INDESIGN

Compose text
The appearance of text on your page depends on a complex interaction of processes
called composition. Using the word spacing, letterspacing, glyph scaling, and
hyphenation options you’ve selected, InDesign composes your type in a way that best
supports the specified parameters.

InDesign offers two composition methods: Adobe Paragraph Composer (the default) and
Adobe Single-line Composer (both are available from the Control panel menu). You can
select which composer to use from the Paragraph panel menu, the Justification dialog
box, or the Control panel menu.

InDesign supports four methods developed for typesetting, including Adobe Japanese
Single-line Composer, Adobe Japanese Paragraph Composer, Adobe Paragraph
Composer, and Adobe Single-line Composer. Each Composer evaluates possible breaks
for Japanese and Roman text, and chooses those which best support the hyphenation and
justification options specified for a given paragraph. The Adobe Japanese Paragraph
Composer is selected by the default. For details on these options, see InDesign Help.

InDesign Magazine provides an article about fixing composition problems at Mind the
Gaps.

Composition methods

InDesign offers two composition methods: Adobe Paragraph Composer (the default) and
Adobe Single-line Composer. Both composition methods evaluate possible breaks, and
choose those that best support the hyphenation and justification options you’ve specified
for a given paragraph.

The Adobe Paragraph Composer

Considers a network of breakpoints for an entire paragraph, and thus can optimize earlier
lines in the paragraph in order to eliminate especially unattractive breaks later on.
Paragraph composition results in more even spacing with fewer hyphens.

The Paragraph Composer approaches composition by identifying possible breakpoints,

evaluating them, and assigning a weighted penalty to them based on such principles as
evenness of letterspacing, word spacing, and hyphenation.

You can use the Hyphenation dialog box to determine the relationship between better
spacing and fewer hyphens. (See Hyphenate text.)

The Adobe Single-line Composer

Offers a traditional approach to composing text one line at a time. This option is useful if
you want to restrict composition changes from late-stage edits.

Choose a composition method for a paragraph

• Do any of the following:

o From the Paragraph panel menu, choose Adobe Paragraph Composer (the
default) or Adobe Single-line Composer.
o From the Paragraph panel menu or the Control panel menu, choose
Justification, and then choose an option from the Composer menu.

Note:

Additional composition engine plug-ins from other companies may be available, along
with interfaces that let you customize an engine’s parameters.

Set composition preferences

1. Choose Edit > Preferences > Composition (Windows) or InDesign >

Preferences > Composition (Mac OS).
2. To use on-screen highlighting to identify compositional problems, select Keep
Violations And H&J Violations (hyphenation and justification).
3. To justify text that wraps around an object, select Justify Text Next To An Object.
4. Under Mojikumi Compatibility Modes, determine whether you want to select Use
New Vertical Scaling or Use CID-Based Mojikumi.
5. Click OK.

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Hyphenate text
The settings you choose for hyphenation and justification affect the horizontal spacing of
lines and the aesthetic appeal of type on your pages. Hyphenation options determine
whether words can be hyphenated and, if they can, which breaks are allowable.

Justification is controlled by the alignment option you choose, the word spacing and
letterspacing you specify, and whether or not you have used glyph scaling. You can also
justify single words in narrow columns of fully justified text.

Eda Warren provides an article about avoiding composition problems at Mind the Gaps.

Adjust hyphenation manually

You can hyphenate words manually or automatically, or you can use a combination of the
two methods. The safest way to hyphenate manually is to insert a discretionary hyphen,
which is not visible unless the word needs to be broken at the end of a line. Placing a
discretionary hyphen at the beginning of a word prevents it from being broken.

1. Using the Type tool , click where you want to insert the hyphen.
2. Do one of the following:
o Choose Type > Insert Special Character > Hyphens And Dashes >
Discretionary Hyphen.
o Press Ctrl+Shift+- (Windows) or Command+Shift+- (Mac OS) to insert a
discretionary hyphen.

Note:

Entering a discretionary hyphen in a word does not guarantee that the word will be
hyphenated. Whether or not the word breaks depends on other hyphenation and
composition settings. However, entering a discretionary hyphen in a word does guarantee
that the word can be broken only where the discretionary hyphen appears.

Adjust hyphenation automatically

Hyphenation is based on word lists that can be stored either in a separate user dictionary
file on your computer, or in the document itself. To ensure consistent hyphenation, you
may want to specify which word list to refer to, especially if you will be taking your
document to a service provider or if you work in a workgroup.

• To turn automatic hyphenation on or off for a paragraph, in the Paragraph panel

or Control panel, select or deselect the Hyphenation option. (You can also include
this option in a paragraph style.)

When you set automatic hyphenation options, you can determine the relationship
between better spacing and fewer hyphens. You can also prevent capitalized
words and the last word in a paragraph from being hyphenated.

Set automatic hyphenation options for a paragraph

1. Click in a paragraph or select the range of paragraphs you want to affect.

2. Choose Hyphenation from the Paragraph panel menu.
3. Select the Hyphenate option.
4. Make changes to the following settings as needed, and then click OK:

Words With At Least _ Letters

Specify the minimum number of characters for hyphenated words.

After First _ Letters / Before Last _ Letters

 Specify the minimum number of characters at the beginning or end of a word that
can be broken by a hyphen. For example, by specifying 3 for these values,
aromatic would be hyphenated as aro- matic instead of ar- omatic or aromat- ic.

Hyphen Limit _ Hyphens

Specify the maximum number of hyphens that can appear on consecutive lines.
Zero means unlimited hyphens.

Hyphenation Zone

Specify the amount of white space allowed at the end of a line of unjustified text
before hyphenation begins. This option applies only when you’re using the
Single-line Composer with nonjustified text.

Better Spacing / Fewer Hyphens

To alter the balance between these settings, adjust the slider at the bottom of the
dialog box.

Hyphenate Capitalized Words

To prevent capitalized words from being hyphenated, deselect this option.

Hyphenate Last Word

To prevent last words in paragraphs from being hyphenated, deselect this option.

Hyphenate Across Column

To prevent words from being hyphenated across a column, frame, or page,

deselect this option.

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Prevent unwanted word breaks

By using nonbreaking hyphens, you can prevent certain words from breaking at all—for
example, proper names or words which, when broken, become unattractive fragments. By
using nonbreaking spaces, you can also keep multiple words from breaking—for
example, clusters of initials and a last name (P. T. Barnum).

Prevent text from breaking

1. Select the text you want to keep on the same line.

2. Choose No Break from the Character panel menu or the Control panel menu.
Another way to prevent a word from breaking is to place a discretionary hyphen at the
beginning of the word. Press Ctrl+Shift+- (Windows) or Command+Shift+- (Mac OS) to
insert a discretionary hyphen.

Create a nonbreaking hyphen

1. Using the Type tool , click where you want to insert the hyphen.
2. Choose Type > Insert Special Character > Hyphens And Dashes > Nonbreaking
Hyphen.

Create a nonbreaking space

1. Using the Type tool , click where you want to insert the space.
2. Choose Type > Insert White Space> Nonbreaking Space (or any other white
space character).

The Nonbreaking Space varies in width depending on point size, the justification setting,
and word space settings, whereas the Nonbreaking Space (Fixed Width) character
maintains the same width regardless of context.

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Change Justification settings

Use the Justification panel to precisely control how word spacing, letterspacing, and
glyph scaling. Adjusting spacing is especially useful with justified type, although you can
also adjust spacing for unjustified type.

Word spacing, character spacing, and glyph scalings for justification settings, are ignored
for CJK text. To set CJK text character spacing, use the Mojikumi dialog box.

Adjust word and letterspacing in justified text

1. Insert the cursor in the paragraph you want to change, or select a type object or
frame to change all of its paragraphs.
2. Choose Justification from the Paragraph panel menu.
3. Enter values for Word Spacing, Letter Spacing, and Glyph Spacing. The
Minimum and Maximum values define a range of acceptable spacing for justified
paragraphs only. The Desired value defines the desired spacing for both justified
and unjustified paragraphs:

Word Spacing
 The space between words that results from pressing the spacebar. Word Spacing
values can range from 0% to 1000%; at 100%, no additional space is added
between words.

Letter Spacing

The distance between letters, including kerning or tracking values. Letter Spacing
values can range from -100% to 500%: at 0%, no space is added between letters;
at 100%, an entire space width is added between letters.

Glyph Scaling

The width of characters (a glyph is any font character). Glyph Scaling values can
range from 50% to 200%.

Spacing options are always applied to an entire paragraph. To adjust the spacing
in a few characters, but not an entire paragraph, use the Tracking option.

4. Set the Single Word Justification option to specify how you want to justify single-
word paragraphs.

In narrow columns, a single word can occasionally appear by itself on a line. If

the paragraph is set to full justification, a single word on a line may appear to be
too stretched out. Instead of leaving such words fully justified, you can center
them or align them to the left or right margins.

Set glyph scaling in justified text

1. Click an insertion point in a paragraph or select the paragraphs you want to affect.
2. Choose Justification from the Paragraph panel menu.
3. Type values for Glyph Scaling Minimum, Desired, and Maximum. Then
click OK.

Before (top) and after (bottom) glyph scaling in justified text

Glyph scaling can help in achieving even justification; however, values more than 3%
from the 100% default value may result in distorted letter shapes. Unless you’re striving
for a special effect, it’s best to keep glyph scaling to subtle values, such as 97–100–103.
Use a flush space with justified text

Using a flush space character adds a variable amount of space to the last line of a fully
justified paragraph—between the last word and an end-of-story character from a
decorative font. Used with nonjustified text, the flush space appears as a normal word
space. In justified text, it expands to absorb all available extra space on the last line.
Using a flush space can make a dramatic difference in the way the entire paragraph is
formatted by the Adobe Paragraph Composer.

Before and after adding a flush space character

1. Using the Type tool , click directly in front of the end-of-story character.
2. Choose Type > Insert White Space > Flush Space.

Note:

The effect of a flush space isn’t apparent until you apply the Justify All Lines option to
the paragraph.

Highlight lines that are too loose or tight

Because composing a line of type involves factors in addition to word spacing and
letterspacing (hyphenation preferences, for example), InDesign cannot always honor your
settings for word spacing and letterspacing. However, compositional problems in lines of
text can be highlighted in yellow; the darkest of three shades indicates the most serious
problems.

1. Choose Edit > Preferences > Composition (Windows) or InDesign >

Preferences > Composition (Mac OS).
2. Select H&J Violations and click OK.