS (bolts), 150 UF kiufS (nuts) csd.
mtW gh kiu MfS, gh UF kiufS JUojit. rkth
Kiw VnjD xiw njbjLF nghJ mJ JUojjhf myJ
xU kiu Mahf Ugjfhd fjfid fhf.
7. U gfilf xnu neu nru cUlgLnghJ ilF Kf vf
TLj 3 M kW 4 M tFglhkUf fjf fhf.
8. xU Til 20 MfS 10 MuR gHfS csd. mtW
5 Mf kW 3 MuRf mGait. rkth Kiw xUt xU
gHij vLjh, mJ Mshfnth myJ ey gHkhfnth Ugjfhd
fjfid fhf.
9. xU tF cs khztf 40% ng fj dho dh fY,
30% ng ma dho dh fY, 10% ng muL dho
dh ffY fyJ bfhld. mtFUJ rkth Kiw
xU khzt njbjLfglh, mt fj dho dh fnyh
myJ ma dho dh fnyh myJ U ffYnkh
fyJ bfhljfhd fjf fhf.
10. eF fiyJ mL itfgl 52 Lfis bfhl L foUJ
rkth Kiw xU L vLfgLwJ. mj L nglhfnth (Spade)
myJ uhrhthfnth (King) Ugjfhd fjfid fhf.
11. xU ig 10 btis, 6 t kW 10 fU w gJf csd. rkth
Kiw xU gid vLFnghJ mJ btis myJ t w gjhf
Ugjfhd fjfid fhf.
12. 2, 5, 9 vw vfis bfhL, X uoyf v mikfgLwJ. mj
v 2 myJ 5 M tFgLkhW mika fjf fhf.
(mikfgL v xnu yf L tuyh )
13. ACCOMMODATION vw brh xbthU vGJ jjna
a fhjf vGjgL, mj 13 a fhjfS xU Kfit
itfgLsd. rkth Kiw KfitUJ xU fhjij nj
br nghJ, m l bgW vGJ
(i) A myJ O Mfnth
(ii) M myJ C Mfnth Ugjfhd fjffis fhf.

14. xU a kJ (car) mjDila totikfhf UJ bgW fjf

0.25 vf. wj Kiw vbghU gaghofhd UJ bgW fjf
0.35 kW U UJfS bgWtjfhd fjf 0.15 v, mkJ
(i) FiwjJ VjhtJ xU UJ bgWj
(ii) xnu xU UJ kL bgWj Ma ffSfhd fjffis fhf

12. fjf 329

15. A, B, C Mnah xU dhF fhgjfhd fjff Kiwna
4 , 2 , 3 vf. A kW B UtU nrJ fhgjfhd fjf 8 .
5 3 7 15
2
B kW C UtU nrJ fhgjfhd fjf . A kW C UtU
7
nrJ fhz fjf 12 , _tU nrJ fhz fjf 8 v,
35 35
ahnuD xUt mdh fhgjfhd fjfid fhf.
g 12.3
rahd ilia njbjLf.
1. z vgJ xU ayh f v, P (z) =
(A) 1 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) 1
4 2
2. S vgJ xU rkth nrhjid TWbt v, P(S) =
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 1 (d) 1
8 2
3. A vw f fjf p v, tUtdt p vij iw br
(a) 0 1 p 1 1 (b) 0 # p # 1 (c) 0 # p 1 1 (d) 0 1 p # 1
4. A kW B vgd VnjD U ff. nkY S vgJ rkth
nrhjid TWbt v, P (A + B) =
(a) P (B) - P (A + B) (b) P (A + B) - P (B)
(c) P (S) (d) P6^ A , Bhl@
5. xU khzt fj 100 kbg bgWtjfhd fjf 4 . mt 100
5
kbg bgwhk Ugjfhd fjf
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
5 5 5 5
6. A kW B vw U ff
P (A) = 0.25, P (B) = 0.05 kW P (A + B) = 0.14 v, P (A , B) =
(a) 0.61 (b) 0.16 (c) 0.14 (d) 0.6
7. 20 bghUf 6 bghUf FiwghLilait. rkth Kiw xU bghU
njbjLFnghJ mJ Fiwawjhf ilgjfhd fjf
(a) 7 (b) 0 (c) 3 (d) 2
10 10 3
8. A kW B vgd uL xiwbahW yF ff vf.
mf TWbt S, P (A) = 1 P (B) kW S = A , B v, P (A) =
3
(a) 1 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 3
4 2 4 8
9. A, B kW C vgdxiwbahW yF _W ff vf. mt
fjff Kiwna 1 , 1 kW 5 v, P^ A , B , C h =
3 4 12
(a) 19 (b) 11 (c) 7 (d) 1
12 12 12
330 10M tF fzF
10. P (A) = 0.25, P (B) = 0.50, P (A + B) = 0.14 v, P (A my kW B my) =
(a) 0.39 (b) 0.25 (c) 0.11 (d) 0.24
11. xU ig 5 fU, 4 btis kW 3 t w gJf csd. rkth
KiwnjbjLfgL xU gJ t wkhf yhkUgjfhd fjf.
(a) 5 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 3
12 12 12 4
12. xnu neu U gfilf cUlgLwd. gfil uL KffY
xnu vzhf Uf fjf
(a) 1 (b) 1 (c) 1 (d) 2
36 3 6 3
13. xU uhd gfil xU Kiw cUlgLnghJ ilF v gfh v myJ
gF vzhf Ugjfhd fjf
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) 5 (d) 1
6 6
14. xU ehzaij _W Kiw RL nrhjid 3 jiyf myJ 3 f
ilf fjf
(a) 1 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 1
8 4 8 2
15. 52 Lf bfhl xU LfoUJ xU L vLF nghJ mJ xU V
(ace)Mf yhkY kW xU uhrhthf (king) yhkUgjfhd fjf.
(a) 2 (b) 11 (c) 4 (d) 8
13 13 13 - 13 -
16. xU belho (Leap year) 53 btHikf myJ 53 rHikf
tUtjfhd fjf
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) 4 (D) 3
7 7 7 7
17. xU rhjuz tUlkhdJ 53 PhWHikf kW 53 fHikf
bfhoUgjfhd fjf.
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 0
7 7 7
18. 52 Lf bfhl xU LfoUJ xU L vLFnghJ, mJ Ah
muahf (Heart queen) Ugjfhd fjf.

(a) 1 (b) 16 (c) 1 (d) 1

52 52 13 26
19. xU cW f fjf
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) 100 (d) 0.1
20. xU rkth nrhjid KothdJ btahfnth myJ njhahfnth
UF. mnrhjid bt bgWtjfhd fjf njhfhd
fjfid ngh U klF v, bt bgWtjfhd fjf
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 0
3 3

12. fjf 331

 ilf
1. fzfS rhfS
g 1.1
2. (i) A (ii) z 3. (i) {b, c} (ii) z (iii) {a, e, f, s}
4. (i) {2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9} (ii) {4, 6} (iii) {4, 6, 7, 8, 9}
10. {5, 3, 2}, {5, 3}, nr g cilaJ my
g 1.2
2. (i)-UJ (iv) tiu cs dhfSF gy ilf cL mt xU il :
(i) Al , ^ A + Bh myJ ^ A\Bhl (ii) ^ A + Bh , ^ A + C h (iii) A\^ B , C h (iv) ^ A + Bh \C
5. (i) {12} (ii) {4, 8, 12, 20, 24, 28}
g 1.3
1. 300 2. 430 3. 35 5. 100 6. 10 % 7. (i) 10 (ii) 25 (iii) 15
8. (i) 450 (ii) 3550 (iii) 1850 9. 15
g 1.4
1. (i)
rhgy (ii) rh 2. kgf ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; rf ={1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
3. (i)
xWF xwhd rh my kW nk rh my
(ii)
kh rh (iii) xWF xwhd kW nk rh
4. (i)
rhgy (ii) xWF xwhd rh
(iii)
rhgy (iv) Uw rh myJ xWF xwhd kW nk rh
5. a = 2, b = 5, c = 8, d = 1 6. rf $- 1 , - 1, 1, 1 . ; A UJ A-F f xU rhgy
2 2
7. xWF xwhd kW nk rh 8. (i) 12 kW 14 (ii) 13 kW 15 9. a = 9, b = 15
10. (i) f = " ^5, - 7h, ^6, - 9h, ^7, - 11h, ^8, - 13h ,
(ii) Jiz kgf = "- 11, 4, 7, - 10, - 7, - 9, - 13 ,
(iii) rf = "- 7, - 9, - 11, - 13 , (iv) xWF xwhd rh
11. (i) rh (ii) rh (iii) rhgy (iv) rhgy (v) rh
12.
x 1 3 5 4
f (x) 2 1 6 3
13. "^6, 1h, ^9, 2h, ^15, 4h, ^18, 5h, ^21, 6h, ; 14. "^4, 3h, ^6, 4h, ^8, 5h, ^10, 6h, ;
x 6 9 15 18 21 x 4 6 8 10
f (x) 1 2 4 5 6 f (x) 3 4 5 6
15. (i) 16 (ii) 32 (iii) 5 (iv) 2 16. (i) 23 (ii) 34 (iii) 2
3
332 10M tF fzF
 g 1.5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A C C A A B A B B B
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
A B C D A D D B A C

2. bkbaf bjhltirfS bjhlfS

g 2.1
1. (i) - 1 , 0,1 (ii) - 27, 81, - 243 (iii) - 3 , 2, - 15
3 4 4
2. (i) 9 , 11 (ii) 1536, 18432 (iii) 36, 78 (iv) 21, 57
17 21
3. 378, 25 4. 195, 256 5. 2, 5, 15, 35, 75 6. 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5
313
g 2.2
1. TL bjhl 6, 11, 16, g ; bghJ cW 5n +1 2. bghJ ahr 5, t15 = 55
3. t29 = 3 4. t12 = 23 2 5. t17 = 84 6. (i) 27 cWf (ii) 34 cWf
8. t27 = 109 9. n = 10 10. 7 11. Kj tUl : 100, t15 = 2200
12. 2560 13. 10, 2, 6 myJ 6, 2, 10 14. 2, 6, 10 myJ 10, 6, 2 16. A.P., `95,000
g 2.3
1. (i) bgUFbjhl, r = 2 (ii) bgUFbjhl, r = 5
(iii) bgUFbjhl, r = 2 (iv) bgUFbjhl, r = 1
3 12
(v) bgUFbjhl, r = 1 (vi) bgUFbjhl my
2
3. 2, 6, 18 , g 4. 1 , 1 , 1 , g
7
2. - 2 5. (i) n = 8 (ii) n = 11 6. n = 5 7. r = 5
3 9 27
8. r = 5 myJ 2 ; cWf 2 ,1, 5 myJ 5 , 1, 2 . 9. 18, 6, 2 myJ 2, 6, 18
2 5 5 2 2 5
10. 4, 2, 1 myJ 1, 2, 4 11. 1, 3, 9, g myJ 9, 3,1, g
12 15
12. `1000` 105 j 13. ` 50, 000` 85 j
100 100
g 2.4

1. (i) 2850 (ii) 7875 2. 1020 3. (i) 260 (ii) 75 4. (i) 1890 (ii) 50

5. 820 6. 39 + 40 + 41 + g 7. 8 cWf myJ 23 cWf

11 11 11
8. 55350 9. 740 10. 7227 11. 36 12. 12000 13. 15 ehf
14. A.P., `37,200 16. 156 Kiwf 20. 1225 brff

ilf 333
 g 2.5

1. s20 = 15 ;1 - ` 1 j E s27 = 1 ;1 - ` 1 j E
20 27
2. 3. (i) 765 (ii) 5 (3 - 1)
12

4 3 6 3 2

6. 75 ;1 - ` 4 j E
1 - ^0.1h10 23
(ii) 10 ^10 - 1h - 20
20
4. (i) 5. (i) n = 6 (ii) n = 6
0.9 81 9 4 5
8. (i) 70 610 - 1 @ - 7n (ii) n - 2 81 - ` 1 j B
n n
7. 3 + 6 + 12 + g
81 9 3 10
^ 15 h
9. s15 = 5 4 - 1 10. ulhtJ th; khgHf vif 1023. 11. r = 2
3
g 2.6
1. (i) 1035 (ii) 4285 (iii) 2550 (iv) 17395 (v) 10650 (vi) 382500
2. (i) k = 12 (ii) k = 9 3. 29241 4. 91 5. 3818 r.br. 6. 201825 f.br.
g 2.7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
B D C D D A B B B B
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
B A B D A B B A C A
3. afj
g 3.1

1. `4 , 3 j 2. (1 , 5) 3. (3 , 2) 4. ` 1 , 1 j 5. (1 , 5)
2 3 2
6. ` 11 , 22 j 7. (2 , 4) 8. (2 , 1) 9. `5 , 1 j 10. (6 , 4)
23 31 7
g 3.2
1. (i) (4 , 3) (ii) (0.4, 0.3) (iii) (2 , 3) (iv) ` 1 , 1 j
2 3
2. (i) 23 , 7 (ii) ` 18,000 , ` 14,000 (iii) 42 (iv) ` 800 (v) 253 r.br. (vi) 720 .
g 3.3
1. (i) 4, 2 (ii) 1 , 1 (iii) 3 , - 1 (iv) 0, 2
2 2 2 3
(v) 15, - 15 (vi) 2 , 1 (vii) 1 , 1 (viii) - 13, 11
3 2 2
2. (i) x - 3x + 1 (ii) x - 2x + 4 (iii) x + 4 (iv) x - 2 x + 1
2 2 2 2

5
(v) x - x + 1 (vi) x - x - 4 (vii) x - x - 1 (viii) x - 3 x + 2
2 2 2 2

3 2 3 3
g 3.4
1. (i) x + 2x - 1, 4 (ii) 3x - 11x + 40, - 125
2 2

(iii) x + 2x - 2, 2 (iv) x - 5 x + 5 , - 50
2 2

3 9 9
2
(v) 2x - - x +
3 x 3 51 ,- 211
3 2
(vi) x - 3x - 8x + 55 , - 41
2 8 32 32 2 2
2. a =- 6, b = 11, 5 3. p =- 2, q = 0, 10

334 10M tF fzF

 g 3.5
1. (i) ^ x - 1h^ x + 2h^ x - 3h (ii) ^ x - 1h^2x + 3h^2x - 1h (iii) ^ x - 1h^ x - 12h^ x - 10h
2
(iv) ^ x - 1h^4x - x + 6h (v) ^ x - 1h^ x - 2h^ x + 3h (vi) ^ x + 1h^ x + 2h^ x + 10h
2
(vii) ^ x - 2h^ x - 3h^2x + 1h (viii) ^ x - 1h^ x + x - 4h (ix) ^ x - 1h^ x + 1h^ x - 10h
2
(x) ^ x - 1h^ x + 6h^2x + 1h (xi) ^ x - 2h^ x + 3x + 7h (xii) ^ x + 2h^ x - 3h^ x - 4h

g 3.6
2 3 2 3 2
1. (i) 7x yz (ii) x y (iii) 5c (iv) 7xyz
2. (i) c - d (ii) x - 3a (iii) m + 3 (iv) x + 11 (v) x + 2y (vi) 2x + 1
2 2 3 2
(vii) x - 2 (viii) ^ x - 1h^ x + 1h (ix) 4x ^2x + 1h (x) (a - 1) (a + 3)
2 2 2
3. (i) x - 4x + 3 (ii) x + 1 (iii) 2^ x + 1h (iv) x + 4

g 3.7
3 2 3 3 2 2 2 4 4 4 m+3
1. x y z 2. 12x y z 3. a b c 4. 264a b c 5. a
2 2 2
6. xy^ x + yh 7. 6 (a - 1) ^a + 1h 8. 10xy^ x + 3yh^ x - 3yh (x - 3xy + 9y )
2 3 3
9. (x + 4) (x - 3) ^ x - 1h 10. 420x ^3x + yh2 ^ x - 2yh^3x + 1h

g 3.8
2 4 2
1. (i) (x 3) (x 2) ( x + 6) (ii) ^ x + 2x + 3h^ x + 2x + x + 2h
2 3 2 3 3 2
(iii) ^2x + x - 5h^ x + 8x + 4x - 21h (iv) ^ x - 5x - 8h^2x - 3x - 9x + 5h
2 3 2 2 4 2 2 4
2. (i) ^ x + 1h (x + 2) (ii) (3x - 7) ^4x + 5h (iii) ^ x - y h^ x + x y + y h
(iv) x(x + 2) (5x + 1) (v) (x 2) ( x 1) (vi) 2(x + 1) (x + 2)

g 3.9
2
1. (i) 2x + 3 (ii)1 (iii) ^ x - 1h (iv) x + 3x + 9
x-4 x -1
2 x+3
(vi) 2 x + 2 x-1
2
(v) x - x + 1 (vii) (viii) (x + 3)
x + 2x + 4 x+1
^ x - 1h ^ x + 1h
(ix) (x) 1 (xi) (xii) (x 2)
^ x + 1h ^2x - 1h

g 3.10
1. (i) 3x (ii) x + 9 (iii) 1 (iv) 1 (v) 2x + 1 (vi) 1
x-2 x+4 x-1 x+2
2. (i) x - 1 (ii) x - 6 (iii) x + 1 (iv) x - 5 (v) 1 (vi) 3x + 1 (vii) x - 1
x x-7 x-5 x - 11 4^3x + 4h x+1

ilf 335
 g 3.11
2 2 2 (x + 4) 2
1 . (i) x + 2x + 4 (ii) (iii) (iv)
x+1 x+3 x-5
(v) x + 1 (vi) 4 (vii) 2 (viii) 0
x-2 x+4 x+1
3 2 2
2. 2x +2 2x + 5 3. 5x - 7 x + 6 4. 1
x +2 2x - 1
g 3.12
3 4 5 2 3
1. (i) 14 a b c (ii) 17 (a - b) (b - c) (iii) x - 11
2 2 4 3
(a + b) (x - y) (b - c)
(iv) x + y (v) 11 x (vi) 8
9 y 5 (x + y) 2 (a - b) 3 (b + c) 5
2. (i) 4x - 3 (ii) (x + 5) (x - 5) (x + 3) (iii) 2x - 3y - 5z

(iv) x + 12
2
(v) ^2x + 3h^3x - 2h^2x + 1h (vi) ^2x - 1h^ x - 2h^3x + 1h
x
g 3.13
2 2 2 2
1. (i) x - 2x + 3 (ii) 2x + 2x + 1 (iii) 3x - x + 1 (iv) 4x - 3x + 2
2. (i) a =- 42, b = 49 (ii) a = 12, b = 9 (iii) a = 49, b =- 70 (iv) a = 9, b =- 12
g 3.14

1. "- 6, 3 , 2. $- 4 , 3 . 3. '- 5 , 3 1 4. 3
$- 2 , 5 . 5. $- 4 , 2 .
3 5 3
6. $5, 1 . 7. $- 5 , 3 . 8. ' 12 , 12 1 9. 5
$- 2 , 3 . 10. $7, 8 .
5 2 2 b a 3
g 3.15

1. (i) "- 7, 1 , (ii) ' - 3 + 5 , - 3 - 5 1 (iii) $- 3, 1 .

2 2 2
(iv) $ a - b , - ` a + b j. (v) " 3 , 1 , (vi) "- 1, 3 ,
2 2
2. (i) "4, 3 , (ii) $ 2 , 1 . (iii) $ 1 , 2 . (iv) $- 2b , b .
5 3 2 3a a
2
^9 + 769 h ^9 - 769 h
(v) $ 1 , a . (vi) $ a + b , a - b . (vii) ' , 1 (viii) )- 1, b2 3
a 6 6 8 8 a
g 3.16
1. 8 myJ 1 2. 9 kW 6 3. 20 , 5 myJ 10 , 10 4. 3
8 2
5. 45 . / k 6. 5 . / k 7. jij taJ = 49, kf taJ = 7
8. 24 br. 9. 12 ehf
10. Kj bjhlto ntf = 20. / k ;
ulhtJ bjhlto ntf = 15. / k

336 10M tF fzF

 g 3.17

1. (i) bkbaf (ii) bkbaf my (iii) bkbaf kW rk _yf

(iv) bkbaf kW rk _yf (v) bkbaf my (vi) bkbaf
2. (i) 25 (ii) ! 3 (iii) 5 myJ 1 (iv) 0 myJ 3
2
g 3.18

1. (i) 6,5 (ii) - r , p (iii) 5 , 0 (iv) 0, - 25

k 3 8
2 2 2
2. (i) x - 7x + 12 = 0 (ii) x - 6x + 2 = 0 (iii) 4x - 16x + 9 = 0
3. (i) 13 (ii) ! 1 (iii) 35 4. 4
2
5. 4x - 29x + 25 = 0
6 3 18 3
2 2
6. x + 3x + 2 = 0 7. x - 11x + 1 = 0
2 2 2
8. (i) x - 6x + 3 = 0 (ii) 27x - 18x + 1 = 0 (iii) 3x - 18x + 25 = 0
2
9. x + 3x - 4 = 0 10. k =- 18 11. a = !24 12. p = ! 3 5

g 3.19

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
B C A A C D B C C C
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
D B A A A D D D B C
21 22 23 24 25
D A C C A
4. mf
g 4.1
400 500 6
400 200 300
1. f 200 250 p , c m , 3 # 2 , 2 # 3 2. f8 p, ^ 6 8 13 h
500 250 400
300 400 13
3. (i) 2 # 3 (ii) 3 # 1 (iii) 3 # 3 (iv) 1 # 3 (v) 4 # 2
4. 1 # 8 , 8 # 1 , 2 # 4 , 4 # 2
5. 1 # 30 ,30 # 1 , 2 # 15, 15 # 2 , 3 # 10, 10 # 3 , 5 # 6, 6 # 5 .
J N J1 J1 N
J N 1 1 O 9N K 2 2O
0 1 K K2 2O
1 2 1 0 K - O
3 O 7. (i) K 2 1 O
2 K O
6. (i) c m (ii) c m (iii) K 1 (ii) K 0 2 O (iii) K 1 1 O
2 4 3 2 K 0 O K O K O K2 O
3 K 3 3 O K1 1O
L P 2 P K 3 0O
L L2 2P
L2 P
T 2 4 5
8. (i) 3 # 4 (ii) 4, 0 (iii) 2 MtJ iu kW 3 MtJ u 9. A = c m
3 1 0

ilf 337
 g 4.2
1. x = 2, y =- 4 , z =- 1 2. x = 4 , y =- 3
-1 2 14 3 0 - 18
3. e o 4. c m 5. e o 6. a = 3, b = 4
16 - 6 14 5 33 - 45
J 2 12 N J 2 13 N
K 5 -5 O K O
7. X = K O, Y = K 5 5 O 8. x = 3, 3, y = 1, 4
K - 11 3 O K 14 - 2 O
L 5 P L 5 P
TV DVD Video CD
Wt taJtnjh
55 27 20 16 fil I
5 5 gf 2 kF K
11. f 72 30 25 27 p fil II 12. c m
10 10 gf 2 kF
47 33 18 22 fil III
g 4.3
1. (i) 4 # 2 (ii) tiuaWfgliy (iii) 3 # 5 (iv) 2 # 2
8 - 11 - 40 64 12 - 42
2. (i) ( 6 ) (ii) c m (iii) c m (iv) e o
22 12 22 1 -6 21
1750 Kj eh

3. f 1600
p ulh eh , ^ 5000 h 4. x = 3, y = 0 5. x = 2 , y =- 5
1650 _wh eh

15 4 9 6
7. AB = c m , BA = c m, AB ! BA 11. x = 3, 5
12 0 17 6
g 4.4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
D D A D B D B C C A
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
B D D B C B A C B D

5. Mabjhiy toa
g 5.1
1. (i) (2, 1) (ii) (0, 2) 2. (i) (5, 2) (ii) (2, 1) 3. (12, 8)

4. (2, 2) 6. (24, 2) 7. (2, 3) 8. (6, 3) 9. (1, 0), (4, 2)

10. `- 3, 3 j, ^- 2, 3h, `- 1, 9 j 11. 4 : 7 cwkhf

2 2
12. 5 : 2 cwkhf, `0, 17 130 ,
13. 13 , 130
7j 2 2
g 5.2
1. (i) 3 r.myFf (ii) 32 r.myFf (iii) 19 r.myFf
2. (i) a = 3 (ii) a = 13 (iii) a = 1, 3
2

338 10M tF fzF

3. (i) xU nfhliktd (ii) xU nfhliktd my (iii) xU nfhliktd
4. (i) k = 1 (ii) k = 2 (iii) k = 7
3
5. (i) 17 r.myFf (ii) 43 r.myFf (iii) 60.5 r.myFf 7. 1 r.myF, 1 : 4
g 5.3
1. (i) 45c (ii) 60c (iii) 0c 2. (i) 1 (ii) 3 (iii) tiuaWfgliy
3
3. (i) 1 (ii) 2 (iii) 1 4. (i) 45c (ii) 30c (iii) tan i = b
a
5. - 1 6. (i) 0 (ii) tiuaWfgliy (iii) 1 7. 3 , 0 10. a = 1
2
11. b = 6 12. - 9 13. 11 , - 13, - 1 14. 1 , - 4 , 9
10 7 4 12 5 2
g 5.4
1. y = 5 , y = 5 2. y = 2 , x = 5
3. (i) 3x + y - 4 = 0 (ii)
3 x - y + 3 = 0 4. x - 2y + 6 = 0
5. (i) rh 1, y-btLJL 1 (ii) rh 5 , y-btLJL 0
3
(iii) rh 2, y-btLJL 1 (iv) rh - 2 , y-btLJL - 2
2 3 5
6. (i) 4x + y - 6 = 0 (ii) 2x - 3y - 22 = 0 7. 2x - 2 3 y + ^3 3 - 7h = 0
8. (i) x - 5y + 27 = 0 (ii) x + y + 6 = 0 9. 6x + 5y - 2 = 0
11. (i) 3x + 2y - 6 = 0 (ii) 9x - 2y + 3 = 0 (iii) 15x - 8y - 6 = 0
12. (i) 3, 5 (ii) 8, 16 (iii) - 4 , - 2
3 5
13. 2x + 3y - 18 = 0 14. 2x + y - 6 = 0, x + 2y - 6 = 0 15. x - y - 8 = 0
16. x + 3y - 6 = 0 17. 2x + 3y - 12 = 0 18. x + 2y - 10 = 0 , 6x + 11y - 66 = 0
19. x + y - 5 = 0 20. 3x - 2y + 4 = 0
g 5.5
1. (i) - 3 (ii) 7 (iii) 4 4. a = 6 5. a = 5 6. p = 1,2 h = 22
7.
4 5 9
8. 3x - y - 5 = 0 9. 2x + y = 0 10. 2x + y - 5 = 0 11. x+y-2 = 0
12. 5x + 3y + 8 = 0 13. x + 3y - 7 = 0 14. x - 3y + 6 = 0 15. x - 4y + 20 = 0
16. (3, 2) 17. 5 myFf 18. x + 2y - 5 = 0 19. 2x + 3y - 9 = 0

g 5.6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
C B A D A B D A D C C B
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
C C C D B B D A A B B

ilf 339
 6. toa
g 6.1
1. (i) 20 br. (ii) 6 br. (iii) 1 2. 7.5 br. 3 (i) iy (ii) M
4. 10.5 br. 6. 12 br., 10 br. 9. (i) 7.5 br. (ii) 5.8 br. (iii) 4 br.
10. (i) M (ii) iy 11. 18 br.

g 6.2
1. (i) x = 4 br., y = 9 br. (ii) x = 3.6 br., y = 2.4 br., z = 10 br.
(iii) x = 8.4 br., y = 2.5 br. 2. 3.6 3. 1.2 4. 140
6. 6 br. 7. 64 br. 2 8. 166.25 br. 9. (i) 9 (ii) 55 10. 6.3 r..
64 64
11. 72 br. 12. 9 13. (i) 3 XWY, 3 YWZ, 3 XYZ (ii) 4.8

g 6.3
1. 65c 2. (i) 4 br. (ii) 12 br. 3. (i) 12 br. (ii) 5 br. 6. 30 br.

g 6.4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
B B A D B C B D B B
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
D D C D D A B B D C

7. Knfhza
g 7.1
1. (i) iy (ii) iy
g 7.2
1. 1.8 2. 30c 3. iy 4. 174.7 5. 40 br.
6. fhf B 7. 5 6 8. 1912.40 9. 30 2 10. 1.098
11. 19 3 12. M 13. 87 14. 3 lf 15. 3464 .
16. 40 17. 60 ; 40 3 18. 90

g 7.3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
B C C A A B A A C B
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
B C A D C C D B B D

340 10M tF fzF

 8. msa
g 8.1
1. 704 br. 2, 1936 br. 2 2. h = 8 br., 352 br. 2 3. h = 40 br., d = 35 br.
4. ` 2640 5. r = 3.5 br., h = 7 br. 6. h = 28 br.
7. C1 : C2 = 5 : 2 8. 1300r br. 2 9. 3168 br. 2
10. 550 br. 2 , 704 br. 2 11. h = 15 3 br., l = 30 br. 12. 1416 br. 2
13. 23.1 2 14. 10.5 br. 15. 301 5 br. 2 16. 2.8 br. 17. 4158 br. 2
7
18. C1 : C2 = 9 : 25, T1 : T2 = 9 : 25 19. 44.1r br. 2, 57.33r br. 2 20. ` 2 46 .40

g 8.2
1. 18480 br. 3 2. 38.5 l 3. 4620 br. 3 4. r = 2.1 br.
5. V1: V2 = 20: 27 6. 10 br. 7. 4158 br. 3 8. 7.04 br. 3
9. 8800 br. 3 10. 616 br. 3 11. 5 br. 12. 1408.6 br. 3
13. 314 2 br. 3 14. 2 13 br. 15. 8 br. 16. 2.29 .
7
17. 3050 2 br. 3 18. 288r br. 2 19. 718 2 br. 3 20. 1 : 8
3 3
g 8.3
1. 11.88r br. 2 2. 7623 br. 3 3. 220 . 2 4. 1034 r.
5. 12 br. 6. 12.8 . 7. 2 br. 8. 1 br.
9. 1386 l 10. 3 k 12 lf 11. 16 br. 12. 16 br.
13. 750 nfhs tot FLf 14. 10 Tf 15. 70 br.
16. r = 36 br., l = 12 13 br. 17. 11
g 8.4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
B C A A B C A B D C C
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
D D B D B C B D A D C

10. tiuglf
g 10.1
2. (i) "- 2, 2 , (ii) "- 2, 5 , (iii) "5, 1 , (iv) $- 1 , 3 .
2
3. {1, 5} 4. {2, 3} 5. {2.5, 2} 6. {3, 5} 7. bk _yf VJ iy

g 10.2
1. 120 . 2. (i) `105 (ii) 11 nehL jff
3. (i) y = 8 (ii) x = 6 4. (i) k = 15 (ii) ` 45 5. y = 4; x = 2 6. 24 ehf

ilf 341
 11. a
g 11.1
1. (i) 36, 0.44 (ii) 44, 0.64 2. 71 3. 3.38 . 4. 2 5 , 20 5. 3.74
6. (i) 5.97 (ii) 4.69 7. 6.32 8. 1.107 9. 15.08 10. 36.76, 6.06
11. 416, 20.39 12. 54.19 13. 4800, 240400 14. 10.2, 1.99 15. 25
16. 20.41 17. 12 18. 5.24 19. 1159, 70 20. khzt A
g 11.2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
D A C B D C C B A D
11 12 13 14 15
D B C D B

12. fjf
g 12.1
1. 1 2. 1 3. 1 4. 1 5. 3
10 9 3 5 4
6. (i) 1 (ii) 3 (iii) 12 7. (i) 7 (ii) 3 (iii) 1 8. (i) 1 (ii) 3
4 4 13 8 8 2 2 5
9. (i) 1 (ii) 24 10. 1 11. (i) 1 (ii) 2
10 25 2 4 3
12. (i) 1 (ii) 17 13. 1 14. 1 15. 1 16. 12
4 20 3 36 6
17. (i) 22 (ii) 24 18. (i) 1 (ii) 3 19. (i) 5 (ii) 17
25 25 4 9 18
g 12. 2

1. 4 2. 3 3. (i) 1 (ii) 4 4. 5 5. 8
5 20 5 5 9 25

6. 5 7. 4 8. 9 9. 3 10. 4
8 9 10 5 13
11. 8 12. 2 13. 5 , 4 14. (i) 0.45 (ii) 0.3 15. 101
13 3 13 13 105
g 12. 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
C D B A A B A A D A
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
D C C B B D D A A B

342 10M tF fzF

 gtif fzFf
(njFait my)

3f (x) + 1
1. f (x) = x - 1 , x ! - 1 v, f (2x) = vd Wf.
x+1 f (x) + 3
2. x- vyh bkba kfSF (x - 1)(x - 2) (x - 3) (x - 4) = 15

vw rkghil c il : x = 5 ! 21 m
2
x x
3. log10 2 , log10 (2 - 1) kW log10 (2 + 3) vgd mnj tir xU TL
bjhltirid mikjh x- kfis fhf? ( il: x = log5 2 )
4. xU bgUF bjhltir bghJj r, Kj ehF cWf
TLj 15 kW Kj ehF cWf tff TLj 85 v,
4 3 2
14r - 17r - 17r - 17r + 14 = 0 vd Wf.
2
5. " bn ,1 - n > 1 vDnghJ bn = bn - 1 bn + 1 vd Ujh, Ujh kLnk
3

" bn ,1 vgJ xU bgUF bjhltir MF vd Wf. (il 1110)

3

6. 17, 21, g kW 16, 21, g Ma uL TL bjhltirfY y

vf bghJ cWfshf csd. uL TL bjhltirfY tU
Kj 10 bghJ vf TLj fhf.
a + an + 1
7. an = n - 1 , n > 1 v, v kLnk " an ,1 vw bjhltir xU
3

2
TLbjhltir vd Wf.
6 6 2 2
8. sin a + cos a + 3 sin a cos a = 1 vd %.
9. sin x + cos x = tan3 x + tan2 x + tan x + 1 vd fhLf.
2
cos x
10. X <yf viz, mbt yff TLjyh tFf < 4,
3 vd ilF. mnj <yf viz, mj yff bgUf
gydh tFf < 3, 5 vd ilF v, mj viz fhf.
(il : 23)
11. 4 M tFF nghJ 1 ilFkhW mikj midJ <yf vf
TLjiy fhf. (il : 1210)
J 1 1 N
K a + b+c O 2 2 2
b + c - a m (a + b + c) - 2
12. RUFf : K Oc1 + ( il : 1 )
1
K - 1 O 2 bc 2bc
L a b + c P
gtif fzFf 343
 2
13. ax + bx + c = 0 vD Ugo rkgho _yf bkbaf iy
kW a + b + c < 0 v, v c- Fid fhf. (F : f (x) = 0-F
bkbafshyhd _yf iy v, x- vyh kfSF f (x) -
kf midJ xnu Fid bfhoUF) (il: c < 0)

14. f (x) = 2 x - 1 > 0 vwthW mik x- vyh bkba kfis

x -x+6
fhf. ( il x 2 1 )
2 x 2 4 8
15. 1 + a + a + g + a = (1 + a) (1 + a ) (1 + a ) (1 + a ) vw rkghoid

(il: x = 15)
2 3 2 3
6x1 x2 - 4x1 + 6x1 x2 - 4x2
16. fzLf 2 2 , F x1 kW x2 Mad
3x1 + 5x1 x2 + 3x2
( il : - 320 )
2
x - 5x + 2 = 0 vg _yfshF.
73
17. cosec a - cot a - sin a + cos a + sec a - 1 = - 1 vw KbwhUikia Wf.
cos a sin a

18. xU xlf kij cs xlff eh xU gF xlff fho

fhzgld. kij cs xlff bkhj vif tf
_y U klF vifs xlff kiyF brW csd.
vs 15 xlff Mwfiu fhzgld v, kij cs
xlff vifia fhf. (il: 36 )

19. xU bjhl toahdJ 30 . uij xU uhd ntf flj wF

mj au (Engine) W nfhshW VglJ. Mifah to ntf
mj uhd ntf 4 gfhf FiwfglJ. jdh, bjhlto mJ
5
ngh nru ntoa iyaij 45 lf fhyjhkjkhf brW miljJ.
nfhshW D 18 . u flj VgoUFkhdh, bjhlto
9 lf Kdjhf ngh nrUF. bjhlto ntf kW
bjhlto gaz brj u Matiw fhf.

( il: bjhlto ntf 30 ./k; gaz brj u 120 .)

20. sin i + sin2 i + sin3 i = 1 v, cos6 i - 4 cos4 i + 8 cos2 i = 4 vd Wf.

21 cosec i - sin i = l kW sec i - cos i = m v, l2 m2 (l2 + m2 + 3) = 1 vd Wf.

22. xU kiy mothuUJ kiy fu 45c Vw csJ 1000

u kiy J 30c rh nfhz Va , kiy fu Vw 60c
Mf csJ. kiy cauij fhf. ( il: 1.366 . )

344 10M tF fzF

23. xU rJu v nfhz Kidf (3, 4) kW (1, 1) v, kw nfhz
Kidfis fhf. (il: ` 9 , 1 j kW `- 1 , 5 j )
2 2 2 2
24. xU TL bgUF bjhltir Kj kW fil cWf TLj 66,
ulhtJ kW fil cWF Kija cW Mat bgUf
gy 128 kW mtir vyh cWf TLj 126 v,
bjhltir cs cWf vifia fhf. (il : 6 )

25. xU nfhu c MdJ jiu A vw a nfhzij

VgLJwJ. mnj A-UJ b cau nfhu moF
wfnfhz b v, nfhu cau b cot b tan a vd Wf.

26. xU brtf tot Fs 40 mo 20 mo msfis bfhLsJ. Fsij

R uhd mfyK MHK bfhl RW ghij mikf el 99 fdmo
fh csJ. RWghij MH 3 mFy vf. fh KGikahf
gagLjglh ghij mfy fhf. (il : 3 mo)

(n + 1) (n + 2)
27. RUFf: (1 + 2 ) (1 + 2 ) (1 + 2 ) g (1 + 2 ) . (il : )
2 3 4 n 6
28. _W tltot tLf uo Muf r mFy. _wht
Mu 2r mFy. xU to viyF kw viyF bghJ
xnw xW UFkhW _W tLfS xnu js itfgLwd.
tLf ika fsh mikfgL Knfhz gugsit
fhf. (il : 2 2 r2 n)

29. 8 mFy MuKs 6 tltot tLf xbthW mj mUYs

kw uL tLfis xbthU kL bjhLkhW tlto
mikfgld. mj ikagF 7tJ toid 6 tLfis xbthU
kL bjhLkhW itf aY v, 6 tLfsh ikagF
clhfgl l gugsit fhf. (il : 192 3 )
30. Mu 4 br. kW cau 5 br. cila cUis tot kuJoUJ mnj
ms mogf Mu kW 3 br. cau bfhl netl T bto
2
vLfgLwJ v, cs kuJo bkhj wgugs76r br.
vd fhLf.

31. 1 + 2 + 3 +g+ n = 1- 1 vdfhL .

2! 3! 4! (n + 1) ! (n + 1) !
F n! = 1 # 2 # 3 # g # n .

gtif fzFf 345

 ghit f

1. Peter J. Eccles, Introduction to Mathematical Reasoning, Cambridge University Press

2007

2. Ann Xavier Gantert, Algebra 2 and Trigonometry, Amsco School Publications Inc.,
2009

3. Boris A Kordemsky, The Moscow Puzzles: 359 Mathematical Recreations, Dover

Publications

4. Imre Lakatos, Proofs and Refutations: The Logic of Mathematical Discovery, January
1976

5. Krishnan Namboodiri, Richard G. Niemi, Matrix Algebra, An Introduction, Sage

Publications 1984

6. Alfred S. Posamentier, Charles T. Salkind, Challenging Problems in Geometry, Dover

Publications

7. Alfred S. Posamentier, Charles T. Salkind, Challenging Problems in Algebra, Dover

Publications

8. James Stewart, Lothar Redlin, Saleem Watson, College Algebra, Thomson Brooks/Cole,
Jan 2010

9. Michael Sullivan, College Algebra, Pearson Publishing, January 2007

10. http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/BiogIndex.html

11. V.Govorov, P.Dybov, N.Miroshin, S.Smirnova, Problems in Mathematics, G.K.

Publications 2010

12. H.S.Hall, S.R. Knight, Elementary Algebra for Schools, Surjeet Publications 2007

13. H.S.Hall, S.R. Knight, Higher Algebra, A.I.T.B.S Publishers 2009

14. D.Dorokhin, Z.Plaksenko, G.Bazhora, Collection of Problems and Exercises in

Mathematics, Mir Publications 1990

346 10th Std. Mathematics

 dh jh totik
ghl: fj fhy : 2.30 k
tF : X bkhj kbgf : 100
fw nehffSF Vg kbg gL

Fnfh rjj

m w 19

J bfhs 31

gagLJj 23

w 27

bkhj 100

dhf kbg gL

- m - M - - <
dhf f bga
f FWa FWa bga bkhj
tu
il il il il

dhf
15 10 9 2 36
vif

kbg 15 20 45 20 100

kbg 2.30
20 35 65 30 k
(lf) neu

dhf ju mogil

ms kbg rjj

fod 12

eLju 28

vaJ 60

347
 fS thfS
dh v dhf ilafgl
f ntoa
Kj tiu vif dhf
m 1 15 15 15
16
30 tJ dh
M 16 30 flha dh J 10
uo xW to
UF
16
45 tJ dh flha
31 45 dh. flha dh 9
uo xW to
UF
2
46 uo xW 1
(either or)
<
2
47 uo xW 1
(either or)

bghUslfF Vg kbg gL

ghl dhf vif

bkhj
ghl 1 2 5 10 kbgf
v. kbg kbg kbg kbg
1 fzfS
1 2 2 15
rhfS
2 bjhlfS bjhl
2 1 2 14
tirfS
3 afj 2 2 3 21
4 mf 1 2 1 10
5 Mabjhiy
2 2 2 16
toa
6 toa 2 1 1 9
7 Knfhza 2 2 1 11
8 msa 1 2 2 15
9 brKiw toa 2 20
10 tiuglf 2 20
11 a 1 1 1 8
12 fjf 1 1 1 8
bkhj 15 16 16 4 167

348
vLJfhLf, gf, jahfgl dhf Matfhd kbg gL
m M <
bkhj rjj
(1 kbg) (2 kbg) (5 kbg) (10 kbg)
ghl cs
--- 6 (2) 6 (5) 1 (10) 52 31
vLJfhLf
g fzFf 10 (1) 8 (2) 8 (5) 3 (10) 96 58
Fl ghlf
UJ jahfgl 5 (1) 2 (2) 2 (5) --- 19 11
dhf
bkhj 15 (1) 16 (2) 16 (5) 4 (10) 167 100
milfSF FfgLs vf, xbthU dhfhd kbgiz FF.
- m
1. 1 Kj 15 tiu vQs midJ 15 dhfS flha dhf, mit ca ilia
bj br dhf MF. xbthU dhY, 4 khW ilf bfhLf goUF.
mtW rahd myJ fbghUjkhd ilia njbjLJ vGj ntL. xbthU
dhF xU kbg.
2. 15 dhf 10 dhf ghl bfhLfgLs ca ilia bj br dhf
MF. 5 dhf 2, 3, 5, 6 kW 7 Ma ghl fUJ jahfgl dhf
MF. mit ghl Ys njwf, Kof, vLJfhLf kW g fzFf
Matiw mogilahf bfhoUF.
- M
1. 16 Kj 30 tiu vQs dhf 10 dhfSF ilaf ntL xbthU
dhF 2 kbgf.
2. Kj 14 dhf VnjD 9 dhfSF ilaf ntL 30 MtJ dh flha dh
MF. mJ uo xW vw to UF.
3. Kj 14 dhf ghl cs ghl f tir UF.
4. 14 dhf 6 dhf vLJfhLfUJ 8 dhf gfUJ nffgL.
5. 30 MtJ v dhYs uL dhf jahfgl dhf MF. mit 2, 3, 5 kW
8 Maghl fYs vLJfhLf, g fzFf Madtiw mogilahf
bfhL mik. uL fzFfS btntW fUJ nffgL.
-
1. 31 Kj 45 tiu vQs dhfUJ 9 dhfSF ilafgl ntL. xbthU
dhF 5 kbg.
2. Kj14 dhf VnjD 8 dhfSF ilaf ntL 45 MtJ dh flha
dhthF. J uo xW vw to UF.
3. Kj14 dhf ghl Ys ghl f tir mikUF.
4. Kj14 dhf, 6 dhf vLJ fhLfUJ, 8 dhf gfUJ
nffgL.
5. 45 tJ v dhYs uL dhf jahfgl dhf MF. mit 2, 3, 5 kW 8
Ma ghlfYs vLJfhLf, g fzFf Madtiw mogilahf
bfhL mik. uL fzFfS btntW fUJ nffgL.
6. 30(a), 30(b), 45(a) kW 45(b) vfSs dhf 2, 3, 5 kW 8 Ma ghlfYs
vLJfhLf, gfYs fzFf Madtiw mogilahf bfhL
jahfgL. xbthU dh btntW fUJ nffgl ntL vw gjidF
cgL jahfgL.
- <
1. , 9 tJ ghl kW 10 tJ ghl MatUJ xU ghl uL
dhf j nffgL. mit uo xW (Either or) vw to UF. xbthU
dhF 10 kbgf.
2. uL dhfSF ilaf ntL.
3. 46(a), 47(a), 46(b) kW 47(b) Ma vQs dhf, xU dh, ghlYs vLJ
fhLfUJ nffgL.

349
 dhjh totik - X M tF

350
Fnfh mw Jbfhs gagLJj w
bkhj

ghl F F F F F F F F kbg

fzfS
1(1) 2(1) 5(1) 2(1) 5(1) 15
rhfS
bk vf
bjhl tirfS 2(1) 5(1) 1(1) 1(1) 5(1) 14
bjhlfS
afj 2(1) 5(1) 1(1) 1(1) 2(1) 5(1) 5(1) 21

mf 4(2) 5(1) 1(1) 10

Mabjhiy
2(1) 1(1) 2(1) 5(1) 1(1) 5(1) 16
toa

toa 1(1) 2(1) 5(1) 1(1) 9

Knfhza 1(1) 2(1) 5(1) 1(1) 2(1) 11

msa 1(1) 2(1) 5(1) 2(1) 5(1) 15

brKiw toa 10(2) 20

tiuglf 10(2) 20

a 5(1) 2(1) 1(1) 8

fjf 2(1) 5(1) 1(1) 8

bkhj 2(2) 10(5) 20(4) 5(5) 16(8) 30(6) 8(8) 6(3) 25(5) 5(1) 40(4) 167

milfSF FfgLs v dhf vifia FF F - f FWa il F - FWa il

kw vf kbgid FF - skhd il - f skhd il