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Number of experiment : ( 2 )
Group : ( B )
Introduction
These tests were carried out for motor fuels, natural gasoline, naphtha,
kerosene, gas oils and similar petroleum product. ASTM distillation is a
simple distillation using equipment and procedure, which are rigorously
specified in the ASTM book of standards. Virtually no fractionation was
occurred in this distillation. The hydrocarbons in the oil did not distil out
in the order of their boiling points but as successively higher and higher
boiling mixtures. This
experiment was useful for determining the boiling range of an oil sample
since it helps to indicate the initial boiling point, intermediate points and
the end point. Here,the total recovery was 98% at 2640C
Scope
Limitation
For the distillation of the aviation turbine fuel and other products of such
wide boiling range that the low distillation thermometer specified for this
experiment is inadequate, this method in that ca
Definitions
Initial Boiling Point - The thermometer reading that is
observed at the instant that the first drop of condensate falls from the
lower end of the condenser tube.
End Point or Final Boiling point - The maximum
thermometer reading obtained during the test. This usually occurs after
the evaporation of all liquid from the bottom of the flask.
Dry Point - The thermometer reading that is observed at
the instant the last drop of liquid evaporates from the
lowest point in the flask. Any drops or film of liquid on the side of the
flask or on the thermometer a red is regarded
Instrument used:
Flask
Condenser and cooling bath.
Shield
Heater
Flask support
Graduated cylinder
Thermometer
Procedure
Heat was applied to the distillation flask and contents. The heating, at
this stage must be so regulated that the time interval between the first
application of heat and the initial boiling T point does not exceed ' the
limit a certain value.
Immediately after observing the initial boiling point, the graduate was
moved so that the tip of the condenser touches its inner wall. Regulating
the heating was continued so that the rate of condensation into the
graduate shall be uniform and within the limits. Any distillation which
did not meet the foregoing conditions were repeated.
In the interval between the initial boiling point and the end of the
distillation, whatever data are necessary were observed and recorded.
These observed data may include thermometer readings at prescribed
percentages recovered, or percentages recovered at prescribed
thermometer readings, or both. All volumes in the graduate to the nearest
0-5 ml and all thermometer readings to the nearest 1-O0F (0-5oC) was
recorded.
If either a thermometer reading of 700'F (370'C) or a decomposition
point was observed, the heating and resume the procedure as directed in
Paragraph (g)should be discontinue. Otherwise, proceed as directed in
Paragraph (e).
When the. residual liquid in the flask was approximately 5 ml, a final
adjustment of the heat was made, if necessary, so that the time from the 5
ml of liquid residue in the flask to the end (final boiling) point shall meet
the requirements . If this condition is not satisfied, repeat the test, with
appropriate modification of the final heat adjustment.
The end (final boiling) point or dry point, or both were observed,
Discussion
References:
MCCAE, W.L, SMITH, J.S, HARRIOT, P “Unit Operations of Chemical
(1
Engneering” 5th ED ,McGRAW-HILL,1993 P 683 -693
GEANKOPLIS ,C.J,”Transport Processes AND Separation Process
Principles” 4th (2
.ED , Prentice Hall ,2003 P 656-659
.Chemical Engineering Laboratory 2 CHE 403” 2001, P G1-G2“ (3
FELDEE , R.M , ROUSSEAU , R.W “Elementary Principles Of
Chemical (4
.Engineering “ 3rd ED , WILEY , 2000 P 54-56