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geologi sampling
surveying perawatan
kestabilan penggalian PENAMBANGAN kesehatan & keselamatan
perancangan & -pemberaian ventilasi
perekayasaan -pemuatan kontrol air
pengadaan -pengank utan kontrol lingkungan
power -k ontrol biaya
b ijih untuk dip roses leb ih lanjut
te ru s - S A R A N
• “Economic discovery” (MacKenzie & Bilodeau, 1984) –
revenue $ 20 million and RoR at least 10%
• “Significant discovery” (Cook, 1986) – gross revenue minimum
$ 500 million based on average metal prices for the previous 5
years
• World-class discovery (Cook, 1986):
– Capable of being operated continuously and consistently returns a profit
even during periods of low metal prices
– Large enough to significantly affect a medium-sized corp’s profit
– Ranks in the lower one-third of similar mines in terms of the cost per
metal unit produced
• Cook (1983) –
– Only 1 out of 1500 becomes highly profitable mine
– Only 2.3 world class deposits found each year, $290 Mill./deposit
Prospecting procedure
• Search geologic reports and other technical literatures
• Study available geologic maps and surface maps
• Study aerial and satellite photos
• Prepare photogeologic maps
• Conduct airborne geophysical survey
• Establish base of operations, set up mapping control,
organize ground prospecting parties
• Conduct preliminary ground geologic, geophysical,
and/or geochemical surveys
• Assemble and analyze findings
Methods
• Direct (physical examination, geologic study
and mapping, and sampling)
• Indirect (geophysics, geochemistry, geobotany)
Geologic Prospecting
• Classification of ore deposits – based on
genesis:
– Primary – formed directly from magmas
– Secondary – altered through chemical dan
mechanical weathering
– Metamorphic – formed from other minerals and
rocks when subjected to heat and pressure
• Mineral adalah benda padat an-
organik yang relatif homogen, terdapat
di alam secara alamiah, memiliki sifat
kimia dan komposisi kimia tertentu,
dan memiliki sifat fisika tertentu.
Mineral
Mineral
Bornit Cu5FeS4 4,9 – 5,4
Cu/Pb
Survei Fe Cr Au Ag Sn U Hidrokarbon
Zn
Survei magnetik ++ -- - -- -- --
Survei geolistrik - - ++ + -- -- --
Survei elektromagnetik - ++ + --
Survei radiometrik -- -- - - ++ --
Survei gravimetrik + + - - -- +
Survei seismik -- -- -- -- -- ++
Survei geokimia -- - ++ + ++ + -
Survei mineral berat + ++ - ++ -- ++ --
Detektor Hg -- -- + + + -- - --
K et er an gan : -- t id ak d ap at d it er ap kan; - jar ang d it er ap kan; d ap at d it er ap kan unt uk bu kt i t id ak langsun g; + um um ny a ber hasil; + + sangat ber h asil
Prospeksi Geofisika
endapan emas aluvial pada aliran sungai aktif cenderung rounded (membundar), berbutir halus, dan
terliberasi sempurna.
Exploration methods
• Drilling:
– Core drilling (mendapatkan inti bor)
– Open hole
– Logging (drillhole geophysical logging)
• Excavation:
– Trenching
– Test pitting
• Bulk sampling – metallurgical/process testing
Exploration drilling
Hasil dari kegiatan eksplorasi
• Geometri cebakan bahan galian: dimensi, letak,
sebaran
• Kualitas bahan galian: kadar dan distribusinya (lateral
dan vertikal) – pertimbangan untuk metode pengolahan
• Informasi tentang batuan penutup atau waste rock
(karakteristik, tebal)
• Pertimbangan untuk metode penambangan
• Jumlah cadangan
Metode perhitungan cadangan
• Classical method:
– Area (volume) of influences principle
– Included area (volume) principle
• Weighting method:
– Inverse distance weighting
– geostatistics
Evaluasi Cadangan