A traditional specialty

for innovative cleaners

Hostapur® SAS
Hostapur® SAS
contents

Product profile 4 Physical and chemical properties 28

sythesis 8 Surface activity 30
Applications 12 Foaming power 31
Dishwashing liquids 15 Rheological properties 31
Detergents 18 pH stability 31
Household cleaners 21 Heat stability 31
Sanitary cleaners 22 Detergent action 31
Cosmetic hair and body care products 23 Solubilization 32
Industrial cleaners 26 Emulsifying action 32
Special technical sectors 27 Stability to hard water 32
Electrolyte stability 32
Chlorine-/oxidation stability 33
Enzyme stability 33
Synergistic interaction with soil release polymers 34
Solubility in water 35
Low-temperature properties 35

2 hostapur® SAS
Toxicological and environmental properties 36 Technical Data 48

Toxicological profile 38 Summary of the properties of Hostapur SAS 49

Ecology 39 Physical/chemical data 50
Life cycle assessment 41 Ecological data 51
Processing 42 C-chain distribution 51
Transport 44 Registration status 51
Storage 44 Analysis 53
Conveying/mixing 46 Literature 53

Dilution 46 product range 55

Handling 47

3
 Hostapur SAS
Product profile

4 hostapur® SAS
 Hostapur SAS – A surfactant with
optimum application properties and
less impact on the environment
The demands imposed on surfactants have changed in the last few
Abbreviations
decades. Not only is an optimum price-performance ratio expected,
SAS Secondary alkane sulphonate
but safety and impact on the environmental are also prime
considerations. LES Lauryl ether sulphate

LAS Linear alkylbenzene sulphonate

The secondary alkane sulphonate Hostapur SAS meets these
AES Alkyl ether sulphate
requirements in every respect. This surfactant has been
highly successful on the market for many years. To date, over LS Lauryl sulphate
one million metric tonnes of Hostapur SAS have been produced SRP Soil release polymer
in our european facilities.

One of the reasons for this great success is the enhanced

environmental properties as shown by the life cycle assessment.

We are convinced that over the coming decades Hostapur SAS

will continue to maintain and expand its position as one of the
leading principal surfactants.

This brochure describes the specific properties and universal

uses of Hostapur SAS. Further information and individual advice
can be obtained.

5
Hostapur SAS
Grades

Anionic surfactants for the detergent, chemical-technical and

cosmetic industries, based on secondary alkane sulphonate
sodium salt, starting product: n-paraffins.

Chemical structure
m + n = 10 – 14; the sulphonate group is distributed
over the carbon chain in such a way that it is mainly
CH3 – (CH2)m – CH – (CH2)n – CH3 the secondary carbon atoms that are substituted.
|
SO3- Na+
INCI name
Sodium C14-17 sec-Alkyl sulphonate

CAS numbers
97489-15-1; 85711-70-2; 85711-69-9,
USA: 68608-26-4; 68037-49-0

EINE CS/ELIN CS numbers

307-055-2; 288-331-9; 288-330-3

Commercially available grades

Active content Appearance (25 °C)

Hostapur SAS 30 approx. 30 % clear faintly yellowish liquid

Hostapur SAS 60 approx. 60 % yellowish soft paste

Hostapur SAS 93 approx. 93 % yellowish waxy pellets

Hostapur SAS 93 G approx. 93 % yellowish fine granules

6 hostapur® SAS
The Hostapur SAS grades are noted for the following
specific application properties:
Very good solubility
· spontaneous dissolving, e. g. when used as dishwashing liquids
· good low-temperature properties
High wetting action
· good drainage properties and rapid drying of dishes
Pronounced foaming power
· high yield of the finished products in use
Excellent grease- and soil-dispersing action
· development of finished products with defined and optimum
detergent, cleaning and degreasing action
Viscosity-depressing action
· permits the formulation of flowable, highly concentrated
detergents and cleaners with low water content and without
solvents and preservatives; saves transport and packaging costs
Outstanding enzyme compatibility
· positive influence on enzyme stability
Chemical stability over a wide pH range
· formulation of alkaline cleaners with long storage stability
· stability to oxidizing agents; intended for chlorine-containing
all-purpose cleaners
7
Increases action of modern detergent additives,
e. g. soil release polymers
Very good electrolyte compatibility
· manufacture of heavy-duty detergents with high builder content
Good skin compatibility
· formulation of mild dishwashing liquids
Possibility of combination with anionic,
nonionic and amphoteric surfactants
· versatility in formulation
· synergistic effects in use
· electrically neutral salts can be formed with cationic surfactants
Cost reduction
· possibility of manufacturing highly concentrated liquid cleaners
without hydrotropes
Surfactant of low aquatic toxicity with less
impact on the environment
· rapid biodegradation
Range of grades
· Hostapur SAS is available in liquid and paste as well as in pellet
and powder form
· permits universal processing in all fields of use
 Hostapur SAS
Synthesis

8 hostapur® SAS
 The synthesis of Hostapur SAS
by the Hoechst light/water process
yields detergent raw materials
of consistently high quality.
In this process the raw material
and energy consumption
as well as the emissions
are optimized at a minimum.

9
The secondary alkane
sulphonate Hostapur SAS
is synthesized
by sulphoxidation
of n-paraffins.1-6

Sulphoxidation, a basic reaction in aliphatic organic chemistry, Substitution is done largely at the methylene groups; the terminal
was discovered as early as 1940 by C. Platz at the Höchst site of methyl groups are considerably less reactive. 12 –14
the former IG Farben AG 7, when n-paraffins were treated with
sulphur dioxide and oxygen and simultaneously exposed to Besides the monosulphonates, smaller amounts of di- and
ultraviolet light. Since then the process has been developed into polysulphonates are also formed, see Technical data, page 48.
the present Hoechst light/water process 8–11, which can be
described summarily by the following equation:

R–H + 2SO2 + O2 + H2O → RSO3H + H2SO4

Figure 1: Sulphoxidation process

The flow chart shows in diagrammatic form the industrial-scale production of Hostapur SAS.

SO3 O2 n-paraffin n-paraffin H2O

reaction H2O rectification SAS-flakes 93 %

H2O

separation neutralisation
SAS- paste 60 %

SO2 O2 n-paraffin NaOH

10 hostapur® SAS
The industrial-scale sulphoxidation of the n-paraffins by the
Hoechst light/water process is carried out in a multi-lamp reactor.
The gas mixture of SO2 and O2 is introduced by means of gas
injection equipment and on exposure to UV light produced in high-
pressure mercury lamps made of quartz glass, sulphoxidation of
the n-paraffins takes place in the presence of water. The reaction
gas is circulated. A compressor is needed for maintaining gas
circulation, as is a cooling system for adjusting the required
temperature. The reaction liquid is removed at the bottom of the
reactor and the product phase – the lower phase – is separated
in a separating system. The upper phase – paraffin phase – is cooled
and replenished with water and n-paraffin and then returned to
the reactor. After concentration of the product phase in a vacuum,
separation of the sulphuric acid and neutralization of the concen-
trate with sodium hydroxide solution, the remaining paraffin is
driven off with superheated steam. The distillate is again separated
in a separator and the paraffin phase is returned to the reaction.
The remaining melt is finally processed into pellets, Hostapur SAS
93, or into aqueous solutions, Hostapur SAS 60 or Hostapur SAS 30.
Very pale reaction products of high quality are obtained.

One characteristic of the process described is that no other

chemical auxiliaries, for example, solid catalysts or solvents, are
required. The n-paraffins used for synthesis are obtained as a
matter of course in the production of kerosene, and so Hostapur
SAS manufacture offers a useful outlet for this material. The
precise material flow and the energy balances are described in
section Life cycle assessment, page 41.

11
 Hostapur SAS
ApplicationS

12 hostapur® SAS
 The Hostapur SAS grades are
principal surfactants with
excellent ecological, toxicological
and economic properties.
Because of their pronounced surface activity and
specific properties, they have a very wide range of uses.
Their major use is in dishwashing liquids, in which
Hostapur SAS has proved highly successful for several
decades. The Hostapur SAS grades are used as principal
surfactants in combination with other surfactants for
the manufacture of virtually all types of detergents and
cleaners for household and industrial use.

13
Most important uses for
Hostapur SAS
Dishwashing liquids
· Standard dishwashing liquids
· Dishwashing liquid concentrates
Laundry detergents
· Liquid detergents
· Detergent powders
· Detergent pastes
· Soaking agents
Household cleaners
· All-purpose cleaners
· Liquid metal/ceramic cleaner
· Sanitary cleaners
· Floor cleaners
· Glass cleaners
· Toilet freshener blocks
14
Cosmetic hair and
body care products
· Shampoos
· Showergels
· Foam baths
· Liquid soaps
· Toothpastes
Industrial cleaners
· Automotive cleaners
· Metal degreasing agents
· Alkaline rust removers
· Hand cleaners
Special technical sectors
· Antistatic agents for polyvinyl chloride,
polystyrene and polyethylene
· Fire extinguishing foams
· Emulsion polymerization
· Textile and leather auxiliaries
· Oilfield chemicals
hostapur® SAS
Dishwashing
liquids
Consumers expect modern dishwashing liquids primarily to have
optimum cleaning action and safety in use, in other words good skin
compatibility, coupled with optimum environmental compatibility.
Another desirable feature is high yield, which can be achieved with
concentrates. Adequate foaming power in the presence of grease
and absence of streaks on dishes are taken for granted.
Hostapur SAS as a principal surfactant in combination with ampho-
teric surfactants such as the alkyl amidobetaines and/or alkyl ether
sulphates and/or nonionic surfactants as co-surfactants enables
dishwashing liquids to be developed that meet the above-mentioned
requirements almost ideally.15 -20
The high solubility of Hostapur SAS enables highly concentrated
dishwashing liquids with good storage stability to be formulated
without the addition of cost-increasing solubilizers. The demand
for this product class is rising steadily.
These concentrates with a low water content offer primarily
economic advantages such as lower transport and packaging costs.
It is often possible to dispense with a preservative for these
concentrates. Guide Formulations are available.
Preservation of formulations containing Hostapur SAS depends
foremost on the composition of the finished product in question.
Hostapur SAS is a rapidly biodegradable surfactant and must there-
fore be preserved if the finished formulations have a low application
concentration and a high water content. Most of the commercially
available preservatives are suitable for this purpose. A preservative
loading test must however always be carried out. Formulations
with a fairly high active detergent content, for example, over 40 %,
usually do not need to be preserved.
Microbiological studies of Hostapur SAS as a function of the
concentration of active detergent showed that an inherently
bacteriostatic effect is displayed with concentrations as low as
about 40 %. Therefore the sixty-percent commercial grade
15
Hostapur SAS 60 is not preserved and, like Hostapur SAS 93, is
suitable for the manufacture of preservative-free preparations.
The low-temperature stability of the dishwashing liquids, for
example, at -5 °C, can be further improved by small additions of
OH-group-containing substances such as ethanol. An addition of
2 % ethanol and 2 % urea is recommended for concentrates with
about 40 % active detergent.
pH adjustment is generally done with sodium hydroxide solution
or citric acid. When alkyl amidobetaines are used, an increase in
viscosity may possibly occur in the acid pH range.
If necessary, moisturizing agents can additionally be incorporated
in the formulation. Because of the good dermatological properties
of Hostapur SAS this is, however, not necessary in most cases.
Advantages of Hostapur SAS
in dishwashing liquids
Very good solubility and thus economizing on solubilizers
Very good rinsing action, rapid drainage, shine and rapid drying
Optimum cleaning and degreasing action with a low concent-
ration of active detergent and thus high dishwashing efficiency
Creamy, fine-bubble foam, which can act as a soil- and
fat-suspending agent
Compatibility with anionic, nonionic and amphoteric surfactants.
As a result synergistic effects are often achieved
Faint inherent colour and therefore only small amounts of dye
are required if coloration is needed
Good skin compatibility, especially in combination with
other surfactants
Dishwashing
liquids

Of the numerous possibilities for combining Hostapur SAS with Figure 2: Viscosity of Hostapur SAS: alkyl ether sulphate mixtures
surfactants that have a different chemical structure two-, three- with the addition of ethanol and urea
and four-component combinations are described below by way of 100 000
example; these mixtures enable dishwashing liquids with tailor-
made properties to be developed. 10 000
viscosity η [mPas]

The skin compatibility and the foaming power can be optimized

1 000
by combining Hostapur SAS and alkyl ether sulphate, for example,
®Genapol LRO or ZRO. In practice a mixture of about 3 to 4 parts
100
Hostapur SAS and about one part alkyl ether sulphate, relative to
100 % active substance (ratio 3 : 1 or 4 : 1), has proved successful.
10
10 20 30 40
This combination also enables liquid concentrates with about 40 % concentration c [ %]
active detergent content to be formulated without the additional
use of a solubilizer. Moreover, with this concentration the mixture A n 4 parts SAS : 1 part LES + 10 % ethanol + 10 % urea
B n 4 parts LAS : 1 part LES + 10 % ethanol + 10 % urea
of Hostapur SAS and alkyl ether sulphate is better and more rapidly
soluble in the dishwashing water than the individual components
separately.

The stability to hard water and the foaming power in hard water
are also optimized by the alkyl ether sulphate content. By adding
magnesium ions or other divalent metal ions to the Hostapur SAS:
alkyl ether sulphate mixture the foaming power can be further
improved, especially in the extremely low water hardness range.
Fig. 2 shows the viscosity at +20 °C as a function of the concen-
tration of Hostapur SAS/alkyl ether sulphate mixtures with the
addition of ethanol and urea. This means that a 40 % formulation
consisting of 32 % Hostapur SAS and 8 % lauryl ether sulphate
contains 4 % ethanol and 4 % urea.

A crucial parameter for the processing and use of dishwashing

liquids is rheology. The viscosity of the commercially available
products is about 400 to 700 mPas/20 °C. This viscosity can be
achieved easily with 5 to 7 % sodium chloride in Hostapur SAS:
alkyl ether sulphate mixtures in the ratio 70 : 30, relative to 100 %
active detergent, and a content of 12 to 15 % active detergent in
the final formulation.

More highly concentrated Hostapur SAS: alkyl ether sulphate

mixtures with a 40 % active detergent content can be adjusted
easily to viscosities suitable for practical purposes by incorporating
viscosity-depressing additives such as ethanol and/or urea,
as shown in fig. 2.

16 hostapur® SAS
 Figure 3: Mini-plate test of Hostapur SAS: alkyl ether sulphate (4 : 1 mixtures)
When betaines are used, not only the dermatological properties but
as a function of magnesium ion addition also the rheological properties are improved. As a result additional
moisturizing agents and viscosifiers are often not required. 21
water hardness: 0 ppm CaCO3 (0°d)

15
A fatty alcohol polyglycol ether content, as a function of the fatty
alcohol radical and the degree of ethoxylation, can produce an
increase in solubilizing and emulsifying action as well as better
number of plates

10
wetting. These influence the cleaning effect to a marked degree
when the product is used. The pronounced solubilizing action of
5
Hostapur SAS can also obviate the need for special solubilizers
for slightly soluble perfume oils, and thus cut costs.

0 Finally, there is the possibility of combining the four surfactant

0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 classes: alkane sulphonate, alkyl ether sulphate, betaine and fatty
Mg++-concentration [ %]
alcohol polyglycol ether.
n concentration: 0.33 g a.s./L
In the aforementioned numerous possible combinations the
economical principal surfactant Hostapur SAS is used as the
main component. Depending on the mixing ratio, the application
The cleaning action can be tested in the mini-plate test on glass properties of these combinations such as degreasing, low-temper-
plates soiled with grease or in the »plate test«. An example is given ature properties, foaming power, feel on the skin, rheology and
in fig. 3. dermatology can be optimized. 22, 23

Three-component mixtures can be formulated

· with Hostapur SAS , alkyl ether sulphate and betaine
(alkyl dimethyl betaine or alkyl amidobetaine), for example,
mixed in the ratio 5 : 2 : 1 or 7 : 1 : 1, or
· with Hostapur SAS , alkyl ether sulphate and nonionic fatty
alcohol polyglycol ethers.

17
Detergents
Liquid detergents

Liquid detergents are a major field of application for Hostapur SAS As with the dishwashing liquids, when Hostapur SAS is used as the
on account of its pronounced detergent properties. principal surfactant, for example, instead of linear alkyl benzene
sulphonate, considerable savings of solubilizer such as ethanol
The liquid detergents are divided below into light-duty liquids for can be achieved. Optimum liquid detergents without builders and
delicate wash and heavy-duty liquid detergents. having very good detergent action, solubility and stability contain
as principal components Hostapur SAS, readily water-soluble
The market for heavy-duty liquid detergents is still fairly young higher-ethoxylated fatty alcohols and potassium or triethanolamine
in Europe. In the USA the importance of these heavy-duty liquid coconut soap; the anionic surfactant content of the total active
detergents is much greater. These liquid detergents contain an detergent is generally one-third.25
average between 35 and 50 % surfactants. In the USA the build-
ers used are, for example, potassium tripolyphosphate and pyro-
phosphate and sodium citrate. In Europe, by contrast, phosphates
are largely notused. Moreover, in the USA, washing machines are
designed differently from those in Europe and the average wash-
ing temperatures are lower than 30 °C. The US formulations also
do not contain any bleaching agents because these are mostly used
separately.

In Europe the liquid detergents used have a different structure.

They generally consist of a mixture of anionic and nonionic
surfactants with soap in approximately the same ratio. In addition
they contain solubilizers such as ethanol, propylene glycol and/
or xylene sulphonate, possibly enzymes, optical brighteners and
chelating agents. 15 – 24

If enzymes are used in the formulations, Hostapur SAS offers better

enzyme compatibility than most of the anionic surfactants such as
linear alkyl benzene sulphonate or alkyl sulphate.

18 hostapur® SAS
If builders are also incorporated in the liquid detergents, it is ad-
vantageous to use freely soluble surfactants such as Hostapur SAS.
A further beneficial property of Hostapur SAS is its good electrolyte
compatibility, in other words good compatibility with the builders.
The liquid light-duty detergents are used at temperatures up to
a maximum of 60 °C. Hostapur SAS as a principal surfactant can
be combined in amounts of up to 40 % with alkyl ether sulphates,
nonionic surfactants, amphoteric surfactants and/or soap.
Another possibility of formulating with Hostapur SAS is to develop
highly viscous to gel-like detergents with special rheological
properties in use. Hostapur SAS permits a high surfactant
concentration and rapid dissolving in use. Hostapur SAS permits
a high surfactant concentration and rapid dissolving in use.
Looking ahead, the demand for liquid detergents will undoubtedly
continue to increase within the detergent market in Europe. This
applies particularly to products that have an active detergent
content of 50 percent and above. They thus meet the requirements
for low-energy manufacture, high efficiency coupled with easy low
metering and less impact on the environment. Detergents with high
active substance concentrations can be developed without difficulty
with Hostapur SAS.
19
Advantages of Hostapur SAS in heavy-duty
and light-duty liquid detergents
Better solubility in water than linear alkyl benzene sulphonate
High solubility, enabling highly concentrated detergents to be
manufactured
Hydrotropes can be reduced in quantity or omitted
Good detergent action
Good dispersion and solubilization of the soil,
oil and fat particles
Pronounced foaming power in the presence of soil and fat
Good compatibility with electrolytes, which enables the
hydrotropes to be reduced or even eliminated
Good calcium ion tolerance
Saving on enzymes
Synergistic effects with soil release polymers
Good dermatological properties
Detergents
detergent
powders

Hostapur SAS can also be used to manufacture the various powder Advantages of Hostapur SAS in
detergent types. The excellent solubility and the solubilizing detergent powders
properties lower the viscosity of the slurry. This brings a number
of major advantages, especially substantial energy savings and Lower slurry viscosity
capacity increases in the manufacture of detergent powders by the
hot spraying process. Higher solid content

Fig. 4 shows an example of typical viscosity/solids content curves, Energy and time saving
determined on rehydrated tower powders. The powders each con-
tained 9 % Hostapur SAS (100 %) or linear alkyl benzene sulphonate Increase of spraying capacity
(100 %). The substantially lower viscosity of the Hostapur SAS
containing slurry is clearly discernible; measured in the Brabender Reduction of hydrolysis of sodium tripolyphosphate
Plastograph, model PI 3S. 26 due to less water content

Powder-type heavy-duty detergents can contain between 6 and

10 % Hostapur SAS, relative to 100 % active detergent, in combina-
tion with fatty alcohol polyglycol ethers and soap as surfactant
components. Figure 4: Relative viscosities of detergent slurries as a function
of the solids content and the type of sulphonate
600
Powder-type light-duty detergents contain 10 to 15 % Hostapur
SAS, relative to 100 % active detergent, in combination with small 500
rel. viscosity [scales*]

amounts of soap and fatty alcohol polyglycol ethers.

400

300

200

100

0
0 55 60 65
solid content [%]

n SAS n LAS
* measured with »Brabender Plastograph«

20 hostapur® SAS
Household cleaners
Liquid all-purpose
cleaners and
Liquid metal/
ceramic cleaner
Liquid all-purpose cleaners
Liquid all-purpose cleaners are the predominant household
cleaners because of their ease of metering and wide range of uses.
In general they are adjusted to a fairly low concentration of active
detergent. Owing to the electrolyte content, for example, sodium
chloride or sodium carbonate, solubility problems and thus clou-
diness may occur. Hostapur SAS, on the other hand, has specific
advantages for the formulation of all-purpose cleaners because of
itsexcellent solubility and electrolyte compatibility. 27, 28
This also applies to the incorporation of fairly large amounts of
water-soluble active detergents or to the formulation of fairly highly
concentrated finished products. The latter can be produced with
Hostapur SAS without any great problems; an addition of solvent
such as butyl diglycol is often advantageous here. Abrasives such
as calcium carbonate can also be combined in high amounts with
Hostapur SAS. For the effective use of liquid all-purpose cleaners,
high fat-dissolving power and soil-dispersing power are of crucial
importance. Hostapur SAS brings these advantages in combination
with other components.
In addition the product has an excellent wetting action even at low
temperatures. This is particularly important for rapid cleaning; and
equally for a largely streakfree and residue-free removal of dirt.
Advantages of Hostapur SAS in
liquid all-purpose cleaners
Excellent wetting action: Rapid distribution over the dirty,
greasy surfaces to be cleaned
Electrolyte compatibility: Reduction in or elimination
of hydrotropes
Strong degreasing and cleaning action: Largely
streak-free surfaces
Good solubility Manufacture of highly concentrated
all-purpose cleaners
Good skin compatibility
21
Liquid metal/ceramic cleaner
Liquid metal/ceramic cleaner usually contains a high abrasive
content. The insoluble components are dispersed in the aqueous
surfactant phase. To prevent the solid particles from settling,
firstly abrasives with as small a particle size as possible are used
and secondly a fairly high viscosity is employed.
By combining Hostapur SAS with other surfactants, for example,
with ®Genapol UD 030, it is often possible without adding
viscosifiers to increase the viscosity to a level where settling of
the abrasive particles is prevented or reduced.
The usually thixotropic formulations display advantageous
properties in use: during storage the viscosity is high and when
subject to shear stress during application the metal cleaner
becomes less viscous, in other words it flows readily from the
bottle and can be spread easily over the surface to be treated.
Depending on its composition, the liquid metal cleaner can be
applied to stainless steel, chromium, copper and brass surfaces.
Besides a mild and gentle cleaning action, consumers expect
above all a shiny finish and a water-repellent effect. The finished
products are, however, intended to be suitable as widely as possible
for the cleaning of glass ceramics. Here, too, rapid wetting of
the surface to be cleaned, as made possible by Hostapur SAS,
is important.
Advantages of Hostapur SAS in
liquid metal/ceramic cleaner
Advantageous rheological properties when applied
Stabilization of the abrasives
Good wetting action increases efficiency
Good grease-dissolving power
Household cleaners
Sanitary cleaners
Sanitary cleaners are used chiefly for the easy and economical
cleaning of bathrooms and toilets. They are intended to remove all
traces of lime, dirt and soap rapidly. Furthermore, it is often desired
to remove dark mould patches on joints, tiles and shower curtains.
The current sanitary cleaners are adjusted either to an acid or an
alkaline pH. In general these products are expected to have an
antimicrobial or disinfectant action as well, which can be achieved
by special additives such as active chlorine (hypochlorite) hydrogen
peroxide or by acids.
Surfactants with good wetting action provide the cleaning action.
Owing to its chemical structure (C-S bond to the sulphonate group),
Hostapur SAS has good stability to oxidizing agents and is stable in
both the acid and the alkaline pH ranges. This stability to reducing
and oxidizing agents makes Hostapur SAS a preferred surfactant
for sanitary cleaners.
22
Of special importance is the stability of the oxidizing agents used in
the individual surfactant systems.
The allround cleaners for baths are intended to be effective at
fairly low surfactant concentrations. As a result of the pronounced
wetting and cleaning action of Hostapur SAS, this is also achieved
according to the EC recommendation at anionic surfactant concent-
rations between 5 and 15 % in the finished product.
The chemical stability of Hostapur SAS also enables it to be used
in toilet freshener blocks.
Advantages of Hostapur SAS in sanitary cleaners
Chemical stability to oxidizing agents
Stability in the acid and alkaline pH ranges
Good wetting power and thus increase in effectiveness
Better chlorine stability than other surfactants
hostapur® SAS
Cosmetic
hair and body care
products

In cosmetic preparations Hostapur SAS has proved successful
particularly as a co-surfactant on account of its productspecific
properties. This applies especially to the combination with alkyl
ether sulphates in the manufacture of hair and body care products.29
Compared to alkyl ether sulphates, Hostapur SAS has a stronger
cleaning and degreasing action. The viscosity depressing property
of the secondary alkane sulphonate also limits the concentration
used in the fairly high-viscosity cosmetic hair and body care
products. Apart from exceptions, mixtures with a higher content
of alkyl ether sulphate are therefore used.
Guide values for the mixing ratios are as follows:
· For finished products with a content over 12 % active detergent:
70 parts ether sulphate to 30 parts Hostapur SAS.
· For finished products with less than 12 % active detergent
the mixing ratio should be: 80 parts ether sulphate to 20 parts
Hostapur SAS.
The mixing ratios are calculated on 100 % active substance.
The viscosity can be adjusted with sodium chloride and/or
ammonium chloride and/or magnesium chloride very economi-
cally. Similarly, fatty acid alkanolamides and fatty alcohol polyglycol
ethers with a low degree of ethoxylation such as Genapol L-3 in
combination with the above-mentioned electrolytes can be used.
Fatty acid polyglycol esters or special cellulose ethers can also
be used to increase viscosity.
Fig. 5 shows the viscosity curves of Hostapur SAS (SAS): alkyl ether
sulphate (AES) mixtures with the addition of different electrolytes;
magnesium chloride performs particularly well. The viscosity rises
parallel to an increasing amount of alkyl ether sulphate.
A combination of alkyl ether sulphate, alkyl amidobetaine and
Hostapur SAS, for example, in the mixing ratio 6 : 2 : 2, can
bring advantages in respect of rheology, foaming properties
and dermatological properties.

Figure 5: Viscosity increase of alkyl ether sulphate/Hostapur SAS mixtures

as a result of additions of electrolytes ( 5 % )
7000

6000
viscosity η [ mPas ]

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0
7 : 3 6 : 4 5 : 5 4 : 6 3 : 7
SAS : AES mixture
n NaCl 10 % a.s. n KCl 15 % a.s.
n NaCl 15 % a.s. n MgCl2 10 % a.s.
n NH4OH 15 % a.s. n MgCl2 15 % a.s.

23
Cosmetic
hair and body care
products

By adding Hostapur SAS to liquid hair and body care products the
low-temperature cloud point as a function of the active detergent
content and the mixing ratio can be lowered by about 4 to 7 °C.
This is a particular advantage also for preparations containing
pearlizing agents. Fig. 6 illustrates the good influence of Hostapur
SAS on the low-temperature properties of the surfactant mixtures.
Hair shampoos
The addition of Hostapur SAS enables hair shampoos with special
effects to be developed. The stronger degreasing action of Hostapur
SAS makes it possible to increase the cleaning action, for example,
in mixtures with alkyl ether sulphates. This is an advantage in
formulating low-cost effective shampoos for greasy hair.

The possibility is also afforded of manufacturing singleapplication

Figure 6: Low temperature cloud and clear points as a function
of the mixing ratio shampoos, which can obviate the need for washing a second time.
+15
Shampoo concentrates with a high active detergent content can
+10 also be formulated with Hostapur SAS in combination with
temperature [ °C ]

other surfactants. Here, the viscosity-depressing property of

+5
Hostapur SAS is an advantage in formulation; in other words,
viscosity depressing additives such as ethanol and glycols can
±0
largely be omitted.
-5
Last but not least, Hostapur is suitable for the manufacture of
-1 special “clean shampoos”, which enable hair setting products or
0:10 2:8 4:6 6:4 8:2 10:0
highly substantive cationic polymers to be washed out of hair.
SAS : AES mixture

n cloud point n clear point

Special emulsifiers or solubilizers are needed to solubilize slightly
soluble perfume oils. Owing to the pronounced solubilizing action
of Hostapur SAS, the use of these auxiliaries is often unnecessary.
The flash foam required for use, especially in the presence of dirt
and grease, can also be increased by the Hostapur SAS content in
the formulations.
Shower gels
The universally usable shower gels are generally used for
cleaning the skin and hair at the same time. Flash foam formation
is particularly important in this application. With the partly use
of Hostapur SAS a fine-bubble foam and rapid spread of the shower
gel over the skin and hair can be achieved, as a function of the
concentration used.

The numerous uses of Hostapur SAS in cosmetic preparations are

described briefly as follows:

24 hostapur® SAS
Foam baths
Foam baths are used in extremely diluted concentrations in the
bath water; the active detergent content in the bath water is
0.002 %. The finished products are therefore often adjusted to an
active detergent content of, for example, 50 %. When the usual
surfactants such as alkyl ether sulphates and alkyl amidobetaines
are used, a gel that is slightly soluble in the bath water is usually
produced in this concentration range. By adding Hostapur SAS,
the solubility in water is improved dramatically. At the same time
beneficial rheological properties such as flowability at room
temperature are achieved. Moreover, it is not necessary to add
the commonly used solubilizers.
Advantages of Hostapur SAS in
cosmetic preparations
Lowering of the raw material costs by partial replacement
of other principal surfactants
Improvement in low-temperature stability
Manufacture of highly concentrated formulations
Improvement in spontaneous solubility in water
Reduction in solubilizers, especially with concentrates
Foam stabilization
Increased cleaning action by varying the Hostapur SAS:
alkyl ether sulphate mixing ratio

Liquid soaps
Liquid soaps have become established as an alternative to
conventional bar soaps in the body care product sector, above
all because of their ease of use. Since the hands are, generally
speaking, fairly dirty, a strong cleaning action is required.
By using Hostapur SAS, this effect can be achieved easily.

Soaps
By adding, for example, 1 to 3 % Hostapur SAS to the soap
formulation, processing can be facilitated and dispersion of the
dyes used can be improved. To a certain extent the amount
of the expensive C12 fatty acid can be reduced.

Emulsions
By adding small amounts of Hostapur SAS to emulsions, especially
oil-in-water emulsions, the spontaneity of emulsion formation can
be improved during manufacture. Moreover, finer distribution of
the emulsified droplets is achieved.

Toothpastes
Hostapur SAS can also be used in toothpastes as an alternative to
the lauryl sulphate sodium salt often employed as a foamer in dental
care products. Advantages are the good cleaning action as well as
the good electrolyte compatibility and dispersing action

25
Industrial
cleaners

High-pressure cleaners Advantages of Hostapur SAS in

These cleaners are in many cases adjusted to an alkaline pH with Industrial cleaners
sodium hydroxide and sodium metasilicate. Hostapur SAS has
optimum foaming and cleaning action in this pH range as well. High stability in a broad pH range (acid and alcaline)
and oxidation agents
Automotive cleaners Good compatibility with all types of electrolytes
Hostapur SAS is used as a principal surfactant in car shampoos Excellent wetting power
for private use and for commercial car washes. Equally, acid, Strong degreasing and cleaning effects
alkaline or neutral cleaners can be formulated with Hostapur SAS Good dispersion and solubilization of fat, soil, and pigments
for buses, railway trucks and lorries. The high cleaning action High solubility and a good cold stability
of the secondary alkane sulphonate in particular is of great
importance here. Furthermore, the foaming properties and the
associated soil-and oil-suspending power play a major role in
effective use. The concentration of Hostapur SAS used, calculated
on 100 %, is generally between 2 and 5 %. Hostapur SAS can
however also be used with fatty alcohol polyglycol ethers in an
approximate mixing ratio of 3 : 1.

Alkaline rust removers

The pH stability in the presence of potassium hydroxide solution
makes Hostapur SAS in amounts of 1 to 2 % ideal for use in these
products.

Hand cleaners
Hand cleaners are used in industrial plants and workshops
for cleaning very dirty hands. To increase the cleaning action,
mechanically effective substances such as wood flour, soda,
sodium sulphate or polymer powder are used. Hostapur SAS
in amounts of 10 to 50 % can be used as the active detergent.
The dispersion action and degreasing power of this surfactant
is an advantage for this application.

Cleaners for dairies and butchers’ shops

Hostapur SAS can be used for manufacture of cleaners for butchers’
shops and milking machines because of its excellent cleaning and
degreasing power.

26 hostapur® SAS
Special technical sectors
Hostapur SAS has many uses
in the technical sector.
Antistatic agents for polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene and poly-
ethylene Plastics mostly have the undesirable property of
accumulating a static charge. Surfactants such as Hostapur SAS
form on the surface of the polymers a mono- or multi-molecular
film, which increases the conductivity with atmospheric moisture.
It is often possible to incorporate Hostapur SAS in the polymer
compound, for example, in the case of polyvinyl chloride.
This also applies to polystyrene and styrene copolymers and to
polyethylene.
Fire extinguishing foams
The pronounced flash foaming power of Hostapur SAS can be
used in combination with other surfactants very effectively to
formulate fire extinguishing agents.
Emulsion polymerization
Secondary alkane sulphonates have been used successfully for
decades in the emulsion polymerization of vinyl chloride.
Hostapur SAS has proved successful both as an emulsifier in
continuous and discontinuous processes and for the stabilization
of the latex following polymerization by the nucleation process;
in the latter process polymerization is carried out with only a
low emulsifier concentration and the dispersion is stabilized
subsequently by adding suitable emulsifiers. Hostapur SAS is
noted for its good dispersibility, which is evidenced by good
stability of the latex to mechanical stress and good process control
(little tendency for deposits to form in the reaction vessel).
Owing to the absence of double bonds, the emulsifier does not
act as a radical interceptor. This ensures a readily reproducible
reaction course and results in end products with good heat
stability because of the lower demand for persulphate (radical
forming agent) and the lower tendency to block polymerization
(no reaction between the emulsifier and the reaction partners).
The low salt content of Hostapur SAS also has a positive influence
on the heat stability of the end product.
In the manufacture of butadiene copolymers, butadienestyrene
and butadiene-acrylonitrile latices, soaps (fatty soaps, resin soaps)
27
are generally used. The soaps have the advantage over the
synthetic anionic emulsifiers that the polymer can be precipitated
by acidification or addition of salt and the fatty or resin acid
remaining in the product serves as a plasticizer at the same time.
One evident disadvantage of the soaps is the instability of the latex
(coagulation on slight change in pH and contamination, low
resistance to fillers) and poorer chemical and heat stability.
For these reasons the synthetic emulsifiers are increasingly gaining
ground, particularly for special products, for example, the carbox-
ylated butadiene copolymers (for carpet backcoating, for paper-
making, adhesives etc). Because of its constant quality and low salt
content, Hostapur SAS is highly suitable for this application.
Textile and leather auxiliaries
Owing to its chemical stability and very good wetting action,
Hostapur SAS can be used in the manufacture of synthetic fibres
and in the finishing of textile fibres, for example, as an antistatic
agent. 30 Other uses for the secondary alkane sulphonate are cotton
scouring, mercerizing and carbonization and the preparation of
leather fatliquors.
Oilfield chemicals
Hostapur SAS is also used successfully in the tertiary recovery of oil.
Advantages of Hostapur SAS for
special technical sectors
Excellent antistatic effect for polyethylene, polystyrene
and polyvinyl chloride
High foam stability and flash foaming power in combination
with co-surfactants
Good emulsifier for the emulsion polymerization in continuous
and discontinuous processes
High wetting action in textile and leather auxiliaries
for manufacture and finishing of textile fibres
Special additive with high heat and electrolyte stability
for the tertiary recovery of oil
 Hostapur SAS
Physical and
chemical properties

28 hostapur® SAS
 The secondary alkane sulphonates
have a number of specific physical
and chemical properties
because of their structure.31 – 51
These properties are dependent
on the chain length of the paraffin
used. Hostapur SAS with paraffin
radicals between 14 and 17 carbon
atoms has optimum surface-active
and chemical properties, which
are described below.

29
Hostapur SAS
surface activity

Micelle formation pH ranges. The excellent wetting power in low concentrations

There are extensive studies of the surface-active properties of
secondary alkane sulphonates. 52, 53 It is interesting to note that
surfactants with a central functional group form micelles from
comparatively few surfactant molecules.54 For Hostapur SAS the
critical micelle concentration CM is about 2 x 10-3 mol · L -1 or
0.6 g · L-1 at 20 °C. The structure of the micelles is spherical.
Interfacial tension
The interfacial tension with decane as the other phase is about
4.6 mN · m-1, measured on a 1 % aqueous Hostapur SAS solution.
at low temperatures is a noteworthy feature.
Fig. 8 shows the wetting action of Hostapur SAS as a function of
the concentration and temperature.
The superior wetting power of Hostapur SAS compared with linear
alkyl benzene sulphonate (LAS), lauryl ether sulphate (LE S) and
lauryl sulphate (LS) is shown in fig. 9.
Figure 8: Wetting power of Hostapur SAS in accordance with DIN 53901

100
Surface tension
The surface tension of Hostapur SAS (100 % active substance), 80
measured by the »du Noüy method« at 25 °C, as a function of
wetting time [ s ]

the concentration, is shown in fig. 7. 60

40
Wetting action
Hostapur SAS is a rapidly wetting surfactant. This gives rise to
20
advantages in practical use in all cleaners. This applies particularly
to use in dishwashing liquids and all-purpose cleaners. The 0
excellent wetting action extends over a wide temperature range, 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
not only in a neutral medium but also in the alkaline and acid concentration c [ g/L ]
n 20 °C n 50 °C n 70 °C

Figure 7: Surface tension of Hostapur SAS (25 ºC) Figure 9: Wetting power of various surfactants in accordance with DIN 53901

90
70
80
surface tension σ [ mN/m ]

70
60
wetting time [ s ]

60
50
50
40

40 30
20
30 10
0
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 SAS LAS AES LS
concentration [ g/L ] C surfactant 0.1 % a.s., temperature 37 °C,
water hardness: 268 ppm CaCO3 (15 °d), pH 7

30 hostapur® SAS
Hostapur SAS
chemical properties

Foaming power
Hostapur SAS has good foaming power, which is very pronounced,
especially in soft water. Flash foam is a characteristic property
of the secondary alkane sulphonates. An increase in foaming
properties, especially in hard water, can be achieved, for example,
by a combination of Hostapur SAS with an alkyl ether sulphate in
the ratio 4 : 1. Figs. 10 and 11 below demonstrate the foaming power
of Hostapur SAS in soft and hard water.
The good foaming properties of the Hostapur SAS/alkyl ether
sulphate mixtures are clearly discernible.
Rheological properties
The viscosity of the aqueous Hostapur SAS solutions rises only
slightly up to about 30 % active detergent. Above 30 %, however,
a rapid rise in the inhomogeneous paste region can be observed.
The low-concentration aqueous Hostapur SAS solutions exhibit
Newtonian flow.
The flow properties of Hostapur SAS 30 and pastegrade Hostapur
SAS 60 are of importance particularly for transport and conveying.
The flow diagrams are given in section Conveying/mixing.
pH stability
The Hostapur SAS grades are stable in the acid and in the alkaline
pH range.
Heat stability
Aqueous solutions of Hostapur SAS are stable up to temperatures
of about 100 °C. The Hostapur SAS 93 pellets have a softening point
of about 40 °C and become liquid when the temperature rises to
about 140 °C. At temperatures above 140 °C, the surface of the
Hostapur SAS 93 melt should be covered with an inert gas blanket
such as nitrogen.
Detergent action
The good soil removal power of Hostapur SAS is not appreciably
reduced by water hardness salts. The builders used in practice
increase the cleaning effect.

Figure 10: Foaming power of Hostapur SAS in distilled water Figure 11: Foaming properties of Hostapur SAS in hard water
by the ROSS-MILES method by the ROSS-MILES method
300 300

250 250
foam height [ mm ]

foam height [ mm ]

200 200

150 150

100 100

50 50

0 0
0.002 0.006 0.03 0.1 0.3 1.0 0.002 0.006 0.03 0.1 0.3 1.0
concentration c [ % ] concentration c [ % ]

n AES n SAS n AES : SAS ≙ 7 : 3 n SAS : AES ≙ 4 : 1 n AES n SAS n AES : SAS ≙ 7 : 3 n SAS : AES ≙ 4 : 1
water hardness 0 ppm CaCO3 (0°d), temperature 37 °C water hardness 357 ppm CaCO3 (20°d), temperature 37 °C

31
Hostapur SAS
chemical properties

Solubilization Stability to hard water

The good solubilizing power of Hostapur SAS towards hydrophobic
oils and fats is characteristic of this type of surfactant. In practical
use in cleaners, this means increased degreasing and often a saving
of solubilizers, for example, for perfumes. The solubilizing effect
rises with the surfactant concentration, the temperature and often
also with the electrolyte content of the solution. Solubilization in
the Hostapur SAS solution can also be increased and speeded up by
mechanical means and lengthy stirring.
Hostapur SAS has a stability number of 3 in accordance with the
DIN 53905 test. Accordingly, Hostapur SAS is a surfactant with
moderate stability to hard water.
The stability to hard water of Hostapur SAS can be improved
markedly by combining it with alkyl ether sulphates. As fig. 13
shows, a mixture of 4 parts Hostapur SAS (SAS) and 1 part lauryl
ether sulphate (LE S) reaches an optimum value of 75.

Using the solubilization of isopropyl myristate as an example, fig. 12 Electrolyte stability

illustrates that Hostapur SAS has greater solubilizing power than Hostapur SAS has only slight sensitivity to electrolytes. The viscos-
alkyl ether sulphate. ity of the aqueous solutions is increased only slightly by additions of
electrolyte such as sodium chloride or sodium sulphate.
Emulsifying action
Secondary alkane sulphonates also display good emulsifying action.
As co-emulsifiers, they are suitable for the manufacture of liquid
and cream oil-in-water emulsions. Concentrations as low as under
1 % bring spontaneous emulsion formation in manufacture and an
improvement in emulsion stability. Moreover, finer distribution of
the emulsified droplets is possible. The emulsifying action
as a dishwashing liquid test is described by D. Miller. 55

Figure 12: Solubilization of isopropyl myristate by Hostapur SAS : Figure 13: Stability to hard water of Hostapur SAS and of mixtures with lauryl
alkyl ether sulphate (LES ) as a function of the mixing ratio ether sulphate determined in accordance with DIN 53905
5 80

4
60
wetting time [ s ]

wetting time [ s ]

3
40
2

20
1

0 0
0:10 2:8 4:6 6:4 8:2 10:0 SAS LES SAS : LES ≙ 4 : 1
SAS  : LES mixture

n 15 % a.s. n 10 % a.s. n 5 % a.s.

32 hostapur® SAS
 Chlorine-/ oxidation stability The residual activities after 7 days’ storage at 25 °C are shown in
Hostapur SAS has excellent chlorine stability compared with many fig. 16. Here too the good effect of Hostapur SAS on the stability
other surfactants. In combination with amine oxides, a synergistic of the enzymes is confirmed both in the case of proteases and of
effect is observed; in other words, the mixture has a higher stability lipases.
than the individual surfactants alone. Hostapur SAS is therefore the
ideal surfactant for formulating hypochlorite-containing cleaners,
whether used alone or in combination with amine oxides.
Figure 15: Compatibility of Hostapur SAS with protease
As illustrated in fig. 14, the chlorine content falls fairly little in the
100
presence of Hostapur SAS as a function of the storage time. The
stability was determined on a solution with 2.5 % active detergent 80
residual activity [ % ]

in each case.
60
Enzyme stability
The stability of enzymes such as protease (e. g. ®Savinase, manu- 40

factured by Novozymes) in the presence of Hostapur SAS is shown

20
in fig. 15 as a function of the storage time. It is clearly evident
that after 7 days only a slight fall in enzyme activity (80 %) can 0
be observed in the case of Hostapur SAS. Hostapur SAS is a more 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

enzyme compatible anionic surfactant than most anionic surfac- time [days]

tants commonly used in liquid laundry detergent applications n LAS n SAS

c savinase 0.3 %, c surfactant 3.0 g/L,
(e. g. linear alkyl benzene sulphonate).
water hardness 179 ppm CaCO3 (10°d), temperature 25 °C

Figure 14: Chlorine stability in the presence of Hostapur SAS, amine oxide and Figure 16: Compatibility of Hostapur SAS with protease and lipase
a mixture of Hostapur SAS/amine oxide
100
100
80
residual activity [ % ]

80
residual activity [ % ]

60
60
40
40
20
20
0
0 SAS LAS
2.5 % SAS 2.5 % amine oxide 1.5 % SAS + 1 % amine oxide
n ®Savinase 16L, c = 0.3 % n ®Lipolase 100L, c = 1.0 %
after n 6 weeks, n after 12 weeks, n after 20 weeks c surfactant 3.0 g/L, water hardness 179 ppm CaCO3 (10°d),
starting value: 6.5 % active chlorine temperature 25 °C

33
Hostapur SAS
chemical properties

In modern detergent formulations the use of soil release polymers
(SRP) is gaining increasing importance. Soilrelease polymers
improve the detachment of oily and fatty soil from fabrics contain-
ing synthetic fibres, especially polyester and polyester blended
fabrics. They are now included in the top brands of most detergent
manufacturers.
However, it is known that the effectiveness of these polymers is
dependent substantially on the type of surfactants in the detergent.
The literature describes, how the soil release effect is generally
reduced in combination with anionic surfactants.56 However, these
studies are restricted to the major anionic surfactants in detergents,
e. g. linear alkyl benzene sulphonate.
Fig. 17 shows that in combination with Hostapur SAS, unlike
combinations with linear alkyl benzene sulphonate or alkyl
sulphate, a significant improvement in the soil release effect is
achieved.
As is evident from fig. 18, the builder system as well as the
surfactant influences the performance of soil release polymers.
The soil release polymer reaches its greatest effectiveness with
the combination of Hostapur SAS plus the zeolite/soda system.
The combination of the polymer with Hostapur SAS plus sodium
tripolyphosphate (STPP) is more effective than the combination
with linear alkyl benzenesulphonate plus STPP.

The soil release effect of a commercial soil release polymer in

combination with Hostapur SAS was therefore investigated in
comparison with combinations with linear alkyl benzene sulpho-
nate (LAS) or alkyl sulphate (AS) in the well-known dirty motor
oil test.

Figure 17: Improvement in the soil release effect by Hostapur SAS Figure 18: Influence of the builder system on the performance
of soil release polymers
40 35

30
30
25
remission R [ % ]

remission R [ % ]

20
20
15

10
10
5

0 0
SRP LAS AS SAS LAS LAS SAS SAS
n 0.06 g/L SRP + 2.0 g NTPP + 1.5 g zeolite + 2.0 g NTPP + 1.5 g zeolite
n 1.0 g/L surfactant without SRP + 0.7 g soda + 0.7 g soda
n 1.0 g/L surfactant + 0.06 g/L SRP n 0.05 g/L surfactant + builder without SRP
n 1.0 g/L surfactant + builder + 0.06 g/L SRP

34 hostapur® SAS
 Solubility in water
The very good solubility of the Hostapur SAS grades in water is
illustrated in fig. 19. As expected, the dissolving rate increases
sharply as the temperature of the water rises.
Figure 19:
Solubility of the Hostapur SAS grades in distilled water
80
Hostapur SAS shows less tendency than other surfactants to form
liquid crystalline phases or gels. Hostapur SAS is therefore very
suitable for concentrates and liquid formulations.
Low-temperature properties
Hostapur SAS has good low-temperature properties, especially
in high application concentrations. This applies particularly in
comparison with linear alkylbenzene sulphonate. Fig. 20 shows
in graph form the low-temperature clear and cloud points of the
individual Hostapur SAS (SAS)/alkyl ether sulphate (LES) mixtures.

70
concentration c [ g/100g ]

The low-temperature cloud points of Hostapur SAS as a function

60
of the concentration are shown in fig. 21.
50

40

30

20

10

0
-10 0 10 20 30 40
temperature [ °C ]
n SAS 30 n SAS 60 n SAS 93

Figure 20: Low-temperature cloud and clear points of 30 % Figure 21: Low-temperature properties of Hostapur SAS as a function
Hostapur SAS/alkyl ether sulphate mixtures of the concentration
35
35
temperature [ °C ]

30
30
25
25
temperature [ °C ]

20
20
15
15
10
10
5
5
±0
±0
-5
-5
-10
-10 10 15 20 25 30
10 15 20 25 30
concentration c [ % ]
concentration c [ % ]
n SAS : AES ≙ 4 : 1 n LAS : AES ≙ 4 : 1
n SAS n LAS

35
 Hostapur SAS
Toxicological
and environmental
properties

36 hostapur® SAS
 A modern surfactant must not present
any risk to humans, animals,
plants and the environment during
manufacture, storage, transport,
processing, use and in the waste water.
As the following data show, Hostapur SAS is an environmentally
friendly surfactant with very good biodegradability, good
ecotoxicological values and good dermatological and toxicological
compatibility that has been successful for decades. It is safe to
use and poses no risk to the environment.

Detailed reports on the toxicology and environmental properties of

secondary alkane sulphonate are available in the literature. 57 – 74

37
Hostapur SAS
toxicological
profile
To confirm the favorable toxicological profile of Hostapur SAS,
extensive toxico-logical and dermatological investigations were carried
out over many years. The most important test results are given below:
Acute oral toxicity
LD50 (rat) = appr. 5000 mg/kg (60 %)
LD50 (mouse) = appr. 2900 mg/kg (60 %)
LD50 (mouse) = appr. 1900 mg/kg (93 %)
Skin and mucous membrane irritation
Animal studies conducted in accordance with OECD guideline 405
lead to the assumption that Hostapur SAS as well as other basic
surfactants, e. g. LAS, irritates both the skin and the eyes. Below a
threshold concentration (of 15 % active detergent), however, no sig-
nificant irritant effects are observed. Furthermore, well-document-
ed human studies showed no indications of skin irritation caused by
diluted Hostapur SAS solutions.
Sensitization
Hostapur SAS (60 %) was tested in the Magnusson and Kligman
maximization test and proved not to be skin-sensitizing.
Mutagenicity
Hostapur SAS was tested in the AmesTest (±S9) with Salmonella
typhimurium and for chromosome mutations in the micronucleus
test in vivo. In both test systems Hostapur SAS was not mutagenic.
Reproduction toxicity
Hostapur SAS (60 %) was tested in a two-generation trial for pos-
sible reproduction toxicity properties. Up to a dose of 10,000 ppm in
the feed, no maternotoxic, embryotoxic and/or teratogenic effects
of any kind were observed.
38
Chronic toxicity
Hostapur SAS (60 %) was tested for chronic toxicity and/or carci-
nogenicity in two longterm studies on rats and mice. No toxicologi-
cally significant effects were observed after oral administration to
rats of up to 2 % in the feed over a period of two years. In addition,
no signs of toxicity, either macroscopic or microscopic, were ob-
served afterdermal application (three times per week for 80 weeks)
to mice.
Toxicokinetics
The toxicokinetic properties of radioactively labelled Hostapur SAS
were investigated on rats. After oral adminis-tration, a dose-inde-
pendent two-phase elimination with half-lives of 11 and 65 hours
was observed. Over 90 % of the dose administered was excreted
within 24 hours.
Comparable toxicokinetic properties were also observed after der-
mal application to rats.
Conclusion: Hostapur SAS
· is not sensitizing to skin.
· is not mutagenic and/or genotoxic.
· presents no risk in respect of reproduction toxicity.
· exhibited no systemic toxicity in two long-term studies and
was not carcinogenic.
· shows no signs of bio-accumulative potential and is eliminated
very rapidly.
In accordance with the CESIO classification Hostapur SAS
with an active detergent content of over 15 % must be labelled as
irritant (Xi) whereas up to an active detergent content of 15 %,
Hostapur SAS does not require a hazard warning label.
For detailed information see Safety data sheet.
Hostapur SAS does not present a health risk
under conditions of use.
hostapur® SAS
Hostapur SAS
Ecology

Biodegradability
Secondary alkane sulphonates are readily and rapidly biodegrad-
able. The primary degradability is considerably in excess of 90 %.
In the OECD Confirmatory Test (sewage sludge simulation test)
the rate of degradation is 99 % (decrease in MBAS). In the modified
OECD Screening Test (OECD 301 E), a test for total degradability,
SAS has a DOC removal of 95 %. The »Ten-days-window« criterion
is thus met, i.e. SAS is »readily biodegradable«.

Compared with linear alkyl benzene sulphonates (LAS), secondary

alkane sulphonates (SAS) are more rapidly biodegradable. This ap-
plies especially at low temperatures. The degradation properties of
secondary alkane sulphonates are shown on page 51.

In the Coupled Units Test (OECD 303 A, sewage treatment plant

simulation test), the biodegradation/elimination is 96 % +/-3 %.
In a modified Coupled Units Test, in which the sewage treatment
plant simulation was better matched to the conditions in a modern
municipal sewage treatment plant, 99 % +/- 1 % secondary alkane
sulphonates were degraded/eliminated (DOC decrease).

39
Hostapur SAS
Ecology

Aquatic toxicity Simplified »risk assessment«

Current data on the acute and chronic ecotoxicity and water
biocenosis toxicity are given in tabular form in Technical data:
Possible toxic effects of surfactant as well as decomposition and
cleavage products of the secondary alkane sulphonate were
investigated in five pilot plants, in which the route taken by the
anionic surfactant from the consumer via the sewage treatment
plant to the surface water is simulated. Flora and fauna of the
β-mesosaprobic zone were used as indicators of the effect on living
organisms. In addition, the embryolarval test was used to determine
the toxic substances in the water.
The results can be summarized as follows: High COD, BOD and
MBAS degradation rates of 90 % were measured.
A simplified qualitative risk assessment for Hostapur SAS shows
that there is a sufficiently large safety margin between exposure
concentration and effect concentration, the PEC/PNEC-ratio is
far below 1.
The data used for the qualitative risk assessment are given in the
table in Technical data.
Conclusion:
Based on data risk assessment Hostapur SAS there is only slight
anaerobic degradability of secondary alkane sulphonates, like
surfactants with a C-S bond, has no adverse effect on the environ-
mental properties on the basis of the available data.

A slightly toxic effect (»toxic« is defined as an adverse effect on

health, growth and reproduction) on the green algae species
Spirogyra as a typical representative of the β-mesosaprobic zone
was observed at 40 ppm secondary alkane sulphonate in the water.

Conclusion
The surfactant has no significant effect on golden orfes and zebra
fish. Surfactant residues and cleavage products have no significant
toxic effect on the development of Cichlasome nigrofasciatum
larvae into the fully grown organism.

Secondary alkane sulphonate has no significant toxic effect on

Planorbis corneus.

Secondary alkane sulphonate has no significant toxic effect on

Daphnia magna. On the basis of the EU labelling criteria in
accordance with the 12th harmonization of Directive 91/325/EEC
no environmental labelling is required for alkane sulphonates.

40 hostapur® SAS
Hostapur SAS
Life cycle assessment

A balance sheet on the production of the most important surfactants

at present used in detergents in Europe was drawn up by the
European »LCI Surfactant Study Group (CEFIC/ECOSOL)«
and Franklin Associates Ltd. (Tenside Surfactants Detergents 32
(1995) 2, 84 ff.).

In particular the surfactants linear alkyl benzene sulphonate (LAS),

alkyl sulphate (AS), alkyl ether sulphate (AES), soap, secondary
alkane sulphonate (SAS), fatty alcohol ethoxylate (AE) and
alkyl polyglucoside (APG) were studied. These are obtained
from petrochemical and oleochemical intermediates. The balance
sheet is extremely comprehensive and includes the energy and
material requirements as well as the emissions into the environ-
ment and the production of waste, which are associated with all
stages of surfactant manufacture. In accordance with the principles The total raw material consumption including the required energy
recommended by the SETAC, a »Peer Review Panel« has assessed is 797 kg oil, 154 kg natural gas, 180 kg coal.
the study. Of the total energy consumption of 51.9 GJ, process energy accounts
for 36 %; of the process energy 48 % is apportioned to the SAS
The study shows that each system has effects on the environment stage. 68 % of the total energy requirement is covered by oil.
through the consumption of many different raw material sources The production of 1,000 kg SAS gives rise to 64.2 kg solid waste,
such as oil, natural gas, oleochemical/agricultural products and of which 84 % comes from the oil; the emissions into the environ-
of minerals as starting materials as well as through energy produc- ment amount to 38 kg. They stem mainly from the production
tion and transport. On the basis of the results, there is no clear and incineration of the oil.
scientific justification for singling out one of the systems as having
a fundamental environmental advantage, either for the production
of individual surfactants or for the various raw material sources, Conclusion:
which range from petrochemical and oleochemical/agricultural Hostapur SAS has a favourable energy balance sheet, especially
raw materials to minerals. when compared with alkyl ether sulphates. Furthermore it has
good values in respect of the solid waste occurring in production.
The raw material consumption and the emissions into the environ-
ment in the manufacture of secondary alkane sulphonate (SAS)
by sulphoxidation of n-paraffin can be summarized as follows:
734 kg oil, 105 kg sulphur (for SO2) 138 kg salt (for NaOH), 36 kg
oxygen (for sulphoxidation) are required for the production of
1000 kg SAS.

41
 Hostapur SAS
Processing

42 hostapur® SAS
 Hostapur SAS can be supplied
in the following forms
liquid = Hostapur SAS 30
paste = Hostapur SAS 60
pellets = Hostapur SAS 93
fine granules = Hostapur SAS 93 G

The homogenous Hostapur SAS 30, which is a clear liquid at

room temperature, is easy to transport, convey and store.
Hostapur SAS 60, by contrast, is a paste that flows at +20 °C
but that separates out into two phases of different composition
if left to stand for a lengthy period of time. For this reason
Hostapur SAS 60 must be homogenized before use by stirring
and, if necessary, by heating. This measure is not necessary
if full drums are completelyprocessed.

43
Hostapur SAS
Transport and storage

Transport
The loading temperature ex works for delivery by road tanker is for
Hostapur SAS 30 → 50–60 °C and for
Hostapur SAS 60 → 70–90 °C.
Although Hostapur SAS 60 is still pumpable at room temperature
with the pumps mentioned in section Conveying/mixing, the
temperature during transport should not fall below 65 °C so as to
facilitate handling and conveying. The road tankers intended for
transporting Hostapur SAS 60 have standard R 3” connections or
conventional hose couplings.
Storage
Containers made from the following materials have proved
successful for storing the Hostapur SAS grades:
· fibre-glass-reinforced polyester resin, especially for storage
tanks with a capacity of 30–70 m3,
· steel containers with suitable hard rubber lining or with
tried and tested internal coatings, for example, epoxy resin
or phenol-formaldehyde resin,
· stainless steel, for example, material no. 1.4541 (V2A)
or 1.4571 (V4A).
The last-mentioned materials are also recommended for
pipelines.

An example of the installation of a storage tank is shown

diagrammatically in fig. 22.

Before storage tanks are installed, a guarantee of compatibility

with Hostapur SAS at the intended storage temperatures should
be obtained from the manufacturer in question.

44 hostapur® SAS

floating Fig. 22: 60-t storage tank
distribution for Hostapur SAS 60
system · stainless steel
· carbon steel rubber lined
· fibre-glass reinforced polyester

· stainless steel
· carbon steel rubber lined
· fibre-glass reinforced polyester

insulation

steam 2-5 bar

feed
hose Heat Exchanger

condensate

Production
T > 65 °C
Filter
sampling

Tank Pump

Hostapur SAS 30 should be stored at temperatures above 20 °C, Hostapur SAS 93 presents no problems in transport and processing.
because cloudiness may occur at lower temperatures. This When processing Hostapur SAS 93 G, fine dust formation caused
cloudiness has no effect on the quality of the product. Before use, by abrasion can be expected. Hostapur SAS 93 and 93 G can be
however, the product must be homogenized. kept almost indefinitely under normal conditions but, since they
are hygroscopic, must be kept away from contact with water and
As already mentioned, Hostapur SAS 60 separates out in storage atmospheric moisture.
into two phases, one containing more surfactant than the other.
In addition, sodium sulphate can separate out at fairly low
temperatures. It is therefore necessary to stir or pump round the
tank contents constantly and at the same time to maintain a storage
temperature of 65–90 °C. If a circulating pump is used, entrainment
of air must be prevented by suitable design of the return pipe.
Our experts will gladly provide technical advice on planning and
installing storage tanks for Hostapur SAS grades.

45
Hostapur SAS
Conveying/mixing,
Dilution, Handling

Conveying/mixing Dilution of Hostapur SAS 60 to 30 % or less

The rheological properties of Hostapur SAS 30 and Hostapur SAS
60 that are important for conveying are shown in figs. 23–25 below.
Hostapur SAS 30 and 60 can be conveyed by displacement pumps
such as
· gear pumps, supplied by e. g. Hermetic,
79194 Gundelfingen, Germany
· Mohno pumps, supplied by e. g. Netzsch,
84478 Waldkraiburg, Germany
· helical blade pumps or twin-screw displacement pumps made
of stainless steel, supplied by e. g. Bornemann,
31676 Obernkirchen, Germany.
For homogenization, current models of low-speed stirrers can
be used. It is important to eliminate eddying so as to prevent
entrainment of air = foam formation. The stirrer blade should
therefore rotate below the surface of the liquid. Good results
have been obtained with low-speed interference-multistageim-
pulse-counterflow stirrers (INTERMIG), supplied by Ekato,
79650 Schopfheim, Germany.
than 30 % active detergent
The storage of Hostapur SAS 60 can be simplified by adjusting the
product on delivery to 30 % or less active detergent by diluting it
with water.
Any stirred vessel made of suitable material, see section Storage,
with low-speed stirrers can be used. The soft and preserved water
intended for dilution (hot water accelerates the dilution operation)
is run into the vessel and the Hostapur SAS 60 is added and dis-
solved with slow stirring (eddying should be avoided because
of foam development). The product can also be homogenized by
being pumped round.
Another possibility consists of running Hostapur SAS 60 into
the storage tank and at the same time slowly adding hot water.
The amount of water is governed by the efficiency of the pumps
and should be no more than one-fifth of the amount pumped r
ound per hour.
An example will illustrate this: Delivery of 20 t Hostapur SAS 60;
tank size 50 m3; pumping rate 5 m3/h; water added 1/5 of 5 m3 =
1 m3/h. In this case it takes about 20 hours to produce 40 t
Hostapur SAS 30 from 20 t Hostapur SAS 60.

Figure 23: Viscosity of Hostapur SAS 30 measured with a Brookfield Figure 24: Viscosity of Hostapur SAS 60 as a function of the shear rate,
viscometer RVT , spindle 1, speed 20 min-1 measured in a HAAKE-Rotovisco RV 20
300 10000
5000
viscosity η [ mPas ]

viscosity η [ mPas ]

200 2000
1000
500
100

200
100
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
20 30 40 50 60 70
shear rate D [ s-1 ]
temperature [ °C ] n 50 °C n 20 °C

46 hostapur® SAS
 Dissolving of Hostapur SAS 93
The solid Hostapur SAS 93 can be dissolved in water in any vessel
made of suitable material and equipped with a low speed stirrer.

The solution is produced by running soft water or condensate

(50–60 °C) into the vessel and slowly stirring in Hostapur SAS 93.
Stirring is continued until the Hostapur SAS 93 has completely
dissolved. Experience shows that this takes about 15–30 minutes.

If a preservative has not already been added to the water used for
dissolving the solid matter, the resulting diluted Hostapur SAS
solution must be protected against bacterial attack by the addition
of suitable preservatives.
Water, which is used for dissolving, is one of the most likely
sources of contamination. Hygienic condtions are an indispensable
prerequisite for achieving a good commercial product. This applies
to the ion exchange resins, storage tanks, valves and ventilation
ducts as well as to the pipelines. A high standard in plant hygiene
is always crucial to the manufacture of finished products contain-
ing a low and harmless level of bacteria. Additional preservation
ensures that the end product reaches the consumer in a perfect
condition.
Figure 25: Viscosity of Hostapur SAS 60 as a function of the temperature
at D=10 s-1, measured in a HAAKE-Rotovisco RV 20
8000
7000
viscosity η [ mPas ]
The choice of the most effective preservative or frequently also
of combinations of several preservatives is dependent on the com-
position of the formulations and often also on national legislation.
Consequently, no universally effective type of preservative can be
recommended here. Hostapur SAS is however fully compatible
with most of the preservatives used in detergents and cosmetic
cleaners. Experience shows that the bacteriostatic effect improves
with increasing content of Hostapur SAS and the corresponding
co-surfactants. This means that the amount of preservative can
usually be reduced. In extreme cases it is even possible to dispense
with preservatives altogether. Adjustment of the pH to a weakly
acid value can also bring an improvement in preservative action.
Whereas Hostapur SAS is stable in the acid pH range, the suscepti-
bility of surfactants with ester groups to hydrolysis must be borne
in mind. Generally speaking, it is advisable to conduct storage tests
with compatibility studies and to test compatibility with the pack-
aging.
Handling
Because of the strong wetting and degreasing action, appropriate

6000 protective measures should be taken, particularly where lengthy

5000 exposure is involved. Therefore protective gloves and safety goggles
4000 should be worn when handling these raw materials.
3000

2000

1000

0
20 30 40 50 60 70
temperature [ °C ]

47
 Hostapur SAS
Technical Data
and Literature

48 hostapur® SAS
 Summary of the properties
of Hostapur SAS:
Good solubility
· the low viscosity of more highly concentrated solutions thus permits:
· easy manufacture of liquid detergents and cleaners
· saving of packaging costs
· reduction in the use of hydrotropes

Excellent electrolyte compatibility

Chemical stability over the entire pH range

Excellent stability in the presence of oxidizing agents,

for example, hypochlorite

Saving of enzymes

Good cleaning and degreasing properties

Good foaming power

Pale inherent colour

Good detergent action

Good skin compatibility

Rapid biodegradability

49
Hostapur SAS
Physical/chemical data

Guide product data

Feature Hostapur SAS 30 Hostapur SAS 60 Hostapur SAS 93 Hostapur SAS 93 G

Appearance at 20 °C clear faintly yellowish liquid yellowish soft paste yellowish waxy pellets yellowish fine granules

Average molecular weight 328 g · mol-1 328 g · mol-1 328 g · mol-1 328 g · mol-1

Active detergent content approx. 30 % approx. 60 % approx. 93 % approx. 93 %

Sodium sulphate content max. 2.1 % max. 4.2 % max. 6.5 % max. 7.0 %

Paraffin content max. 0.4 % max. 0.7 % max. 1.0 % max. 1.0 %

pH 5 % as is in water 7.0  – 8.5 7.0 – 8.5 about 7.0 – 8.5 about 7.0 – 8.5

Bulk density – – about 600 g · L-1 about 570 g · L-1

Particle size (average fineness) – – – < 1 mm (75 %)

Density (g · cm-3) Calorific data

Temperature Hostapur SAS 30 Hostapur SAS 60 Hostapur SAS 30 Hostapur SAS 60

20 °C 1.048 1.087 Specific heat

30 °C 1.042 1.081 kJ · kg -1 · K -1 3.56 2.76

40 °C 1.036 1.075 (kcal · kg -1 · °C -1) (0.85) (0.66)

50 °C 1.031 1.068

60 °C 1.025 1.062 Thermal conductivity

70 °C 1.017 1.055 W m -1 · K -1 0.47 0.28

80 °C – 1.049 (kcal · m -1 · h -1 · °C -1) (0.40) (0.25)

50 hostapur® SAS
Hostapur SAS
Ecological data

Biodegradability % biodegradation

OECD Confirmatory Test 99

Mineralization (DOC)
SAS after 6 days (OECD Screening Test 301 E) 87

Radiolabelled experiments
SAS (U-14C) after 6 days 45

Laboratory tests at low temperatures in a trickling filter plant

SAS degradation at +1 °C air temperature (+8 °C in trickling filter) 85

Biodegradation in the OE CD Coupled Units Test (OE CD 303 A) > 90

C-chain distribution

< C13 n-Paraffin max. 1 %

C13-C15-n-Paraffin about 58 %

C16-C17-n-Paraffin about 39 %

> C17 n-Paraffin max. 2 %

Monosulphonate* about 90 %

Disulphonate* about 10 %

* calculated on 100 % active detergent

Registration status
· Chemical name in accordance with IUPAC
· INCI name: Sodium C14-17 sec-Alkyl Sulphonate
· Registered in Japan (MITI)
· Registered in Korea, USA, Canada, Switzerland, Australia
· Labelling in accordance with 12th harmonization directive
91/325/EWG: no »environmental hazard labelling« required

51
Hostapur SAS
Ecological data

Aquatic Toxicity

Acute toxicity

Fish toxicity (golden orfe, 48 h, OECD 203) LC0 7.1 mg · L -1

LC50 8.4 mg · L -1

LC100 9.9 mg · L -1

Fish toxicity

Guppy LC50 3.6 mg · L -1

Trout LC50 2.8 mg ·  0L-1

Carp LC50 2.8 mg · L -1

Daphnia toxicity (Daphnia magna, 24 h, OECD 202) EC50 12.5 mg · L -1

Bacterial toxicity (sewage sludge) > 1000 mg · L -1

Chronic toxicity EC10 58 mg · L -1

Chronic bacterial toxicity (Bringmann-Kühn) EC50 95.5 mg · L -1

Chronic algal toxicity (OECD 201) LOEC 3.0 mg · L -1

Chronic Daphnia reproduction test (OECD 202) NOEC 0.37 mg · L -1

Coupled Daphnia multigeneration test (toxicity of the discharge from the modified
OECD Confirmatory Test on three consecutive generations of Daphnia) no toxic effect

Water biocenosis toxicity LOEC 3.5 (MBAS)

NOEC 1.4 (MBAS)

Risk Assessment of Hostapur SAS

1. Effects (NOEC) 1)

Fish 1.2 mg · L -1

Daphnia 0.6 mg · L -1

Algae 6.1 mg · L -1

2. Exposure (D, NL)

STP intake 2) 0.5 mg · L -1

STP discharge 2 μg · L -1

STP removal 99.6 %

River water < 1 μg · L -1

3. PEC/PNEC 3) 4)

Fish/river water > 1200

Daphnia/river water > 600

Algae/river water > 6100

3. Safety factors 0.03

1) NOE C: no observed effect concentration, 2) STP : sewage treatment plant, PE C: predicted environment concentration 4) PNE C: predicted no effect concentration
3)

Sources: 1. BUA-Stoffbericht 206, S. Hirzel Verlag. 2. Internal SAS exposure data

52 hostapur® SAS
Hostapur SAS
Analysis,
Further information,
literature
Analysis
For literature on the analysis of secondary alkane sulphonates see
Literature. 75 – 92
Synthesis
1 Asinger, F. and Saus, A.: Beitrag zur Sulfoxidation von Paraffinkohlenwasser-
stoffen in Gegenwart von Gammastrahlen bzw. von ultraviolettem Licht, Arbeit
der TH Aachen (Techn. Chemie & Petrochemie), (1968)
2 Berthold, H. and Lipfert, G., in: Alkansulfonate (H. G. Hauthal, ed.), VEB
Deutscher Verlag für Grundstoffindustrie, Leipzig, (1985), 13-50
3 Commichau, A.: Zur Kenntnis der Sulfoxidation von Paraffinkohlenwasserstof-
fen und zur Sulfoxidation bzw. Sulfochlorierung von Fettsäuren. Doktorarbeit der
Universität Aachen, (1965)
4 Beermann, C.: Über die Sulfoxidation von Paraffinen und die verbesserte
biologische Abbaubarkeit der Alkansulfonate, Symposium über n-Paraffine in
Manchester, (1966)
5 Schneider, G.: Neue Waschrohstoffe auf petrochemischer Basis, SÖFW, 26
(1969)
6 Hoechst AG: Hostapur SAS: The raw material with a sure future, (1987)
7 Platz, C. and Schimmelschmidt, K.: Pionierpatent: DRP 735 096, (1940)
8 Ramloch, H. and Täuber, G.: Moderne Verfahren der Großchemie: Die Sulfoxi-
dation, Chemie in unserer Zeit. 13, (1979), 157-162
9 Boy, A. et al.: Paraffin-sulfonates process boasts new extraction step Chemical
Engineering, 13, Oct., (1975)
10 Graf, R.: Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem. 578, (1952), 50
11 Graf, R.: DR P J 74599, (1943)
12 Saus, A. et al.: Substitutionsverhältnisse bei der Disulfoxidation von
Paraffinkohlenwasserstoffen, Tenside Detergents 10, 3, (1973), 113-119
13 Orthner, L.: Angewandte Chemie 62, (1950), 302
14 Hauthal, H. G.: Alkansulfonate VEB Deutscher Verlag für Grundstoffindustrie,
Leipzig, (1985)
Applications
15 Antwerpen, W. and Trautmann, M.: Formulierung hochkonzentrierter flüs-
siger Wasch- und Reinigungsmittel, SÖFW, (1984), 235-40
16 Siegel, D. and Quack, J. M.: Lessives Liquides A Usage Menager, Vortrag
Spanischer Detergentienkongress, Barcelona, (1978)
17 Müller, M., Quack, J. M. and Vitores, L.: Entfettung und deren Bewertung,
SÖFW, 18,19, 20, (1980)
18 Krings, Andree, H.: Anwendungstechnische Eigenschaften der wichtigsten
Tensidtypen, »Waschmittelchemie« Hüthig Verlag, 55-73
19 Trautmann, M.: Tenside Detergents 18, (1981), 73-78
53
Further information
· Safety Data Sheet
· Guide Formulations
· Detergent Raw Materials – Product Range
20 Hauthal, H.G., in: »Anionic Surfactants«, Marcell Dekker, Inc. New York,
Basel, Hong Kong, (1995), 143-220
21 Crass, G.: Tenside Surf. Det. 30, (1993), 408
22 Turowski, A., Antwerpen, W. and Jürges, P.: Vortrag beim Sepawa-
Kongress, Bad Dürkheim, (1994)
23 Tischer, H., Wedler, C., Knofe, E. and Haage, K.: 6. Internationale Tagung
über grenzflächenaktive Stoffe. Abh. Akad. Wiss. DDR, NI (D. Vollhardt, ed.),
Akademie-Verlag, Berlin, (1987), 583-587
24 Grey, S., in: »Proceedings of the 3rd World Conference on Detergents: Global
Perspectives« (A. Cahn, ed.), AOCS Press, Champaign, IL, (1994), 82-87.
25 Hauthal, H. G., Seichter, E., Sowada, R. and Trautmann, P., in:
»Alkansulfonate« (H.G. Hauthal, ed.), VEB Deutscher, Verlag für
Grundstoffindustrie, Leipzig, (1985), 143-178.
26 Hoffmann, H., Hohlfeld, G., Quack, J. M.: Untersuchungen über das
Viskositätsverhalten von Waschmittelslurries unter besonderer Berücksichtigung
des Einflusses der Tenside, SÖFW 8, (1978), 209-212
27 Trautmann, M. and Jürges, P.: Tenside Detergents 21, (1984), 57-61
28 Trautmann, M.: New test method for assessing the cleaning action of all
purpose cleaners, Vortrag anlässlich des spanischen Detergentienkongresses in
Barcelona, (1985)
29 Quack, J. M. and Reng, A. K.: Sekundäres Alkansulfonat: Eigenschaften und
Einsatzmöglichkeiten in kosmetischen Präparaten, Fette-Seifen-Anstrichmittel
78, (1976), 200-206
30 Kleber, R. M.: Tenside Surf. Det. 31, (1994), 358
Physical and chemical properties
31 Hauthal, H. G.: In Anionic Surfactants, Marcell Dekker, Inc. New York, Basel,
Hong Kong, (1995), 143-220
32 Hauthal, H. G. and Kretzschmar, G., in: »Alkansulfonate« (H.G. Hauthal, ed.),
VEB Deutscher Verlag für Grundstoffindustrie, Leipzig, (1985), 83-111.
33 Hauthal, H. G., Möhle, L., Pfestorf, R. and Quitzsch, K.: Lecture to the 2nd
World Surfactant Congress, Sect. C2, Paris, (May 1988), 24-27
34 Hauthal, H.G., Möhle, L., Pfestorf, R. and Quitzsch, K., in: 4. Internationale
Tagung über grenzflächenaktive Stoffe, Abh. der Akad. der Wiss. DDR, NI
(D. VoIlhardt, ed.), Akademie-Verlag, Berlin, (1987), 63-71.
35 Möhle, L., Hauthal, H. G. and. Quitzsch, K.: Z. Physik. Chem. 264, (1983), 281
36 Möhle, L., Opitz, S. and Ohlerich, U.: Tenside Surf. Detergents. 30, (1993),
104-109
Hostapur SAS
literature
37 Ekwall, P. Mandell, L. and Fontell, K.: Mol. Cryst. Liquid Cryst. 8, (1969), 157
38 Frumkin, A.: Z. Phys. Chem., Leipzig 116, (1925), 466
39 Kunieda, H. and Arai, T.: Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 57, (1984), 281
40 L in, I. J. and Somasundaran, P. J.: Colloid Interf. Sci. 37, (1971), 731
41 Lunkenheimer K. and Miller, R.: Tenside Det. 16, (1979), 312
42 Lunkenheimer, K. and Kretzschmar, G.: Z. Physik. Chem. 256, (1975), 593
43 Lunkenheimer, K., Miller, R. and Becht, J.: Colloid Polymer Sci. 260, (1982),
1145
44 Rosen, M. J. and Murphy, D. S. J.: Colloid Interf. Sci. 110, (1986), 224
45 Saito, M., Moroi, Y., and Matura, R. J.: Colloid Interf. Sci. 88, (1982), 578
46 Sowada, R. J.: Prakt. Chem. 323, (1981), 93
47 Sowada, R. J.: Zur Berechnung des HLB-Wertes isomerer und substituierter
Alkansulfonate, Journal f. prakt. Chemie, 322, (1980), 723-729
48 Sowada, R. J.: Prakt. Chem. 322, (1980), 590
49 Sowada, R. J.: Prakt. Chem. 322, (1980), 723
50 Sowada, R. J.: Prakt. Chem. 323, (1981), 951
51 Vold, M. J.: Colloid Interf. Sci. 90, (1982), 543-545
52 Asinger, F., Ebeneder, F. and Richter, G.: Über den Einfluss von Disulfonaten
auf die oberflächenaktiven und waschtechnischen Eigenschaften von Monosulfo-
naten, Journal für prakt. Chemie, 4. Reihe, Band 2, (1955)
53 Asinger, F. and Freitag, G.: Über den Einfluss von Tetradekandisulfonaten auf
die oberflächenaktiven und waschtechnischen Eigenschaften von Tetradekanmo-
no-Sulfonaten, Journal für prakt. Chemie, 4. Reihe, Band 7, (1959)
54 Sowada, R.: Zur Berechnung der mizellaren Aggregationszahl homologer und
isomerer Alkansulfonate, Journal f. prakt. Chemie, Band 323, (1981), 951-956
55 Miller, D.: Emulgierwirkung als Spülmitteltest, SÖFW-Journal 122, (1996),
406-408
56 WF K Forschungsprojekt AiF.FV Nr. 10186, WFK-Forschungsinstitut für
Reinigungstechnologie e.V., D-47798 Krefeld
Toxicological and environmental properties
57 Anionic Surfactants: Biochemistry, Toxicology, Dermatology, 2nd ed., revised
and expanded (C. Gloxhuber and K. Künstler, eds.), Surfactant Science Series,
Vol. 43, Marcel Dekker, New York, (1992)
58 Bennen, J. A., Ruckenstein, E. and Coll, J.: Interface Sci. 96, (1983), 469-487
59 Bercovici, R., Krüßmann, H.: Welttensidkongress München, (1984)
60 Berenbold, H. and Kosswig, K.: Tenside Surf. Det. 32, (1995), 152-156
61 Brändel, S. and Dietzsch, K., in: »Alkansulfonate« (H. G. Hauthal, ed.), VEB
Deutscher Verlag für Grundstoffindustrie, Leipzig, (1985)
62 Giesser, R.: Tenside Detergents 20, (1983), 25-527
63 Gilbert, A. and Pettigrew, R.: Surfactants and the Environment, lnter. Jour-
nal of Cos. Science 6, (1984), 149-158
64 Gloxhuber, C.: Arch. Toxicol. 32, (1974), 245-270
65 Hrsak, D., Bosnjak, M. and Johanides, V.: Kinetics of linear Alkylbenzene
Sulfonate and sec. alkane sulfonate biodegradation, Tenside Detergents 18, (1981)
66 Krone, M. and Schneider, G.: Biochemische Abbaubarkeit von sek. Alkan-
sulfonat unter Labor- und Praxisbedingungen, Fette-Seifen-Anstrichmittel 70,
(1968), 10
54
67 Lötzsch, K., Neufahrt, A and Täuber, G.: Tenside Det. 16, (1979), 155-155
68 Neufahrt, A., Lötzsch, K. and Weimer, K.: Radiometric studies of the
biodegradation of sec. alkane sulfonate in a sewage plant model, Inter. Deter.
Congress Barcelona, (1980)
69 Satake, I. and Matuura, R.: Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan 36, (1963), 813-817
70 Schöberl, P.: Tenside Surf. Det. 28, (1991), 6
71 Scholz, N. and Müller, F. J.: Chemosphere 25, (1992), 563
72 Scholz, N.: Tenside Surf. Det. 28, (1991), 277
73 Schwuger, M. J.: Chem.-Ing. Techn. 42, (1970), 433-438
74 Stalmans, M. and Berenbold, H. et al: European Life-Cycle Inventory for
Detergent Surfactants Production, Tenside Surf. Det. 32, (1995), 84-109
Analysis
75 Arens, M., Waldhoff, H. and Pfeiffer, H.: Fat Sci. Technol. 96, (1994), 107-112
76 Berthold, H. and Janot, I., in: Alkansulfonate (H. G. Hauthal, ed.), VEB Deut-
scher Verlag für Grundstoffindustrie, Leipzig, (1985), 189-217
77 Berthold, H. and Lipfert, G., in: Alkansulfonate (H. G. Hauthal, ed.), VEB
Deutscher Verlag für Grundstoffindustrie, Leipzig, (1985), 28-32
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hostapur® SAS
Hostapur SAS
Product range

type Hostapur SAS 30 Hostapur SAS 60 Hostapur SAS 93 Hostapur SAS 93 G

INCI Name Sodium C14-17 sec-Alkyl Sulphonate

CAS Numbers 97489-15-1; 85711-70-2; 85711-69-9; 68608-26-4; 68037-49-0

EINECS/ELINCS Numbers 307-055-2; 288-331; 288-330-3

Active Content [ % ] 29.2 – 30.8 59.0 – 61.0 91.5 – 94.5 90.5 – 93.5

Appearance clear faintly yellowish liquid yellowish soft paste yellowish waxy pellets yellowish fine granules

Sodium sulphate [ % ] max. 2.1 max. 4.2 max. 6.5 max. 6.5

Paraffin [ % ] max. 0.4 max. 0.7 max. 1.0 max. 1.0

Viscosity [ nPas, 20 °C ] approx. 300 approx. 7500 – –

Density [ g · cm-3 ] approx. 1.048 approx. 1.087 – –

Bulk density [ g · l-1 ] – – approx. 600 550 – 650

Specific heat [ kJ · kg -1 · K ] 3.56 2.76 – –

Thermal conductivitiy [ W · m-1 · K-1 ] 0.47 0.28 – –

55
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