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Abstract
The criteria chosen for assessing bleaching performances of peracetic acid and
hydrogen peroxide were whiteness index, tensile strength, absorbency and fluidity
Tester (Titan) was used to measure tensile strength. Ostwald – Fenske Cuen
absorbency. The results of this research showed that the peracetic acid is more
whiteness (CIE whiteness index 80) can be obtained with minimum loss of tensile
strength. This study has also provided valuable information for industrial
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Introduction:
The art of bleaching has been practiced since beginning of civilization [1,2].
Bleaching is the process of removing colored impurities from the griege fabric as
products. This also effect the textile industry, and thus, aspects such as control of
water, energy and chemicals consumption should be taken into account in wet
textile processes. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is the most widely used bleaching
agent for textiles and came into use around 1878 [1]. Hydrogen peroxide is suitable
for most fibers and it can be used in a wide range of machines under different
strongly alkaline medium and it requires a high temperature to give the most
hydrogen peroxide. It does not produce any toxic by product in bleach reaction, it is
Paracetic acid can be prepared in situ in solution from hydrogen peroxide and
acetic anhydride.
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solutions, is a colorless liquid with a pungent smell & both solutions are water
soluble [8].
Experimental:
Materials:
Fabric:
The characteristic parameters of the 100% pure scoured cotton fabric used for all
Water:
The water used during all bleaching and washing operations had the following
qualities.
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The Total Hardness was measured in terms of calcium carbonate. The pH, Total
Hardness and Total Dissolve Solids (TDS) of water suitable for all textile processing
Equipments/ Methods:
Bleaching Machine:
Bleaching runs were carried out in an SDL ‘ECO’ Infra Red Lab Bleaching/Dyeing
Digital pH Meter:
Whiteness Measurement:
The CIE Whiteness Index value (CIE WI) was determined for the bleached fabric
using AATCC Test method (110–1995) [10]. The whiteness was measured using a
DataColorSpectra flash SF 600X with the following setting; illuminants D-65, large
area view, specular included and CIE 1964 supplemental standard observer (100
observer). Each sample was folded twice to give an opaque sample with four piles
and the whiteness was measured four times at different fabric surface. The average
Absorbency:
Absorbency is one of the several factors that determine the suitability of a fabric for
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Fluidity:
Tensile Strength:
The tensile strength was measured by Universal Strength Tester (Titan) according
Chemicals:
Hydrogen Peroxide:
Wetting Agent:
Sandozin Niti.in liq (non ionic) wetting agent supplied by Clariant (Pakistan).
Sodium Hydroxide:
Peracetic Acid:
Stabilizer EDTA:
For comparing the hydrogen peroxide and peraectic acid bleaching effects, the
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NaOH 100% 2.5% (owf) for pH 10-10.5 Wetting agent 1.5% (owf)
Pellets (non ionic)
Wetting agent 1.5% (owf) Stabilizer EDTA 2% (owf)
(nonionic)
Stabilizer EDTA 2% (owf) Treatment 65°C
temperature
Treatment temperature 95°C Treatment time 45 min
Treatment time 60 min pH 6.5-7.0
Fabric Scoured Cotton Fabric Scoured
Cotton
Liquor to fabric ratio 15:01 Liquor to fabric 15:01
ratio
*owf: On the weight of fabric
The hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid bleached samples were then hot
washed at 95°C for 15 minutes followed by cold wash and air dried.
(CIE whiteness index 80) with minimum loss of tensile strength and maximum
absorbency.
The results of CIE whiteness index, tensile strength, absorbency and fluidity are
shown in Table- 4.
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conjugated double bonds and these double bonds are attacked by the oxidizing
Bleaching was carried out with PAA (10g/l) on scoured cotton fabric at pH- 6.5-7 for
45 minutes. The PAA bleached sample was compared with sample bleached by
hydrogen peroxide. It was observed that PAA bleaching increased the CIE
whiteness index from 26.9 (non bleached cotton fabric) to 83.6, this whiteness index
acceptable whiteness index, so that the material would be ready for dyeing/printing.
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90
80
70
CIE Whiteness Index (WI)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Non bleached H2O2 PAA
On the other hand when the tensile strength and fluidity values of hydrogen
peroxide and peracetic acid bleached samples were examined, it was noticed that the
tensile strength of PAA bleached sample was (3.5% warp direction; 3.1% weft
direction) higher than hydrogen peroxide, also the fluidity values were changed
from 1.3rhes (non bleached) to 2.1rhes in the case of PAA bleached sample and
2.3rhes in the case of hydrogen peroxide bleached samples. The fluidity value of
PAA 2.1rhes shows the marginal degradation of cellulose than those of bleached
that the value of fluidity below 5rhes is considered acceptable for bleached fabric
and Vaeck showed direct relationship between fluidity values and loss of tensile
strength [15,16]. The results of tensile strength and fluidity are also exhibited in
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600
500
300
200
100
0
(warp)(weft)non bleached (warp)(weft)H2O2 (warp)(weft)PAA
3.5
2.5
Fluidity (Rhe)
1.5
0.5
0
Non bleached H2O2 PAA
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A big improvement in the absorbency (time required for the specular reflection of
the water drop to disappear) (4.2sec to 1.0sec) were also observed in all cases of
4.5
3.5
Absorbency (sec)
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
Non bleached H2O2 PAA
All the above results of CIE whiteness index, tensile strength, fluidity and
can be obtained at 65ºC in 45 minutes at neutral pH. This results in lower energy
and water consumption in both during bleaching and rinsing of the fabric.
Neutralization of the fabric after bleaching is not required, unlike bleaching with
hydrogen peroxide, where large amount of alkali must be removed before dyeing.
This is also much less damaging to the cotton fabric when PAA is used.
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Conclusion:
In this study PAA has been studied as an alternative to hydrogen peroxide for the
bleaching of cotton. It has been demonstrated in this work that scoured cotton
process.
References:
1) Peters,R.H., Textile Chemistry, Elsevier Publ., 1967,vol.2.
8) John, Shore., Colorant & Auxiliaries, Hobbs The printers., Hampshire, UK,2002,
vol.2, p.602-607.
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10) AATCC Technical Manual, Vol.75, Research Triangle Park: AATCC, 2000.
11) AATCC Technical Manual, Vol.66, Research Triangle Park: AATCC, 1991
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