,e;j mj;jpahaj;ijf; fw;gjd; %yk;

Ø tpupjhs;fs; gw;wpa mwpKfk;

Ø tpupjhs; gpuNahf nkd;nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; re;ju;g;gq;fs;
Ø gy;NtW tpupjhs; nkd;nghUl;fs;
Ø tpupjhspd; %yfq;fs; T
-!/! U
Mfpad gw;wpa tpupthd tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;syhk;.

7.1 tp u p j hsp d ; ,ay; G fSk; njhop w ; g hLfSk;

mwpKfk;

ehk;> ghlrhiyapy; fzpjghlg; gapw;rpfisr; nra;tjw;F rJutbtf;

fl;lq;fs; ,lg;gl;l mg;gpahrg; Gj;jfj;ijg; gad;gLj;JfpNwhk;. ,g;gapw;rpg;
Gj;jfk; fl;lq;fs; ,lg;gl;l gy gf;fq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

,t;thwhd khjpupaikg;Ng kpd;dZrhu; tpupjhspYk; T)!B &!!U

cs;sJ. mjhtJ fpilahf epiufisAk; (tupirfs;) T' U epiyf;Fj;
jhf epuy;fisAk; T-/ U nfhz;l ml;ltiz Nghd;w mikg;igf;
nfhz; b Uf; F k; . ,jp Y s; s fl; l q; f sp d ; cauk; > mfyk; Mfp a tw; i w
Njitf; N fw; g khw; w p f ; nfhs; s KbAk; .

tp i uthfTk; Jy; y p a khfTk; fzp j ; j y; f is Nkw; n fhs; s f; $ ba

gy;NtWgl;l tpupjhs; nkd;nghUl;fs; nghwpapaw; Jiwj; Njitfs;> tpahghu
eltbf; i ffs; > tpQ; Q hduP j pahd fzpj; j y; f s; Mfpatw; W f; n fd
cyfshtpauPjpapy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.

138
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 nkd;nghUs;fisg; gad;gLj;jpj; jahupf;fg;gl;l tpupjhspy; (gzpj;jhspy;);
cs;s vz;nzhd;iw khw;Wk;NghJ mjDld; njhlu;Ggl;l vy;yh vz;
ngWkhdq;fSk; mjw;Nfw;whw;Nghy khw;wkiltJ ,jpYs;s rpwg;gk;rkhFk;.
MfNt> ,t;tif nkd;nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;jpj; jahupf;fg;gl;L ngwg;gLk;
jfty;fs; kpfr; rupahdjhfTk; ek;gfkhdjhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;.

tpupjhs; nkd;nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; re;ju;g;gq;fs;

1. tpahghuj; Jiwapy; mbf;fb gad;gLj;jg;gLk; mjpfstpyhd juTfis

epuw;gLj;jpf; fhl;l KbAk;. mt;thNwL
® mYtyf fzf;Fg;gjpTfisg; NgZk; NghJ>
® epjpawpf;iffisj; jahupf;Fk;NghJ
® nryT tpguq;fisj; jahupf;Fk;NghJ
® tl;bf; fzpj;jypd; NghJ>
® rk;gsg; gl;baiyj; jahupf;Fk;NghJ
tpupj;jhs; nkd;nghUl;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
;6 nghwpapaw; Jiwapy; fzpj;jy;fis Nkw;nfhs;s tpupjhs; nkd;nghUs;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
cjhuzkhf
® jput mKf;fj;ijf; fzpj;jy;
® kpd;Rw;iwj; jpl;lkply;
® fl;Lkhd eltbf;iffisj; jpl;lkply; Nghd;wd.
= tp Q ; Q hdj; J iwap y ; fzpj; j y; f s; > Muha; r ; r p kw; W k; juTfisg;
gFg;gha;T nra;aTk; ,it gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
4. tPl;L eltbf;iffspd; NghJ Fwpg;ghf ehshe;j tuT nryTfisf;
fzp j ; j y; > jkJ FLk; g KjyP L fs; > ,yhgq; f s; Mfp a d gw; w p a
mwpf;iffisg; NgZjy; Mfpatw;Wf;Fk; ,J gad;gLk;.
?6 Fwpg; g hf ghlrhiy kjpg; g P l ; b y; xt; n thU khztDk; ngw; w
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khztu; f sJ tFg; G ep i yfis mwp j y; > guP l ; i rg; Gs; s p f isg;
gFg; g ha; T nra; J mtw; i w tiuGgLj; J jy; Mfp a tw; W f; F k; ,J
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
A6B ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf ehshe;j nghJthd fzpj;jy;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk;
tpupjhs; nkd;nghUl;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

139
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
gy;NtW tpupjhs; nkd;nghUl;fs; =% "6($$6'! >

®
-!B epWtdj;jpd; .( (-BT.( (-!B--U

®  B epWtdj;jpd;  B123
® ( #B epWtdj;jpd; )B
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® jpwe;j nkd;nghUs; vdf; fUjg;gLk; "!B##(! ,d; -
®  "
B! +B ,d; /!(
® ,k;nkd;nghUl;fspd; gy;NtW jahupg;Gf;fs; my;yJ khjpupfs;
T! ( U fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

gpd;tUk; tpupjhs; nkd;nghUs;fs; jw;NghJ mjpfstpy; gad;gLj;jg;

gLfpdw; d.

:6 

 njhFg;gpy; mlq;fpAs;s 

cU 7.1B- nkd;nghUs; jpiuapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gLk; tpjk;

140
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 cU 7.2B( #B
!- nkd;nghUs; jpiuapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gLk; tpjk;

6 $ 6 $6 njhFg;gpy; cs;s $ 6

(6 nkd;nghUs;

cU 7.3B( #B
!- tpupjhspd; Kfg;gpYs;s %yfq;fs;

141
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
epuy;fs; =(* >
gzpj;jhspy; T0+ &!!UB ,y; epiyf;Fj;jhf cs;sit epuy;fs;
T-/ U vdg;gLk;. xU epuypy; tupirahf mLf;fg;gl;Ls;s fl;lq;fs;
fyq;fs; BT!-- UBvdg;gLk;. xt;nthU epuiyAk; ,dq;fhzj;jf;fjhf mjhtJ

33DD66

3
3DD.B vd 256 epuy; jiyg;Gf;fs; ^-/B&!(% &
fhzg;gLk;.

tupirfs; (epiufs; ) =# >

fpilahf cs;sit epiufs; B T' UB B vdg;gLk;. ,e;j epiufs;
fPo;Nehf;fp ,yf;fkplg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,t; ,yf;fq;fs; epiu ,yf;fq;fs; ^'
/! & vd miof;fg;gLk;. ( #B
!-B,y;Bepiufs;B:3;3B=DDB vd
njhlupyf;fj;jpy; 65536 Mk; ,yf;fk; tiu ngauplg;gl;bUf;Fk;.

ntt; N tW tp u p j hs; gp u Nahf nkd; n ghUl; f sp y ; cs; s ep u y; f s; > ep i ufs;

Mfpatw;wpd; vz;zpf;if khWgLk;.
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xU epuyhYk; epiuahYk; cUthf;fg;gLk; rpW fl;lNk fyk; vd
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gzpj;jhs; vdg;gLk;. ,tw;wpy; juTfis cs;sPL nra;a KbAk;.
fy Kftup =((6
 >
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mit vy;yhtw;iwAk; NtWgLj;jp ,dq;fhz;gjw;F mit xt;nthd;wpw;Fk;
jdpj;jdpahd fyKftup T!--B
! UBnfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fyKftupia vOJk;NghJ Kjypy; epuy; jiyg;GBT-/B&!(%U
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cjhuzkhf (- =B vdf; Fwpg;gpLtJ

B B vDk; epuYld; 3tJ tupir
,ilntl;Lk;; ,lj;jpYs;s fykhFk;.

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142
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 nraw;ghl;bYs;s fyk; ((
$6 ((>
tpupj;jhs; xd;wp;Ys;s xU fyk; nraw;ghl;bYs;sNghJ me;j fyj;jpd;
tpspk;Gfs; fU epwkhf fhl;rpaspf;Fk;. ,e;jf; fyNk nraw;ghl;bYs;s
fyk; vdg;gLk;.
tPr;rpDs; cs;s fyq;fs;

: njhlf;fk; C
tiuapyhd
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njup T nra; a g; g l; l fyq; f s;

eP y ep w khf cs; s d.

cU 7.5

gzpj;jhSk; gzpg;Gj;jfKk; T0+B )&!!B OB 0+B +U

epiufs;> epuy;fs; Mfpatw;why; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;lg;gLk; jhs; gzpj;jhs;BT0+
)&!!U vdg;gLk;. ,t;thwhd gzpj;jhs;fisf; nfhz;lJ gzpg;Gj;jfk;
T0+B+UBvdg;gLk;. gzpjj
; hs;; njhFjpapy; Kjypy; cs;s gzpjj
; hs;fSf;F
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KbAk;. ,it )&!!:3B)&!!;Bvd ngauplg;gl;Ls;sd. vdpDk;> vkJ Njit
fUjp mtw;Wf;F NtW ngau;fis T'!/!U toq;ff;$ba trjpAs;sJ.

 gy;NtW tpupjhs; nkd;nghUl;fis ,dq;

fhZq;fs;
xg; g il 7.1
ePq;fs; gad;gLj;Jk; tpupjhs; nkd;nghUl;fspd;
mbg;gil ,ay;Gfis ,dq;fhZq;fs;.

143
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 7.2 tpupjhspy; juTfis cs;sPL nra;jy;

gzpg;Gj;jfj;jpid Nrkpj;jy;; =%$!6 "6 '6 '>

ePq;fs; jahupj;J itj;Js;s gzpg;Gj;jfj;ij tpUk;gpa ngaupy;> tpUk;gpa

,lj;jpy; Nrkpj;Jf; nfhs;s KbAk;.

c-k; (- )B
!-3B-BBMfpatw;wpy;

BBK(-!Bgl;bapYs;s )!Bvd;gij nrhlf;Ff. mg;NghJ fpilf;Fk; nrhy;yhlw;

ngl;bapy; cs;s )!B(BIj; njupT nra;f. (-!B /!B,y; ngaiu mr;rpLf.
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ifahSk;NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gLk; rhtpfs; T!UB gpd;tUk; ml;ltizap;y;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd.

mOj;j Ntz;ba rhtp NgW

B+! tpupjhspy; cupa jpirapy; fyq;fisj; njupTnra;J

gazpf;Fk;
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epuYf;Fr; nry;Yk;
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: fyj;jpw;Fr; nry;Yk;
$%!B, xU jlitf;F xU jhs; tPjk; Kd;Ndhf;fpr; nry;Yk;
$%!B  xU jlitf;F xU jhs; tPjk; gpd;Ndhf;fpr; nry;Yk;

ml;ltiz 7.1
juTfis cs; s p L jy;
tpupjhs; xd;wpy; ve;jnthU fyj;jpYk; juTfis cs;sPL nra;a KbAk;.
,jw;fhf Kjypy; mf;Fwpg;gpl;l fyk; njupT nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. Rl;b ( !U
my;yJ tpirg;gyifapYs;s jpirr;rhtp T
B !UB iag; gad;gLj;jp
,jid Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;. cupa juTfis cs;sPL nra;j gpd;du; cs;topr;
T
!UBrhtpia mOj;j Ntz;Lk;.

144
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
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; hspy; cs;sL
P nra;ag;gLk; gy;NtW tifj; juTfs; = 6& >
1' Kfg;G milahsk;6 =(> my;yJ vOj;J tbtk;; (*!U
gzpj; j hspy; cs; s P L nra; a g; g Lk; vz; f zpj nraw; g hl; b w; F
cl;gLj;jg;glhj vz;fs;> vOj;Jf;fs;> FwpaPLfs; Nghd;w juTfs;
Kfg;G milahsk; vdg;gLk;. ,J nghJthf fyj;jpd; ,lg;gf;fj;jpy;
mike;J fhzg;gLk;.
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tpirg;gyif %yk; cs;sPL nra;jJk; mit nghJthf fyj;jpd; tyJ
gf;fj;jpy; mike;J fhzg;gLk;.
c-k; : 10> 2000> 20 . 8
3' #j;jpuq;fs;=*( >
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epug;Gifg; gpb %ykhf juTfspd;

njhlu; r ; r piag; ngw; W f; nfhs; s
KbAk;.

epug;Gifg; gpb

cU. 7.6 Nfhg;Gfisf; ifahSk; tpjk;

145
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 epug;Gifg; gpbiaf; ifahSk; tpjk;
fyj;jpd; tyJgf;f fPo; %iyf;F mz;ikapy; Rl;br; Rl;lhidf;
nfhz;L nry;Yk;NghJ mq;F =,> vDk; milahsk; nfhz;l epug;Gifg; gpb
njd; g Lk; . mjid fP o ; N ehf; f p gpbj; J ,Of; F k; N ghJ NkNy cs; s
fyj;jpYs;s juTfspd; njhlu;r;rp Njhd;Wk;.
c, k;: Xu; fyj;jpDs;  vd vOjp epug;Gifg; gpbiag; gad;gLj;jp
Vida fyq;fis epug;Gtjd; %yk; !3B &3B
(- vd
njhlu;r;rpahd khjq;fspd; ngau;fs; fyq;fspDs; gpujpnra;ag;gLk;
mt;thW thu ehl;fisAk; Bmy;yJ *! Bvd vOjp Vida
jpdq;fisAk; gpujp nra;J nfhs;s KbAk;.
: fyj;jpy; QB
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epug;Gifg; gpbiaf; ifahStjd; %yk; kpf ,yFthf fPNo gpujpnra;tjd;
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— khjk; $ jpfjp; $ tUlk;
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fhl;lg;gLk; tpjj;jpyhFk;. 12 kzpj;jpahyq;fis fhl;b epw;Fk; kzpf;$l;bd;
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vOJjy; Ntz;Lk;.
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146
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 nraw; g hL
7.1

01' gp d ; t Uk; re; j u; g ; g q; f sp y ; tp i rg; g yifap y ; cs; s rhtp f is

mOj;jpaJk; fyr;Rl;lhd;T!--B $(!UB gzpj;jhspy; nry;Yk;
,lj;ij mtjhdpj;J ml;ltiziag; g+uzg;gLj;Jf.

nraw; g hL ngWNgW
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mg;gzpj;jhis ~/|Bvd ngaupLf.

C) ePq;fs; gad;gLj;jpa gzpg;Gj;jfj;ij F

!( ! FBvDk; ngaupy;
Nrkpf;fTk;.

147
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 7.3 vspa fzpjr; nra;iffspd; gad;ghL

gzp j ; j hs; ; gad; g hl; b d; N ghJ mjp f stp y ; gad; g Lj; j g; g Lk; fzp j r;
nra;iffs; rpy fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.
ml;ru fzpjr; nra;iffs; =
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nra;if nraw; g hL vLj; J f; fhl; L

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64
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ml;litz 7.2

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nra; i f fUj;J vLj;Jf; fhl;L

: ,izj;jy; /-BOB)/

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ml;litz 7.3

148
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 ( #B
!-3B "!B "##(!B -B Mfpa nkd;nghUl;fspy; vy;yh fzpjr;
nra;iffSk; QBBmilahskplg;gl;L Muk;gpf;fg;gLk;.
c-k; (- QB?B2B=
QB;B5B?

fzpjr; rkd;ghLfis Neubahff; fyj;jpy; cs;sPL nra;Ak; Kiwfs;

gw;wpNa NkNy fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

gzpj;jhs; fyq;fspDs; cs;s ngWkhdq;fspd; JizAld; vz;

fzp j rkd; g hnlhd; i w Mf; F jy;

vy;yhf; fyq;fSk; mtw;Wf;nfd jdpj;Jtkhd Kftupiaf; nfhz;Ls;sd

vd;gJ cq;fSf;Fj; njupAk;.

c-k; ( ml;ltiz 7.4 ,d;gb
;Bfyj;jpYs;s vz;izAk; :Bfyj;jpYs;s

vz;izAk; $l;b tpilia ;B fyj; j py; ngw Ntz; L nkdf;
nfhs;Nthk;.
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< mLj;J fyr; Rl;lhd; T!--B$(!UBI ;Bfyj;jpy; epiyg;gLj;Jf.
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153
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vkf;F Vw;wthW khw;wp mikj;Jf; nfhs;s KbAk;.

gzpj;jhs ; Njhw;wj;ij vkf;F Ntz;baJNghy; khw;wpaikj;Jf; nfhs;s

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154
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156
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157
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gad;gLj;Jk; tpupjhs; nkd;nghUspd; cjtpAld; = vDk; fyj;jpy;
nghUj;jkhd rkd;ghl;il vOjp =B IB = vd;Dk; tPr;irg; gpujp
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158
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gzpg;Gj;jfj;jpy; vOj;JUtpy; gjpj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

02. tiuig tiua njupT nra;ag;gLk; juTg; guk;gypy; ntw;W tupir my;yJ
ntw;W epuy; fhzg;gbd; mjid mfw;wpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

03. nghJj; jiyg;ig mfw;wp kpFjpg; Gs;sp tPr;irj; njupT nra;J nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;.

04. gpd;du; nghUj;jkhd tiuigj; njupT nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

05. tiuGf; F g; nghUj; j khd jiyg; i gAk; mr; R f; f isAk; ngaup L f.

Njitahapd; ,jw;nfd gy;NtW epwq;fisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

06. ,Wjp a p y ; Njitahap d ; tiugp y ; juT Kfg; G milahsk; T!-U

Fwptpsf;fk; T!%!U Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp tiuig cupa ,lj;jpy;
epiyg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
cjhuzk; :- )B
!-3B-BMfpatw;wpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; gbKiwfs;
tUkhW

Gs;spg; guk;giyj; njupT nra;f.

 !Bà &Bà B&B(B vd;gijj; njupT nra;f.

gad;gLj;jTs;s tiuG tifiaj; njupT nra;J !Bnghj;jhid

mOj;Jf.

NkYk; ; tiugpy; Nkw; n fhs; s j; j f; f tplaq; f s; njhlu; g hd

re;ju;g;gq;fs; gy tpsq;fg;gLj;jg;gl;bUg;gJld; Njitf;Nfw;g
mtw;wpy; khw;wq;fis Nkw;nfhz;L P !P nghj;jhid mOj;Jf.

,Wjpapy; tiuig epiyg; g Lj; j Ntz; b a ,lj; i j (mNj

gzpg;gj;jpuj;jpy; my;yJ NtW gzpg;gj;jpuj;jpy;) jPu;khdpj;J P(( &P
nghj;jid mOj;Jf.

tiuigj; jahupj;j gpd;dUq;$l Njitahd gFjpfisj; njupT

nra;J mtw;wp;y; gy;NtW khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;j KbAk;.

159
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 tiuG xd;iw mikg;gjw;nfdj; jahupf;fg;gl;l khjpupg; gzpj;jhs; tUkhW

Vw;Wkjp tUkhdk;
tUlk; Njapiy njd;id ,wg;gu;
;999 ?:9>; :;?9> ;:C?
;99: ?G=;C :9AE= ;::?
;99; A::EE :;>A9 ;?:?
;99= A=9A> :=C=: =C9?
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ml;ltiz 7.8
Nkw;$wg;gl;l ml;ltizf;Nfw;g tiuag;gl;l tiuG tUkhW
nea;aupf;NfhLfs; jiyg;G tiuGg; gFjp
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Vw; W kjp tUkhdk;

tiugl gFjp
"6

tUkhdk;
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njd;id Fwp tpsf;fk;

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Njapiy

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ml;ltiz 7.9

tiugpw;Fj; jiyg;G T*(-!UB,Ljy;
tiugpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd jiyg;gplg;gl Ntz;baJld;> 
  Mfpa
mr;Rf;fSf;F rupahf ngauplg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; %ykhf tiugpd;
juj;ij Nkk;gLj;j KbAk;.

160
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6 nea;aupf; NfhLfs; 6 =$6 ($ >6 ,Ljy;
,yFthf tiuig tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sntd 3  mr;RfSf;Fr;
rkhe; j ukhf tiuag; g Lk; NfhL nea; a upf; NfhlhFk; .
NjitahdNghJ ,f;NfhLfis mfw;wpf; nfhs;s KbAk;.

6 Fwptpsf;fk; =!>6 ,Ljy;

tiugpdhy; fhl; l g; g Lk; juTfis ,yFthf tpsq; f pf;
nfhs; t jw; f hfg; gad; g Lj; j g; g Lk; Fwp g ; G > Fwp tp s f; f k;
vdg; g Lk; . tiugpd; juj; i j Nkk; g Lj; J tjw; F ,J
Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

6 juT Kfg;G milahsk; 6 = 6 (( >B ,Ljy;
juT gw;wpa tpgukhd jfty;fs; ,jpy; cs;slq;fpapUf;Fk;.

nraw; g hL
7.8

ePq;fs; Kd;du; gad;gLj;jpa

!( ! BBvDk; ngaupYs;s
gzpg;Gj;jfj;ijj; jpwe;J nfhs;f.

P+B &!!P gzpg;gf;fj;ijj; jpwe;J mjpYs;s ml;ltizapy;

xt;nthU khztDk; ngw;w Gs;spfSf;fhd epuy; tiuig(-/
%&UBtiuf.

mt; t iugpw; f hd jiyg; i g ,l; L 3 B mr; R f; f isAk;
ngaupLf.

Fwptpsf;fk; -!%!B ,Lf.

nghUj; j khd epwk; > nghUj; j khd vOj; J U msT
Mfpatw;iwj; njupT nra;f.

tiuigg; Gjpa gf;fj;jpw;F vLj;J mjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd
ngaiu ,Lf.

xt; n thU khztDk; ntt; N tW ghlq; f Sf; F g; ngw; w
Gs;spfSf;fhd tl;l tiuig T$(!B&U tiuf.

mt;tiugpw;Fj; jiyg;gpLf.

juT Kfg;G milahsk; T B-!- UB,Lf.

nghUj; j khd epwk; > nghUj; j khd vOj; J U> msT
Mfpatw;iwj; njupT nra;f.

tiuig Gjpa gf;fj;jpw;F vLj;J mjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd ngaiu
,l;L ckJ gzpg;Gj;jfj;jpy; Nrkpf;fTk;.

161
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 7.8 gzpj;jhis mr;rpLjy; = $>

gpd;tUk; gbKiwfisg; gpd;gw;wp gzpg;gbtj;ij mr;rpLf.

1' jhisj; njup T nra; j y; .

mr;Rj;jhs; ~
>B|msTBT;GC//BB;9C//UBMFk;.

fbjk; (!!UBTEB:8;FBB::FUB ,it fzpdp mr;rpLtjw;F tpNrlkhfj;

jahu; nra;ag;g l;l ,uz;L gf;fq;fspYk; Jisfs; nfhz;ljhf
xd;Wld; xd;W ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

jhspy; mr;rpLjy; Nkw;nfhs;Sk;NghJ jpiriaj; njupT nra;jy;

fpilahd Njhw;wk;; T !U

epiyf;Fj;jhd Njhw;wk; T$(U

2' jhspd; Xuq;fisr; =!$ >6 nrg;gQ; nra;jy;

Nky; T*U3B,lk; (!#U3BtyJ T'(%&U3BfPo; T/UBvd;whtJ

jiyg;G T!!U mbf;Fwpg;G T!U

vy;yhg; gf;fq;fspYk; NkNy my;yJ fPNo xNu jiyg;ig ,Ltjw;F

my;yJ gf;f ,yf;fq;fis ,Ltjw;F mtw;wpy; !!BB,y; my;yJ B!
,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

3' mr; r pl Kd; d u; mr; R nra; a g; g l cs; s tpjj; i j mr; r pL

Kd;ghu;f;if = $6 $>6 ,y; ghu;f;f KbAk;.

4' gzp g ; G j; j fj; j p Y s; s

nea;aupf; NfhLfs; T(B-(! UBmr;R nra;J nfhs;sj; Njitnadpd;

mtw;iw gpd;tUk; tpjkhf mr;R nra;J nfhs;s KbAk;.
^c2k; (-BBB)B
!-B#(-!BBà $%!B !Bà )&!!B(B-(! ,w;F
 milahsk; ,Lf&

162
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf

tupirfspd; ,yf;fq;fs;> epuy;fspd; vOj;Jf;fs; Mfpatw;iwAk;
Njitahapd; mr;rpl;Lf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
^c-k; (-BB)B
!-B#(-!BàBB$%!B !Bà )&!!BI nrhlf;fp 'B
-/B&!(%B,w;F ,Lf. &

5' cq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd gf;f ,yf;fq;fs;> gf;f vz;zpf;iffs;

Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpg;gpl;L cq;fSf;F mtrpakhd gf;fq;fis mr;rpl;Lf;
nfhs;s KbAk;.

6' ,y;iyNay; cq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd gFjpia kl;Lk; njupT nra;J

mjid kl;Lk; mr;rpl;Lf;; nfhs;s KbAk;.

nraw; g hL
7.9

eP q ; f s; Vw; f dNt gad; g Lj; j pa gzpg; G j; j fj; i jj; jpwe; J

nfhs;sTk;.

cq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd gzpg;gf;fq;fs; rpytw;iwg; mr;rpl;Lf;

nfhs;sTk;.

P+ &!!PBvd ngauplg;gl;Ls;s gzpg;gf;fj;jpy; (B-(! 3B'3

-/B!(% Mfpatw;iw ,l;L mr;rpl;Lf; nfhs;f.

cq;fshy; tiuag;gl;l tiuig mr;rpl;Lf; nfhs;f.

163
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf