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List of components in blood

- Urea
- Glucose
- Plasma
- Dissolved Gases
- Lymphocytes and phagocytes
- Platelets
- Hormones
- Amino acids
- Antibodies
- Minerals and salts
- Plasma proteins

Explain how the direction of blood flow in the heart is controlled


- Valves open/close due to blood pressure differences
- Valves prevent back flow
- Atrioventricular valves between ventricle and atria
- Semilunar valves between arteries and ventricles

Description of double circulation and its advantages


- Double circulation refers to pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation
- Heart has separate pumps for lungs and other systems
- Deoxygenated blood pumped to the lungs and oxygenated to other organs
- Each side of the heart has an atrium and ventricle
- Left ventricle pumps blood to the system and right ventricles pumps blood to the lungs
- Left atrium receives blood from the lungs and right atrium receives blood from system
- Left ventricle pumps blood via the aorta and right ventricle pumps blood via the pulmonary artery
- Left atrium receives blood via the pulmonary vein and right atrium receives blood via the vena
cava
- Lungs require lower pressure blood
- High pressure required to pump blood to all systems
- Blood has to be pumped again after returning from lungs
- All tissues receive blood with high oxygen concentration

Outline the mechanisms involved in the control of heartbeat


- Myogenic contraction without stimulus from a nerve
- Sa node initiates each heart beat and stimulates atria to contract
- Nerves carry impulse from the brain to speed up and slow down the heart
- Medulla monitors blood pressure
- Adrenaline increases rate/strength of contractions
- Acetylcholine reduces the pace
- Hormones carried to heart through blood

Outline two ways the body uses to increase heart rate


- Impulses from the medulla carried by a nerve
- Adrenaline
Structure and function of arteries, capillaries and veins
Arteries carry blood leaving heart
- Thick wall to withstand high pressure
- Elastic fibres give ability to stretch and recoil to pump blood after each heart beat
- Contraction of smooth muscle layer to generate pulse for maintaining pressure
- Narrow lumen to maintain high pressure
- Smooth endothelium ensures efficient transport
- No values as pressure is high enough to prevent back flow
Veins return blood to the heart
- thinner walls to allow skeletal muscles to exert pressure on veins to move blood
- Larger lumen to allow great volume of blood to pass and decrease resistance to flow
- Thin muscular layers with few elastic fibres because blood pressure is low
- Contains valves to prevent back flow of blood
Capillaries allow exchange of nutrients and CO2 from tissue
- Thin wall to allow rapid diffusion
- Have pores between cells of the wall, so that tissue fluid and phagocytes can leave
- Narrow lumen to fit into small places and increase oxygen diffusion from RBC
- Extensive branding to increase surface areas to volume ratio for exchange of material

Health problems with the blood transport system


- Name: Coronary heart disease
- Cause: Coronary arteries are hardened and narrowed
- Symptom: Blood flow to heart is restricted
- Treatment: Coronary bypass operation

Outline how William Harvey changed the understanding of blood flow


around the human body
- Discovered the circulation of blood
- Showed that valves in the veins ensure one-way flow of blood
- Showed that blood was not consumed by the body
- Predicted the existence of capillaries
- Showed that the theories of Galen were false


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