You are on page 1of 8

University of Basra For Oil and Gas

Chemical and Refining Department

Name of student : kareem hassan

Number of student : (19)

Name of experiment : (( kerosene distillation ))

Number of experiment : ( 2 )

Date of experiment : 5 \ 12\ 2017

Group : ( B )
Introduction

These tests were carried out for motor fuels, natural gasoline, naphtha,
kerosene, gas oils and similar petroleum product. ASTM distillation is a
simple distillation using equipment and procedure, which are rigorously
specified in the ASTM book of standards. Virtually no fractionation was
occurred in this distillation. The hydrocarbons in the oil did not distil out
in the order of their boiling points but as successively higher and higher
boiling mixtures. This
experiment was useful for determining the boiling range of an oil sample
since it helps to indicate the initial boiling point, intermediate points and
the end point. Here,the total recovery was 98% at 2640C

Scope

This method covers the distillation of motor gasoline’s, aviation turbine


fuels special boiling point sprits, naphtha, white sprit, kerosene, gas oils,
distillate fuel oils and similar petroleum
Product

Limitation
For the distillation of the aviation turbine fuel and other products of such
wide boiling range that the low distillation thermometer specified for this
experiment is inadequate, this method in that ca

Definitions
Initial Boiling Point - The thermometer reading that is
observed at the instant that the first drop of condensate falls from the
lower end of the condenser tube.

End Point or Final Boiling point - The maximum
thermometer reading obtained during the test. This usually occurs after
the evaporation of all liquid from the bottom of the flask.

Dry Point - The thermometer reading that is observed at
the instant the last drop of liquid evaporates from the
lowest point in the flask. Any drops or film of liquid on the side of the
flask or on the thermometer a red is regarded

.Decomposition Point the thermometer reading that coincides with the


first indication of thermal decomposition of the liquid in the flask.

Percent Recovered - The Volume in millimeters of
condensate observed in the receiving graduate, in
connection with the simultaneous thermometer reading.

Percent Recovery - The maximum recovered.

Percent Total Recovery - The combined percent recovery and residue
in the flask.

Percent Loss - 100 minus the percent total recovery.

Percent Residue - The percent total recovery minus
percent recovery or the volume of residue in millimeters if measured
directly.
1–Condenser bath 11–Distillation flask
2–Bath cover 12–Temperature sensor
3–Bath temperature sensor 13–Flask support board
4–Bath overflow 14–Flask support platform
5–Bath drain 15–Ground connection
6–Condenser tube 16–Electric heater
7–Shield 17–Knob for adjusting level
8–Viewing window of support platform
9a–Voltage regulator 18–Power source cord
9b–Voltmeter or ammeter 19–Receiver cylinder
9c–Power switch 20–Receiver cooling bath
9d–Power light indicator 21–Receiver cover
10–Vent

Instrument used:

Flask
Condenser and cooling bath.
Shield
Heater
Flask support
Graduated cylinder
Thermometer

Procedure

Heat was applied to the distillation flask and contents. The heating, at
this stage must be so regulated that the time interval between the first
application of heat and the initial boiling T point does not exceed ' the
limit a certain value.
Immediately after observing the initial boiling point, the graduate was
moved so that the tip of the condenser touches its inner wall. Regulating
the heating was continued so that the rate of condensation into the
graduate shall be uniform and within the limits. Any distillation which
did not meet the foregoing conditions were repeated.
In the interval between the initial boiling point and the end of the
distillation, whatever data are necessary were observed and recorded.
These observed data may include thermometer readings at prescribed
percentages recovered, or percentages recovered at prescribed
thermometer readings, or both. All volumes in the graduate to the nearest
0-5 ml and all thermometer readings to the nearest 1-O0F (0-5oC) was
recorded.
If either a thermometer reading of 700'F (370'C) or a decomposition
point was observed, the heating and resume the procedure as directed in
Paragraph (g)should be discontinue. Otherwise, proceed as directed in
Paragraph (e).
When the. residual liquid in the flask was approximately 5 ml, a final
adjustment of the heat was made, if necessary, so that the time from the 5
ml of liquid residue in the flask to the end (final boiling) point shall meet
the requirements . If this condition is not satisfied, repeat the test, with
appropriate modification of the final heat adjustment.
The end (final boiling) point or dry point, or both were observed,
Discussion

Distillation of petroleum products determines the boiling range of an oil


sample and indicates the initial boiling point, intermediate point and end
point. The end points rather than the dry point is intended for general use.
The dry point may be in connection with special purpose naphtha such as
used in the paint industry. Also it should be substituted for the end point
whenever the sample is of such a nature that the precision of the end point
cannot consistently meet the requirements ASTM distillation also checks
the volatility of oil. The distillation test is also run on light cruder oils to
determine which products may be obtained when the crude oils are
refined. Because most industrial burner can burn liquid fuels that are
atomized before combustion with various distillation ranges, this
specification is not particularly necessary. With domestic heating
equipment, however having very small combustion chambers, the
distillation significance definitely enters the picture. Distillation ranges
are particularly important for diesel oils. as required, and discontinue the
heating. At the end (final boiling)

References:
MCCAE, W.L, SMITH, J.S, HARRIOT, P “Unit Operations of Chemical
(1
Engneering” 5th ED ,McGRAW-HILL,1993 P 683 -693
GEANKOPLIS ,C.J,”Transport Processes AND Separation Process
Principles” 4th (2
.ED , Prentice Hall ,2003 P 656-659
.Chemical Engineering Laboratory 2 CHE 403” 2001, P G1-G2“ (3
FELDEE , R.M , ROUSSEAU , R.W “Elementary Principles Of
Chemical (4
.Engineering “ 3rd ED , WILEY , 2000 P 54-56

You might also like