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A.

Definition High blood pressure

Hypertension or high blood pressure, is increased blood pressure or force of blood


pressing on the walls of the cavity where the blood was. High Blood Pressure (hypertension)
is an increase in blood pressure in the arteries. (Hiper means
Overrated, tension means pressure / voltage so, hipertensi is p system disorders that cause
blood eredaran rise in blood pressure above the normal value.
Blood pressure in a person's life varies naturally. Infants and children normally have a
blood pressure that is much lower than adults. Blood pressure is also affected by physical
activity, which will be higher at the time of the activity and lower when resting. Blood
pressure is also different in one day, the highest in the morning and most re ndah during
nighttime sleep.

B. Measuring Blood Pressure


On examination the blood pressure will get two points. A higher figure obtained when
the heart contracts (systolic), a lower number obtained when the heart relaxes
(diastolic).Blood pressure is written as systolic pressure diastolic pressure slash, eg
120/80 mmHg, read a hundred and twenty eighty. Along with age, almost everyone
has experienced an increase in blood pressure , systolic blood pressure continues to
increase until the age of 80 years and diastolic pressures continue to increase until the
age of 55-60 years, then decrease slowly or even decreased dramatically.
Blood pressure is written with two numbers, the number units mmHg (millimeters of
mercury) in blood pressure tool / tension meter, the systolic and diastolic. Is the
highest systolic blood pressure is when the heart is doing contract or
contraction. Diastolic is the lowest figure at the heart expands in the final relaxation.
For example, blood pressure 120/80 mmHg mean systolic pressure of 120 and
diastolic pressure of 80 mmHg.
Blood pressure is the pressure generated by:
a. Strength buds urgent cardiac left ventricle to insert the contents of the blood
into the arterial trunk.
b. Resistance in the arterial blood flow.
c. Autonomic nerves are made up of the sympathetic and the sympathetic system
C. Classification of blood pressure
D. No Classification Systolic Diastolic
1 Optimal <120 mmHg <80 mmHg
2 Normal <130 mmHg <85 mmHg
3 Normal high 130-139 mmHg 85-89 mmHg
4 Mild hypertension 140-159 mmHg 90-99 mmHg
5 Hypertension was 160-179 mmHg 100-109 mmHg
6 Severe hypertension > 180 mmHg > 110 mmHg

Normal blood pressure


Blood pressure varies per person per day, depending on the circumstances, and are
affected by the activities of a person, so normalpun blood pressure varies.
Adults when the blood pressure showed the number 140/90 mmHg is considered
normal upward. There is a perception of low blood pressure is not good, it is less
precise.Because statistics show that people with low blood pressure have the same age with
so-called normal. The best thing is to maintain normal blood pressure and the assumption that
increasing age is higher blood pressure is not a problem, is the assumption that needs to be
clarified, because based on statistics of parents whose blood pressure in the normal range, the
trend gets low stroke disorders. Check your blood pressure regularly at least once every 6
months or whenever the doctor / health facility.

D. Causes of hypertension
There are 2 kinds of hypertension, essential and secondary.
a. hypertension Essential hypertension is the most not known cause. There are 10 -
16% of adults suffer from high blood pressure.
b. hypertension Secondary hypertension is a known cause and why. Hypertension
kind is only a small part, which is only about 10%. Some of the causes of
hypertension, among others:
1. Because hormonal, for example, from the adrenal glands.
2. The use of drugs.
3. smoking because the nicotine contained in tobacco.
4. Alcoholic beverages.
5. Abnormalities in the kidneys.
6. Intracranial Abnormalities resulting in increased intracranial pressure or
because of its location near the center of persyarafan that affect blood
pressure.
7. Abnormalities of the large blood vessels (aorta) that koartasio aorta
where the aortic arch aorta is continuous with decendens

E. Physiology
The heart has the function as a pump oxygenated blood in the arterial system, which
was brought into the cell and the entire body to collect blood deoxygenation (blood
oxygen levels less) of the vein system are delivered to the lungs for reoksigenasi

F. Pathophysiology of hypertension
The mechanisms that control the constriction and relaxation of blood vessels located in
the vasomotor center, the medulla of the brain.This stems from the central vasomotor
sympathetic nerve pathway, which continues down to the spinal cord and the spinal
cord out of the column to the sympathetic ganglia in the thorax and
abdomen.stimulation of the vasomotor center is delivered in the form of impulse
moves down through the sympathetic nerves to the sympathetic ganglia. At this point,
neurons release acetylcholine preganglion, which will stimulate post-ganglion nerve
fibers to the blood vessels, which resulted in the release of norepinephrine constriction
of blood vessels. Various factors such as anxiety and fear can affect vascular response
to stimuli vasokontriktor. Individuals with hypertension are very sensitive to
norepinephrine, although it is not clear why it could happen.
At the same time stimulate the sympathetic nervous system in which the blood vessels
in response to emotional stimuli, the adrenal glands are also stimulated
vasoconstriction resulting in additional activities. Secreting adrenal medullary
epinephrine causes vasoconstriction. Adrenal cortex secrete cortisol and other steroids,
which DAPT strengthen blood vessels vasokontriktor response.vasoconstriction
resulting in decreased blood flow to the kidneys, causing the release of renin. Renin
stimulates the formation of angiotensin I, which is then converted to angiotensin II, a
potent vasoconstrictor, which in turn stimulates aldosterone secretion by the adrenal
cortex. hormone causes retention of sodium and water by the kidney tubules, causing
an increase in intravascular volume. All of these factors tend to provoke a state of
hypertension.
Structural and functional changes in the peripheral vascular system responsible for the
changes in blood pressure that occurs in the elderly. These changes include
atherosclerosis, loss of elasticity of the connective tissue, and a decrease in vascular
smooth muscle relaxation, which in turn lowers the ability of tensile strength
distension and blood vessels. Consequently, the aorta and large arteries less able to
accommodate the volume of blood pumped by the heart (volume sekuncup), resulting
in decreased cardiac output and increased peripheral resistance

G. The symptoms of hypertension


The symptoms of hypertension, among others:
a. Much of no symptoms.
b. Pain in the back of the head.
c. stiff neck.
d. Fatigue.
e. Nausea.
f. Shortness of breath.
g. Restless.
h. Vomiting.
i. easily offended.
j. hard to sleep.
Complaints are not always going to be experienced by a patient with
hypertension. Often a person with symptoms of pain behind his head, irritability and
difficulty sleeping, when the blood pressure measured showed a normal blood pressure
numbers. The only way to determine the presence or absence of hypertension only by
measuring blood pressure.

H. The effects of hypertension


Hypertension if not controlled can lead to serious complications, such as:
a. kidney damage.
b. damages blood vessels.
c. brain hemorrhage / stroke.
d. Paralysis.
e. enlarged heart / heart trouble.
f. Narrowing of the coronary arteries / heart attack.

I. Prevention of hypertension
 Person's risk for hypertension (except essential), can be reduced by:
a. Checking blood pressure regularly .
b. Maintain ideal weight .
c. Reducing salt intake .
d. Do not smoke .
e. Exercising regularly .
f. regular life .
g. Reducing stress .
h. Do not rush .
i. Avoid fatty foods.

 Primary Prevention:
a. Adequate sleep, between 6-8 hours per day.
b. Reduce high cholesterol foods and multiply physical activity to lose
weight.
c. Reduce alcohol consumption.
d. Consumption of fish oil.
e. The supply of calcium, although only slightly lower blood pressure but
calcium is also quite helpful.

 Secondary Prevention
a. Pattern whice food healthy.
b. Reduce salt and sodium in your diet.
c. Physical active.
d. Reduce intake Alcohol.
e. Stop smoking.

 Tertiary Prevention
a. Control of blood on a regular basis.
b. Sports regularly and adjusted to body condition.

J. Treatment of hypertension
Treatment of hypertension is best:
a. Always control your blood pressure checked regularly by a doctor .
b. Always take medication regularly even without a complaint .
c. Reducing salt intake .
d. Increase consumption of vegetables and fruit .
e. Obeying doctor's advice.

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