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04 7/4/2013
CELL
Nucleic Acids
OUTLINE
I. Nitrogenous Bases B. Nucleosome
A. Purines C. Histones
B. Pyrimidines D. DNA
II. Nucleosides E. Nucleotide Pairing
A. Definition F. Significance of
B. Properties of Base Pairing
Nucleosides G. DNA Helix is Anti-
C. Naming Nucleosides parallel
III. Nucleotides H.Chemistry of DNA o where X=H
A. Definition I. Configurations of
B. Cyclic Nucleotides DNA 3. Minor Purines
C. Nucleotides VI. RNA Synthesis • 2-Methyladenine
Diphosphate and A. Transcription • 2-Methylguanine
Triphosphate B. Classes of
D. Synthetic Nucleotide Eukaryotic DNA
Analogs C.Classes of RNA
IV. Nucleic Acids VII. Review Questions B. PYRIMIDINES
A. Definition VIII. References Six-membered heterocyclic aromatic rings
V. DNA Structure and containing two nitrogen atoms
Function Relatively insoluble in water
A. Chromosome
Strong absorbance of ultraviolet light due to the
Structure
planar characteristic of the chemical structure
the r-group in each pyrimidine nitrogenous base is
distinct
I. NITROGENOUS BASES (N-BASES)
1.Thymine (T) [found in DNA]
A. PURINE
3. Cytosine (C)
2. Guanine (G)
• oxygen in carbon 6
B. PROPERTIES OF NUCLEOSIDES
Initially hydrophobic but is much more water soluble
when bound to sugar due to hydrophilicity of the sugar
moiety
Relatively stable in alkali
Structure of Caffeine
Pyrimidines nucleosides – resistant to acid hydrolysis
Purine nucleosides – easily hydrolyzed in acid
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Ex: Adenosine-5’-monophosphate
Adenosine-5’-diphosphate
Adenosine-5’-triphosphate (major energy source)
A. DEFINITION
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C. HISTONES
Positively charged
Contains basic amino acids (Eg. Arginine and
lysine)
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H. CHEMISTRY OF DNA
Forces affecting the stability of the DNA double
helix:
a. Hydrophobic interactions – stabilize
Hydrophobic inside, hydrophilic outside
Stacking interactions –stabilize
Relatively weak but additive van der Waals forces
Hydrogen bonding – stabilize
Relatively weak but additive and facilitates stacking
Electrostatic interactions – destabilize
Contributed primarily by the negative phosphates
E. NUCLEOTIDE PAIRING
Affect intrastrand and interstrand interactions
Hydrogen bond between base pairs Repulsion can be neutralized with the positive
2H bonds for A-T charges (ex. Positively-charged Na+ ions or
3H bonds for C-G proteins)
DNA with more C-G base pairs have higher
melting point because of more bonds (through the I. CONFIGURATIONS OF DNA
process of denaturation)
The number of adenosine is equal to the number of
thymine (in DNA) or uracil (in RNA) present, while the
Generally 6 configurations found in nature (A, B, C,
number of guanine is equal to the number of cytosine
D, E and Z); but for humans, only A, B and Z are
(Chargaff’s rule)
present
A-right handed, 2.8nm/turn (more compact than B
F. SIGNIFICANCE OF BASE PAIRING configuration)
Determined mechanism of replication, transcription B-right handed, 3.4nm. turn (most common for
and translation humans)
Replication – the process in which each strand Z-left handed, zigzag appearance
of the original double-stranded DNA serves as template (We also have D and E)
for production of complementary strands
Transcription = RNA is formed from DNA
template
Translation = formation of protein
mRNA – code
rRNA – machinery that transcribes code by
mRNA
tRNA – carry amino acids that synthesizes
protein
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Allan Jay Domingo, MD, Cell YL5:02.04 7/4/2013