Urbanismo - Explorando La Ciudad Pública

PART 1.
INTRODUCTION: EXPLORING THE PUBLIC CITY

INTRODUCTION
“Exploring the Public city” is a yearly, international academic-event GENERAL WORKSHOP METHODOLOGY ti4VTUBJOBCMFNBOBHFNFOUw UIFNFJTFTQFDJBMMZDSFBUFEGPSUIF"MJDBOUF
focused on the topic of ‘strategic public spaces for sustainable New The innovative aspect of the EPC project is that it allows to develop explicit case study) sums ideas and solution for dealing with sustainable energy
Town development’. The project includes a theoretical seminar, a 2 week knowledge on the relationship between (A)‘urban form’ (as to the spatial systems. A holistic approach towards the theme of planning, urban
student workshop event on site and two presentation events on site. The structure, composition, image), (B) ‘urban operations’ (as to underlying design and public space and reflects on the other three themes.
project aims to develop analysis- and design concepts, methods and spatial and functional mechanisms at work) and (C) ‘urban performance’
techniques that can be applied to develop public spaces form a strategic (as to experienced effect or impact on the perceiver) of public spaces on The unique process-structure of the workshop is set by six steps;
point of view. Meaning, they should add economic, social, cultural or several levels of scale and importance. In doing so, the project relates so
political value to an existing urban situation in the specific context of New called ‘hard values’ (qualitative properties such as size, scale, length and 1) interpreting urban conditions (observing),
Towns. In doing so, the project contributes to the academic discourse on formal aspects of public spaces) with ‘soft values’ (perception-depending 2) representing urban conditions (mapping),
public space in the context of sustainable urban planning, urban design, values such as perceived comfort, quality, security or beauty) in public 3) evaluating urban conditions (SWOT analysis = problem stating &
city branding and architecture. space design. These “hard” (Frame) and “soft” (Pattern & Circuit) qualities interpretation),
are defined in three main conceptual categories: 4) re-thinking urban conditions (creating a concept),
BACKGROUND 5) re-designing urban conditions (a problem solving)
The project is situated within the context of a so called EU funded Socrates ti$POOFDUJWJUZw BMTPSFMBUFEUPUIFUFSN'3".&
6) reflecting on the possible effects of the interventions in a combined
Intensive Project (IP). The yearly event takes 13 days and is attended by levels of spatial hierarchy in the urban structure, conditioning the strategic plan.
60 students and 12 teachers from 6 European Universities and Schools of centrality and accessibility of public spaces in relation to each other,
Architecture and Urban Design. The participating schools are Hogeschool which conditions the possibility of coincidence in encounter (lines, routes, In order to structure the analysis, students are teamed up in 5
van Amsterdam (Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences), Technische paths, relationships). programmatic groups;
Universiteit Delft (Delft University of Technology), Politechnika Krakowska
(Cracow University of Technology), Technische Fachhochschule Berlin ti-JWFMZOFTTw i JOUFS
BDUJWJUZw BMTP SFMBUFE UP UIF UFSN 1"55&3/
MFWFMT CULTURE (INFORMAL + FORMAL)
(Berlin University of Applied Sciences), Fachhochschule Frankfurt am of interactivity and overlap between usage-patterns and land zoning COMMERCIAL
Main (Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences), Købnhavns Tekniske patterns, conditioning levels of urban liveliness (the levels of diversity GREEN
Skole (Copenhagen Polytechnic) and Universitat d’Alacant / Universidad of use) and the possibility of cultural exchange between different user INFRASTRUCTURAL
de Alicante (University of Alicante). groups (zones, areas, functions, anchor points). RESIDENTIAL public space
The first workshop took pace in 2005 in Almere, initiated and organized by
the HvA University of Applied Sciences Amsterdam. The second workshop, ti*EFOUJUZw BMTPSFMBUFEUPUIFUFSN$*3$6*5
MFWFMTPGVOJDJUZDPOEJUJPOJOH and four theoretical groups Connectivity, Livelyness,
was held in Nowa Huta, Poland in May 2006, organized by the Technical aspects of spatial experience such as orientation in public space and
University of Cracow (CUT Krakow). The third workshop took place in aspects such as cultural value, historical value, aesthetic value and value
November 2007 in Berlin, organized by the Technische Fachhochschule in collective memory.
Berlin and the fourth workshop, the current one, was held in Alicante in
May 2008, organized by the University of Alicante.
6 EXPLORING THE PUBLIC CITY 2008

Marc Koehler (TUD) INTRODUCTION
FRAME
=
CONNECTIVITY
SUSTAINABLE
URBAN
DEVELOPMENT
Activity experience
PATTERN conditions CIRCUIT
= attracts =
LIVELYNESS IDENTITY
PERFORMANCE FOR SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPEMENT
STRATEGIC PUBLIC SPACES FOR SUSTAINABLE NEW TOWN DEVELOPMENT 7

PART 1. INTRODUCTION: EXPLORING THE PUBLIC CITY
Identity, Sustainable Management. Properties of each theme are specified realm as well as establishing a shared awareness and dialogue between post-war New Towns, reinterpreting influential planning paradigms
further in this report. Basically, the workshop is split up in two phases. different design disciplines concerned with the city. of the 20th century and the 21st century. Themes have been ‘Northern
The first week is dedicated to analysing the research territory whilst the &VSPQFBO /FX 5PXOT XPSLTIPQ "MNFSF /FUIFSMBOET JO
BOE
second week is used to elaborated the previously formulated concepts All data is collected according to a predetermined key to symbols and ‘Communist Model towns’ (workshop Nowa Huta, Poland in 2006 and
into detailed design proposals. The analysis phase is fairly well structured. plotted into a single file that produces an integration map at the end #FSMJO .BS[IBO
5IF XPSLTIPQ JO "MJDBOUF JO FYQMPSFT UIF
Students are asked to conduct research based on mapping techniques the analysis week. This map gives insight into the generic qualities of the relatively unexplored topic of planned ‘residential resorts’ at the coast of
from their thematic point of view and on two levels of scale and present separate thematic approaches and where they either overlap or conflict, Alicante; a very interesting example of a post-modern New Town, dealing
their findings to the other group at the end of the first week. thus defining crucial design assignments. Each group will assign one of with the phenomenon of ‘international suburbanization’.
their members in charge of this part.
Analysis products of the 1st week are: The EPC project takes various kinds of New Towns as case study areas for
Ideally, to kickstart the design phase in the second week and integrate didactical reasons, being relatively ‘clear, simple and bounded’ in spatial
t BOPWFSBMMWJTJPOPOUIFBSFBBTBXIPMFGPSFBDIPGUIF the separate thematic visions, find common ground, and thus strengthen structure and representing clear ideological concepts. Besides this, New
theoretical groups. the original proposals and strategies, a short brainstorm session could Towns represent a popular model for urban planning emerging in Asia,
t BEFUBJMFEBOBMZTJTPGPOFPGUIFUIFNFTBQQMJFEUPBOVNCFS be organized in which the groups are temporarily mixed and delved into "GSJDB 4PVUI"NFSJDBBOEUIF.JEEMF&BTU8FUIFSFGPSFUIJOLUIFSFTFBSDI
of locations researched by the theme-group. the earlier presented analysis results. Information gathered during this is of value, also outside the academic circle.
t B4805BOBMZTJTSFMBUFEUPUIFSFTFBSDIFEFMFNFOUTBOE brainstorm session is then reported back to the thematic groups and
areas within one theme-group leading to interpretation of the original findings and starting points can be fine-tuned. By repeating a strict research structure (in terms definitions, classifications
research and mapping data BOE ESBXJOH TDBMF BOE MFHFOE
UIF NBQQJOH BOE EFTJHO SFTVMUT PG
t BDPNCJOBUJPOPGQSFMJNJOBSZEFTJHODPODFQUTTUSBUFHJFT The method described in this publication allows all kinds of views on different workshops can be compared, gaining insight in the generic and
operating on different scales for each theme-group. and elements in the public domain to be systematically questioned and specific principles behind different approaches to urban planning and
analyzed in relation to each other; from the scale of regional highways architectural design in new parts of European cities.
Design products of the 2nd week are: to that of public buildings or even urban furniture. The different interests
and observations the students develop during the urban analysis, set the
t BEFTJHOQSPQPTBMQFSTUVEFOUDPVQMFXPSLJOHPOBUMFBTUPOF research boundaries, questions and level of diversity of the projects.
of three possible scales and reflecting a chosen theme.
t BOJOUFHSBUFETUSBUFHJDQMBOTVNNJOHVQUIFEJòFSFOUEFTJHO RESEARCH TERRITORY
proposals within one theme-group, related to the mapping
BOE4805BOBMZTJTQSPEVDFEJOUIFöSTUXFFL Each year, the workshop chooses a specific case study area in one of the 6
cities where the participating universities are based. The case study area
At the end of each workshop event, the design interventions are summed is chosen in relation to a clearly defined contemporary theme in public
up, evaluated and interrelated in a relational strategic plan, expressing space development. Up till now, the case study areas have been chosen
both the diversity and complexity of ideas and approaches to the public in relation to the discourse on ‘urban regeneration’ of post-modern and

Marc Koehler (TUD) INTRODUCTION
60’s post-war slabs 80’s row houses 90’s VINEX 2005 suburban sprawl
PARADIGM SHIFTS IN THE STRUCTURE, PROGRAM AND IDENTITY OF ‘NEW TOWNS’ IN THE
NETHERLANDS BETWEEN 1960 AND 2000.

THEORETICAL FRAME
COGNITIVE STRUCTURE URBAN SUSTAINABILITY FACTORS PERFORMANCES FOR SUSTAINBLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT
Recently, thanks to the development of new techniques of urban analysis
and mapping, we are becoming more able to interlink extensive sources hierarchy areaÊasÊaÊwhole
of urban data, allowing us to interpret the behavior of complex urban districtsÊwithinÊtheÊarea

accessibility
systems and link the so called ‘soft values’ with ‘hard values’. This has made CONNECTIVITY
FRAME aÊcertainÊplace
it possible to analyze many factors that influence the functioning and (structure)
(structure) reachÊ
performance of public spaces, including the role of programming and
orientation
architecture. In doing so, we are learning how to improve the performance
of cities or parts of cities, addressing critical and urgent issues aimed at
diversity/ÊpluralityÊ(useÊandÊusers)
‘sustainable urban development’. The three conceptual categories that
structure the theoretical focus of the workshop, roughly represent three PATTERN LIVELYNESS interactionÊ(useÊandÊusers)
dominant theoretical discourses in literature on public spaces, described (activity)
(space)
below. Each of these categories is subdivided into several performances overlapÊ(useÊandÊusers)
of public space (see diagram on the opposite page). Each of these three
categories is represented by a specific set of mapping techniques, which authenticityÊofÊspace/object/image
have been integrated and combined in the EPC project, in one integral IDENTITY
mapping method and legend. [1] CIRCUIT unicityÊofÊspace/object/image
(movement)
(experience)
multiplicityÊofÊspace/object/image
(see also the chapter about F.P.C. by K. Buurmans and P.G. de Bois)
SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT
[1] mapping examples in this chapter in collaboration with Laura

de Bonth
DIDACTIC MODEL

Marc Koehler (TUD) THEORETICAL FRAME
2. THURSDAYÊTILLÊENDÊFUNCTIONALÊLOCATIONÊAPPROACH
CONNECTIVITY LIVELYNESS IDENTITY SUSTAINABLEÊ !"#$%&'()*'#+#,% DESIGN

MANAGMENT
1. Teachers:ÊPeterÊdeÊBoisÊ+Ê? Teachers:ÊWoitechÊ+ÊAmsterdam Teachers:ÊMarcÊKoehlerÊ+ÊHolger
+ÊPRESENTATION
INFRA-STRUCTUREÊPSÊ(4) INFRA-STRUCTUREÊPSÊ(3) INFRA-STRUCTUREÊPSÊ(2) CONCLUSIONÊANDÊ

NAME
NAME
NAME
NAME
NAME
NAME
NAME
NAME BASICÊSTATEMENTSÊ 11 INFRA-STRUCTUREÊPSÊ
NAME NAME INFRA-STRUCTUREÊPSÊ(10)
NAME
GREENÊPSÊ(3) GREENÊPSÊ(3) GREENÊPSÊ(4) CONCLUSIONÊANDÊ Ê

NAME NAME NAME NAME BASICÊSTATEMENTSÊ GREENÊPSÊ
NAME
NAME
NAME
NAME
NAME
NAME
NAME
GREENÊPSÊ(10) 12
NAME
CULTUREÊPSÊ(2) CULTUREÊPSÊ(4) CULTUREÊPSÊ(4) CONCLUSIONÊANDÊ Ê

NAME NAME NAME
NAME
NAME
BASICÊSTATEMENTSÊ CULTUREÊPSÊ
NAME NAME
NAME
NAME
NAME
CULTUREÊPSÊ(10) 12
NAME NAME
COMMERCIALÊPSÊ(4) COMMERCIALÊPSÊ(4 COMMERCIALÊPSÊ(4) CONCLUSIONÊANDÊ Ê

NAME NAME NAME NAME
NAME
BASICÊSTATEMENTSÊ 14 COMMERCIALÊPSÊ
NAME NAME NAME
NAME NAME NAME COMMERCIALÊPSÊ(10)
NAME NAME NAME
RESIDENTIALÊPSÊ(3) RESIDENTIALÊPSÊ(2) RESIDENTIALÊPSÊ(3) CONCLUSIONÊANDÊ

NAME NAME NAME NAME
NAME
BASICÊSTATEMENTSÊ 10 RESIDENTIALÊPSÊ
NAME NAME NAME
NAME NAME
RESIDENTIALÊPSÊ(10)
CONCLUSIONÊCONNECTIVITY CONCLUSIONÊLIVELYNESS CONCLUSIONÊIDENTITY CONCLUSIONÊSUSTAINABLEÊ

MANAGMENT
REVISED MAIN FRAME OF THE METHOD

MAPPING METHOD
The challenge of the “Exploring the Public City” workshops is working COMMERCIAL PUBLIC SPACE With their specific disciplinary knowledge, starting points and design
with a multi disciplinair team of students and teachers from different RESIDENTIAL PUBLIC SPACE or research motives the participants (in this case the multi-disciplinair
international universities. In order to sort effect on a more collective team of students from the various universities) visualize their individual
level this workshop aims at integrating combined individual forces. To In the first week, for the analysis phase, each theoretical group consists thoughts on the subject, of gated residential resorts, focused on during
achieve this a mapping method is introduced that is based on the RGBG of 20 students and is supervised by two member of staff. In the second the Alicante workshop. Due to the relatively limited amount of time
Strategic Model, set up by Peter de Bois, Karen Buurmans and Marc week a new team of staff member arrives to supervise the second phase,
Koehler in previous EPC-workshops which has proven itself to be useful the design for the different themes of infrastructure, green., cultural, -conclusions have to be available almost instantaneously and reported
in a variety of previous cases, from plan analysis to structure planning. The commercial and residential public space. Each group conducts their own coherently at the end of the workshop- data input is limited to the first
RGBG Strategic Model is a dynamic design and analysis instrument that research but is asked to simultaneously record the gathered information swipe of factual information gathered through field and literature study.
strongly draws from topological knowledge, cognitive data and mental in a layered Adobe Illustrator map according to a uniform legend. In Alicante two different levels of scale are taken in account: global scale
mapping. It is useful and effective in the urban/environmental context of the region in which the old village of Alenda was situated as well as the
of transformation, innovation, and exploration. It makes communication The mapping method, a brief description of its purpose [1] residential resort of Aspe and additional a “deep mapping”. Data input can
possible in a complex interactive and intuitive situation. It visualizes be factual, conceptual or design related, as long as a consistent legend is
programmatic potentials and physical relations in a conceptual way. The mapping is based on the RGBG Strategic model used as a Scenario used. And example of this is shown in (image behind this text)
analysis and design method, that aims at visualizing main paths, nodes
Main issue when it comes to synchronizing and correlating data is finding and regions that may generate and carry transformation through the The RGBG method can thus be used to:
a common “key” to translate, visualize, communicate and compare results. recognition and (re)confirmation of specific topological qualities within
As the Alicante workshop is the forth in the series “Exploring the Public the existing urban structure. Itsmulti-layered, dynamic and structural evaluate and compare plans and concepts, create an “a posteriori”
City”, part of its set-up is predetermined by the preceding Amsterdam approach provides insight in both the current situation and generates overview of critical interventions, through abstracting those plans
workshop, case study New Town Almere, Nowa Huta, Cracow and Marzhan (long term) strategic design visions regarding contemporary public space. according to the key;
Berlin workshop. Reflecting on the previous case studies, the group of The super-positioned layers highlight the “Pattern” of places, functions, coordinate the analysis phase by setting tasks, visualizing and integrating
students, in the Alicante workshop, was divided in the three theoretical destinations and landmarks and indicate the - existing and/or absent - the results and produce “ex ante” concepts, design starting points
groups connectivity, livelyness and identity with an additional groups “Circuits” which tie them together into a hierarchical urban frame. [2] guide communication between different, possibly conflicting parties
specific for the Alicante workshop Sustainable management. Within the involved in the planning process by visualizing their viewpoints, overlaps
theoretical groups the group was subdivided into five thematic groups Based on the assumption that a complete and healthy urban frame and problems.
(relating to the previous workshops), each assigned to investigating a conditions flows of goods and people into social encounters and (hence)
particular aspect of Public Space, in relation to their theoretical frame: meaningful, productive public spaces, the method generates the motives For the Alicante workshop the focus obviously centres on, a comparing
for a more effective and conditional policy with regard to location, analysis between an old village and the new residential resort seen from
INFRASTRUCTURE & PUBLIC SPACE assignment, design and maintenance. [3] In other words, the method four different theoretical frameworks, in order to provides the anchor
GREEN PUBLIC SPACE provides for developing structure visions and design concepts for the points for the eventual design proposals. The result of the joint effort is
CULTURAL SPACE second, post-analysis phase of the workshop. supposed to provide for a previously missing link between analysis and

Marc Koehler (TUD),Laura deBuurmans
Karen Bonth & Karen
(TUD),Buurmans (TUD)
Laura de Bonth MAPPING METHOD
design by filling in the intermediate level of scale and correlating the [1] The method has been developed during years of
insights of the individual groups. educational projects featuring different locations. Our long
term occupation with the New Town of Almere enabled
The resulting “Mapping” shows that the method produces insight in the further elaboration and testing of initial findings like our
relationships, structure and(programmatic) potential of various areas, “Three Step Analysis” and the “frame – pattern – circuit”
scheme. For more information on the background of
lines and places. Because of the uniform key, everyone who has anything
the method: ¶ Bois, P.G. & Buurmans, K.A. (2006). RGBG
to say about the subject or area under examination can add his individual
Strategic Model, a Scenario Analysis & Design Method.
ideas and visions. The “resolution” of the emerging images increases with
Delft University of Technology. Available on request. www.
the quantity and diversity of input it accumulates. And, equally important, atelieralmere.nl.
it is dynamic in the sense that it can incorporate a multitude of viewpoints
over an indefinite period of time. The resulting topological scheme is [2] Originally, as the name of the method indicates, data
therefore a highly suitable intermediate with regard to the ever persistent input is reduced to key aspects of RED (building, dwelling),
lapses between analysis, concept and design. GREEN (landscape, recreation, natural environment), BLUE
(water) & GREY (infrastructure). But obviously, the method
Legend can be applied on practical all levels of scale from national
In the following pages, the mapping method is applied to the different and regional to the urban (although on the lower levels
themes of connectivity, liveliness and identity. This results in the uniform (R ≤ 3) programmatic refi nement can be desirable). The
legend. The legend is a guideline for mapping the different themes in Kraków workshop on the New Town of Nowa Huta is one
of the fi rst experiments with a different type of legenda
order to make it possible for the different groups and report back on
that distinguishes between different functions instead of
content and conclusions. (image in another page) the original main RGBG themes.
[3] For more information on the background of this thesis:

Buurmans, K.A. (2006). The Labyrinth; a design-theoretical
research into perception & use of urban structure. [MSc
graduation thesis] Delft University of Technology.

GIJJKGB/L/BM H/LKHMJK33 /NKJB/BM
<,4)*27# 0*994)-@*-27&)+&,-9" *" (1-29,&-"A+)&.)*$ Interaction between street and building 81974-9,2,9# 89$&"+74)4"
G*)
J&', $*+ H*->$*)S"P &%T429"
9)*,- >"20!)&0%3&%0. *-> *-27&)+&,-9"
B)*-"+*)*-2#
9)*$
!2'&"4> A "&$4 *+4)91)4" A &+4-5
?0.."
%,2#2'4
+4>4";
@$**.03(!- 829,?,9#
!O1%%'4 >"20!)&0%3&%0.
>,*.)*$P %#
A.)(1."&(!- 0*1' Q)&4"45
8224",%,',9# :;"94+ ?0.."
E"9 A F-> A :)> &)>4) 2nd @%-&%0!-

!2&--429,?,9# $*+"5 @$**.03(!-
1st B#+4 *-> ,-94-",9# &( *29,?,9# A.)(1."&(!-
3rd
@%-&%0!-
C-,2,9# B&1),"9,2 ,2&-"
H&-. "9*# 37&)9 "9*# 0*"",-. %#
B!&%0.
=&-4 *-> ,-94-",9# &( *29,?,9#
64*27
>"20!)&0%3&%0. :()&$0(3/
:(# / //////////////////////////////////////;$5 -!"1*!0')
!"1/*$"%*."&)
?0.."
@$**.03(!-
A.)(1."&(!-
@%-&%0!- D1'9,+',2,9#
/-(&)$*' $$-(#!" +$(1 0%(" *6)&.0($%)/$,=.3&)/
4R+)4"",&- &(
21'91)4*-> +!"1!-()* 0!3()* $*.-.))/<.$<-. )<$0&/2(.-1 #!0!#.
$&-1$4-9"
!"#$%& '($)' *$+!,-./'($)' ,(01 $%). #0!22(&6
42-$5.0/-!167/8)&0..&/).--("#9/ &0!) ("2$0*!-/3$**%"(3!&($"
*$"%*."&///////////////////////// !"#$%&'" (&) $*++,-. /-(&)$*' 01%',2 3+*245
uniform legend maping method

Marc Koehler (TUD),Laura deBuurmans
Karen Bonth & Karen
(TUD),Buurmans (TUD)
Laura de Bonth MAPPING METHOD
"F%*)GE) !"#$%&'()*+ )",-#&.).&*/H)'$IF)+,*FJ)D%FDKI
9;98C>7>)7;:LM@9:74;)596)N)D9@L;)-==@59;>
FDKI
example of overlapping analysis into a integrated map, Nowa Huta workshop, by Karen Buurmans

1. Connectivity : theoretical frame
Our first perspective on public space design, starts from the point of view
of the structure of cities (the FRAME) of lines (such as streets) and nodes
(such as squares) in the city plan and relates this to the performance of
accessibility and reach and hierarchy of public space. The theory says that,
the better a point (anchorpoint) is connected to other points in the street
network, the more opportunities it has to develop as a public domain - a
place where people coincide in time, where an overlap of different activities
can take place, and where encounters are possible. The performance
of public space as social space is thus preconditioned by the structure
of public space (FRAME), its program (PATTERN) and the movement of
people (CIRCUIT) linked to it (FPT theory by de Bois, Buurmans, 2008).
The quality of the connection between an anchorpoint and its context,
influences its REACH and ACCESSIBILITY and hereby its performance as
public domain. Think for instance of the settlement patterns of retail Space Syntax
spaces, which tend to settle best not on the main throughfairs, but on
the structure of secundary roads, where traffic is slower, and where
connections on both the pedestrian, the bike and the car level overlap
and intertwine. These streets ‘carry’ a large FRAME and PATTERN structure
and therefore connect to an extensive ‘market’ of users. Logically, dead
spaces are often badly connected to their spatial context (because they
have a so called SERIAL FRAME (a linear structure)). They can also be too
well connected, in the sence that they are only connected to a regional
structure (highways) but not to the local level of bikes and pedestrians.
According to de Bois & Buurmans you can improve the performance of
public spaces as public domain by rearranging the public structure to a
more PARALEL FRAME (an orthogonal structure). This is explained in the
next chapter. Also on the microscale of the individual building, the issue of
connectivity plays an important role. ‘Adhesive architecture’ thats allows
public space to link to it can add value to the livelyness and idenity of
public spaces (Herzberger, 2009). Reach Reach

In the perspective of the analysis of FRAME, PATTERN, CIRCUIT, we think
of FRAME as all land that is publicly owned (most outdoor spaces of the
city, including parks, squares, streets, ect) and PATTERN as all possible
destinations linked to the FRAME that are privately (or semi-provately)
owned (like shops, café’s, cultural centres, hotels, sportfacilities, swimming
pools). This introduces the first dual-notion in the theoretical discourse on
public space: Ownership: publicly owned land vs. privately owned land.
This is the legal notion of public space. The origin of this concept is found
in the declaration of The Rights of Man from 1789. This document declared
for the first time in the Eurpean Continent the right of private people to
own private land and property. Before, this was only applicable to the
Church and King. The declaration of private property also re-defined the
notion of public space as public owned space (land owned by the state).
This has structured the cityplan and academic debate in most western
cities. Buildings are privately owned, designed by architects. The space
movement inside in between them is owned by the state, designed by urban designers
and planners. Recently, with the rise of so called ’semi public spaces’ or
‘collective spaces’, we see that this relationship is changing. Architects
are designing public spaces (in shopping malls for example) and urban
designers are detailing their plan till the level of materials (leaving no
space for the architects). There is confusion in the proffesion in who
represents public and private interests best.
main streets: mixing global and local movements Highways: separating global and local movement

1. Connectivity: mapping techniques hierarchy areaÊasÊaÊwhole
districtsÊwithinÊtheÊarea
The aim of the thematic perspective of Connectivity in the workshop is to accessibility
CONNECTIVITY
FRAME aÊcertainÊplace
unravel the hidden design principles behind public spaces that function (structure) reachÊ
well and act as public domain, looking from the point of view of the orientation
structure and FRAME of public space.
Peter de Bois and Karen Buurmans have developed a new research and CONNECTIVITY - general scale LEGEND
design method to assess and increase the potential of any given location
in a city to become a lively intensely used public space. The research Accessibility
includes cognitive mapping (e.g. Kevin Lynch) but also system analysis 3-step
1st / 2nd / 3rd order
through Space Syntax (Bill Hillier e.a.), the Three-Step or 1st, 2nd & 3rd (connectivity maps) 2nd
1 - STEP
order analysis method (Peter de Bois). The “Frame - Pattern - Circuit”
scheme developed by Karen Buurmans and Peter de Bois can be regarded 1st
an integrating template (see next chapter). FPC focuses on mapping and 3rd
optimizing the relationship between the physical structure of public
space (Frame), the dispersion of programme and socioeconomic anchor
points (Pattern) and the actual network of use and routing implemented
by the system’s inhabitants (Circuit). Preliminary analysis of Krakow and
Nowa Huta by students of Dr. Wojchiech Wicher (TU Cracow) provided
visual and factual data. See next article for an elaborate description of the
2 - STEP
FPC method.
3 - STEP
Accessibility Hierarchy Reach Orientation
accessibility: hypothetical example

Marc Koehler & Laura de Bonth (TUD) MAPPING TECHNIQUES
CONNECTIVITY - general scale CONNECTIVITY - general scale LEGEND

Reach
northface
westface
eastface
southface
HOMEADRESSES
Accessibility Hierarchy Reach Orientation Accessibility Hierarchy Reach Orientation

CONNECTIVITY - general scale LEGEND CONNECTIVITY - general scale

Hierarchy
Car
Train
Tram
Bus
Bicycle
Pedestrian
NORTH-SOUTH EAST-WEST
DIAGONAL

CONNECTIVITY - deep mapping CONNECTIVITY - deep mapping
DISTRICTSCALE
H H
H
H H
H
H
H
NEIGHBORHOODSCALE
H

H

H
2. Liveliness : theoretical frame
The second perspective on public space we propose is that of its use.
Liveliness is a critical factor in the sense of safety, of a sense of animation
and a sense of ‘publicness’. A public space that is unused is legally public
(as property) but not experienced as public and is therefor not considered
part of the public domain. The value of public domain is preconditioned
by the intensity, diversity, overlap and interactivity between uses and
users, as described by Haijer and Reindorp in their book “In search of new
public domain” (Reindorp, 2001). You can ‘measure the variation and
nature of encounters between different cultural groups in public space
with the use of the bubble diagram technique (see next chapter Mapping
techniques). Managing these parameters in a design with routing, inside-
outside relationships and by overlapping programs and uses (so called
‘urban animation techniques’) can increase the intensity and diversity of
street use (liveliness) and hereby stimulate the possibility of coincidence different levels of interactivity photoanalysis of interaction between people
of social encounter and cultural exchange. A crucial factor that allows
urban programs to diversify and intensify is their level of differentiation
of openness and accessibility. We have discovered that urban areas with
a highly differentiated pallet of openness (varying gradually from very
privately used spaces like inner courtyards, to very publicly used spaces
like squares) create a much more rich and durable program of urban
activities and cultures (Krakow and Berlin centre for instance) than areas
that are very monofunctional and typologically of generic character (like
Nowa-Huta and Berlin Marzhan for instance) - we call this the Noli-effect.
The typological diversity of publicly accessible space can be represented
by the technique of the so called Noli map which distinguished publicly
accessible space from privately accessible space. This is the second word-
couple that we use to define public space.
types of interaction between people interaction between inside and outside buildings: the Noli-effect

Looking at the public spaces of the post-war era, the emphasis was
on quantity rather than on quality of public space, on openness and
neutrality rather than on specificity and identity. Post-war public spaces
were too open, too neutral, too generic, too unprotected, too undesigned
for most people to identify with and feel safe, let alone to meet each other
there. They lack differentiation in scales of accessibility and generally only
work with three conditions:
tQVCMJDMZBDDFTTJCMFTQBDF NPTUMZ
PVUEPPS
tQVCMJDTQBDFDPNQMFUFMZPQFOUPUIFQVCMJDBOEXJUINPOPGVODUJPOBM
use (urban parks for instance).
tQSJWBUFMZBDDFTTJCMFTQBDFJOEPPSTQBDFDPNQMFUFMZDMPTFEUPUIF
public (the home).
generic post-war public space; utopian model (no Noli effect)
t4FNJQVCMJDTQBDFTJOEPPSTQBDFCVUPQFOUPUIFQVCMJDCVUXJUIB
monofunctional use (post-war shopping centres for instance). [1]
These large monofunctional public spaces were disconnected from the

homes of people and disconnected from the streets, and became dead
spaces. After the Functionalist movement however, groups like Team 10,
and the work of Herman Herzberger show a more interactive approach
to the relationship between outdoor and indoor. They tried to soften
the boundaries between public and private space and proposed a more
differentiated use and more human social space, with a gradual transition
between inside and outside (Aldo van Eyck’s concept of in-between
space). In terms of ‘Noli effect’ these spaces seem to have proven to work
on the scale of the architectural project (van Eyck’s Burgerweeshuis for
example) but failed on a larger urban scale.
Nolimap: public vs. privately accessible space - influences the liveliness of social-democratic public space: utopian model - no Noli effect
public space (Noli effect)

A factor that might have contributed to this failure was perhaps that these
urban plans were built as SERIAL FRAMES (with plans like organically
grown roots rather then as PARALLEL FRAMES). As the situation proved
later, many public spaces dating from this period became unmanageable,
unattractive and neglected and are being torn-down or regenerated
today.
Since the 1990s, a specific discipline (even an industry you can say) of
urban regeneration doctors emerged in reaction to these failing ideals to
solve the problems of the public spaces of the post-war era and design
new ones based on new ideals from scratch. Call it New Urbanism, call
Rob Krierism, call it Jan Gehlism, call it Project for Public Spaces (PPS.
org). Recent studies do show that directing the mix of uses in an area is
crucial to its liveliness and retail and cultural success (Arnold Reijndorp’s
“Cultural analysis of Rotterdam”). Diversity and overlapping of urban uses
(PATTERN) can create a sense of urban space that can attract people to use disconnection between building and public space Aldo van Eyck, Burgerweeshuis 1961; in-between space
public spaces, turning dead (suburban) spaces into lively urban meeting
places.
Liveliness is also preconditioned by the design quality of the elements

in and around public spaces (buildings, pavements, out-door elements,
urban furniture, lightning etc.). The actual emotions and sensations these
elements create with the users who move trough them in individual
CIRCUITS will also influence the success of a public space (see next
paragraph: identity). Urban designers are increasingly used to create
unique urban experiences. They have a similar job as Disney’s ‘imagineers’
who design Disneylands public spaces. Pine and Gilmore explain this
phenomenon in their book The Experience Economy. Richard Florida
explains in his book the Rise of the Creative Class. The quality of the
public domain a city provides is a crucial factor for a city to attract a divers
range of urban cultures, which itself is a crucial factor for the economic
performance of a city. serial frame, Berlin Hauptstadt, competition entry 1957-1958

An example of this ‘holistic approach to urban animation’ is the new
shopping centre of Almere, developed by OMA and Cie. in collaboration
with Arnold Reijndorp. [2]
Last but not least, the character of use is an important factor for liveliness.
Formal uses and informal uses have to be in balance to create an urban
sense of dynamics and complexity. When studying the phenomenon of
post-modern New Towns, such as the golf-based leisure communities in
Alicante and Haverly (see image below) or the themed New Towns around
Shanghai, we learned that ‘urban animation policies’ including ‘urban
gentrification policies’ can result in a situation of over-controling the use
and experiences of public space, turning it into a simplified surrogate of
the real city. In the workshop we believe, that facilitating a cultural mix
of users is the crucial factor to create a sense of public domain, which is
a crucial factor itself for urban sustainability from a social/cultural point
Almere city center. “Urban animation”, creating liveliness by total design of view.
control
collective space: The shoppping mall, a privately owned public space bubble diagrams -> diversity of use in Nowa Huta (Marc Koehler)

[1] These public spaces reflected a social-democratic line of
thinking among architects and politicians going back to the
origin of the Modern Movement and the birth of the Welfare State
and Communist-state.
[2] Reijndorp defines public domain as the place of cultural

interaction, communication and exchange. The concept refers
to both moments and places of social confrontation with the
so called “other”, places where people experience “a change of
perspective” through unexpected encounters. In this sense the
concept of public domain refers to urban places that attract and
mix divers uses and users. Traditional examples of these places
are farmers markets and shopping streets, but public domains
can also be found in “new” semi-public spaces such as shopping
centers, airports and theme parks. [Reijndorp, 2001. In search of
public domain. NAI Press, Rotterdam]
Haverly castle; holistic approach to urban animation; everything is controlled by design, liveliness become predictable

Liveliness
| Connectivity
| Identity
work of students of Marc Koehler in Shanghai, urban scan method by Marc Koehler and Laura de Bonth

2. Liveliness: mapping techniques diversity/ÊpluralityÊ(useÊandÊusers)
PATTERN LIVELYNESS interactionÊ(useÊandÊusers)

The objective of this thematic perspective in the workshop is to unravel
(activity)
(space)
the hidden design principles behind public spaces that function well overlapÊ(useÊandÊusers)
and act as public domain, looking at the functional-spatial composition
of public spaces. In our workshops, the approach to explore urban
‘liveliness’ is based on mapping techniques and scenario-games in which
different use-patterns of social, political, economic and cultural nature LIVELINESS - general scale LEGEND program
are combined and manipulated (by speculation on different futures).
This approach is based on the “Bubble Diagram Technique” developed by
infrastructure
Paul Kroese mapping 4 programmatic categories CULTURAL (INFORMAL
+ FORMAL use), COMMERCIAL, GREEN and INFRASTRUCTURAL public green
spaces). The analysis is made on two scale levels: on a large scale (taking
the whole new town in view) mapping general use-patterns by combining commercial
mapping techniques from google-earth, touristic maps and demographic
data such as Funda.nl. On a detailed scale (so called deep mapping), this residential
analysis looks at use-patterns within buildings (the plinth) and within

cultural (formal and informal)
public spaces. Here, we analyze the level of accessibility, permeability
and transparency of the groundfloor levels of buildings that define public
spaces between them. We also look at the effect these buildings have on
to the public street in terms of atmosphere, security, activities. How can
a building ‘activate’ a public space?, looking at activities on the border
between in-side and outside (like shop windows) of buildings. Here, we
use the so called Noli–map technique combined with bubble diagram
technique.
accessibility: hypothetical example
Diversity of use (rs) Interaction of use (rs) Flexibility of use

LIVELINESS - general scale LEGEND activity LIVELINESS - general scale LEGEND program
Infrastructure Infrastructure
Green Green
Commercial Commercial
Residential Residential
Cultural Cultural
High Low High Low
NIGHT DAY
Diversity of use (rs) Interaction of use (rs) Flexibility of use Diversity of use (rs) Interaction of use (rs) Flexibility of use

LIVELINESS - deep mapping LIVELINESS - deep mapping Pattern:anchorpoints
as functions/program
Infrastructure
Green
Commercial
Residential
Cultural
example: Dam square, Amsterdam example: Dam square, Amsterdam

NIGHT
Diversity of Diversity of Interaction between Interaction between Diversity of Diversity of Interaction between Interaction between
destinations street use strret and building people destinations street use strret and building people

LIVELINESS - deep mapping LEGEND LIVELINESS - deep mapping

Activity
Long stay Short stay Passing by
vending
performing
example: Dam square, Amsterdam
example: Dam square, Amsterdam

LIVELINESS - deep mapping LEGEND LIVELINESS - deep mapping

Noli map
Transparency
(closed/ some apertures/ open)
Activity Infrastructure
(Bubble diagram
by Paul Kroese) Green
Commercial
Residential
Cultural
TOOBUSY! CATWALK:SEEANDBESEEN DISPLAY WINDOW
example:dam
example: Dam square,
square, Amsterdam
amsterdam example: dam square, amsterdam

LIVELINESS - deep mapping LEGEND

encounter
romance
fights
meeting
....
Diversity of Diversity of Interaction between Interaction between

destinations street use strret and building people

3. Identity : theoretical frame
The third perspective on public space we propose, is that of experience.
Identity is a subjective value, that depends on the individual perspective
of the user (perceiver) of public space. Each user has its own trajectories
(CIRCUITS) in public space, from home, to work to leisure etc. When these
circuits overlap in a specific point in the city, this point gains value in the
collective memory of the city (see GPS maps Amsterdam). We call these
points artifacts (i.e. ANCHOR POINTS). They can be formal elements such
as landmarks, historic places and monuments but also very informal
elements like collective spaces such as a popular Mc Donalds restaurant,
Childrens playground or fitness centre.
Crucial to this appraoch is a diversification strategy of levels of accessibility,

including so called Collective Spaces (Sola Morales, 1992). Spaces which
are concidered both public and private at the same time. They are “publicly mental map of “an American World” mental cognitive maps
accessible spaces consumed by private uses (like a shopping mall or
airport) or privately owned spaces that are open to (sometimes only parts
of) the public” (such as museums, hotel-lobbies, private clubs, restaurants
and private sport facilities; Sola-Morales, 1992). This introduces the third
dual-notion that defines public space: the notion of collective space vs.
individual space. Both conditions refer to the emerging interior realm of
the city, in which collective spaces do, and individual spaces do not have
a significance in public use (like the home).
According to Koolhaas, the public realm will continue to move into this
interior (privately owned) realm of the city, which opens an opportunity
for architects to develop new concepts of public space. He also claims that
the exterior realm of the city will decrease in importance as public space
at the cost of its traditional function of public space as political space, the
so called public sphere. According to Michael Sorkin, this means the end
of the democratic nature of public space. (Sorkin, 1996) “collective memory” map of circuits by individuals in the city related to collective artifacts
based on GPS tracking (source: Waag society)

Anchorpoints both indoors and outdoors built up the identity of the city, or We distinguish three performances related to the term identity.
call it ‘character’, ‘image’, ‘atmosphere’, ‘personality’, ‘soul’, genius loci and as
sense of place. ‘PLACE‘ is when you can speak of a unique characteristic in Unicity (originality): the most common one is that of unicity. The more
time and space, when you can refer to a THERE’ (Herzberger, 2009). When unique features an artifact has, the stronger its identity. The more frequent
an artifact is so ‘strong’ that it attracts large numbers of people towards an artifact occurs, the less unique it is. In this case identity is a function of
it (i.e. a touristic landmark or department store), it can be a catalyst to diversity. This method values objects/ in relation to each other. Unicity can
regenerate or energise an urban area. Really powerful artifacts such as be sued to ‘measure’ the uniqueness of an urban area in relation to others.
the Bilbao Gungenheim Museum for instance can be seemingly created For instance, urban areas compete for central facilities in order to ‘brand’
anywhere and force the structure of the city to be transformed towards themselves on unique aspects such as having the biggest swimming pool
it (new roads around the building were made to generate new access to in the region, or being the town with the lowest crime rates. It is in this
this part of the city of Bilbao). Identity is created in a top down manner struggle for being unique and different that towns often lose their sense
(the most common approach to city branding). However, the majority of personality and create an artificial one. It is a challenge to discover
of artifacts (such as a unique old shop, or café) are a logical and natural unique characteristics of a town that are not obvious. The tourist gaze,
product of the context and site in which they are built, preconditioned by tends
the program (PATTERN) and structure (FRAME) of public spaces they relate
unicity map: McDonald’s restaurants in Amsterdam to. In this case, identity emerges in a bottom up manner (the start point
for a more sensitive approach to city branding).
Artifacts are shaped by their designers and their users, who live there,
or leave traces of use and sometimes express themselves in it through
graffiti, political slogans or by decorating it. ‘You can say that different
groups communicate and represent themselves in public space through
spatial practices and cultural and social artifacts [2], expressed in material-
and graphic structures that construct an image of a public space. The
extent to which this visual collage makes sense to its perceiver defines
its identity and “recognizability” and its importance in the “collective
memory” of the city. Through architectural and urban design and
programming and marketing of uses and events, the identity of public
space can be influenced and directed. In this context we can speak of “city
branding”, “place scripting” and “place making”.
the “tourist gaze” or collective memory? Urban identity from a

marketing point of view overlaps with collective memory

to focus on cultural banalities rather then more subtle and hidden cultural
dimensions. In this workshop we try to look behind the obvious image of
place using the technique of Urban Scan, developed with students of TuD
in Shanghai and Beijing, combined with other techniques.
Authenticity (truthfulness): The second approach to identity focuses

on the way the perceived artifact has been created and what it signifies
culturally. We distinguish authentic from artificial artifacts. How does a
place become authentic? Koolhaas speaks about the concept of auto-
monument, as a self proclaimed monument in the context of the first
skyscrapers in Manhattan in the beginning of the 20th century. This is
perhaps what we today describe as the Bilbao effect.
We also explore the limits of authenticity by asking if too much design

create an artificial image that alienates people from the place. Take a
medieval town center and compare it to its Disneyfied imitation for urban animation: creating a sense of place artificially urban void as a catalyst for dynamic informal use
instance. We discovered that the boundaries between what is seen as
authentic and fake are blurring. In this context, Koolhaas’s concept of
Junk space is interesting. Other writers that wrote on this topic are Jean
Baudrillard and Jaques Derrida for instance. A related discourse is that of
urban preservation and conservation.
Multiplicity (complexity):
The third performance of identity describes the complexity and
heterogenity of spaces, both from a perspective of use as also from a
perspective of design .
What kind of identity-factors make a place more or less sustainable
in time? If you argue that sustainable cities survive change of use and
users over a long period in time, what kind of factors in the image and
atmosphere of a place define this success? It turns out that complexity is
a crucial factor. How can we design spaces that attract a divers range of
range of user groups? Bilbao effect. top down branding instant identity: Amsterdam theme in Turkish resort

to focus on cultural banalities rather then more subtle and hidden cultural According to Marc Auge, the emergence of the so called Network City that
dimensions. In this workshop we try to look behind the obvious image of is built up of infrastructural public spaces, such as train stations, airports
place using the technique of Urban Scan, developed with students of TuD and parking lots results in a lack of urban identity, they are so called non-
in Shanghai and Beijing, combined with other techniques. places because of their anonymous and generic character. Besides this,
examples of new collective spaces, like gated communities, sport centres
Authenticity (truthfulness): The second approach to identity focuses and shopping malls tend to become overregulated by their private owners,
on the way the perceived artifact has been created and what it signifies disabling urban diversity to flourish. By over-simplifying public spaces, the
culturally. We distinguish authentic from artificial artifacts. How does a social and cultural complexity of urban life can be diminished. As Haijer
place become authentic? Koolhaas speaks about the concept of Auto- says, you need a certain level of friction and distortion in the interaction
monument, as a self proclaimed monument in the context of the first between uses and users in order to create a public urban experience.
skyscrapers in Manhattan in the beginning of the 20th century. This is This might also be true for the design of the space it self. A space that
perhaps what we today describe as the Bilbao effect. is designed to be too perfect leaves few space open for change and free
interpretation. This explains the emergence of a new kind of temporary
We also explore the limits of authenticity by asking if too much design program of collective spaces in the ‘untouched’ wilderness of terrains
create an artificial image that alienates people from the place. Take a vague or urban voids. Formal industrial complexes are being transformed
“too perfect”: too much design into new hang outs for the creative industry, temporary beaches emerge
along remote river banks and warehouses are transformed in temporary
dance venues. These informal spaces, often designed without architects,
represent a vital and valuable informal culture that counterbalances the
formal culture that tends to turn central public spaces in to shopping
centres.
In order to create or stimulate urban complexity, this workshop explores

concepts and methods to develop a more sensitive cultural approach to
public space design and city branding.
non-place: lack of identity control place: too much regulation

3. Identity: mapping techniques authenticityÊofÊspace/object/image
IDENTITY unicityÊofÊspace/object/image
CIRCUIT
The objective of this thematic perspective in the workshop is to unravel (movement) (experience)
(movement)
the hidden design principles behind public spaces that function well and multiplicityÊofÊspace/object/image
act as relevant public domains, looking at them from the perspective of
experience and identity.
IDENTITY - general scale LEGEND
In the workshop, students search for unique and authentic characteristics Landmarks,
Landmarks, objects
objects and
of the case study area by intensive mapping and observation and develop anchorpoints
branding strategies and design projects that could influence them
positively. In the first place, students make “mental maps” and do empirical
survey on political, commercial and cultural expressions (representation)
in public space, communicated in architecture, monuments, icons,
signs, symbols, ornaments, inscriptions (graffiti, tagging) use- traces
(the “memory of space”). Secondly, students explore strategies to either
Nature
Permutate, Intervene in or Evolve these characteristics, using both city-
marketing, performance-art and architectural design tools. The studio
prepares a reader on the relationship between the Image and Identity of Historic
landmarks and
public space with articles by Kevin Lynch, Henri Lefebvre, Rem Koolhaas and monuments
monuments
and Marc Augee and examples of mappings by students of Marc Koehler
in Nowa Huta and Shanghai.
AUTHENTICITY Historical Touristic icons Urban legends Architectural value objects

landmarks
Natural value/ UNICITY MULTIPLICITY Informal expression of
landmarks Branding culture

IDENTITY - general scale LEGEND IDENTITY - general scale

touristic icons
branding: google-hit analysis on most popular public places
AUTHENTICITY Historical Touristic icons Urban legends Architectural value objects AUTHENTICITY Historical Touristic icons Urban legends Architectural value objects
landmarks landmarks
Natural value/ UNICITY MULTIPLICITY Informal expression of Natural value/ UNICITY MULTIPLICITY Informal expression of
landmarks Branding culture landmarks Branding culture

IDENTITY - general scale IDENTITY - general scale
‘The Great’ of Aragon

and Queen Blanche I
of Navarre
multiplicity: visual complexity and heterogenity of public space

example: “Shanghai workshop, Marc Koehler,
landmarks TUD + Laura de Bonth” landmarks

IDENTITY - general scale IDENTITY - general scale LEGEND

hooligan void ruin mysterious objects
vandalism racism homeless people sport field garage
hangout kiosk movable kiosk birdhouse graffity
“flower lady” (street selling) trash informal communication
monument
graffity
graffity
homeless people
void
sport field
graffity
trash
multiplicity: visual complexity and heterogenity of public space

example: “Shanghai workshop, Marc Koehler,
landmarks TUD + Laura de Bonth” landmarks

4. Sustainable management
Sustainable management is dealing with the situation that in a sustainable

city the property is multiple, and it grows during the years. The number
and type of people living there is adapted to the historical moment. In
the south east part of Spain a new way of living and growth of urban
settlements is introduced. Gated communities with golf courses, arise
in the landscape most of the time build without looking at natural and
cultural values and identity. They are single property investments with
single use and single kind of people.
The aim of the theme of ‘sustainable management’ is to come with ideas

and solution for sustainable urban planning. Sustainability works when
there is a balance between three sciences, sociology, economy and
ecology. An urban design, city or neighborhood is sustainable when there
is a synergy between these element. The research includes a toolkit with
icons and interventions explaining the social, economical and ecological
sustainability.
In this way the fourth theme reflects on the other themes in analysis and
design.
See the article of Antonio Galiano for an elaboration on the theme of

sustainable management.


Conclusion and hypothesis:
“THE POWER OF FRAME”
The integrated mapping approach integrating Connectivity, Liveliness
and Identity, enables us to read complex relationships in the form,
operations and performances of public spaces. We can relate for example
the behavior of retail programs to connectivity levels. Or issues of visual
composition to questions of visual identity (recognizability). But also links
programmatic activity levels to levels of public encounter and cultural
exchange. An outcome of the analysis of Nowa Huta, Almere and Berlin for
example, is the observation that places with a high level of programmatic
diversity and overlap, show higher levels of cultural exchange (as to social
encounter), because different social groups coincide in the use of the same
space. This increases a sense of urban liveliness, which tends to improve
a sense of public domain. This, proves to be a positive factor for the
functioning of retail housing, office and leisure programs. In other words,
this approach to urban analysis can make complex relations between
different urban operations and urban performances more explicit. We are
interested in exploring three main hypothesis in the Alicante casestudy
area (see page 274 - 276).
In this book, the approach and outcome of the Alicante workshop

and case study is explained. Although many aspects still have to be
developed and refined, it gives a beautiful impression of the possibilities
of a multidisciplinary approach to urban analysis and design taking public
space as the strategic tool to add value to future urban developments.
Question: What is the relation between the quality of the frame and the intensity, diversity and interactivity of its use (in
the case of Alicante)?

Marc Koehler & Laura de Bonth (TUD) HYPOTHESIS AND CONCLUSIONS
HYPOTHESIS 1:
“THE POWER OF IDENTITY” The higher the connectivity, the more lively a
public space will be
HYPOTHESIS 2:
A unique object with a strong identity attrachts
activity (liveliness) and transforms the structure
of the city towards it.
Question: What mechanisms make certain anchorpoints so powerful that they can influence the identity of a town and
how can we stimulate these mechanisms in a sustainable way?

HYPOTHESIS 3:
Badly connected places can become valuable “THE POWER OF MULTIPLICITY”
public domains, playing an important role in
the city. Urban voids can play a vital role in the
accomodation of informal culture and add value
to the quality of the public domain.
Image sources
diagrams produced by MK Architects in cooperation with Laura de Bonth
http://www.istockphoto.com
http://maps.google.com
http://architettura.supereva.com
http://www.team10online.org
http://www.geocities.com
other internet undefined sites
if anybody would feel neglected, or forgotten, we apologize, we allways try to

preserve the copytights
Question: How can informal public spaces be used to energise/regenerate “dead” or under-used urban areas? What can
branding do to stimulate urban diversity and cultural exchange, using a Bilton up time based approach?

Urbanismo - Explorando La Ciudad Pública

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Urbanismo - Explorando La Ciudad Pública

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

PART 1.

INTRODUCTION: EXPLORING THE PUBLIC CITY

6 EXPLORING THE PUBLIC CITY 2008

PERFORMANCE FOR SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPEMENT

STRATEGIC PUBLIC SPACES FOR SUSTAINABLE NEW TOWN DEVELOPMENT 7

8 EXPLORING THE PUBLIC CITY 2008

STRATEGIC PUBLIC SPACES FOR SUSTAINABLE NEW TOWN DEVELOPMENT 9

of urban data, allowing us to interpret the behavior of complex urban districtsÊwithinÊtheÊarea

[1] mapping examples in this chapter in collaboration with Laura

10 EXPLORING THE PUBLIC CITY 2008

CONNECTIVITY LIVELYNESS IDENTITY SUSTAINABLEÊ !"#$%&'()*'#+#,% DESIGN

INFRA-STRUCTUREÊPSÊ(4) INFRA-STRUCTUREÊPSÊ(3) INFRA-STRUCTUREÊPSÊ(2) CONCLUSIONÊANDÊ

GREENÊPSÊ(3) GREENÊPSÊ(3) GREENÊPSÊ(4) CONCLUSIONÊANDÊ Ê

CULTUREÊPSÊ(2) CULTUREÊPSÊ(4) CULTUREÊPSÊ(4) CONCLUSIONÊANDÊ Ê

COMMERCIALÊPSÊ(4) COMMERCIALÊPSÊ(4 COMMERCIALÊPSÊ(4) CONCLUSIONÊANDÊ Ê

RESIDENTIALÊPSÊ(3) RESIDENTIALÊPSÊ(2) RESIDENTIALÊPSÊ(3) CONCLUSIONÊANDÊ

CONCLUSIONÊCONNECTIVITY CONCLUSIONÊLIVELYNESS CONCLUSIONÊIDENTITY CONCLUSIONÊSUSTAINABLEÊ

REVISED MAIN FRAME OF THE METHOD

STRATEGIC PUBLIC SPACES FOR SUSTAINABLE NEW TOWN DEVELOPMENT 11

12 EXPLORING THE PUBLIC CITY 2008

[3] For more information on the background of this thesis:

STRATEGIC PUBLIC SPACES FOR SUSTAINABLE NEW TOWN DEVELOPMENT 13

E"9 A F-> A :)> &)>4) 2nd @%-&%0!-

1st B#+4 *-> ,-94-",9# &( *29,?,9# A.)(1."&(!-

42-$5.0/-!167/8)&0..&/).--("#9/ &0!) ("2$0*!-/3$**%"(3!&($"

*$"%*."&///////////////////////// !"#$%&'" (&) $*++,-. /-(&)$*' 01%',2 3+*245

uniform legend maping method

14 EXPLORING THE PUBLIC CITY 2008

STRATEGIC PUBLIC SPACES FOR SUSTAINABLE NEW TOWN DEVELOPMENT 15

16 EXPLORING THE PUBLIC CITY 2008

STRATEGIC PUBLIC SPACES FOR SUSTAINABLE NEW TOWN DEVELOPMENT 17

18 EXPLORING THE PUBLIC CITY 2008

CONNECTIVITY - general scale CONNECTIVITY - general scale LEGEND

Accessibility Hierarchy Reach Orientation Accessibility Hierarchy Reach Orientation

STRATEGIC PUBLIC SPACES FOR SUSTAINABLE NEW TOWN DEVELOPMENT 19

CONNECTIVITY - general scale LEGEND CONNECTIVITY - general scale

Accessibility Hierarchy Reach Orientation Accessibility Hierarchy Reach Orientation

20 EXPLORING THE PUBLIC CITY 2008

CONNECTIVITY - deep mapping CONNECTIVITY - deep mapping

Accessibility Hierarchy Reach Orientation Accessibility Hierarchy Reach Orientation

STRATEGIC PUBLIC SPACES FOR SUSTAINABLE NEW TOWN DEVELOPMENT 21

22 EXPLORING THE PUBLIC CITY 2008

These large monofunctional public spaces were disconnected from the

STRATEGIC PUBLIC SPACES FOR SUSTAINABLE NEW TOWN DEVELOPMENT 23

Liveliness is also preconditioned by the design quality of the elements

24 EXPLORING THE PUBLIC CITY 2008

STRATEGIC PUBLIC SPACES FOR SUSTAINABLE NEW TOWN DEVELOPMENT 25

[2] Reijndorp defines public domain as the place of cultural

26 EXPLORING THE PUBLIC CITY 2008

STRATEGIC PUBLIC SPACES FOR SUSTAINABLE NEW TOWN DEVELOPMENT 27

PATTERN LIVELYNESS interactionÊ(useÊandÊusers)

analysis looks at use-patterns within buildings (the plinth) and within

accessibility: hypothetical example

Diversity of use (rs) Interaction of use (rs) Flexibility of use

28 EXPLORING THE PUBLIC CITY 2008

STRATEGIC PUBLIC SPACES FOR SUSTAINABLE NEW TOWN DEVELOPMENT 29

example: Dam square, Amsterdam example: Dam square, Amsterdam

30 EXPLORING THE PUBLIC CITY 2008

LIVELINESS - deep mapping LEGEND LIVELINESS - deep mapping

Long stay Short stay Passing by

example: Dam square, Amsterdam

example: Dam square, Amsterdam

STRATEGIC PUBLIC SPACES FOR SUSTAINABLE NEW TOWN DEVELOPMENT 31

1st B#+4 -> ,-94-",9# &( 29,?,9# A.)(1."&(!-

$"%."&///////////////////////// !"#$%&'" (&) $++,-. /-(&)$' 01%',2 3+*245