Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-231)

Fluid Mechanics
Fluid Mechanics is the branch of applied mechanics that is
concerned with the behavior of liquids and gases at rest or in motion

Fluid Statics
(fluids at rest)

Fluid Dynamics
(fluids in motion)
 Importance of Fluids In Sciences
Atmospheric Sciences

a) long-range weather prediction; analysis of climate change (global warming)

b) short-range weather prediction; tornado and hurricane warnings; pollutant
transport
 Importance of Fluids In Sciences
Oceanography
a) effects of ocean currents on weather and climate
b) effects of pollution on living organisms
 Importance of Fluids In Sciences
Biological Sciences
a) circulatory and respiratory systems in human beings
 Importance of Fluids In
Engineering Applications
a) Internal combustion engines, turbojet , scramjet , rocket engines, turbo machinery
 Importance of Fluids In
Engineering Applications
b) Steam, wind turbines and hydroelectric facilities for electric power generation, aircrafts
aerodynamic etc.
 Importance of Fluids In
Engineering Applications
c) Piping Systems: crude oil and natural gas transfer, irrigation systems, office building
and household plumbing
 Importance of Fluids In
Engineering Applications
d) Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Systems
 Importance of Fluids In
Engineering Applications
d) Fluid-Structure Interaction: design of tall buildings, dams, bridges etc.
 Concept of a Fluid
All matter exists in two principal states: fluids and solids

Fluids are subdivided into 2 categories i.e. liquids and gases

One can qualitatively differentiate solids, liquids and gases on the basis of their
molecular structure
 Concept of a Fluid
All matter exists in two principal states: fluids and solids

Fluids are subdivided into 2 categories i.e. liquids and gases

One can qualitatively differentiate solids, liquids and gases on the basis of their
molecular structure

A more technical distinction between fluids and solids is possible based on the
reaction of the two under an applied shear or tangential stress

Fluid is defined as a substance that deforms continuously when acted on by a

shearing stress of any magnitude.

While a solid can resist a shear stress by means of static deflection

 Governing Fluid Flow Parameters
Physical size of the flow (characteristic length)
Speed of the flow
Pressure Conditions
Dimensions, Dimensional Homogeneity
& Units
The qualitative aspect serves to identify the nature, or type, of the characteristics
whereas the quantitative measure provides a numerical measure of the characteristics

Qualitative Description : Dimensions

Quantitative Description: Units (standards + magnitude)

Basic Dimensions: length (L), time(T), mass (M), temperature ()

Derived Dimensions: obtained in terms of the basic dimensions e.g. Area= L2

Principle of Dimensional Homogeneity: The dimensions of the left side of the

equation must be the same as those on the right side, and all additive terms
must have the same dimensions

General Homogenous Equations: valid for all system of units

Restricted Homogenous Equations: valid only for a specific system of units
Problems
Problems
 System of Units
System International (SI) British Gravitational System (BG)

Length -----meter(m) Length -----foot(ft)

Mass--------kilogram(kg) Mass--------slug
Time--------second(s) Time--------second(s)
Temperature---Kelvin (K) Temperature---Rankine (R)
Force------------Newton(N) Force------------pound(lb)
 Fluid Properties for Analysis of Fluids
Behavior
Density
Density of a fluid is defined as its mass per unit volume
Symbol : (rho)
Units: kg/m3 (SI), slugs/ft3 (BG System)

For liquids: variations in pressure and temperature have small effect on the value of

For Gases: variations in pressure and temperature have strong influence on the value of

Water At 15 C
= 999 kg/m3
= 1.94 slugs/ft3
Fluid Properties for Analysis of Fluids
Behavior
Fluid Properties for Analysis of Fluids
Behavior
 Fluid Properties for Analysis of Fluids
Behavior

Gas constant, R
depends on the particular gas and is related to the molecular weight of the gas.
For air R= 287 J/kg. K 5(SI), R=1716 ft.lb/slug. R (BG System)

Absolute Temperature, T Absolute Pressure, P

K= C+273.16 (SI) Pabsolute = Patmospheric + Pgage
R= F+459.69 (BG System)
 Fluid Properties for Analysis of Fluids
Behavior

Dimensions: FL-2, ML-1T-2

Units: N/m2 (Pa) ------SI 1 N/m2 = 1 pascal
lb/ft2(psf), lb/in2(psi)-----BG System

Pabsolute = Patmospheric + Pgage

Absolute Pressure, Pabs

measure pressure relative to absolute zero pressure(only occur in perfect vacuum)
Gage Pressure, Pgage
measure pressure relative to relative atmospheric pressure

Atmospheric Pressure =14.696 psi , 101.33kPa

 Fluid Properties for Analysis of Fluids
Behavior
Pressure:
For example:

A pressure of 207kPa
(gage) in a tire is equal
to 308 kPa (abs) at
standard atmospheric
pressure.
Fluid Properties for Analysis of Fluids
Behavior

Units of Viscosity in metric CGS System

poise (P) = dyne.s /cm2---Dynamic viscosity
stoke (St) = cm2/s----------Kinematic viscosity
 To obtain a relation for viscosity, consider a fluid layer
between two very large parallel plates separated by a
distance b

When the force P is applied to the upper plate, it will move

continuously with a velocity, U.

This behavior is consistent with the definition of a fluid

that is, if a shearing stress is applied to a fluid it will deform
continuously.
 The fluid in contact with the upper plate moves with the
plate velocity, U, and the fluid in contact with the bottom
fixed plate has a zero velocity.

The fluid between the two plates moves with velocity u(y)
that would be found to vary linearly, u = Uy/b.

Thus, a velocity gradient du/dy, is developed in the fluid

between the plates.
 tan = a/b

Since a = U t
= U t/b

In this case, is a function not only of the force P (which governs U)

but also of time.

Therefore we consider the rate at which is changing and define

the rate of shearing strain

= / t

= U/b = du/dy

or
du/dy

This result indicates that for common fluids such as water,

oil, gasoline, and air the shearing stress and rate of shearing
strain (velocity gradient) can be related with a relationship of
the form
= du/dy
 Fluid Properties for Analysis of Fluids
Behavior
Viscosity
Viscosity is very sensitive to temperature, however
on pressure it is mildly dependent

Viscosity of liquids decreases with an increase in

temperature, whereas for gases an increase in
temperature causes an increase in viscosity

Effect of Temperature on Viscosity

For gases, Sutherland Equation

For Liquids, Andrade Equation

 Fluid Properties for Analysis of Fluids
Behavior
Newtonian Fluids
Fluids for which the shearing stress is linearly related to the rate of shearing strain
are designated as Newtonian fluids
 Fluid Properties for Analysis of Fluids
Behavior
Non-Newtonian Fluids
Fluids for which the shearing stress is not linearly related to the rate of shearing
strain are designated as non-Newtonian fluids
For shearing thinning fluids the apparent
viscosity decreases with increasing shear rate
(e.g. paints)

For shear thickening fluids the apparent

viscosity increases with increasing shear rate
(e.g. mixture of corn starch and water)

Bingham plastic, is neither a fluid nor a solid. It

can withstand a finite, nonzero shear stress,
without motion but once the yield stress is
exceeded it flows like a fluid (e.g. toothpaste)
Problems
Problems
Problems
Problems