ENUGU STATE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPARTMENT

GROUP ASSIGNMENT ON
NETWORKING AND DATA COMMUNICATION

TOPIC:
TRANMISSION MEDIA
-NOISE,DISTORTION,ATTENUATION THROUGH SPACE ,AIR
CABLE,FIBER OPTICS E.T.C

LECTURER: Mrs Harmony Nwobodo

SUBMITTED ON
January,2018.
 GROUP TWO MEMBERS
NAMES REG NO
OKEANONIFE NEBEOLISA ESUT/2014/147421
NNAMANI.N.VIVIAN ESUT/2014/147430
ODO IFEANYI ANTHONY ESUT/2014/147431
IGBANI POSSIBLE.C. ESUT/2014/147432
NWAFOR THANKGOD ESUT/2014/147433
IKE CHIBUIKE ISREAL ESUT/2014/147434
AKEEM AFOLABI ADEBAYO ESUT/2014/147435
NWATU SABASTINE ONYEDIKA ESUT/2014/147436
PRAISE CHUKWUMAIFE ESUT/2014/147437
ONYEGWU CHRISTIAN ESUT/2014/147438
OZOR UGONNA KENNETH ESUT/2014/147439
UGWUANYI EMMANUEL IKECHUKWU ESUT/2014/155194
ANIKWE BENJAMIN .C. ESUT/2014/147453
 TRANSMISSION MEDIA

Transmission media is a pathway that carries the information from sender to receiver. We use
different types of cables or waves to transmit data. Data is transmitted normally through
electrical or electromagnetic signals.
An electrical signal is in the form of current. An electromagnetic signal is series of
electromagnetic energy pulses at various frequencies. These signals can be transmitted through
copper wires, optical fibers, atmosphere, water and vacuum Different Medias have different
properties like bandwidth, delay, cost and ease of installation and maintenance. Transmission
media is also called Communicationchannel.

Types of Transmission Media

Transmission media is broadly classified into two groups.

Wired or Guided Media or Bound Transmission Media : Bound transmission media are the
cables that are tangible or have physical existence and are limited by the physical geography.
Popular bound transmission media in use are twisted pair cable, co-axial cable and fiber optical
cable. Each of them has its own characteristics like transmission speed, effect of noise, physical
appearance, cost etc.

COAXIAL CABLE:
Coaxial cable is very common & widely used commutation media. For example TV wire is
usually coaxial.Coaxial cable gets its name because it contains two conductors that are parallel
to each other. The center conductor in the cable is usually copper. The copper can be either a
solid wire or stranded martial.
Outside this central Conductor is a non-conductive material. It is usually white, plastic material
used to separate the inner Conductor form the outer Conductor. The other Conductor is a fine
mesh made from Copper. It is used to help shield the cable form EMI.
The actual data travels through the center conductor in the cable. EMI interference is caught by
outer copper mesh. There are different types of coaxial cable vary by gauge & impedance.
Gauge is the measure of the cable thickness. It is measured by the Radio grade measurement,
or RG number. The high the RG number, the thinner the central conductor core, the lower the
number the thicker the core.

Here the most common coaxial standards.

 50-Ohm RG-7 or RG-11 : used with thick Ethernet.
 50-Ohm RG-58 : used with thin Ethernet
 75-Ohm RG-59 : used with cable television
 93-Ohm RG-62 : used with ARCNET.
CHARACTERISTICS OF COAXIAL CABLE
 Low cost
 Easy to install
 Up to 10Mbps capacity
 Medium immunity form EMI
 Medium of attenuation
ADVANTAGES COAXIAL CABLE
 Inexpensive
 Easy to wire
 Easy to expand
 Moderate level of EMI immunity
DISADVANTAGE COAXIAL CABLE
 Single cable failure can take down an entire network

STP

UTP
Twisted Pair Cable
The most popular network cabling is Twisted pair. It is light weight, easy to install, inexpensive
and support many different types of network. It also supports the speed of 100 mps. Twisted
pair cabling is made of pairs of solid or stranded copper twisted along each other. The twists
are done to reduce vulnerably to EMI and cross talk. The number of pairs in the cable depends
on the type. The copper core is usually 22-AWG or 24-AWG, as measured on the American wire
gauge standard. There are two types of twisted pairs cabling:

1. Unshielded twisted pair (UTP)

2. Shielded twisted pair (STP)
1. Unshielded twisted pair (UTP)
UTP is more common. It can be either voice grade or data grade depending on the condition.
UTP cable normally has an impedance of 100 ohm. UTP cost less than STP and easily available
due to its many use. There are five levels of data cabling
Category 1
These are used in telephone lines and low speed data cable.
Category 2
These cables can support up to 4 mps implementation.
Category 3
These cable supports up to 16 mps and are mostly used in 10 mps.
Category 4
These are used for large distance and high speed. It can support 20mps.
Category 5
This is the highest rating for UTP cable and can support up to 100mps.
UTP cables consist of 2 or 4 pairs of twisted cable. Cable with 2 pair use RJ-11 connector and 4
pair cable use RJ-45 connector.

Characteristics of UTP
 low cost
 easy to install
 High speed capacity
 High attenuation
 Effective to EMI
 100 meter limit
Advantages of UTP
 Easy installation
 Capable of high speed for LAN
 Low cost
Disadvantages of UTP
 Short distance due to attenuation

2.Shielded twisted pair (STP)

It is similar to UTP but has a mesh shielding that’s protects it from EMI which allows for higher
transmission rate.
IBM has defined category for STP cable.
Type 1
STP features two pairs of 22-AWG
Type 2
This type include type 1 with 4 telephone pairs
Type 6
This type feature two pairs of standard shielded 26-AWG
Type 7
This type of STP consist of 1 pair of standard shielded 26-AWG
Type 9
This type consist of shielded 26-AWG wire
Characteristics of STP
 Medium cost
 Easy to install
 Higher capacity than UTP
 Higher attenuation, but same as UTP
 Medium immunity from EMI
 100 meter limit
Advantages of STP:
 Shielded
 Faster than UTP and coaxial
Disadvantages of STP:
 More expensive than UTP and coaxial
 More difficult installation
 High attenuation rate

Fiber Optics
Fiber optic cable uses electrical signals to transmit data. It uses light. In fiber optic cable light
only moves in one direction for two way communication to take place a second connection
must be made between the two devices. It is actually two stands of cable. Each stand is
responsible for one direction of communication. A laser at one device sends pulse of light
through this cable to other device. These pulses translated into “1’s” and “0’s” at the other end.
In the center of fiber cable is a glass stand or core. The light from the laser moves through this
glass to the other device around the internal core is a reflective material known as CLADDING.
No light escapes the glass core because of this reflective cladding.
Fiber optic cable has bandwidth more than 2 gbps (Gigabytes per Second).

Characteristics Of Fiber Optic Cable:

 Expensive
 Very hard to install
 Capable of extremely high speed
 Extremely low attenuation
 No EMI interference

Advantages Of Fiber Optic Cable:

 Fast
 Low attenuation
 No EMI interference
Disadvantages Fiber Optics:
 Very costly
 Hard to install

Wireless or Unguided Media or Unbound Transmission Media : Unbound transmission media

are the ways of transmitting data without using any cables. These media are not bounded by
physical geography. This type of transmission is called Wireless communication. Nowadays
wireless communication is becoming popular. Wireless LANs are being installed in office and
college campuses. This transmission uses Microwave, Radio wave, Infra red are some of popular
unbound transmission media.

The data transmission capabilities of various Medias vary differently depending upon the
various factors. These factors are:
1. Bandwidth. It refers to the data carrying capacity of a channel or medium. Higher bandwidth
communication channels support higher data rates.
2. Radiation. It refers to the leakage of signal from the medium due to undesirable electrical
characteristics of the medium.
3. Noise Absorption. It refers to the susceptibility of the media to external electrical noise that
can cause distortion of data signal.
4. Attenuation. It refers to loss of energy as signal propagates outwards. The amount of energy
lost depends on frequency. Radiations and physical characteristics of media contribute to
attenuation.
5. Distortion. In acoustics and electronics, any change in a signal that alters the basic waveform or the
relationship between various frequency components; it is usually a degradation of the signal. Straight
amplification or attenaution without alteration of the waveform is not usually considered to be
distortion.