CEV523 — SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT & AIR POLLUTION CONTROL, TUTORIAL 2 1. Estimate the emission rates, expressed as g/m?.d, for 50% carbon dioxide and 50% methane from the surface of a landfill due to diffusion alone. Assume the following conditions apply: Temperature = 30°C Landfil cover material = clay-loam mixture Porosity of landfill cover material = 0.23 Landfill cover thickness = 2 ft Coefficient diffusion for methane = 0.20 cm*/s (18.6 ft?/d) Coefficient diffusion for carbon dioxide = 0.13 om?/s (12.1 ft%d) Note: glom?.s x 0.864 x 10° = g/m2d Refer eqn. 11-10. 2. Determine the breakthrough time in years for leachate to penetrate a 3-foot thick clay liner is 12 years, estimate the coefficient of permeability given that the effective porosity is 0.20 and the hydraulic head is 5.5 ft, 3. What thickness of clay liner would be required if the breakthrough time for leachate to penetrate the liners is to be 20 years? The coefficient of permeability is 5 x 10 cm/s and the effective porosity is 0.17. Assume the hydraulic gradient is 1 ft greater than the thickness of the liner.11 Disposal of Solid Wastes and Residual Matter b. Determine the amount of gas based on 1 Ib of glycine. 42.0)(1 Ib) 3 Hye 020) nae7tatt += (75.0)(0.0448 Inf?) CO2 = 5.9979 tt® 7 (ef0.1235 iba) 3) 3) Total theoretical amount of gas = lasrati«{sssrett) =9.51 fb 2. Determine the amount of gas produced from typical MSW, CeoHgeOaeN. a. Write a balanced equation for typical MSW using Eq. 11-2. =O6F + CeoHteeOaeN + : H0> (den)-20 800 tox, een 86-288) cog +n CeoHosOaeN + 17.75 H2O — 32.125CH4 + 27.875CO2 + NH3 1438 514 1226.5 b. Determine the amount of gas based of 1 Ib of MSW (dry). CHy= ee = 7.9786 tt? (1438.0)(0.0448 Ibitt (1226.5)(1 1b) (1438.0)(0.1285 toat®) 7.9786 tt) + (6.9062 ft) Total theoretical amount of gas = eee " 9062 9) _ 14.98 4° CO2= = 6.9062 tt* Problem 11-2 Problem Statement - See text page 531 Solution 4, The emission rates for methane and carbon dioxide can be estimated using Eq. 11-10. Cianatil 11-211. Disposal of Solid Wastes and Residual Matter In using the above equation to estimate the emission rates for methane and carbon dioxide, the atmospheric concentration term Catm can be assumed to be equal to zero, thus Da*(Ciandt) c Because the concentrations of methane and carbon.dioxide are not given assume that the landfill gas contains 50 percent methane and 50 percent carbon dioxide. 2. Determine the emission rate for methane, CHa. where: D = 0.20 om4%s L = 2 fi(30.48 cm/t) = 60.96 em = 0.23 Ciena = (0-50)(0.7167 g/t, see Table 11-3) = 3.58 x 104 g/cm N (methane) = 2 ( 205 \0.29)° 3 + fern’) = 8 aban 858% 10 gion’) =(16.54x 10 | 2, Note 19.54% 10° 9. [ose x10 2)- 299m coms med N (methane) = 142.9 g/im2.d 3. Determine the emission rate for carbon dioxide, CO2. where: D = 0.13 em%/sec = 60.96 om a= 0.23 oer Cianatin = (0-50)(1.9768 g/L, see Table 11-3) = eax biome — (0.13)(0.23) “°(6.88 104) —> N (c0,) = 21K ve larynx 2 om*ss N (carbon dioxide ) $257.9 gim2.d11 Dieposat of Solid Wastes and Residual Matter [H+] = 9.26 x 107 mol pH = 6.03 d. If HCO" = 3,000 ma/L, the pH Is equal to 6.51. Problem 11-7 Problem Statement - See text page 532 Solution 1. Use Eq, 11-22 to determine the breakthrough time a. The given data are: Clay liner thickness, d = 4 ft + Effective porosity, «= 0.20 + Permeability, K = 10°7 om/s + Hydraulic head, h = 8.5 ft b. The breakthrough time is: (4)2(0.20) a t= = RGA) ~ (r0T emis} t+ 8. 1)(31,536,0008/yr}(0.0328 tem) t= 3,26 year Problem 11-8 Problem Statement - See text page 532 Sotution 4. Use Eq, 11-22 to determine the coefficient of permeability a. The given data are: «Effective porosity, a = 0.20 + Hydraulic head, 5 ft « Breakthrough time, t = 12 year Clay liner thickness, d = 3 ft 14-14 i11. Disposal of Solid Wastes and Residual Matter 4. Because the viscosity varies with temperature, the flowrate, Q, will also vary with the temperature. aK eta Q=-K EAS And, Q= oy) He where: Qy = flow rate at temperature 1 Qy = flow rate at temperature 2 111 = viscosity at temperature 1 2 = viscosity at temperature 2 ‘Thus, because the visoosity of liquids decreases with increasing temperature, a 10°C increase in temperature would increase the flow rate ‘of leachate in the direct proportion to the ratio of the viscosities as described above. Problem 11-10 Problem Statement - See text page 532 Solution 4. Use Eq. 11-22 to determine the thickness of the clay liner. a. The given data are: 7 «Breakthrough time, t= 20 years + Coefficient of permeability, K = 5.0 x 10°8 cm/s + Effective porosity, «= 0.17 « Hydraulic head, h = 1 ft + depth b. The required clay liner thickness is: a? (0.17) te Pt EO) ___ 20 yr = Kern)? Goo j@rtg 41-1311 Disposal of Solid Wastes and Residual Matter (0.17) =20yr (31,536,000 siyr) (028 a) (x10) (2d+ 1) od? = 12.20 + 6.08 d2 - 12.2d - 6.08 = 0 ga tl22+ Wi22)+ ATK6.08) (i) d=127 ft , Problem 11-11 Problem Statement - See text page 532 Solution 1. The following assumptions were used in the solution of this problem. * The initial aerobic decomposition phase which occurs when wastes are placed in landfill was neglected. * All decomposition occurs under anaerobic conditions. 2. Determine the amounts of solid wastes and sludge in the compacted waste mixture in the landfill. a. Weight per cubic yard of compacted solid waste and sludge. (1 yd3)(1,200 Ib/yd3) = 1,200 Ib b. Weight of wet, dry, and dry biodegradable sludge per cubic yard of compacted solid waste and sludge. 0.95(sludge) + 0.20(1200 - sludge) = 0.55(1,200) 0.95(sludge) + 240 - 0.20(sludge) = 680 0.75(sludge) = 420 Wet sludge = 560 Ib/yd3 Water in sludge = 0.95(560 Ib/yd3) = 532 Ib/yd3 Dry sludge = 560 - 532 = 28 Ib/ya Biodegradable dry sludge = (0.65) (28) = 18.2 Ib/yd? 41-14