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DUBE
UNIT 1
Questions
3. You are provided with two materials, one with a positive charge and the
other with a negative charge, an uncharged metal sphere and an insulator on
which the sphere can be mounted. With the aid of diagrams, describe how the
sphere may be charged positively and negatively by induction.
Practice problems
Question 1 .
A charge of 8 C flows past a given point every 2 s. How much is the current in
amperes?
Answer: 4A
Question 2 .
Answer
(Hint: You need to convert all non SI units to SI units so that the units do not mix
up)
UNIT 3
Practice problems
Question 1
The diagram shows a circuit containing a voltage source and some resistors.
Find the current through the 12 Ω resistors.
Answer 0.43 A
Question 2
Example 1
In the circuit diagram, find the value of the currents I1, I2 and I3 and comment
on the values obtained.
Solution
We have three loops: ACDBA, ABEFA and the entire loop CDEFC. The issue of
direction of current flow is important here. We can consider the clockwise
direction to be positive any two loops we wish to consider. That means the 10
V source which is driving current in the clockwise direction therefore acts as a
positive source while the two 4 V sources act as negative sources. Currents
flowing in the clockwise sense in a given loop are considered positive while
those flowing in the counterclockwise direction are negative.
UNIT 4
Example 1
Three point charges Q1, Q2 and Q3 respectively of magnitudes 1 μC, 2 μC and 3
μC are fixed at the positions shown in the diagram. The charges are in vacuum.
Calculate
Solution
We need to calculate the distance between the charge Q2 and point P. Using
the Pythagoras theorem, this distance is 5 m.
(a) By writing V1 we mean the potential at P due to charge Q1. We define V2
and V3 in a
similar way. Likewise, r1 is the distance of the charge Q1 from point P.
Q1
V1 =
4pe o r1
1�10-6
� V1 =
4p �8.85 �10 -12 �4
� V1 = 2.25 �103V
Q2
V2 =
4pe o r2
-2 �10-6
� V2 =
4p �8.85 �10-12 �5
� V2 = -3.6 �103V
Q3
V3 =
4pe o r3
3 �10-6
� V3 =
4p �8.85 �10-12 �3
� V3 = 9 �103V
The total potential at point P is the scalar sum of the individual potentials;
Vtotal = V1 + V2 + V3
� Vtotal = 2.25 �103V + (-3.6 �103V ) + 9 �103V
� Vtotal = 7.65 �103V
Example 2
Three charges are at the vertices of a right angled triangle ABC where AB = AC =
5 cm and q = 1.0 x 10-7 C.
Find the force acting on the charge at A (εo = 8.85 x 10-12 C2N-1m-2)
Solution
q2
FB =
4pe o r 2
(1�10-7 ) 2
� FB =
4p �8.85 �10-12 �(0.05) 2
� FB = 3.59672 �10-2 N
-q 2
FC =
4pe o r 2
FC = -3.59672 �10-2 N
F = FB 2 + FC 2
� F = 5.09 �10-2 N
Example 3
Solution
The direction of the electric field at X due to each charge is as shown in the
next diagram. We calculate the distance AX and show by the Pythagoras
theorem that it is equal to 0.32m .
QC
VC =
4pe o r
2 �10-9
� VC =
4p �8.85 �10-12 �0.4
� VC = 44.959V
QB
VB =
4pe o r
-3 �10-9
� VB =
4p �8.85 �10-12 �0.4
� VB = -67.439V
QA
VA =
4pe o r
+5 �10-9
� VA =
4p �8.85 �10-12 � 0.32
� VA = 79.477V
Vtotal = VC + VB + VA
� Vtotal = 44.959V + ( -67.439V ) + 79.477V
� Vtotal = 57V
DVC
EC =
Dr
44.959
� EC =
0.4
� EC = 112.40Vm -1
DVB
EB =
Dr
-67.439
� EB =
0.4
� EB = -168.60Vm -1
DVA
EA =
Dr
79.447
� EA =
0.32
� E A = 140.5Vm -1
Resolving EA vertically:
E Avertical = E A cos 45
� E Avertical = 140.5cos 45
� E Avertical = 99.35Vm-1
Resolving EA horizontally:
E Ahorizontal = E A sin 45
� E Ahorizontal = 140.4sin 45
� E Ahorizontal = 99.35Vm -1
The next diagram now shows a simplified representation of the electric fields
and their directions.
Now, EB + EA sin 45 is negative so this sum is directed to the left as shown in the
next diagram.
By using the Pythagoras theorem, the resultant E is calculated as
E 2 = 211.752 + 69.252
� E = 211.752 + 69.252
� E = 222.8Vm -1
�211.75 �
q = tan -1 �
�69.25 ��
q = 71.9�
Practice problem
UNIT 5
Practice problems
Question 1
Answer: 2.1ns
Fig 5.3 Positively charged particle moving in the direction of the field
When a charged particle moves in the opposite direction to that of the electric
field then the particle itself does work against the electric field so it loses
electric potential energy. The particle however moves in a direction of
increasing potential therefore a loss in electric potential energy is accompanied
by a gain in electric potential. This is shown in Fig 5.4.
Fig 5.4 Negatively charged particle opposing the direction of the field
UNIT 6
Practice problems
Question 1
Answers
6.8 Summary
A capacitor is a charge storing device. There are several types and they
play a pivotal role in the electronic industry.
Capacitance is the ability of an insulator to store charge and it is
measured in Farads.
Capacitance C is defined by:
Q
C=
V
1 1 1 1
= + +
Ctotal C1 C2 C3
1 1
W = QV W = CV 2
2 or 2
UNIT 7
Example
The diagram shows an exponential decay of the p.d. across a charged capacitor
which discharges through a resistor of resistance 2 x 106 Ω.
Solution
Vo
From the graph t = 5s i.e. the time taken for the p.d. to reduce to e
Therefore using t = CR , the value of C is 2.5μF.
Problem
(a) Switch S1 is closed and S2 open, calculate the charge on the capacitor.
(b) Switch S1 is then opened and S2 closed, calculate the charge on the
capacitor 8 seconds after switch S2 is closed.
Q = 2 �10-5 C Q = 2.71�10-6 C
Answer (a) (b)
7.6 Summary
When a capacitor charges or discharges, voltage, charge and current vary
exponentially with time.
t = CR
UNIT 8
Summary
The magnetic flux and magnetic flux density are related by the equation:
f = BA
UNIT 9
Examples
Solution
Practice problems
(a)
Solution: Upwards.
(b)
(c)
Solution: No deflection. (Can you give reason why there is no deflection?)
UNIT 10
Example
Solution
Explanation
(a) At the instant when the switch S is closed, the battery supplies current in
the anticlockwise direction in coil A as shown in the next diagram. Thus coil A
behaves as a bar magnet with its north pole on the right hand side. At this
instant, coil A produces magnetic fields that link coil B. By Faraday’s law, an
e.m.f. is generated in coil B which drives current in this coil. According to Lenz’s
law, the current flow in coil B is such that this coil behaves as a bar magnet with
its north pole on the left hand side as shown. If we use the curly N that you
learnt in section 6.10.3, the current in coil B flows in the counterclockwise
direction thus the current through R is from right to left as indicated by the
arrows in the diagram. Note that the current flow in coil B is just momentary.
(b) After the switch S has been closed for several minutes, there is no
change in magnetic flux linkage because we are using a d.c. source so no
current is induced. Remember you learnt this in section 6.12.2.
(c) At the instant the switch S is opened, there is change in magnetic flux
linkage from maximum to zero. There is momentary current flow in coil B but
now in the opposite sense to the one observed in (a) thus from left to right in
the resistor R.
df
E=
dt …………………………………………………….. (10.8)
Df
�E=
Dt
D ( BA)
�E=
Dt and since B is a constant we have:
BDA
E= ..................................................................................(10.15)
Dt
BLvDt
�E=
Dt
� E = BLv...............................................................................(10.16)
The following examples illustrate how the rule can be used to predict the
direction of current flow in a conductor moving in a magnetic field.
Example 1
It is desired to predict the direction of current flow given the direction of the
magnetic field and the direction of motion of the conductor.
Example 2
Example 3
A straight wire of length 50 cm and resistance 10 Ω moves sideways with
velocity 15 ms-1 at right angles to a uniform magnetic field of flux density 2.0 x
10-3 T. What current would flow if its ends were connected by leads of
negligible resistance?
Solution
Practice problem
(a) Calculate the potential difference between the wing tips if the vertical
component of the earth’s magnetic field is 4.0 x 10-5 T.
(b) Which wing tip is at a positive potential?
But
q = wt.....................................................................................(10.17)
fTmax = fo
If we define = constant then
fT = fo cos wt........................................................................(10.20)
dfT
E=- ...............................................................................(10.6)
dt
d
� E = - (fo cos wt )
dt
d cos wt
� E = -fo
dt
� E = wfo sin wt ....................................................................(10.21)
Then
E = Eo sin wt...........................................................................(10.22)
Eo is called the peak value or the maximum value of the induced e.m.f. When
the coil lies parallel to the magnetic field, q = wt = 90�and sin wt = 1
E = Eo corresponding to the maximum value of the induced e.m.f. When the
10.11 Summary
Faraday’s law states that the induced e.m.f. is directly proportional to the
rate of magnetic flux linkage i.e.
dfT
E=-
dt
According to Lenz’s law, the induced e.m.f. and current are in such a
direction as to oppose the change of flux which produce them. Lenz’s
law is based on the principle of conservation of energy.