RC - Presentation I4-B Chapter7

Institute of Technology of Cambodia
Department of Rural Engineering

34th Promotion
Water Resources Engineering and Rural Infrastructures
Reinforced Concrete
Prepared by: I4-Group B
Advisor : HUN Ketya
ACADEMIC YEAR: 2017-2018
DEPARTMENT OF RURAL ENGINEERING វ ិទ្យោស�នបកវ ិទ្យោកម�

WATER RESOURCES | MODELLING|CLIMATE CHANGE | GIS-REMOTE SENSING | WATER & SANITATION
INSTITUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE
THE ENGINEERING
FOR FUTURE OF CAMBODIA
CHAPTER 7
Bond, Development Lengths,

and Splices
DEPARTMENT OF RURAL ENGINEERING WATER RESOURCES | MODELLING|CLIMATE CHANGE| GIS-REMOTE SENSING | WATER & SANITATION 2
THE ENGINEERING
Group 7 FOR FUTURE OF CAMBODIA
Section 7.1 - 7.2

Prepared by Group 7
Members:
1. VAN BORA
2. VENG ANG
3. VORN MALIN
4. YEN SEAK LONG
5. YON DARAVUTH
6. YON PANHA RITH RADA
7.1 Cutting Off or Bending Bars
 The beams designed up to this point have been selected on the

basis of maximum moments.
 These moments have occurred at or near span centerlines for

positive moments and at the faces of supports for negative
moments. At other points in the beams, the moments were less.
 Should the bending moment fall off 50% from its maximum,
approximately 50% of the bars can be cut off or perhaps bent
up or down to the other face of the beam and made continuous
with the reinforcing in the other face.
7.1 Cutting Off or Bending Bars (cont.)
 If the moment diagram is drawn to scale, a graphical method is

satisfactory for finding the theoretical cutoff.
 For the parabolic moment diagram of Figure7.1, the following

expressions can be written and solved for the bar lengths x1
and x2 shown in the figure:
𝑥12 2 𝑥22 4
𝑙 = and 𝑙 =
( )2 6 ( )2 6
2 2
 For different-shaped moment diagrams, other mathematical

expressions would have to be written, or a graphical method
used. Actually, the design ultimate moment capacity ,
𝑎
φMn = φAsfy(d − )
2
 It will be shown in this chapter that the moment capacities

calculated as illustrated in this example problem will have to
be reduced if sufficient lengths are not provided beyond the
theoretical cutoff points for the bars to develop their full
stresses.
FIGURE 7.1 Theoretical cutoff locations for

a simple span beam.
7.2 Bond Stresses
 Bond stress result from a combination of several parameters,

such as the mutual adhesion between the concrete and steel
interfaces and the pressure of the hardened concrete against the
steel bar or wire due to drying shrinkage of the concrete.
Additionally, friction interlock between the bar surface
deformations or projection and the concrete caused by the
micro movement of the tension bar result in increased
resistance to slippage. Bond stress is controlled by the
following major factors:
7.2 Bond Stresses (cont.)
1.Adhesion between the concrete and reinforcing elements.

2.Frictional resistance to sliding and interlock as the reinforcing
element is subjected to tensile stress.
3.Effect of concrete quality and strength in tension and
compression.
4.Mechanical anchorage effect of the ends of bars through
development length, splicing, hooks, and crossbars.
5.Diameter, shape, and spacing of reinforcement as they affect
crack development.
 Bond failures that may occur for different values of concrete

cover and bar spacing. Splitting resistance along bar depends
on quite a few factors, such as the thickness of the concrete
cover, the spacing of the bars, the types of aggregates used, the
traverse confining effect of stirrups, and so on. Because there
are so many variables, it is impossible to make comprehensive
bond tests that are good for a wide range of structure.
 Bond failures has three form, such as
THE ENGINEERING
Section 7.3
Prepared by Group 5
Members:
1. SOM SOVAKDY
2. SOPHEA RATHMONY
3. SORN RADY
4. SROY KOKTRY
5. TANN SENG KIM
6. THORN SOTVISAL
7.3 Development Lengths for Tension Reinforcing
 For this discussion, reference is made to the

cantilever beam. It can be seen that both the
maximum moment in the beam and the
maximum stresses in the tensile bars occur at
the face of the support.
 Theoretically, a small distance back into the

support the moment is zero, and thus it would
seem that reinforcing bars would no longer be
required.
 Obviously, if the bars were stopped at the face

of the support, the beam would fail.
7.3 Development Lengths for Tension Reinforcing (Cont.)
 The bar stresses must be transferred to

the concrete by bond between the steel
and the concrete before the bars can be
cut off.
 In this case the bars must be extended

some distance back into the support
and out into the beam to anchor them
or develop their strength. This
distance, called the development length
.
 The development lengths used for deformed bars or wires in tension may not
be less than the values computed with ACI Equation 12-1 or 12 in.
or
ψ𝑡 = reinforcement location factor 𝑙𝑑 = development length

ψ𝑒 = coating factor 𝑐𝑏 = spacing or cover dimension
ψ𝑠 = reinforcement size factor d𝑏 = diameter bar

λ (lambda) = lightweight aggregate concrete factor
k 𝑡𝑟 is a factor called the transverse reinforcement index
 In SI units,
 This expression, which seems to include so many terms, is

much easier to use than it might at first appear because several
of the terms are usually equal to 1.0. Even if not equal to 1.0,
the factors can be quickly obtained.
THE ENGINEERING
Section 7.4 - 7.5

Prepared by Group 2
Members:
1. LY TETH
2. MAN PHANITH
3. MAN SOKSEREY
4. PHO SITHI
5. PHO SOKCHEA
7.4 Development Lengths for Bundled Bars
 ACI, Section 12.4.1, The splice and development lengths for bundled bars
are to be determined by first computing the lengths needed for the
individual bars and then by increasing those values by;
 20% for three-bar bundles and
 33% for four-bar bundles.
Three-bar bundles Four-bar bundle
7.4 Development Lengths for Bundled Bars (cont.)
When the factors relating to cover and clear spacing are being
computed for a particular bundle, the bars are treated as though their
area were furnished by a single bar. In other words, it is necessary to
replace the bundle of bars with a fictitious single bar with a diameter
such that its cross-sectional area equals that of the bundle of bars.
7.5 Hooks
 When sufficient space is not available to anchor tension bars

by running them straight for their required development
lengths, hooks may be used.
 Standard extensions for either 90° or 180° hooks are :
• For the 90° hook bend 12 bar diameters (12db) extension at
the free end of bar (Figure 7.12a)
• For the 180° hook bend 4 bar diameters (4db) extension, but
not less than 65mm at the free end of the bar (Figure 7.12b)
Figure 7.12b : 180° hook

D = 6 db #3 through #8
7.5 Hooks (cont.)
Figure 7.13 Hooked-bar details for development

of standard hooks
7.5 Hooks (cont.)
 Development Length for Hook ldh
0.24 ψ𝑒 𝑓𝑦
In SI units , 𝑙𝑑ℎ = 𝑑𝑏
λ 𝑓𝑐′
 ldh may not less than 150mm or 8db
 For deformed bar :
- ψe equal to 1.2 for epoxy-coated reinforcing and λ equal to

0.75 for lightweight aggregate concrete
- Otherwise, ψe and λ are to be set equal to 1.0
7.5 Hooks (cont.)
 The modification factors that may have to be successively
multiplied by ldh when standard hooks are used :
(a) Cover—When hooks are made with #11 or smaller bars and
have side cover normal to the plane of the hooks not less than
65mm and where the cover on the bar extensions beyond 90°
hooks is not less than 50mm, multiply by 0.7.
(b) Ties or stirrups—When hooks made of #11 or smaller bars
are enclosed either vertically or horizontally within ties or
stirrup ties along their full development length ldh, and the
stirrups or ties are spaced no farther apart than 3db (where db
is the diameter of the hooked bar), multiply by 0.8.
(c) When 180◦ hooks consisting of #11 or smaller bars are used
and are enclosed within ties or stirrups placed perpendicular
to the bars being developed, and spaced no further than 3db
apart along the development length ldh of the hook, multiply
by 0.8.
7.5 Hooks (cont.)
(d) Should anchorage or development length not be specially

required for fy of the bars, it is permissible to multiply ldh by As
required/As provided.
 For bars being developed by a standard hook at discontinuous

ends of members with both side cover and top (or bottom)
cover over hook less than 65 mm, the hooked bar shall be
enclosed within ties or stirrups perpendicular to the bar being
developed, spaced not greater than 3db along ldh . The first tie
or stirrup shall enclose the bent portion of the hook, within 2db
of the outside of the bend. (Figure 7.14)
7.5 Hooks (cont.)
Figure 7.14 An example for a cantilever

beam. In this case, the factors of (b) and (c)
shall not apply.
THE ENGINEERING
Section 7.6 - 7.7

Prepared by Group 1
Members:
1. LIM SOKNETH
2. LOAM PHALLA
3. LON SAOVEASNA
4. LONG THEARY
5. LORN SAMNEANG
6. LY BUNNAROTH
7.6 Development Lengths for Welded Wire Fabric in Tension
• The minimum required development length for deformed

welded wire fabric in tension measured from the critical
section equals the value determined for 𝑙𝑑 , as per ACI Section
12.2.2 or 12.2.3, multiplied by a wire fabric factor, 𝜓𝑤 , from
ACI Section 12.7.2 or 12.7.3.
• The wire fabric factor, 𝜓𝑤 , for welded wire fabric with at least
one crosswire within the development length not less than 2 in.
from the critical section is
𝑓𝑦 −35000 5𝑑𝑏
𝜓𝑤 = not less than
𝑓𝑦 𝑠
but need not be taken >1.0
7.6 Development Lengths for Welded Wire Fabric in Tension (cont.)
• In SI units for welded wire fabric with at least one crosswire

within the development length and not less than 50 mm from
the point of the critical section, the wire fabric factor, 𝜓𝑤 , is
(𝑓𝑦 − 240)/𝑓𝑦 , not less than 5𝑑𝑏 /s but need not be taken > 1.0.
• The yield strength of welded plain wire fabric is considered to
be adequately developed by two cross wires if the closer one is
not less than 2 in. from the critical section. The code (Section
12.8), however, says that the development length,𝑙𝑑 , measured
from the critical section to the outermost crosswire may not be
less than the value computed from the following equation, in
which 𝐴𝑤 is the area of the individual wire to be developed.
𝐴𝑤 𝑓𝑦
𝑙𝑑 =0.27 ( ) but not < 6 in
𝑠 𝜆 𝑓′𝑐
7.6 Development Lengths for Welded Wire Fabric in Tension (cont.)
• In SI unit
𝐴𝑤 𝑓𝑦
𝑙𝑑 =3.3 ( ) but not < 150mm
𝑠 𝜆 𝑓′𝑐
• The development lengths obtained for either plain or deformed
wire may be reduced, as were earlier development lengths, by
multiplying them by (𝐴𝑠 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 /𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 ) (ACI 12.2.5),
but the modified results may not be less than the minimum
values given in this section
7.7 Development Lengths for Compression Bars
• There is not a great deal of experimental information available

about bond stresses and needed embedment lengths for
compression steel. It is obvious, however, that embedment
lengths will be smaller than those required for tension bars. For
one reason, there are no tensile crack present to encourage
slipping. For another, there is some bearing of the ends of the
bars concrete, which also helps develop the load.
• The code (12.3.2) states that the minimum basic development
length provided for compression bars (𝑙𝑑𝑑 ) may not be less
than the value computed from the following expression.
𝑓𝑦 𝑑𝑏
𝑙𝑑𝑑 = 0.02 ≥ 0.0003 𝑓𝑦 𝑑𝑏 but not less than 8 in
𝜆 𝑓′𝑐
7.7 Development Lengths for Compression Bars (cont.)
• In SI units
𝑓𝑦 𝑑𝑏
𝑙𝑑𝑑 = 0.02 ≥ 0.0003 𝑓𝑦 𝑑𝑏 but not less than 200 mm.
𝜆 𝑓′𝑐
• If more compression steel is used than is required by analysis,
𝑙𝑑𝑑 may be multiplied by (𝐴𝑠 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 /𝐴𝑠 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 ) as per ACI
Section 12.3.3. When bars are enclosed in spirals for any kind of
concrete members, the members become decidedly stronger due
to the confinement or lateral restraint of the concrete. The normal
use of spirals is in spiral columns, which are discussed in
Chapter 9. Should compression bars be enclosed by spirals of not
less than 14 in. diameter and with a pitch not greater than 4 in.,
or within #4 ties spaced at not more than 4 in. on center, the
value of may be multiplied by 0.75 (ACI 12.3.3). In no case can
the development length be less than 8 in.
7.7 Development Lengths for Compression Bars (cont.)
Thus
𝑙𝑑 = 𝑙𝑑𝑑 × applicable modification factors ≥ 8.0 in
• The forces in the bars at the bottom of the column are to

be transferred down into a reinforced concrete footing by
means of dowels. Dowels such as these are usually bent at
their bottoms (as shown in the figure) and set on the main
footing reinforcing where they can be tied securely in
place. The bent or hooked parts of the dowels, however,
do not count as part of the required development lengths
for compression bars (ACI 12.5.5), as they are ineffective.
THE ENGINEERING
Section 7.8 - 7.10

Prepared by Group 3
Members:
1. PHON PANHA
2. PON SOPHEANY
3. PRACH BUNNARITH
4. ROEUTH POLO
5. RUM NARA
6. SAN VICHKA
7.8 Critical Sections for Development Length
 It is obvious that the bars will be stressed to their maximum values at

those points where maximum moments occur. Thus, those points must
be no closer in either direction to the bar ends than the ld values
computed.
 A critical situation occurs whenever there is a tension bar whose
neighboring bars have just been cut off or bent over to the other face of
the beam.
 Theoretically, if the moment is reduced by a third, one-third of the bars
are cut off or bent, and the remaining bars would be stressed to their
yield points. The full development lengths would be required for those
bars.
7.8 Critical Sections for Development Length (cont.)
 The code 12.10.3: Reinforcement shall extend beyond the point at which it is no
longer required to resist flexure for a distance equal to d or 12db whichever is
greater, except at support of simple spans and at free end of cantilevers. The
code 12.10.4: Continuing reinforcement shall have an embedment length not less
than ld beyond the point where bent or terminated tension reinforcement is no
longer required to resist flexure.
 These two items might very well cause the remaining bars to have a stress less
than fy, thus permitting their development lengths to be reduced somewhat. A
conservative approach is normally used, however, in which the remaining bars
are assumed to be stressed to fy.
7.9 Effect of Combined Shear and Moment on Development Lengths
 The commentary (R12.10.3) states that

 this extension is required to account for the fact that the locations of
maximum moments may shift due to changes in loading, support
settlement, and other factors. When stirrups are present, the effect is
still there but is somewhat less severe.
 The combined effect of shear and bending acting simultaneously on a
beam may produce premature failure due to overstress in the flexural
reinforcing. (The presence of inclined cracks increases the force in the
tensile reinforcing at all points in the shear span except in the region
of maximum moment.)
7.10 Effect of Shape of Moment Diagram on Development Lengths
 It is further assumed that the length of the

reinforcing bars on each side of the beam
centerline equals the computed development
length ld. The discussion to follow will prove that
this distance is not sufficient to properly develop
the bars for this moment diagram.
 The moment is assumed to equal Mu, and the bars
are assumed to be stressed to fy. Thus the
development length of the bars on either side of
the beam centerline must be no less than ld.
 The preceding discussion clearly shows that the
bars will have to be extended farther out from the
centerline than ld. For the moment to fall off 50%,
one must move more than halfway toward the end
of the beam.
THE ENGINEERING
Section 7.11 - 7.12

Prepared by Group 6
Members:
1. THORNG CHAMROEUN
2. THUON RANYSAKOL
3. THY THEA
4. TOEM PHEARAK
5. TREA PUNLORK
6. VA SEAKHY
7.11 Cutting Off or Bending Bars (Continued)
• When some of the tensile bars are cut off at a point in a beam:
• Sudden tensile stress will increase in the remaining bars.
• Large increase of strain in the beam. When a strain increase it will
cause:
– Large tensile cracks to develop in the concrete
– Large cracks occur, there will be a reduced beam cross section
– Reduce shear resistance, greater chance of shear failure
General rules of bars cutoff

 Bars must extend the longer of d or 12db past the flexural cutoff
points except at supports
or the ends of cantilever (ACI 12.11.1).
 Bars must extend at least Ld
from the point of maximum
bar stress or from the flexural cutoff
of points adjacent bars
(ACI 12.10.2 12.10.4 and 12.12.2).
 The shear at the cutoff point must not exceed two-thirds of the
design shear strength φVn, (ACI 12.10.5.1)
2
𝑉𝑉 ≤ φVn
3
 An area of stirrup in excess of required for shear and torsion is
provided along each cutoff bars over a distance 3/4d from the
cutoff point. Excess stirrup area shall be not less than 0.41bws/fyt.
Spacing s shall not exceed d/(8βb). (ACI 12.10.5.2)
 When No. 36 bars or smaller bars are used, the continuing bars
should provide twice the area of steel required for flexure at the
cutoff point, and the shear should not exceed three-fourths
3
𝑉𝑉 ≤ φVn. (ACI 12.10.5.3)
4
 When some of tensile bars are cut off at a point in a

beam, a sudden increase in the tensile stress will
occur in remaining bars. For this increase to occur, it
will increase strain in the beam. Large tensile crack
occur will be a reduced beam cross section and it will
increase shear resistance. Thus a greater possibility of
shear failure.
7.12 Bar Splices in Flexural Members
Why do we need bar splices ?

 For long spans
 Change from large bars to small bars
 Etc……
7.12 Bar Splices in Flexural Members (cont.)
Type of Splice
1. Lapped splices 2. Welded splices 3. Mechanical connectors
General rules of splice reinforcing bars
 For splicing No. 36 bars or smaller bars is simply to lap the bars over the
other
 Splicing of reinforcement can never reproduce exactly the same effect as
continuous reinforcing
 The goal of the splice provision is to require a ductile situation where the
reinforcing will yield before the splices fail. Splice failures occur suddenly
without warning and with dangerous
 Lap splices fail by splitting of the concrete along the bars. If some type of
stirrups ties or spiral are closed the chances of splitting are reduced and
smaller splice lengths are needed
 When the stresses in reinforcement are reduced at splice locations, the
chances splice failure are reduced, in this reason the length of splice can be
reduced
 Splices should be located away from points of maximum tensile stress.
 Not all bars should be spliced at the same location, that is the
splice should be staggered
THE ENGINEERING
Section 7.13 - 7.15

Prepared by Group 4
Members:
1. SARIN SOKSEREYOUDOM
2. SEM RATHA
3. SENG SOPHORN
4. SOEUN SOVANNARA
5. SOEURN SARATH
6. SOM OEURN KEO
7.13 Tension Splices
-The code (12.15) divides tension lap splices into two
classes, A and B. The class of splice used is dependent on the

level of stress in the reinforcing and on the percentage of
steel that
is spliced at a particular location.
-Class A splices are those where the reinforcing is lapped for
a minimum distance of 1.0𝑙𝑑 (but not less than 12 in.) and
where one-half or less of the reinforcing is spliced at any
one location.
7.13 Tension Splices (cont.)
-Class B splices are those where the reinforcing is lapped for a minimum
distance of 1.3 𝑙𝑑 (but not less than 12 in.) and where all the reinforcing is
spliced at the same location.
-The code (12.15.2) states that lap splices for deformed bars and deformed
wire in tension must be Class B unless (1) the area of reinforcing provided
is equal to two or more times the area required by analysis over the entire
length of the splice and (2) one-half or less of the reinforcing is spliced
within the required lap length. A summary of this information is given in
Table 7.3, which is Table R12.15.2 in the ACI Commentary.
-In calculating the value of 𝑙𝑑 to be multiplied by 1.0 or 1.3, the reduction
for excess reinforcing furnished, As provided/As required , should not be
used because the class of splice (A or B) already reflects any excess
reinforcing at the splice location (see ACI Commentary R12.15.1).
DEPARTMENT OF RURAL ENGINEERING WATER RESOURCES | RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE|IRRIGATION| HYDRAULIC 49

7.14 Compression Splices
- Compression bars may be spliced by lapping, by end bearing, and by

welding or mechanical devices.
- The minimum compression lap splice length shall be 0.071𝑓𝑦 𝑑𝑏 , for
𝑓𝑦 of 420 MPa or less, or (0.13𝑓𝑦 – 24)𝑑𝑏 for 𝑓𝑦 greater than 420 MPa,
but not less than 300 mm. For 𝑓𝑐′ less than 21 MPa, length of lap shall
be increased by one-third.
- The lap splice length is to be computed based on the larger of the
compression splice length of the smaller bar; or the compression
development length of the larger bar. It is permissible to lap splice #14
and #18 compression bars to #11 and smaller bars.

7.14 Compression Splices (cont.)
-The transfer of forces between bars that are always in compression can be
accomplished by end bearing.
- Bar ends shall terminate in flat surfaces within 1.5 degrees of a right angle
to the axis of the bars and shall be fitted within 3 degrees of full bearing
after assembly.
-The continuing bars in each face of the column shall have a tensile
strength, based on 𝑓𝑦 , not less than 0.25𝑓𝑦 times the area of the vertical
reinforcement in that face.
7.15 Headed and Mechanically Anchored Bars
There are several limitations to the use of headed bars, as
follows:
(a) Bar 𝑓𝑦 shall not exceed 60,000 psi
(b) bar size shall not exceed No. 11
(c) concrete shall be normal weight
(d) net bearing area of head 𝐴brg shall not be less than four times the
area of the bar 𝐴𝑏

7.15 Headed and Mechanically Anchored Bars (cont.)
(e) clear cover for bar shall not be less than 2𝑑𝑏
(f) clear spacing between bars shall not be less than 4𝑑𝑏
Clear cover and clear spacing requirements in (e) and (f) are
measured to the bar, not to the head.
7.15 Headed and Mechanically Anchored Bars (cont.)
The development length in tension for headed deformed bars ( ASTM

A970) is given by
0.016ψ𝑒 𝑓𝑦
𝑙𝑑𝑑 = × 𝑑𝑏
𝑓𝑐′
In applying this equation 𝑓𝑐′ < 6000 psi, and ψ𝑒 =1.2 for epoxy-coated
bars and 1.0 otherwise. The calculated value of 𝑙𝑑𝑑 >8𝑑𝑏 or 6 in, whichever is
larger. The multiplier used earlier for deformed bars without heads, As
required/As provided, is not permitted. There are no λ, 𝜓𝑡 or 𝜓𝑠 terms in this
expression. In SI units,
0.192ψ𝑒 𝑓𝑦
𝑙𝑑𝑑 = × 𝑑𝑏
𝑓𝑐′
THE ENGINEERING
FOR FUTURE OF CAMBODIA

RC - Presentation I4-B Chapter7

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

RC - Presentation I4-B Chapter7

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Institute of Technology of Cambodia

Department of Rural Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF RURAL ENGINEERING វ ិទ្យោស�នបកវ ិទ្យោកម�

Bond, Development Lengths,

Section 7.1 - 7.2

 The beams designed up to this point have been selected on the

 These moments have occurred at or near span centerlines for

 If the moment diagram is drawn to scale, a graphical method is

 For the parabolic moment diagram of Figure7.1, the following

 For different-shaped moment diagrams, other mathematical

 It will be shown in this chapter that the moment capacities

FIGURE 7.1 Theoretical cutoff locations for

 Bond stress result from a combination of several parameters,

1.Adhesion between the concrete and reinforcing elements.

 Bond failures that may occur for different values of concrete

 Bond failures has three form, such as

 For this discussion, reference is made to the

 Theoretically, a small distance back into the

 Obviously, if the bars were stopped at the face

 The bar stresses must be transferred to

 In this case the bars must be extended

ψ𝑡 = reinforcement location factor 𝑙𝑑 = development length

ψ𝑠 = reinforcement size factor d𝑏 = diameter bar

k 𝑡𝑟 is a factor called the transverse reinforcement index

 This expression, which seems to include so many terms, is

Section 7.4 - 7.5

 33% for four-bar bundles.

Three-bar bundles Four-bar bundle

 When sufficient space is not available to anchor tension bars

Figure 7.12b : 180° hook

Figure 7.13 Hooked-bar details for development

 Development Length for Hook ldh

 For deformed bar :

- ψe equal to 1.2 for epoxy-coated reinforcing and λ equal to

- Otherwise, ψe and λ are to be set equal to 1.0

(d) Should anchorage or development length not be specially

 For bars being developed by a standard hook at discontinuous

Figure 7.14 An example for a cantilever

Section 7.6 - 7.7

• The minimum required development length for deformed

but need not be taken >1.0

• In SI units for welded wire fabric with at least one crosswire

• There is not a great deal of experimental information available

• The forces in the bars at the bottom of the column are to

Section 7.8 - 7.10

 It is obvious that the bars will be stressed to their maximum values at

 The commentary (R12.10.3) states that

 It is further assumed that the length of the

Section 7.11 - 7.12

General rules of bars cutoff

or the ends of cantilever (ACI 12.11.1).

 Bars must extend at least Ld

from the point of maximum

bar stress or from the flexural cutoff

of points adjacent bars

(ACI 12.10.2 12.10.4 and 12.12.2).

 When some of tensile bars are cut off at a point in a

Why do we need bar splices ?

1. Lapped splices 2. Welded splices 3. Mechanical connectors

Section 7.13 - 7.15

-The code (12.15) divides tension lap splices into two

classes, A and B. The class of splice used is dependent on the

DEPARTMENT OF RURAL ENGINEERING WATER RESOURCES | RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE|IRRIGATION| HYDRAULIC 49