DSP Additional MATLAB Examples

Additional MATLAB Examples
Chapter 1
x(n) = A cos(0 n)
M 1.1 Write a MATLAB program to generate a sinusoidal sequence and plot
the sequence using the stem function. The input data specified by the user are the desired length
L , amplitude A , and the angular frequency 0 , where 0 < 0 <  . Using this program,
generate the sinusoidal sequences shown in Fig. 1.1.
Solution:
clc; clear all; close all;
L=input('Desired length= ');
A=input('Amplitude= ');
omega=input('Angular frequency= ');
n=0:L-1;
x=A*cos(omega*n);
stem(n,x);
xlabel('n');ylabel('amplitude');
title([' \ omega_0= ',num2str(omega)]);
0 = 0,  / 8,  / 2, 
The result for various frequencies ( ) is shown below:
Fig. 1.1 Results of M 1.1
M 1.2 Generate and plot each of the following sequences over the indicated interval.
10
x1 (n) =  (m  1)[ (n  2m)   (n  2m  1)]
(a) m =0 , 0  n  25 .
x2 (n) = 2 (n  2)   (n)   (n  4) 5  n  5
(b) , .
© Oxford University Press, All rights reserved.

Solution:
for n=0:25;
s=0;
for m=0:10
s=s+(m+1)*(((n-2*m)==0)-((n-2*m+1)==0));
end
x1(n+1)=s;
end
n=0:25;
subplot(121);
stem(n,x1,'.');
xlabel('n');
ylabel('amplitude');
n=-5:5;
x2=2*(n+2==0)+(n==0)-(n-4==0);
subplot(122);
stem(n,x2,'.');
xlabel('n');
Results of M 1.2:

M 1.3 Generate and plot x ( n) = cos(0.3 n) , 20  n  20 . Is this sequence periodic? If it is,
what is its fundamental period? From the examination of the plot, what interpretation can you
k
fd =
give to the integers k and N where N .
Solution: The frequency of the given signal x ( n) = cos(0.3 n) is given by
 = 0.3
 0.3 3 k
fd = = = =
2 2 20 N

Therefore, k = 3 and the period N = 20 . MATLAB program is given here:
n=-20:20;
x=cos(0.3*pi*n);
stem(n,x,'.');
xlabel('n');
Results of M 1.3:
M 1.4 Consider a discrete-time system with input x(n) and output y (n) related by
n 10
y ( n) =  x( k )
k = n 10
x ( n)
Let 1 be a Gaussian random sequence with mean 0 and variance 10 over 0  n  100 .
Using this sequence, test the time invariance of this system. Choose any values for sample shift
n0
in Eq. (1.81). You should use several realizations of this sequence to arrive at your answer.
Solution:
%** input x1(n) **
x1=sqrt(10)*randn(1,100);
x11=[zeros(1,10) x1 zeros(1,10)];
%**input x2(n)=x1(n-n0) **
n0=5; % shifting constant
x2=[zeros(1,n0) x1]; % x1(n) shifted by 5
x22=[zeros(1,n0) x11];
%** y1(n) from x1(n) **
for n=1:100
sum1=0;

for k=(n-10):(n+10)
sum1=sum1+x11(k+10);
end
y1(n)=sum1;
end
%* y2(n) from x2(n)=x1(n-n0) **
for n=1:(100+n0)
sum2=0;
for k=(n-10):(n+10)
sum2=sum2+x22(k+10);
end
if n<=n0
y2(n)=0;
else
y2(n)=sum2;
end
end
n=0:(100+n0);
subplot(221);stem(x1,'.');
xlabel('n'); ylabel('x_1(n)');
subplot(222);stem(y1,'.');
xlabel('n');ylabel('y_1(n)');
subplot(223);stem(x2,'.');
xlabel('n'); ylabel('x_2(n)=x_1(n-n0)');
subplot(224);stem(y2,'.')
xlabel('n');
ylabel('y_2(n)=y_1(n-n0)');
The result is shown below. Note that whenever we run this program, we get different
plots because this program involves randn commands. Since for each realization
y2 (n) = y1 (n  n0 )
, system is time invariant.

Chapter 2
M 2.1 Consider an analog signal x (t ) = cos(26 t ) , 0  t  1 . It is sampled at Ts = 0.1 sec

intervals to obtain x(nTs ) . Plot x( nTs ) . Reconstruct the analog signal y (t ) from the samples
x( nTs ) using the sinc interpolation. Determine the frequency of the reconstructed signal.
Comment on the result.
Or
The signals
x1 (t ) = cos(26 t ) and x2 (t ) = cos(6 t )
are both sampled with f s = 10 Hz. Show that the two sequences of samples so obtained are
identical.
Solution: Substituting t = nTs , we obtain
x1 (t ) |t = nT = x1 (nTs ) = x1 (n)
s
= cos(26 nTs )
 13 
= cos  2 n
 10 
 3 
= cos  2 n  2 n
 10 
 3 
= cos  2 n
 10 
x2 (t ) |t = nT = x2 (nTs ) = x2 (n)
s
= cos(6 nTs )
 3 
= cos  2 n = x1 (n)
 10 

Hence, x2 (n) = x1 (n) . Thus, the sinusoidal signals are identical and, consequently,
 3 
indistinguishable. If we are given the sampled values generated by cos  2 n , there is some
 10 
ambiguity as to whether these sampled values correspond to x1 (t ) or x2 (t ) . Since x2 (t ) yields
exactly the same values as x1 (t ) when the two are sampled at f s = 10 Hz, we say that the
frequency f 2 = 3 Hz is an alias of the frequency f1 = 13 Hz at the sampling frequency f s = 10
Hz. The result is shown in Fig. 2.1.
clc;clear all; close all;
t=0:0.0005:1;
f=13;fs=10;
xt=cos(2*pi*f*t);
Ts=0.1;
n=0:Ts:1;
xn=cos(2*pi*f*n);
k=0:length(n)-1;
N=length(xn);
Nt=length(t);
xr=zeros(1,Nt);
xp=zeros(1,Nt);
for k=1:N
xr=xr+xn(k)*sinc((t-(k-1)*Ts)/Ts);
end
plot(t,xt);hold on
axis([0 1 -1.2 1.2]);
stem(n,xn,'filled');
hold on;
plot(t,xr);

xlabel('Time index');
ylabel('Amplitude');

Chapter 3
M 3.1 Write a MTALAB program to compute the convolution of the following two sequences:
x( n) = {2,1, 3, 2,1, 3, 2,1, 3,} , and h( n) = {1,1} . Here x(n) is a periodic sequence.
 
Solution: clc; clear all; close all;
x=[2,1,-3,2,1,-3,2,1,-3,2,1];
h=[1,1];
nx=[0:10];LEx=nx(1);
nh=[0:1];LEh=nh(1);
Nx=length(x);
Nh=length(h);
LEy=LEx+LEh;
REx=nx(Nx);
REh=nh(Nh);
REy=REx+REh;
Ny=Nx+Nh-1;
Xn=[x zeros(1,Ny-Nx)];
Hn=[h zeros(1,Ny-Nh)];
for i=0:Ny-1
sum=0;
for j=0:i
sum=sum+Xn(j+1)*Hn(i-j+1);
end
Y(i+1)=sum;
end
subplot(131);

stem(nx,x,'filled');
xlabel('n');
title('x(n)');
subplot(132);
stem(nh,h,'filled');
xlabel('n');
title('h(n)');
subplot(133);
ny=LEy:REy;
stem(ny,Y, 'filled');
xlabel('n');
title('y(n)');
Thus,
y ( n) = {2,3, 2, 1,3, 2, 1,3, 2, 1,}


The response y (n) is periodic with period N = 3 , except for start-up effects (which last for one
period). One period of the convolution is y ( n) = {1, 3, 2} . The result is shown in Fig. 3.1.

M 3.2. Time delay estimation in radar (target ranging): Let x ( n) = {3, 11, 7, 0,  1, 4, 2} be a

sampled signal transmitted towards target and y (n) be the received signal.
y (n) = 0.8 x( n  2)  w( n)
where w( n) is Gaussian noise sequence with mean 0 and variance 1 . Compute the cross-
correlation between y (n) and x(n) . Use the plot to estimate the value of the delay D .
Solution: From the construction of y (n) , it follows that y (n) is similar to x ( n  2) and hence
their cross-correlation would show the strongest similarity at m = 2 .
%***input signal*******
x=[3 11 7 0 -1 4 2];
nx=-3:3;
%**shifted signal**
xs=x;ny=nx+2;
%**y(n)=x(n-2)+w(n)****
w=randn(1,length(ny));
nw=ny;y=xs+w;
yf=fliplr(y);
%*************
Ryx=conv(x,yf);
N1=length(nx);
N2=length(ny);
n3=(nx(1)+ny(1)):(nx(N1)+ny(N2));
stem(n3,Ryx,'filled');
xlabel('lag variable m');
From Fig. 3.2, we observe that the cross-correlation indeed peaks at m = 2 , which implies that

y (n) is similar to x(n) shifted by 2 . Therefore, the value of the delay is D = 2 .
Fig. 3.2 Result of M 3.2

Chapter 4
M 4.1. Let x1 (n) be periodic with fundamental period N = 50 , where one period is given by
 ne 0.3n 0  n  25
x1 ( n) = 
 0 26  n  49
and let x2 (n) be periodic with fundamental period N = 100 , where one period is given by
 ne 0.3 n 0  n  25
x2 ( n) = 
 0 26  n  99
These two periodic sequences differ in their periodicity but otherwise have equal non-zero
samples.
(a) Find the DTFS X k of x1 (n) and plot samples of its magnitude and phase versus k .
(b) Find the DTFS X k of x2 (n) and plot samples of its magnitude and phase versus k .
(c) What is the difference between the two DTFS plots of (a) and (b)?
Solution: The MATLAB programs are as follows:
(a) clc; clear all; close all;
N=50;n=0:N-1;
k=0:N-1;
n1=0:25;
xn=[n1.*exp(-0.3*n1) zeros(1,24)];
WN=exp(-j*2*pi/N);
nk=n'*k;
WNnk=WN. (nk);
Xk=(xn*WNnk)/N;
magXk=abs([Xk(N/2+2:N) Xk(1:N/2+1)]);
phaseXk=angle([Xk(N/2+2:N) Xk(1:N/2+1)]);
k1=[-N/2+1:N/2];

subplot(121);
stem(k1,magXk,'filled');
xlabel('k');ylabel('|Xk|');
title('Magnitude');
subplot(122);
stem(k1,phaseXk,'filled');
xlabel('k');ylabel('angleXk');
title('Phase');
The result is shown in Fig. 4. 1 (a).
(b) clc; clear all; close all;
N=100;n=0:N-1;
k=0:N-1;
n1=0:25;
xn=[n1.*exp(-0.3*n1) zeros(1,74)];
WN=exp(-j*2*pi/N);
nk=n'*k;
WNnk=WN. (nk);
Xk=(xn*WNnk)/N;
magXk=abs([Xk(N/2+2:N) Xk(1:N/2+1)]);
phaseXk=angle([Xk(N/2+2:N) Xk(1:N/2+1)]);
k1=[-N/2+1:N/2];
subplot(121);
stem(k1,magXk,'filled');
xlabel('k');ylabel('|Xk|');

title('Magnitude');
subplot(122);
stem(k1,phaseXk,'filled');
xlabel('k');ylabel('angleXk');
title('Phase');
The result is shown in Fig. 4.1 (b).
(c) The envelope of both figures is same, but Fig. 4.1 (b) is highly dense
Fig, 4.1 (a) Results of M 4.1(a)
Fig, 4.1 (b) Results of M 4.1(b)

M 4.2. Write a MATLAB program to find the following periodic signal x(n) is the one period of
the DTFS coefficients:
X k = {5,  2 j ,3,2 j}

N=4;n=0:N-1;
k=0:N-1;
Xk=[5 -2j 3 2j];
WN=exp(-j*2*pi/N);
nk=n'*k;
WNnk=WN. (-nk);
xn=Xk*WNnk;
magxn=abs([xn(N/2+2:N) xn(1:N/2+1)]);
phasexn=angle([xn(N/2+2:N) xn(1:N/2+1)]);
magxn
phasexn
This program produces the following result: magxn =
2.0000 8.0000 6.0000 8.0000
phasexn =
3.1416 0 -0.0000 -0.0000

Chapter 5
M 5.1. Let x( n) = {1, 2,3, 4,5, 6, 7,8,9} . Let y ( n) = x ( n  5) . Verify the time-shifting property of

the DTFT.
Solution:
num1=[1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9];
den=[1];
D=5;%Delay
w=‐pi:0.01:pi;
Xw=freqz(num1,den,w);
num2=[zeros(1,D) num1];
Yw=freqz(num2,den,w);
subplot(221);
plot(w/pi,abs(Xw));
xlabel(' \ omega/ \ pi');
title('Magnitude spectrum of original sequence');
subplot(222);
plot(w/pi,angle(Xw));
title('Phase spectrum of original sequence');
subplot(223);
plot(w/pi,abs(Yw));
title('Magnitude spectrum of shifted sequence');
subplot(224);

plot(w/pi,angle(Yw));
title('Phase spectrum of shifted sequence');
The result is shown in Fig. 5.1.

jn
 n
M 5.2. Let x(n) = cos   , 0  n  100 and y (n) = e 4
x(n) . Verify the frequency-shifting
 2
property of the DTFT.
Solution:
n=0:100;
w=‐pi:0.01*pi:pi;
x=cos(n*pi/2);
Xw=x*exp(‐j*n'*w);
y=exp(j*n*pi/4).*x;
Yw=y*exp(‐j*n'*w);
subplot(221);

plot(w/pi,abs(Xw));
title('Magnitude spectrum of X');
subplot(222);
title('Phase spectrum of X');
subplot(223);
plot(w/pi,abs(Yw));
title('Magnitude spectrum of Y');
subplot(224);
title('Phase spectrum of Y');
The resulting plot is shown in Fig. 5.2. From plots in Fig. 5.2, we observe that X (e j ) is

indeed shifted by in both magnitude and phase.
4

M 5.3. Let x1 ( n) = {1,1,1} and x2 ( n) = {1,1,1} . Verify the convolution property of the DTFT.
 
Solution: See Example 5.15, page 209.
w=‐pi:0.01:pi;
x1=[1 1 1];
x2=[1 1 1];
y=conv(x1,x2);
X1w=freqz(x1,1,w);
X2w=freqz(x2,1,w);
X3w=X1w.*X2w;
Yw=freqz(y,1,w);
subplot(221);
plot(w/pi,abs(X3w));

title('Product of Magnitude spectra');
subplot(222);
plot(w/pi,angle(X3w));
title('Sum of Phase spectra');
subplot(223);
plot(w/pi,abs(Yw));
title('Magnitude spectrum of convolved sequence');
subplot(224);
title('Phase spectrum of convolved sequence');
The result is shown in Fig. 5.3.
Fig. 5.3 results of M 5.3
M 5.4. Let x( n) = {1, 2,3, 4,5, 6, 7,8,9} and y ( n) = x (  n) . Verify the time-reversal (folding)

property of the DTFT.

Solution:
num1=[1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9];
den=[1];
L=length(num1)‐1;
w=‐pi:0.01:pi;
Xw=freqz(num1,den,w);
num2=fliplr(num1);
Y=freqz(num2,den,w);
Yw=exp(j*L*w).*Y;
subplot(221);
plot(w/pi,abs(Xw));
title('Magnitude spectrum of original sequence');
subplot(222);
title('Phase spectrum o original sequence');
subplot(223);
plot(w/pi,abs(Yw));
title('Magnitude spectrum of time‐reversed sequence');
subplot(224);

title('Phase spectrum of time‐reversed sequence');
The resulting plot is shown in Fig. 5.4
M 5.5. Determine the frequency response H (e j ) of a system characterized by

n
h(n) = (0.9) u(n) . Plot the magnitude and the phase response.
Solution:
w=‐pi:0.01:pi;
n=0:100;
xn=(0.9).n;
Xw=xn*exp(‐j*n'*w);
MagX=abs(Xw);
PhaseX=angle(Xw);
subplot(121);

plot(w/pi,MagX);
ylabel('Magnitude');
subplot(122);
plot(w/pi,PhaseX);
ylabel('Phase');
The resulting plot is shown in Fig. 5.5.

Chapter 7
M 7.1. A first-order FIR LPF is described by the difference equation
1
y (n) = [ x(n)  x(n  1)]
2
Find H ( z) and sketch its pole-zero plot. Plot the magnitude response | H (e j ) | and phase
response H (e j ) .
Solution:
Y ( z) 1
= H ( z ) = [1  z 1 ]
X ( z) 2
1
H (e j ) = [1  e  j ]
2
The system has one zero at z = 1 and one pole at z = 0 .
clc;clear all;close all;
w=0:0.01:pi;
b=[0.5 0.5];a=[1];
subplot(311);zplane(b,a)
Hw=(1/2)*(1+exp(-j*w));
subplot(312);plot(w/pi,abs(Hw)); xlabel('frequency in pi
units);
ylabel('magnitude')
subplot(313);
plot(w/pi,angle(Hw)*180/pi);
xlabel('frequency in pi units');
ylabel('phase (degrees)')
We can also use freqz command to determine the frequency response.

w=0:0.01:pi;
b=[0.5 0.5];a=[1];
Hw=freqz(b,a,w);
units);
ylabel('magnitude')
subplot(313);
The resulting plot is shown in Fig 7.4
1.

Fig. 7. 1 Results of M 7.1
M 7.2. A first-order FIR HPF is described by the difference equation
1
y (n) = [ x(n)  x(n  1)]
2
Solution:
Y ( z) 1
= H ( z ) = [1  z 1 ]
X ( z) 2
1
H (e j ) = [1  e  j ]
2
The system has one zero at z = 1 and one pole at z = 0 .
w=0:0.01:pi;
b=[0.5 -0.5];a=[1];
Hw=(1/2)*(1-exp(-j*w));
units);
ylabel('magnitude')
subplot(313);
The resulting plot is shown in Fig 7. 2

M 7.3. A first-order FIR band-pass filter is described by the difference equation
1
y (n) = [ x(n)  x(n  2)]
2
Solution:
Y ( z) 1
= H ( z ) = [1  z 2 ]
X ( z) 2
1
H (e j ) = [1  e  j 2 ]
2
The system has two zero at z = 1 and two poles at z = 0 .
w=0:0.01:pi;

b=[0.5 0 -0.5];a=[1];
Hw=(1/2)*(1-exp(-j*2*w));
units);
ylabel('magnitude')
subplot(313);
The resulting plot is shown in Fig 7. 3.

M 7.4. A first-order FIR band-stop filter is described by the difference equation
1
y (n) = [ x(n)  x(n  2)]
2
Solution:
Y ( z) 1
= H ( z ) = [1  z 2 ]
X ( z) 2
1
H (e j ) = [1  e  j 2 ]
2
The system has two zeros at z =  j and two poles at z = 0 .
w=0:0.01:pi;
b=[0.5 0 0.5];a=[1];
Hw=(1/2)*(1+exp(-j*2*w));
units);
ylabel('magnitude')
subplot(313);

The resulting plot is shown in Fig 7.4.
M 7.5. A first-order IIR LPF is described by the system function
1  a 1  z 1
H ( z) =
2 1  az 1
Plot the magnitude response | H (e j ) | for three different values of a = 0.9,0.7,0.4 .
Solution: clc;clear all;close all;
w=0:0.01:pi;
a1=0.9;a2=0.7;a3=0.4
Hw1=((1-a1)/2)*((1+exp(-j*w))...
./(1-a1*exp(-j*w)));
Hw2=((1-a2)/2)*((1+exp(-j*w))...

./(1-a2*exp(-j*w)));
Hw3=((1-a3)/2)*((1+exp(-j*w))...
./(1-a3*exp(-j*w)));
plot(w/pi,abs(Hw1),'--',...
w/pi,abs(Hw2),':',...
w/pi,abs(Hw3));
xlabel('frequency in pi units'); ylabel('magnitude');
legend('a=0.9', 'a=0.7', 'a=0.4');
M 7.6. A first-order IIR HPF is described by the system function
1  a 1  z 1
H ( z) =
2 1  az 1

Plot the magnitude response | H (e j ) | and phase response H (e j ) for three different values of
a = 0.9,0.7,0.4 .
w=0:0.01:pi;
a1=0.9;a2=0.7;a3=0.4
Hw1=((1+a1)/2)*((1-exp(-j*w))...
./(1-a1*exp(-j*w)));
Hw2=((1+a2)/2)*((1-exp(-j*w))...
./(1-a2*exp(-j*w)));
Hw3=((1+a3)/2)*((1-exp(-j*w))...
./(1-a3*exp(-j*w)));
w/pi,abs(Hw2),':',...
w/pi,abs(Hw3));
legend('a=0.9', 'a=0.7', 'a=0.4');

M 7.7. A second-order IIR band-pass filter is described by the system function
1 a 1  z 2
H ( z) =
2 1  b(1  a) z 1  az 2
(a) Plot the magnitude response | H (e j ) | for three different values of a = 0.3,0.6,0.9 and
b = 0.35 .
(b) Plot the magnitude response | H (e j ) | for three different values of b = 0.2,0.6,0.9
and a = 0.7 .
w=0:0.01:pi; a1=0.9;a2=0.6;a3=0.3; b=0.35;
num=(1-exp(-j*2*w));
den1=(1-b*(1+a1)*exp(-j*w)...
+a1*exp(-j*2*w));
den2=(1-b*(1+a2)*exp(-j*w)...
+a2*exp(-j*2*w));

den3=(1-b*(1+a3)*exp(-j*w)...
+a3*exp(-j*2*w));
Hw1=((1-a1)/2)*(num./den1);
Hw2=((1-a2)/2)*(num./den2);
Hw3=((1-a3)/2)*(num./den3);
a=0.7;b1=0.9;b2=0.6;b3=0.2;
den4=(1-b1*(1+a)*exp(-j*w)...
+a*exp(-j*2*w));
den5=(1-b2*(1+a)*exp(-j*w)...
+a*exp(-j*2*w));
den6=(1-b3*(1+a)*exp(-j*w)...
+a*exp(-j*2*w));
Hw11=((1-a)/2)*(num./den4);
Hw21=((1-a)/2)*(num./den5);
Hw31=((1-a)/2)*(num./den6);
subplot(211);
w/pi,abs(Hw2),':',...
w/pi,abs(Hw3));
legend('a=0.9', 'a=0.6', 'a=0.3');
subplot(212);
w/pi,abs(Hw21),':',w/pi,abs(Hw31));

legend('b=0.9', 'b=0.6', 'b=0.2');
The resulting plots are shown in Fig. 7. 7.
M 7.8. A second-order IIR band-stop filter is described by the system function
1  a 1  2bz 1  z 2
H ( z) =
2 1  b(1  a) z 1  az 2
(a) Plot the magnitude response | H (e j ) | and phase response H (e j ) for three different
values of a = 0.3,0.6,0.9 and b = 0.6 .
(b) Plot the magnitude response | H (e j ) | for three different values of b = 0.2,0.6,0.9
and a = 0.7 .
w=0:0.01:pi;
a1=0.9;a2=0.6;a3=0.3; b=0.6;
num=(1-2*b*exp(-j*w)+exp(-j*2*w));
den1=(1-b*(1+a1)*exp(-j*w)...

+a1*exp(-j*2*w));
den2=(1-b*(1+a2)*exp(-j*w)...
+a2*exp(-j*2*w));
den3=(1-b*(1+a3)*exp(-j*w)...
+a3*exp(-j*2*w));
Hw1=((1+a1)/2)*(num./den1);
Hw2=((1+a2)/2)*(num./den2);
Hw3=((1+a3)/2)*(num./den3);
a=0.7;b1=0.9;b2=0.6;b3=0.2;
num4=(1-2*b1*exp(-j*w)+exp(-j*2*w));
num5=(1-2*b2*exp(-j*w)+exp(-j*2*w));
num6=(1-2*b3*exp(-j*w)+exp(-j*2*w));
den4=(1-b1*(1+a)*exp(-j*w)...
+a*exp(-j*2*w));
den5=(1-b2*(1+a)*exp(-j*w)...
+a*exp(-j*2*w));
den6=(1-b3*(1+a)*exp(-j*w)...
+a*exp(-j*2*w));
Hw11=((1+a)/2)*(num4./den4);
Hw21=((1+a)/2)*(num5./den5);
Hw31=((1+a)/2)*(num6./den6);
subplot(211);

legend('a=0.9', 'a=0.6', 'a=0.3');
subplot(212);
legend('b=0.9', 'b=0.6', 'b=0.2');
M 7.9. Consider a third-order all-pass filter described by the system function
0.2  0.18 z 1  0.4 z 2  z 3

H ( z) =
1  0.4 z 1  0.18 z 2  0.2 z 3

Plot the pole-zero plot, magnitude response | H (e j ) | , and phase response H (e j ) .
w=0:0.01:pi;
b=[-0.2 0.18 0.4 1];
a=[1 0.4 0.18 -0.2];
Hapw=freqz(b,a,w);
subplot(221);zplane(b,a);
subplot(222);
plot(w/pi,abs(Hapw));
subplot(223);
plot(w/pi,angle(Hapw)*180/pi);
xlabel('frequency in pi units'); ylabel('Phase (degrees)');
title('Principal value of phase');
subplot(224);
plot(w/pi,unwrap(angle(Hapw))*180/pi);
xlabel('frequency in pi units'); ylabel('Phase (degrees)');
title('Unwrapped phase');


Chapter 8
M 8.1 Consider a nine-point sequence
x( n) = {1, 2,3, 4,5, 6, 7,8,9}


(a) Decompose and plot the xce ( n) xce ( n) and xco (n) xco (n) components of x(n) x(n) .
(b) Verify the property in Eqs (8.86) and (8.88)
N = 9; n = 0:N-1;
x = [1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9];
%***** xce(n)******
n1 = mod(-n,N);
y1 = x(n1+1);
xcen = (x+y1)/2;
subplot(231);
stem(n,xcen,'filled');
xlabel('n'); title('xce(n)');
%***** xco(n)******
n1 = mod(-n,N);
y1 = x(n1+1);
xcon = (x-y1)/2;
subplot(232);
stem(n,xcon,'filled');
xlabel('n'); title('xco(n)');
%****** DFT[x(n)]*****
k = 0:N-1;

WN = exp(-j*2*pi/N*n'*k);
Xk = x*WN; subplot(233);
stem(k,real(Xk),'filled');
xlabel('k');
title('Real[X(k)]');
subplot(234);
stem(k,imag(Xk),'filled');
xlabel('k');
title('Imag[X(k)]');
%***** DFT[xce(n)]******
Xcek = xcen*WN;
subplot(235);
stem(k,Xcek,'filled');
xlabel('k');
ylabel('magnitude');
title('DFT[xce(n)]');
%***** DFT[xco(n)]******
Xcok = xcon*WN;
subplot(236);
stem(k,imag(Xcok),'filled');
xlabel('k');
ylabel('magnitude');
title('DFT[xco(n)]');

M 8.2 Given the sinusoid
 n   n 
x (n) = 2 cos  2000  = 2 cos  
 8000   4
obtained by sampling the analog signal
x (t ) = 2 cos(2000 t )
with a sampling rate of f s = 8000 f s = 8000 Hz.
(a) Write a MATLAB program to compute the spectrum of a rectangular window

function with a window size = 50 = 50 .
(b) Write a MATLAB program to compute the spectrum of a Hamming window function
with a window size = 100 = 100 .
(c) Write a MATLAB program to compute the spectrum of a Hanning window function
with a window size = 150 = 150 .
Solution: (a) clc; clear all; close all;

%* generate the sine wave sequence
fs=8000; N=50; n=0:N-1;
x=2*sin(2000*pi*[0:1:N-1]/fs);
%**rectangular windowed sequence **
w=boxcar(N);
xw=x.*w';
%** DFT algorithm *****
k=0:N-1;
WN=exp(-j*2*pi/N*n'*k);
Xk=xw*WN;
Xf=abs(Xk)/N;
% Map the frequency bin k to f (Hz)
f=k*fs/N;
subplot(121);
plot(f,Xf);
xlabel('frequency');
title('Spectrum upto sampling frequency');
%** frequencies upto the folding frequency
f=[0:1:N/2]*fs/N;
subplot(122);
plot(f,Xf(1:N/2+1));
title('Spectrum upto folding frequency');
The resulting plot is shown in Fig. 8.2(a).

(b) clc; clear all; close all;
fs=8000; N=100; n=0:N-1;
x=2*sin(2000*pi*[0:1:N-1]/fs);
%**Hamming windowed sequence **
w=hamming(N);
xw=x.*w';
k=0:N-1;
Xk=xw*WN;
Xf=abs(Xk)/N;
f=k*fs/N;
subplot(121);
plot(f,Xf);
f=[0:1:N/2]*fs/N;
subplot(122);
The resulting plot is shown in Fig. 8.2(b).

(c) clc; clear all; close all;
fs=8000; N=150; n=0:N-1;
x=2*sin(2000*pi*[0:1:N-1]/fs);
%**Hanning windowed sequence **
w=hann(N);
xw=x.*w';
k=0:N-1;
Xk=xw*WN;
Xf=abs(Xk)/N;
f=k*fs/N;
subplot(121);
plot(f,Xf);
f=[0:1:N/2]*fs/N;
subplot(122);

The resulting plot is shown in Fig. 8.2(c).
Fig. 8.2 (c) Results of M 8.2 (c)

Chapter 9
x(n) = {1,1,1,1}
M 9.1 Compute the 64-point DFT of the sequence  using fft command. Use
fftshift command to shift the magnitude response.
Solution: fftshift command is used to shift zero-frequency component to centre of spectrum, that
N
is, it shifts the DFT by 2 -point. This command is useful for visualizing the Fourier transform
with the zero-frequency component in the middle of the spectrum. This command uses the
frequency-shifting property.
2 2 N
j k n j n
Since e
N 0
x( n) = e N 2
x ( n) = e j n x( n) = ( 1) n x ( n) , we have
DFT
x( n)  X ( k )
N
2 DFT
j ko n
e N
x ( n)  X (  k  k o  N )
N
2 N
j n DFT  N 
e N 2
x (n)  X  k  
N  2 N

x=ones(1,4);
X32f=fft(x,64);
shX32f=fftshift(X32f);
N=64,k=0:N-1;
subplot(121);
stem(k,abs(X32f),'filled');
xlabel('k'); ylabel('|X(k)|');
title('64-point DFT');
subplot(122);
stem(k,abs(shX32f),'filled');
xlabel('k'); ylabel('|X(k)|');
title('64-point DFT using fftshift command');

Fig. 9.1 results of M 9.1

Chapter 10
1 1
K1 = K2 =
M 10.1 Let the lattice coefficients of an FIR lattice structure be K 0 = 2 , 4, 2 , and
1
K3 =
3 . Determine the FIR filter coefficients for the direct form structure.
K0=2;K1=1/4;K2=1/2;K3=1/3;
K=[K1 K2 K3];
M=length(K);
a=diag(K);
for m=2:M
for k=1:m-1
a(m,k)=a(m-1,k)+a(m,m)*a(m-1,m-k);
end
end
a=K0.*[1 a(3,:)]
This program give the following result:
a=
2.0000 1.0833 1.2500 0.6667
13 5 2
a3 (1) = 1.0833 = a3 (2) = 1.25 = a3 (3) = 0.6667 =
a3 (0) = 2 , 12 , 4 , and 3.
Hence
M 10.2 Consider an all-pole IIR filter given by
1
H ( z) =
13 1 5 2 1 3
1 z  z  z
24 8 3
Determine the lattice parameters. Comment on its stability.

%* direct form filter coefficients *
A=[1 13/24 5/8 1/3];
M=length(A);
K(1)=A(1);
A=A/A(1);
for m=M:-1:2
K(m)=A(m);
B=fliplr(A);
A=(A-K(m)*B)/(1-K(m)*K(m));
A=A(1:m-1);
end
K(2:M)
This program gives the following result:
K=
0.2500 0.5000 0.3333
1 1 1
K1 = K2 = K3 =
Hence 4, 2 , and 3 . The all-pole lattice structure is shown in Fig. 10.2.
Fig. 10.2 Third-order all-pole lattice structure for M 10.2

Chapter 11
M 11.1 Determine the amplitude response H r (e j ) and locations of zeros of H ( z) for the given
impulse response
h(n) = {3,  1, 7,4,5,4, 7, 1,3}
11  1
Solution: Since h(n) is symmetric about  p = = 5 and M = 9 , this is a Type-1 linear-
2
phase FIR filter. From Eq. (11.20), we have
a(0) = h(5), a(k ) = 2h(5  k ), 1  k  5
From Eq. (11.22), we have
5
H r (e j ) = a (k ) cos k
k =0
The MATLAB function freqz computes the frequency response, but we cannot determine the
amplitude response from it.
h=[3 -1 -7 4 5 4 -7 -1 3];
M=length(h);n=0:M-1;
L=(M-1)/2;
a=[h(L+1) 2*h(L:-1:1)];
w=0:0.01:pi;
k=0:L;
Hr=cos(w'*k)*a';
subplot(221);stem(n,h,'filled');
xlabel('n');ylabel('h(n)');
title('Impulse response');

subplot(222);plot(w/pi,Hr)
xlabel('frequency in pi units'); ylabel('Hr');
title('Amplitude response')
subplot(223);stem(k,a,'filled');
xlabel('n');ylabel('a(n)');
title('a(n) coefficients')
subplot(224);zplane(h,1)
xlabel('real axis');
ylabel('imaginary axis');
title('pole-zero plot')

Chapter 12
M 12.1 Write a MATLAB program to design a Chebyshev digital IIR LPF using bilinear transformation
method to satisfy the following specifications.
0.8  H (e jw )  1   0.2
H (e jw )  0.2 0.32    
Assume T = 1 sec.
Solution: See Example 12.46, page 773.
T=1; Ap=-20*log10(0.8);
As=-20*log10(0.2);
wp=0.2*pi;ws=0.32*pi;
Wp=(2/T)*tan(wp/2);%analog passband edge freq
Ws=(2/T)*tan(ws/2);%analog stopband edge freq
N Wc=cheb1ord(Wp, Ws, Ap, As, 's')
b,a = cheby1(N,Ap,Wp,'s');
Hs=tf(b,a)
numd,dend=bilinear(b,a,1/T);
Hz=tf(numd,dend,T)
w=0:0.01:pi;
Hw=freqz(numd,dend,w);
subplot(121);
plot(w/pi,abs(Hw));
ylabel('Magnitude');
subplot(122);

plot(w/pi,20*log10(abs(Hw)));
ylabel('Magnitude (dB)');
The results are N=3, Wc=0.6498.
Analog filter system function:
0.09147
s  0.4867s  0.4351 s  0.09147
3 2
Digital filter system function:
0.008386z3  0.02516z 2  0.02516 z  0.008386

z 3  2.274 z 2  1.967 z  0.6263
The magnitude response of the digital filter is shown in Fig. 12.1.

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Fig. 1.1 Results of M 1.1

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Fig. 1.2 Results of M 1.2

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Fig. 1.3 Results of M 1.3

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Fig. 1.4 Results of M 1.4

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M 2.1 Consider an analog signal x (t ) = cos(26 t ) , 0  t  1 . It is sampled at Ts = 0.1 sec

x1 (t ) = cos(26 t ) and x2 (t ) = cos(6 t )

Solution: Substituting t = nTs , we obtain

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clc;clear all; close all;

axis([0 1 -1.2 1.2]);

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Fig. 2.1 Results of M 2.1

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Solution: clc; clear all; close all;

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y ( n) = {2,3, 2, 1,3, 2, 1,3, 2, 1,}

Fig. 3.1 Results of M 3.1

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clc; clear all; close all;

xlabel('lag variable m');

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Fig. 3.2 Result of M 3.2

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Solution: The MATLAB programs are as follows:

(a) clc; clear all; close all;

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The result is shown in Fig. 4. 1 (a).

(b) clc; clear all; close all;

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The result is shown in Fig. 4.1 (b).

Fig, 4.1 (a) Results of M 4.1(a)

Fig, 4.1 (b) Results of M 4.1(b)

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Solution: clc; clear all; close all;

Xk=[5 -2j 3 2j];

This program produces the following result: magxn =

2.0000 8.0000 6.0000 8.0000

3.1416 0 -0.0000 -0.0000

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xlabel(' \ omega/ \ pi');

xlabel(' \ omega/ \ pi');

xlabel(' \ omega/ \ pi');

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xlabel(' \ omega/ \ pi');

The result is shown in Fig. 5.1.

Fig. 5.1 Results of M 5.1

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xlabel(' \ omega/ \ pi');

xlabel(' \ omega/ \ pi');

xlabel(' \ omega/ \ pi');

xlabel(' \ omega/ \ pi');

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Solution: See Example 5.15, page 209.

xlabel(' \ omega/ \ pi');

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xlabel(' \ omega/ \ pi');

xlabel(' \ omega/ \ pi');

xlabel(' \ omega/ \ pi');

The result is shown in Fig. 5.3.