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Section 1
Dr. Sourav Mitra
Room No. 204 (first floor)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
1
THERMODYNAMICS:
First Law of
Thermodynamics
2
First Law of Thermodynamics: Statement
3
First Law of Thermodynamics: Statement
• The first formal statement of the first law of thermodynamics, by
Rudolf Clausius in 1850 was given for a thermodynamic system
undergoing a cyclic process:
p
4 3
1 2
v
3
First Law of Thermodynamics: Statement
• The first formal statement of the first law of thermodynamics, by
Rudolf Clausius in 1850 was given for a thermodynamic system
undergoing a cyclic process:
• In all cases in which work is produced by the agency of heat,
a quantity of heat is consumed which is proportional to the
work done; and conversely, by the expenditure of an equal
quantity of work an equal quantity of heat is produced
p
4 3
1 2
v
3
First Law of Thermodynamics: Statement
• The first formal statement of the first law of thermodynamics, by
Rudolf Clausius in 1850 was given for a thermodynamic system
undergoing a cyclic process:
• In all cases in which work is produced by the agency of heat,
a quantity of heat is consumed which is proportional to the
work done; and conversely, by the expenditure of an equal
quantity of work an equal quantity of heat is produced
p
Q W 4 3
1 2
v
3
First Law of Thermodynamics: Statement
• The first formal statement of the first law of thermodynamics, by
Rudolf Clausius in 1850 was given for a thermodynamic system
undergoing a cyclic process:
• In all cases in which work is produced by the agency of heat,
a quantity of heat is consumed which is proportional to the
work done; and conversely, by the expenditure of an equal
quantity of work an equal quantity of heat is produced
p
Q W 4 3
2 A
B 1
4
First Law of Thermodynamics: Corollary
Q W p
2 A
B 1
4
First Law of Thermodynamics: Corollary
Q W p
2 1 2 1 2 A
Q Q W W
1
A
2
B
1
A
2
B
1
B
4
First Law of Thermodynamics: Corollary
Q W p
2 1 2 1 2 A
Q Q W W
1
A
2
B
1
A
2
B
1
B
2 1
QA WA QB WB
1 2
v
4
First Law of Thermodynamics: Corollary
Q W p
2 1 2 1 2 A
Q Q W W
1
A
2
B
1
A
2
B
1
B
2 1
QA WA QB WB
1 2
v
2 2
Q
1
A WA QB WB
1
4
First Law of Thermodynamics: Corollary
Q W p
2 1 2 1 2 A
Q Q W W
1
A
2
B
1
A
2
B
1
B
2 1
QA WA QB WB
1 2
v
2 2
Q
1
A WA QB WB
1
2 A
1
B
5
First Law of Thermodynamics
p
𝜹𝐐 − 𝜹W must represent some
“state function” (path invariant). 2 A
Hence, it is property of the system.
1
B
This property is the total energy (E)
possessed by the system v
5
First Law of Thermodynamics
p
𝜹𝐐 − 𝜹W must represent some
“state function” (path invariant). 2 A
Hence, it is property of the system.
1
B
This property is the total energy (E)
possessed by the system v
dE Q W
5
First Law of Thermodynamics
p
𝜹𝐐 − 𝜹W must represent some
“state function” (path invariant). 2 A
Hence, it is property of the system.
1
B
This property is the total energy (E)
possessed by the system v
dE Q W
2 2 2
dE Q W
1 1 1
5
First Law of Thermodynamics
p
𝜹𝐐 − 𝜹W must represent some
“state function” (path invariant). 2 A
Hence, it is property of the system.
1
B
This property is the total energy (E)
possessed by the system v
dE Q W
2 2 2
dE Q W
1 1 1
6
First Law for control mass (closed system)
dE Q W
Q W dEsystem dU d ( KE ) d ( PE )
6
First Law for control mass (closed system)
dE Q W
Q W dEsystem dU d ( KE ) d ( PE )
If we neglect change in KE and PE: Q W dU
6
First Law for control mass (closed system)
dE Q W
Q W dEsystem dU d ( KE ) d ( PE )
If we neglect change in KE and PE: Q W dU
Work transfer can be any of the modes discussed earlier: Boundary,
shaft/paddle, electrical, spring etc.
6
First Law for control mass (closed system)
dE Q W
Q W dEsystem dU d ( KE ) d ( PE )
If we neglect change in KE and PE: Q W dU
Work transfer can be any of the modes discussed earlier: Boundary,
shaft/paddle, electrical, spring etc.
6
First Law for control mass (closed system)
dE Q W
Q W dEsystem dU d ( KE ) d ( PE )
If we neglect change in KE and PE: Q W dU
Work transfer can be any of the modes discussed earlier: Boundary,
shaft/paddle, electrical, spring etc.
u 1 x u f xu g
h 1 x h f xhg
7
Specific heat capacities
8
Specific heat capacities
u
Specific heat capacity at constant volume: cv
T v
8
Specific heat capacities
u
Specific heat capacity at constant volume: cv
T v
h
Specific heat capacity at constant pressure: cP
T P
8
Specific heat capacities
u
Specific heat capacity at constant volume: cv
T v
h
Specific heat capacity at constant pressure: cP
T P
du
In case of ideal gas: u f T cv du cv dT
dT
8
Specific heat capacities
u
Specific heat capacity at constant volume: cv
T v
h
Specific heat capacity at constant pressure: cP
T P
du
In case of ideal gas: u f T cv du cv dT
dT
Specific enthalpy is also a function of temperature for ideal gas
h u Pv u RT T
8
Specific heat capacities
u
Specific heat capacity at constant volume: cv
T v
h
Specific heat capacity at constant pressure: cP
T P
du
In case of ideal gas: u f T cv du cv dT
dT
Specific enthalpy is also a function of temperature for ideal gas
h u Pv u RT T
In case of ideal gas: dh c p dT
8
EES example: specific internal energy
Check the change in specific internal energy for “ammonia”
9
EES example: specific internal energy
Check the change in specific internal energy for “ammonia”
u_ideal[1]=intenergy(nh3,t=100)
u_ideal[2]=intenergy(nh3,t=150)
du_ideal=u_ideal[2]-u_ideal[1]
u_real[1]=intenergy(ammonia,t=100,p=100)
u_real[2]=intenergy(ammonia,t=150,p=100)
du_real=u_real[2]-u_real[1]
9
EES example: specific internal energy
Check the change in specific internal energy for “ammonia”
u_ideal[1]=intenergy(nh3,t=100)
u_ideal[2]=intenergy(nh3,t=150)
du_ideal=u_ideal[2]-u_ideal[1]
u_real[1]=intenergy(ammonia,t=100,p=100)
u_real[2]=intenergy(ammonia,t=150,p=100)
du_real=u_real[2]-u_real[1]
9
EES example: specific internal energy
Check the change in specific internal energy for “ammonia”
u_ideal[1]=intenergy(nh3,t=100)
u_ideal[2]=intenergy(nh3,t=150)
du_ideal=u_ideal[2]-u_ideal[1]
u_real[1]=intenergy(ammonia,t=100,p=100)
u_real[2]=intenergy(ammonia,t=150,p=100)
du_real=u_real[2]-u_real[1]
9
First Law for control volume (open system)
mout
min ECV hout
hin vout
vin zout
zin Q Control volume
W
dECV vin2 2
vout
min hin gzin mout hout gzout Q W
dt 2 2
10
First Law for control volume (open system)
mout
min ECV hout
hin vout
vin zout
zin Q Control volume
W
dECV vin2 2
vout
min hin gzin mout hout gzout Q W
dt 2 2
vCV 2
ECV mCV uCV gzCV
2
10
First Law for control volume (open system)
mout
min ECV hout
hin vout
vin zout
zin Q Control volume
W
dECV vin2 2
vout
min hin gzin mout hout gzout Q W
dt 2 2
vCV 2
ECV mCV uCV gzCV
2
Steady state: The total energy of the C.V remains constant
dECV vin2 vin2
min hin gzin mout hout gzout Q W
dt 2 2 10
First Law for control volume (open system)
mout
hout
min ECV vout
hin zout
vin
zin Q Control volume
W
vin2 2
vout
min hin gzin mout hout gzout Q W 0
2 2
11
First Law for control volume (open system)
mout
hout
min ECV vout
hin zout
vin
zin Q Control volume
W
vin2 2
vout
min hin gzin mout hout gzout Q W 0
2 2
Steady flow: No change in mass of the C.V.: min mout m
11
First Law for control volume (open system)
mout
hout
min ECV vout
hin zout
vin
zin Q Control volume
W
vin2 2
vout
min hin gzin mout hout gzout Q W 0
2 2
Steady flow: No change in mass of the C.V.: min mout m
vin2 2
vout
m hin gzin m hout gzout Q W 0
2 2
11
First Law for control volume : SSSF
mout
hout
min ECV vout
hin zout
vin
zin Q Control volume
W
SSSF (Steady state steady flow process)
12
First Law for control volume : SSSF
mout
hout
min ECV vout
hin zout
vin
zin Q Control volume
W
SSSF (Steady state steady flow process)
vin2 2
vout
hin gzin hout gzout q w 0
2 2
12
First Law for control volume : SSSF
mout
hout
min ECV vout
hin zout
vin
zin Q Control volume
W
SSSF (Steady state steady flow process)
vin2 2
vout
hin gzin hout gzout q w 0
2 2
Q
Heat transfer per unit mass (kJ/kg) of fluid entering: q
m
12
First Law for control volume : SSSF
m
hout
ECV
m
hin
Q Control volume
W
13
First Law for control volume : SSSF
m
hout
ECV
m
hin
Q Control volume
W
Neglect change in K.E and P.E.
13
First Law for control volume : SSSF
m
hout
ECV
m
hin
Q Control volume
W
Neglect change in K.E and P.E. hin hout q w 0
13
First Law for control volume : SSSF
m
hout
ECV
m
hin
Q Control volume
W
Neglect change in K.E and P.E. hin hout q w 0
Please note that here “w” includes all modes of work except “flow work”
Flow work already included in “Enthalpy” term
13
First Law for control volume : SSSF
m
hout
ECV
m
hin
Q Control volume
W
Neglect change in K.E and P.E. hin hout q w 0
Please note that here “w” includes all modes of work except “flow work”
Flow work already included in “Enthalpy” term
13
Examples of SSSF
14
Examples of SSSF
14
Examples of SSSF
14
Examples of SSSF
14
Examples of SSSF
m h
i
i i ,in mi hi ,out Q W 0
i
14
First Law for control volume : Transient
mout
hout
ECV
min
hin
Q Control volume
W
15
First Law for control volume : Transient
mout
hout
ECV
min
hin
Q Control volume
W
Neglecting K.E and P.E.
dECV
min hin mout hout Q W
dt
15
First Law for control volume : Transient
mout
hout
ECV
min
hin
Q Control volume
W
Neglecting K.E and P.E.
dECV
min hin mout hout Q W ECV mCV uCV
dt
15
First Law for control volume : Transient
mout
hout
ECV
min
hin
Q Control volume
W
Neglecting K.E and P.E.
dECV
min hin mout hout Q W ECV mCV uCV
dt
dECV duCV dmCV
mCV uCV
dt dt dt
15
First Law for control volume : Transient
mout
hout
ECV
min
hin
Q Control volume
W
Neglecting K.E and P.E.
dECV
min hin mout hout Q W ECV mCV uCV
dt
dECV duCV dmCV
mCV uCV
dt dt dt
15
First Law for control volume : Transient
mout
hout
ECV
min
hin
Q Control volume
W
Neglecting K.E and P.E.
dECV
min hin mout hout Q W ECV mCV uCV
dt
dECV duCV dmCV
mCV uCV
dt dt dt
15
Example 1
A piston–cylinder device initially contains steam at 200
kPa, 200°C, and 0.5 m3. At this state, a linear spring is
touching the piston but exerts no force on it. Heat is now
slowly transferred to the steam, causing the pressure and
the volume to rise to 500 kPa and 0.6 m3, respectively.
Show the process on a P-v diagram and determine:
(a) the final temperature of the steam
(b) the work done by the steam
(c) the total heat transferred.
16
Example 1
A piston–cylinder device initially contains steam at 200
kPa, 200°C, and 0.5 m3. At this state, a linear spring is
touching the piston but exerts no force on it. Heat is now
slowly transferred to the steam, causing the pressure and
the volume to rise to 500 kPa and 0.6 m3, respectively.
Show the process on a P-v diagram and determine: x
(a) the final temperature of the steam
(b) the work done by the steam x1
(c) the total heat transferred.
16
Example 1
A piston–cylinder device initially contains steam at 200
kPa, 200°C, and 0.5 m3. At this state, a linear spring is
touching the piston but exerts no force on it. Heat is now
slowly transferred to the steam, causing the pressure and
the volume to rise to 500 kPa and 0.6 m3, respectively.
Show the process on a P-v diagram and determine: x
(a) the final temperature of the steam
(b) the work done by the steam x1
(c) the total heat transferred.
16
Example 1
A piston–cylinder device initially contains steam at 200
kPa, 200°C, and 0.5 m3. At this state, a linear spring is
touching the piston but exerts no force on it. Heat is now
slowly transferred to the steam, causing the pressure and
the volume to rise to 500 kPa and 0.6 m3, respectively.
Show the process on a P-v diagram and determine: x
(a) the final temperature of the steam
(b) the work done by the steam x1
(c) the total heat transferred.
Process: Pgas C V V1 P1
V
16
Sol. Example 1
Sol:
17
Sol. Example 1
Sol:
(a) P[1]=200;T[1]=200;V[1]=0.5;P[2]=500;V[2]=0.6
vol[1]=volume(water, p=P[1], t=T[1])
Mw=V[1]/vol[1] {mass is conserved}
vol[2]=V[2]/Mw {new specific vol.}
T[2]=temperature(water,p=P[2],v=vol[2]) {final temp}
17
Sol. Example 1
Sol:
(a) P[1]=200;T[1]=200;V[1]=0.5;P[2]=500;V[2]=0.6
vol[1]=volume(water, p=P[1], t=T[1])
Mw=V[1]/vol[1] {mass is conserved}
vol[2]=V[2]/Mw {new specific vol.}
T[2]=temperature(water,p=P[2],v=vol[2]) {final temp} Ans: 1131°C
17
Sol. Example 1
Sol:
(a) P[1]=200;T[1]=200;V[1]=0.5;P[2]=500;V[2]=0.6
vol[1]=volume(water, p=P[1], t=T[1])
Mw=V[1]/vol[1] {mass is conserved}
vol[2]=V[2]/Mw {new specific vol.}
T[2]=temperature(water,p=P[2],v=vol[2]) {final temp} Ans: 1131°C
V2
W12 Pgas dV
V1
V2
C V V1 P1 dV
V1
17
Sol. Example 1
Sol:
(a) P[1]=200;T[1]=200;V[1]=0.5;P[2]=500;V[2]=0.6
vol[1]=volume(water, p=P[1], t=T[1])
Mw=V[1]/vol[1] {mass is conserved}
vol[2]=V[2]/Mw {new specific vol.}
T[2]=temperature(water,p=P[2],v=vol[2]) {final temp} Ans: 1131°C
V2
17
Sol. Example 1
Sol:
(a) P[1]=200;T[1]=200;V[1]=0.5;P[2]=500;V[2]=0.6
vol[1]=volume(water, p=P[1], t=T[1])
Mw=V[1]/vol[1] {mass is conserved}
vol[2]=V[2]/Mw {new specific vol.}
T[2]=temperature(water,p=P[2],v=vol[2]) {final temp} Ans: 1131°C
V2
17
Sol. Example 1
Sol:
(a) P[1]=200;T[1]=200;V[1]=0.5;P[2]=500;V[2]=0.6
vol[1]=volume(water, p=P[1], t=T[1])
Mw=V[1]/vol[1] {mass is conserved}
vol[2]=V[2]/Mw {new specific vol.}
T[2]=temperature(water,p=P[2],v=vol[2]) {final temp} Ans: 1131°C
V2
17
Sol. Example 1
18
Sol. Example 1
Q W dU
Q W m u2 u1
18
Sol. Example 1
(c) Q W dU
Q W m u2 u1
P[1]=200;T[1]=200;V[1]=0.5;P[2]=500;V[2]=0.6
vol[1]=volume(water, p=P[1], t=T[1])
Mw=V[1]/vol[1] {mass is conserved}
vol[2]=V[2]/Mw {new specific vol.}
T[2]=temperature(water,p=P[2],v=vol[2]) {final temp}
C=(P[2]-P[1])/(V[2]-V[1]) {obtain the process constant}
W=integral(C*(v-V[1])+P[1],v,V[1],V[2]) {integrate the function}
u[1]=intenergy(water,p=P[1], t=T[1])
u[2]=intenergy(water,p=P[2], t=T[2])
Q=W+Mw*(u[2]-u[1])
18
Sol. Example 1
(c) Q W dU
Q W m u2 u1
P[1]=200;T[1]=200;V[1]=0.5;P[2]=500;V[2]=0.6
vol[1]=volume(water, p=P[1], t=T[1])
Mw=V[1]/vol[1] {mass is conserved}
vol[2]=V[2]/Mw {new specific vol.}
T[2]=temperature(water,p=P[2],v=vol[2]) {final temp}
C=(P[2]-P[1])/(V[2]-V[1]) {obtain the process constant}
W=integral(C*(v-V[1])+P[1],v,V[1],V[2]) {integrate the function}
u[1]=intenergy(water,p=P[1], t=T[1])
u[2]=intenergy(water,p=P[2], t=T[2])
Q=W+Mw*(u[2]-u[1])
18
Sol. Example 1
(c) Q W dU
Q W m u2 u1
P[1]=200;T[1]=200;V[1]=0.5;P[2]=500;V[2]=0.6
vol[1]=volume(water, p=P[1], t=T[1])
Mw=V[1]/vol[1] {mass is conserved}
vol[2]=V[2]/Mw {new specific vol.}
T[2]=temperature(water,p=P[2],v=vol[2]) {final temp}
C=(P[2]-P[1])/(V[2]-V[1]) {obtain the process constant}
W=integral(C*(v-V[1])+P[1],v,V[1],V[2]) {integrate the function}
u[1]=intenergy(water,p=P[1], t=T[1])
u[2]=intenergy(water,p=P[2], t=T[2]) Ans: 808 kJ
Q=W+Mw*(u[2]-u[1])
18
Example 2
Water is in a piston/cylinder assembly with initial pressure P =
700 kPa, quality 50% with a volume of 0.1 m3. A heater is turned
on, heating the water isobaric process with 2.5 kW. How long
does it take to vaporize all the liquid?
19
Example 2
Water is in a piston/cylinder assembly with initial pressure P =
700 kPa, quality 50% with a volume of 0.1 m3. A heater is turned
on, heating the water isobaric process with 2.5 kW. How long
does it take to vaporize all the liquid? Ans: 301.6 s
19
Example 2
Water is in a piston/cylinder assembly with initial pressure P =
700 kPa, quality 50% with a volume of 0.1 m3. A heater is turned
on, heating the water isobaric process with 2.5 kW. How long
does it take to vaporize all the liquid? Ans: 301.6 s
Q t W12 U 2 U1
Q t P v2 v1 m m u2 u1
19
Example 2
Water is in a piston/cylinder assembly with initial pressure P =
700 kPa, quality 50% with a volume of 0.1 m3. A heater is turned
on, heating the water isobaric process with 2.5 kW. How long
does it take to vaporize all the liquid? Ans: 301.6 s
P[1]=700;V[1]=0.1;x[1]=0.5;x[2]=1 Q t W12 U 2 U1
vol[1]=volume(water,p=P[1],x=x[1]) Q t P v2 v1 m m u2 u1
Mw=V[1]/vol[1]
vol[2]=volume(water,p=P[1],x=x[2])
V[2]=vol[2]*Mw
dW=P[1]*(V[2]-V[1])
u[1]=intenergy(water,p=P[1],x=x[1])
u[2]=intenergy(water,p=P[1],x=x[2])
dU=Mw*(u[2]-u[1])
dQ=2.5*t
dQ=dW+dU
19
Example 3
Superheated steam at 15 bar and 350°C is allowed
to enter a steam turbine assembly. The exit happens
at saturated vapor condition at 10 kPa pressure.
Assume that the turbine is adiabatic, what is the
specific work generated by this turbine ?
20
Example 3
Superheated steam at 15 bar and 350°C is allowed
to enter a steam turbine assembly. The exit happens
at saturated vapor condition at 10 kPa pressure.
Assume that the turbine is adiabatic, what is the
specific work generated by this turbine ? Ans: 563.4 kJ/kg
20
Example 4
Superheated steam at a steady pressure of 15 bar Pin 15 bar
Tin 350C
and temperature of 350°C enters steam turbine. At
the exit, a tank of 50 m3 volume is kept which is
initially empty. Assume both turbine and tank to
be thermally insulated and steam doesn’t
accumulate in the turbine. Find the total work
generated by this turbine and the total mass that
entered the tank when its pressure is 10 kPa and
V=50 m3
50°C?
Initially empty
Pfinal 10 kPa
T final 50C
21
Example 4
Superheated steam at a steady pressure of 15 bar Pin 15 bar
Tin 350C
and temperature of 350°C enters steam turbine. At
the exit, a tank of 50 m3 volume is kept which is
initially empty. Assume both turbine and tank to
be thermally insulated and steam doesn’t
accumulate in the turbine. Find the total work
generated by this turbine and the total mass that
entered the tank when its pressure is 10 kPa and
V=50 m3
50°C? Ans: 2367 kJ, 3.363 kg
Initially empty
Pfinal 10 kPa
T final 50C
21