Shipboard Electrical Power Systems

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Muhammed Emin BAŞAK, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor
Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering
Department
Yildiz Technical University
E-mail: mebasak@yildiz.edu.tr
eminbasak@gmail.com
Room: T-404

Magnetic Field
• 10 facts about The Force
– Known for Hundreds of Years
• If free to rotate, permanent magnets point approximately
north-south.
• Like poles repel, unlike poles attract.
• Permanent magnets attract some things (like iron and steel),
but not others (like wood and glass). Magnetic forces attract
only magnetic materials.
• Magnetic forces act at a distance, and they can act through
nonmagnetic barriers.
• Things attracted to a permanent magnet become temporary
magnets themselves.

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 – Known only since the 19th Century
• A coil of wire with an electric current running through it
becomes a magnet.
• Putting iron inside a current-carrying coil greatly increases
the strength of the electromagnet.
• A changing magnetic field induces an electric current in a
conductor (like copper).
• A charged particle experiences no magnetic force when
moving parallel to a magnetic field, but when it is moving
perpendicular to the field it experiences a force perpendicular
to both the field and the direction of motion.
• A current-carrying wire in a perpendicular magnetic field
experiences a force perpendicular to both the wire and the
field.

• Magnetic Fields are the fundamental mechanism by

which energy is converted from one form to another
in motors, generators, and transformers.
• Four Basic Principles describe how magnetic fields
are used in these devices:
– A current-carrying wire produces a magnetic field in the
area around it.
– A time-changing magnetic field induces a voltage in a coil
of wire if it passes through that coil (basis of transformer action).
– A current-carrying wire in the presence of a magnetic field
has a force induced on it (basis of motor action).
– A moving wire in the presence of a magnetic field has a
voltage induced in it (basis of generator action).

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 Single Phase, Three Phase Circuits

b) Single phase systems three-wire

a) Single phase systems two-wire type.
type Allows connection to both 120 V and
240 V.

Two-phase three-wire system. The AC sources

operate at different phases.

Balanced Three Phase Voltages

Three-phase four-wire
system

A Three-phase Generator
Voltages having 120 phase
difference

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 Balanced Three Phase Voltages

a) Wye Connected Source b) Delta Connected Source

Van  V p 0 Van  V p 0

Vbn  V p   120 Vbn  V p   120
Vcn  V p   240 Vcn  V p   240

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 Three Phase Circuits
 An AC generator designed to develop a single sinusoidal voltage for each rotation
of the shaft (rotor) is referred to as a single-phase AC generator.
 If the number of coils on the rotor is increased in a specified manner, the result is
a Polyphase AC generator, which develops more than one AC phase voltage per
rotation of the rotor
 In general, three-phase systems are preferred over single-phase systems for the
transmission of power for many reasons.
1. Thinner conductors can be used to transmit the same kVA at the same voltage,
which reduces the amount of copper required (typically about 25% less).

2. The lighter lines are easier to install, and the supporting structures can be less
massive and farther apart.

3. Three-phase equipment and motors have preferred running and starting

characteristics compared to single-phase systems because of a more even flow of
power to the transducer than can be delivered with a single-phase supply.

4. In general, most larger motors are three phase because they are essentially self-
starting and do not require a special design or additional starting circuitry.

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Input-Output Variables of an Ideal Transformer

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Single-phase transformer cross section with concentric HV
and LV coils on one core limb.

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The general expression for such impedance transformation of
impedance Z at voltage level V to Z at voltage level V is
V1 1 V2 2.

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 Non Ideal Transformers

 An ideal transformer has no power loss; all power applied to the primary is all
delivered to the load. Actual transformers depart from this ideal model. Some
loss mechanisms are:
Winding resistance: Causing power to be dissipated in the windings.
Hysteresis loss: Due to the continuous reversal of the magnetic field.
Core losses: Due to circulating current in the core (eddy currents).
Flux leakage: Flux from the primary that does not link to the secondary.
Winding capacitance: It has a bypassing effect for the windings.
 The ideal transformer does not dissipate power. Power delivered from the
source is passed on to the load by the transformer.
 The efficiency of a transformer is the ratio of power delivered to the load (Pout)
to the power delivered to the primary (Pin).

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 Three-phase Generator
 The three-phase generator has three induction coils placed 120° apart on
the stator.
 The three coils have an equal number of turns, the voltage induced across
each coil will have the same peak value, shape and frequency.

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