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MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Physics Department
8.044 Statistical Physics I Spring Term 2013
Solutions to Problem Set #6

Problem 1: Sound Waves in a Solid

We need to find (∂T /∂P )∆Q=0 . To do this we will use in sequence the first law, the energy
derivative given in the statement of the problem, and the chain rule for partial derivatives.

/Q = dU − d/W = dU + P dV
d
    
∂U ∂U
= dT + + P dV = 0
∂T V ∂V T
| {z } | {z }
CV A
 
∂V
 
∂P −1 ∂T P αT
A = T = T     = T   =
∂T V ∂T ∂V ∂V κT

∂V P ∂P T ∂P T
αT
0 = CV dT + dV
κT

Now express dV in terms of dT and dP ,


   
∂V ∂V
dV = dT + dP = αV0 dT − κT V0 dP
∂T P ∂P T

and substitute in to the adiabatic condition

αT
0 = CV dT +

κT
(αV0 dT − κT V0 dP )

α 2 T V0

� ∂P �
αT V0 dP = CV + dT
κT
∆T αT
∂V T
=    2 
∆P CV α T
+
V0 κT

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Problem 2: Energy of a Film

a) The best approach to take here is to find a general expression for CA and then show that
its derivative with respect to A is zero.

d/Q
CA ≡
dT A
 
∂S
= T by the second law
∂T A
 
∂CA ∂ 2S
= T
∂A T ∂A∂T
  
∂ ∂S
= T interchanging order of the derivatives
∂T ∂A T A

We use a Maxwell relation to find (∂S/∂A)T . Note that S and S are different variables. I
would normally construct a magic square to find the equivalent derivatives, but for clarity I
will go through the more fundamental route here.

dE = T dS + S dA

dF = dE − d(T S) = −S dT + S dA

Since F is a state function, the cross derivatives must be equal.


   
∂S ∂S Nk
− = =−
∂A T ∂T A A−b

Substitute this result into the expression for the derivative of the heat capacity.
   
∂CA ∂ Nk
=T =0
∂A T ∂T A − b A

This shows that the heat capacity at constant area does not depend on the area: CA (T, A) =
CA (T ).

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b) Now we find the exact differential for the energy and integrate up.

dE = T dS + S dA
     
∂S ∂S
= T dT + T + S dA
∂T A ∂A T
| {z } | {z }
CA (T ) N kT
− +S =0
A−b
 
∂E
⇒ =0
∂A T

E(T, A) = E(T )
Z T
= CA (T 0 ) dT 0 + E(T = 0)
0

Problem 3: Bose-Einstein Gas

a) In this problem, we just follow the directions.

dE = T dS − P dV
     
∂S ∂S
= T dT + T − P dV
∂T V ∂V T
| {z }
CV

dF = dE − d(T S) = −S dT − P dV
   
∂S ∂P
⇒ − =−
∂V T ∂T V
   
∂P 3/2 2 ∂S
= (5/2)aT + 3bT =
∂T V ∂V T
   
∂S
T −P = (5/2)aT 5/2 + 3bT 3 − aT 5/2 − bT 3 − cV −2
∂V T

= (3/2)aT 5/2 + 2bT 3 − cV −2

Collecting this all together gives

dE = (dT 3/2 V + eT 2 V + f T 1/2 )dT + ((3/2)aT 5/2 + 2bT 3 − cV −2 )dV

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b) Use the fact that the energy is a state function which requires that the cross derivatives
must be equal.
     
∂ ∂E ∂ ∂E
=
∂V ∂T V T ∂T ∂V T V

dT 3/2 + eT 2 = (15/4)aT 3/2 + 6bT 2

⇒ d = (15/4)a, e = 6b

c) Use the results from b) to simplify the expression for dE in a).

dE = ((15/4)aT 3/2 V + 6bT 2 V + f T 1/2 )dT + ((3/2)aT 5/2 + 2bT 3 − cV −2 )dV

Integrate with respect to T first.

E = (3/2)aT 5/2 V + 2bT 3 V + (2/3)f T 3/2 + F(V )


 
∂E
= (3/2)aT 5/2 + 2bT 3 + F 0 (V ) from above
∂V T

= (3/2)aT 5/2 + 2bT 3 − cV −2 from dE

⇒ F 0 = −cV −2 , F = cV −1 + KE

E = (3/2)aT 5/2 V + 2bT 3 V + (2/3)f T 3/2 + cV −1 + KE

d) Proceed just as we did above for E.


   
∂S ∂S
dS = dT + dV
∂T V ∂V T
| {z }  | {z }
CV /T ∂P
from a)
∂T V

= (dT 1/2 V + eT V + f T −1/2 )dT + ((5/2)aT 3/2 + 3bT 2 )dV

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Integrate with respect to T first.

S = (2/3)dV T 3/2 + (1/2)eV T 2 +2f T 1/2 + G(V )


| {z } | {z }
(5/2)aV T 3/2
3bV T 2
 
∂S
= (5/2)aT 3/2 + 3bT 2 + G 0 (V ) from above
∂V T

= (5/2)aT 3/2 + 3bT 2 from dS

⇒ G 0 (V ) = 0, G(V ) = KS

S(T, V ) = (5/2)aV T 3/2 + 3bV T 2 + 2f T 1/2 + KS

Problem 4: Paramagnet

a) This is virtually identical in approach to problem 2.

d/Q
CM ≡
dT M
 
∂S
= T by the second law
∂T M
 
∂CM ∂ 2S
= T
∂M T ∂M ∂T
  
∂ ∂S
= T interchanging order of the derivatives
∂T ∂M T M

We will need H(T, M ) for what follows.

A M
M= H ⇒ H= (T − T0 )
T − T0 A
We use a Maxwell relation to find (∂S/∂M )T .

dE = T dS + H dM

dF = dE − d(T S) = −S dT + H dM

Since F is a state function, the cross derivatives must be equal.


   
∂S ∂H M
− = =
∂M T ∂T M A

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Substitute this result into the expression for the derivative of the heat capacity.
   
∂CM ∂ M
=T − =0
∂M T ∂T A M

This shows that the heat capacity at constant magnetization does not depend on the mag-
netization: CM (T, M ) = CM (T ).

b)

dE = T dS + H dM
     
∂S ∂S
= T dT + T +H dM
∂T M ∂M T
| {z } | {z }
CM (T ) −M T /A + H = −M T0 /A

Do the T integration first.


Z T
E(T, M ) = CM (T 0 ) dT 0 + f (M )
0
 
∂E
= f 0 (M ) from above
∂M T

M T0
= − from dE
A
M 2 T0
⇒ f (M ) = − + KE
2A
Z T
M 2 T0
E(T, M ) = CM (T 0 ) dT 0 − + KE
0 2A

c)
   
∂S ∂S
dS = dT + dM
∂T M ∂M T
| {z } | {z }
CM (T )/T −M/A from a)
Z T
CM (T 0 ) 0
S(T, M ) = dT + g(M )
0 T0

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∂S
= g 0 (M ) from above
∂M T

M
= − from dS
A
M2
⇒ g(M ) = − + KS
2A
Z T
CM (T 0 ) 0 M 2
S(T, M ) = dT − + KS
0 T0 2A

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8.044 Statistical Physics I


Spring 2013

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