Lecture 3.1 - Design of Two-Way Floor Slab System

Reinforced Concrete II Hashemite University
The Hashemite University

Department of Civil Engineering
Lecture 3.1 – Design of Two

Two--
way Floor Slab System
Dr.
Dr Hazim Dwairi
Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II
One--way and Two

One Two--way Slab
Behavior
• One
One--way slabs
carry load in one
direction.
• Two
Two--way slabs
carry load in two
directions.
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 1

One--way and Two

One Two--way Slab
Behavior
• One
One--way and
two--way slab
two
action carry
load in two
directions.
• One
One--way slabs: Generally,
long side/short side > 2.0
Types of Two
Two--way Slabs
Two-way slab
Flat slab with
with beams
drop panels
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 2

Types of Two
Two--way Slabs
Waffle Slab
Flat slab without
drop panels
Column Connections in Flat Slabs
1 With drop panel

1.
2. Without drop panel
3. With column capital or crown
4. Without column capital or crown
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 3

Joist Construction
30cm
50–75cm
2.5cm
• The two
two--way ribbed slab and waffled slab
system: General thickness of the slab is 50mm
to 100mm.
Economic Choices in Slabs
• Flat Plate without drop panels: suitable span

6 0 to 7.5
6.0 7 5 m with LL= 3.0
3 0 -5.0
5 0 kN/m2
kN/m
Advantages
– Low cost formwork
– Exposed flat ceilings
– Fast
Disadvantages
Disad antages
– Low shear capacity
– Low Stiffness (notable deflection)
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 4

• Flat Slab with drop panels: suitable span 6.0

to 7.5
7 5 m with LL= 4.0
4 0 - 7.0
7 0 kN/m2
kN/m
Advantages
– Low cost formwork
– Exposed flat ceilings
– Fast
Disadvantages
Disad antages
– Need more formwork for capital and panels
• Waffle Slabs: suitable span 9.0 to 15 m with

LL= 4.0
4 0 – 7.0
7 0 kN/m2
kN/m
Advantages
– Carries heavy loads
– Attractive exposed ceilings
– Fast
Disadvantages
Disad antages
– Formwork with panels is expensive
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 5

• One-
One-way Slab on beams: suitable span 3.0 to
6 0 m with LL= 3.0
6.0 3 0 - 5.0
5 0 kN/m2
kN/m
– Can be used for larger spans with relatively higher
cost and higher deflections
• One-
One-way joist floor system is suitable span
kN/m2
6.0 to 9.0 m with LL= 4.0 – 6.0 kN/m
– Deep ribs,
ribs the concrete and steel quantities are
relative low
– Expensive formwork expected.
Comparison of One-
One- and Two
Two--
way Slabs Behavior
ws =load taken by short direction
wl = load taken by long direction
δA = δB
5ws Ls 4 5wl Ll 4
=
384 EI 384 EI
ws Ll 4
= For Ll = 2Ls ⇒ ws = 16 wl
wl Ls 4
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 6

Static Equilibrium for Two-

Two-way
Slabs
• Analogy of two-way slab to plank and
beam floor
Consider Section A-A:
Moment per m width in
planks:
wl12
⇒M = kN - m/m
8
Total Moment
l2
⇒ M T = (wl2 ) 1 kN - m
8
Static Equilibrium for Two-

Two-way
Slabs
wl1
Uniform load on each beam: ⇒ kN/m
2
⎛ wl ⎞ l
2
Moment in one beam (Sec: B-B) ⇒ M lb = ⎜ 1 ⎟ 2 kN - m
⎝ 2 ⎠8
l22
Total Moment in both beams: ⇒ M = (wll1 ) kN - m
8
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 7

Method of Design
(1) Direct Design Method (DDM):
Limited to slab systems with uniformly distributed

loads and supported on equally spaced columns.
Method uses a set of coefficients to determine
the design moment at critical sections. Two-
Two-way
slab system that do not meet the limitations of
the ACI Code 13.6.1 must be analyzed using
more accurate procedures.
Method of Design
(2) Equivalent Frame Method (EFM) :
A three
three--dimensional building is divided into a
series of two
two--dimensional equivalent frames by
cutting the building along lines midway between
columns. The resulting frames are considered
separately in the longitudinal and transverse
directions of the building and treated floor by
floor.
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 8

Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)
Longitudinal Transverse
equivalent frame equivalent frame
Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)
Elevation of
the frame
Perspective
view
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 9

Column and Middle Strips
The slab is
b k up into
broken i t
column and
middle strips for
analysis
L/4
L/4
L/4
L/4
L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4

Minimum Slab Thickness for

Two--way Construction
Two
• The ACI Code 9.5.3 specifies a minimum slab
thickness to control deflection
deflection. There are three
empirical limitations for calculating the slab
thickness (h), which are based on experimental
research. If these limitations are not met, it will
be necessary to compute deflection.
• For slabs without interior beams spanning
between supports - Table 9.5 (c) and:
– With drop panels …………………… 125 mm
– Without drop panels ……………….. 100 mm
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 10


Two
• For slabs with beams spanning between the
supports on all sides:
(a) for α fm > 2.0 ⇓
> 90 mm
(b) for 0.2 < α fm < 2.0 ⇓
> 125mm

Two
(c) for α fm ≤ 0.2 ⇓
• With drop panels:

h > 125mm
• Without drop
panels:
h > 100mm
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 11


Two
• Definitions:
h = Minimum slab thickness without
interior beams.
ln = Clear span in the long direction
measured face to face of column
β = TheTh ratio
ti off the
th long
l tto short
h t clear
l
span
αm= The average value of a for all
beams on the sides of the panel.
to--Slab Stiffness Ratio, α

Beam--to
Beam
• Accounts for stiffness effect of beams located

along slab edge reduces deflections of
panel adjacent to beams.
flexural stiffness of beam

α=
flexural stiffness of slab
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 12

to--Slab Stiffness Ratio, α

Beam--to
Beam
4E cb I b / l E cb I b
α= =
4E cs I s / l E cs I s
E cb = Modulus of elasticity of beam
E sb = Modulus of elasticity of slab
I b = Moment of inertia of uncracked beam
I s = Moment of inertia of uncracked slab
• With width bounded laterally by centerline of

adjacent panels on each side of the beam.
Beam and Slab Sections for

calculation of α
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 13


calculation of α

calculation of α
Spandrel (Edge) Beam Interior Beam
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 14

PCA Charts for calculation of α
PCA Charts for calculation of α
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 15

Example :Flat Slab without Beams
A flat plate floor system

with panels 7 7.3
3 by 6
6.0
0m
is supported on 0.50m
square columns.
Determine the minimum
slab thickness required
for the interior and
corner ppanels.
Use f’c = 28 MPa and
fy = 420 MPa
Exterior Slab
• Slab thickness, from table for fy = 420 MPa and

no edge beams is
ln
hmin =
30
ln = 7.3 − 0.5 = 6.8m
6.8 ×1000
hmin = = 226.7 mm ⇒ use 230mm
30
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 16

Interior Slab
• Slab thickness, from table for fy = 420 MPa and

no edge beams is
ln
hmin =
33
ln = 7.3 − 0.5 = 6.8m
6.8 ×1000
hmin = = 206.1mm ⇒ use 210mm
33
Example : Flat Slab with Beams
A flat plate floor system

with panels 7 7.3
3 by 6
6.0
0 m is
supported on beams in two
directions which supported
on 0.40m square columns.
Determine the minimum
slab thickness required for
an interior p
panel.
Use f’c = 28 MPa and
fy = 414 MPa
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 17

Flat Slab with Beams Example

Beam cross
cross--sections
All Dimensions in millimeters
Ib = 7.952 x 109 mm4
Ib = 1.170 x 1010 mm4

Interior Slab
* Long Direction :
I beam = 1.170 ×1010 mm 4
(6000)(180) 3
I slab = = 2.916 ×109 mm 4
12
EI
α long = beam = 4.01
EI slab
* Short Direction :
(7300)(180) 3
I slab = = 3.548 ×109 mm 4
12
EI
α short = beam = 3.30
EI slab
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 18

Interior Slab
* The Average α fm for interior slab :
4.01 + 3.3
α avrg = = 3.66
2
Compute the β Coefficient :
llong 7 .3 − 0 .4
β= = = 1.232
lshort 6.0 − 0.4
Compute thickness for α fm > 2
⎛ f ⎞
ln ⎜⎜ 0.8 + y ⎟⎟ 6.9⎛⎜ 0.8 + 414 ⎞⎟
USE
h= ⎝
1400 ⎠ ⎝ 1400 ⎠
=
36 + 9β 36 + 9 × 1.236 h = 180mm
= 160.4mm
Thickness of Edge & Corner Slabs

* Compute α fm in long direction :
I L −beam = 7.952 × 109 mm 4
(3000)(180) 3
I slab = = 1.458 ×109 mm 4
12
7.952 × 109
α long = = 5.45
1.458 × 109
* Compute α ffm in short direction :
(3650)(180) 3
I slab = = 1.774 × 109 mm 4
12
7.952 × 109
α short = = 4.48
1.774 × 109
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 19


5.45
3.30 + 5.45 + 3.30 + 4.01
3 30
3.30
α fm
f = = 4.02
3 30
3.30 4
4.01
5.45
4.48 + 5.45 + 3.30 + 4.01
4.48 3.30 α fm = = 4.31
4
4.01

4.48 + 4.01 + 3.30 + 4.01
4.01 α fm = = 3.95
4
4.48 3 30
3.30 ln = 7.30 − 0.20 − 0.15 = 6.95m
Compute the β Coefficient :
4.01
llong 7.3 − 0.35
β= = = 1.230
lshort 6.0 − 0.35
Compute thickness for α fm > 2
USE
⎛ f ⎞
ln ⎜⎜ 0.8 + y ⎟⎟ 6.95⎛⎜ 0.8 + 414 ⎞⎟ h = 180mm
h= ⎝
1400 ⎠ ⎝ 1400 ⎠
= = 161.8mm
36 + 9 β 36 + 9 ×1.230
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 20

Lecture 3.1 - Design of Two-Way Floor Slab System

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Reinforced Concrete II Hashemite University

The Hashemite University

Lecture 3.1 – Design of Two

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II

One--way and Two

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II

Dr. Hazim Dwairi 1

One--way and Two

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II

Dr. Hazim Dwairi 2

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II

Column Connections in Flat Slabs

1 With drop panel

Dr. Hazim Dwairi 3

Economic Choices in Slabs

• Flat Plate without drop panels: suitable span

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II

Dr. Hazim Dwairi 4

Economic Choices in Slabs

• Flat Slab with drop panels: suitable span 6.0

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II

Economic Choices in Slabs

• Waffle Slabs: suitable span 9.0 to 15 m with

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II

Dr. Hazim Dwairi 5

Economic Choices in Slabs

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II

Dr. Hazim Dwairi 6

Static Equilibrium for Two-

Static Equilibrium for Two-

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II

Dr. Hazim Dwairi 7

(1) Direct Design Method (DDM):

Limited to slab systems with uniformly distributed

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II

(2) Equivalent Frame Method (EFM) :

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II

Dr. Hazim Dwairi 8

Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II

Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II

Dr. Hazim Dwairi 9

Column and Middle Strips

L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4

Minimum Slab Thickness for

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II

Dr. Hazim Dwairi 10

Minimum Slab Thickness for

(b) for 0.2 < α fm < 2.0 ⇓

Minimum Slab Thickness for

• With drop panels:

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II

Dr. Hazim Dwairi 11

Minimum Slab Thickness for

to--Slab Stiffness Ratio, α

• Accounts for stiffness effect of beams located

flexural stiffness of beam

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II

Dr. Hazim Dwairi 12

to--Slab Stiffness Ratio, α

• With width bounded laterally by centerline of