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University of Jordan Faculty of Engineering & Technology Electrical Engineering Department

EE482: Power System Analysis (2) Tutorial #4-a: OC Coordination

Problem # 1:
Referring to Fig. 1.1, determine the CT ratio, pickup and time dial settings for the relay at the C.B, assuming
that no coordination with any other relay is required. Assume that the maximum load is 95 A, minimum fault
is 600 A and the maximum fault is 1000 A. Select a CT ratio to give 5.0 A secondary current for maximum
load.

?/5 C.B.
System

O/C R If
Fig. 1.1

Max. Load = 95 amperes Arreva P14x O/C protective devise.


Min. Fault = 600 amperes
Max. Fault = 1000 amperes

Solution:

Maximum Load 95
CTR   19 : 1
Desired CT Secondary Current 5

Since this is not a standard CT ratio, select the nearest CT ratio of 20:1 or 100:5.

Table 1.1 Standard CT ratios.

Current Ratios
50:5 100:5 150:5 200:5 250:5 300:5 350:5 400:5
450:5 500:5 600:5 800:5 900:5 1000:5 1200:5 1500:5
1600:5 2000:5 2400:5 2500:5 3000:5 3200:5 4000:5 5000:5

The relay pickup setting should be bracketed by twice the maximum load and one-third of the
minimum fault. Using the actual CT ratio, twice maximum load is 190 A divided by 20, or a relay current of
9.5 A.
2 I L max 2  95 190
CS  I Pickup     9.5 A
CTR 100 / 1 20

Assuming the relay has taps 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 10.0 and 12.0 A, then select the 10.0 A tap, giving a primary
current relay pickup of 200A.

Effective pickup current  CS  I Pickup  20  10  200 A ( primary current )


Dividing by 95 A load current results in a margin of 2.1×pu to prevent false operation (security). The
minimum fault is 600 A divided by the relay pickup of 200A, which gives 3×pu to ensure correct operation
(dependability).

For this configuration no coordination is required, so one can set the time delay at the lowest dial setting
(fastest time) of ½.

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Fig. 1.2: Time-delay overcurrent relay operating characteristic

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Problem # 2:
Consider the 11-kV radial system shown in Fig P2-a. Assume that all loads have the same power
factor. Determine relay settings to protect the system assuming relay type CO-7 (with
characteristics shown in Fig P2-b) is used.

Fig.P2-a: An Example Radial System

Fig. 2-b: CO-7 Time-Delay Overcurrent Relay Characteristics


Solution:

The normal currents through the sections are calculated as

With the current transformer ratios given, the normal relay currents are

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We can now obtain the current tap settings (C.T.S.) or pickup current in such a manner that the
relay does not trip under normal currents. For this type of relay, the current tap settings available are
4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, and 12 amperes.
 For position 1, the normal current in the relay is 5.25 A; we thus choose (C.T.S.)1 = 6 A,
 For position 2, the normal relay current is 8.53 A, and we choose (C.T.S.)2 = 10 A,
 Similarly for position 3, (C.T.S.)3 = 10 A.

Observe that we have chosen the nearest setting higher than the normal current.

The next task is to select the intentional delay indicated by the time dial setting (T.D.S.). We utilize
the short-circuit currents calculated to coordinate the relays. The current in the relay at 1 on a short
circuit at 1 is

Expressed as a multiple of the pickup or C.T.S. value, we have

We choose the lowest T.D.S. for this relay for fastest action. Thus

By reference to the relay characteristic, we get the operating time for relay 1 for a fault at 1 as

To set the relay at 2 responding to a fault at 1, we allow 0.1 second for breaker operation and an
error margin of 0.3 second in addition to T11 . Thus,

The short circuit for a fault at 1 as a multiple of the C.T.S. at 2 is

From the characteristics for 0.55-second operating time and 6.25 ratio, we get (T.D.S.)2  2.
The final steps involve setting the relay at 3. For a fault at bus 2, the short-circuit current is 3000 A,
for which relay 2 responds in a time T22 obtained as follows:

For the (T.D.S.)2 = 2, we get from the relay’s characteristic, .

Thus allowing the same margin for relay 3 to respond to a fault at 2, as for relay 2 responding to a
fault at 1, we have

The current in the relay expressed as a multiple of pickup is

Thus for T3 = 0.90, and the above ratio, we get from the relay’s characteristic, (T.D.S.)32.5

We note here that our calculations did not account for load starting currents that can be as high as
five to seven times rated values. In practice, this should be accounted for.
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Problem # 3:
Relay coordination on radial feeders using Use Extremely Inverse Relay Characteristics

For the radial power system shown i, Fig. 2.1 the CTR of the CTs and the relay current settings at buses 1-5
are given in Table 2.1. The relay current setting (CS) are given in % and in primary Amperes. Also, the
minimum and maximum faults at buses 1-5 are given in Table 2.2.

Design an overcurrent protection for the above radial feeder using Extremely Inverse Relay
Characteristics:
 28.2 
t  2  0.1217   TDS
 M 1 
i.e. find the TDS considering a coordination time interval set to 0.4 s, and a TDS of relay at bus 5 (R5) set to
TDS5 = 1.0.

Figure 2.1: Radial system considered for relay overcurrent relay coordination study.

Table 2.1: CT Ratio and Relay Current Settings


Relay Location Maximum Load Selected Relay Current Setting
Bus Current (A) CT Ratio Percent Primary Current (A)
1 500 800/5 75 % 600
2 350 500/5 100 % 500
3 150 200/5 100 % 200
4 50 100/5 75 % 75
5 50 100/5 75 % 75

Table 2.2: Fault Current Calculations


Fault Location Minim Fault Maximum Fault
Bus Current (A) Current (A)
1 4049 6274
2 2986 4045
3 2172 2683
4 1406 1603
5 1195 1335

Solution:
The principle of backup protection with O/C relays is that for any relay X backing up the next
downstream relay Y, relay X must pick up:
a. For one third of the minimum fault current seen by Y.
b. For the maximum fault current seen by Y but not sooner than 0.4 s after Y should have picked
up for that current.
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 28.2 
Extremely Inverse overcurrent characteristic: t p    0.1217   TDS
 M 1 
2

1. Choosing relay 5 (R5) parameters


I5fmax = 1335 A, I5fmin = 1195 A, I5pickup = 75 A, TDS5=1.0
 
 
 28.2   28.2 
t p5   0.1217   1.0    0.1217   1.0  0.21 s
 17.8  1
2 2
  1335   1  
  75  

2. Choosing relay 4 (R4) parameters


I4fmax = 1603 A, I4fmin = 1406 A, I4pickup = 75 A, TDS4=?
The operating time of relay 5 (R5) for I5fmax = 1335A is 0.21 s. The relay 4 (R4) will pickup for I5fmax.
The operating time of relay 4 (R4) is:
tp4 = 0.21+0.4=0.61 s.
 
 
 28.2   28.2 
t p4   2
 0 . 1217   TDS 4  0.61  
 17.82  1  0.1217   TDS 4
  1335    
 75   1 
  
0.61
0.61  0.21  TDS 4  TDS 4   2.9  TDS 4  3
0.21
The actual operating time of relay 4 (R4) for I5fmax and TDS4=3.0 is:
 28.2 
t p 4    0.1217   3  0.63 s
 17.8  1
2

The operating time of relay 4 (R4) for I4fmax = 1603A is:
 
 
 28.2   28.2 
t p4   0.1217   TDS 4    0.1217   3  0.55 s
 21.37   1
2 2
  1603   1  
 75 
  
The operating time of relay 4 (R4) for I4fmin = 1406A is:
 
 
 28.2   28.2 
t p4   0.1217   TDS 4    0 .1217   3  0.20  3  0.60 s
2
  1406   1   21 . 37 2
 1 
 75 
  

3. Choosing relay 3 (R3) parameters


I3fmax = 2683 A, I3fmin = 2172 A, I3pickup = 200 A, TDS3=?

The operating time of relay 4 (R4) for I4fmax = 1603A is 0.55 s. The relay 3 (R3) will pickup for I4fmax.
The operating time of relay 4 (R4) is:
tp3 = 0.55+0.4=0.95 s.

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 
 
 28.2   28.2 
t p3    0.1217   TDS 3  0.95    0.1217   TDS 3
 8.015  1
2 2
  1603   1  
 200 
  
0.95
0.95  0.568  TDS 3  TDS 3   1.67  TDS 3  1.7
0.568
The actual operating time of relay 3 (R3) for I4fmax and TDS3=1.7 is:
 28.2 
t p 3    0.1217   1.7  0.568  1.70  0.965 s
 8.015  1
2

The operating time of relay 3 (R3) for I3fmax = 2683A is:
 
 
 28.2   28.2 
t p3   0.1217   TDS 3    0.1217   1.7  0.48 s
 13.415  1
2 2
  2683   1  
 200 
   
The operating time of relay 3 (R3) for I3fmin = 2172A is:
 
 
 28.2   28.2 
t p3   0.1217   TDS 3    0.1217   1.7  0.363  1.7  0.62 s
 21.37   1
2 2
  2172   1  
 200 
  

4. Choosing relay 2 (R2) parameters


I2fmax = 4045 A, I2fmin = 2986 A, I2pickup = 500 A, TDS2=?

The operating time of relay 2 (R2) for I3fmax = 2683A is 0.48 s. The relay 2 (R2) will pickup for I3fmax.
The operating time of relay 2 (R2) is:
tp2 = 0.48+0.4=0.88 s.
 
 
 28.2   28.2 
t p2    0.1217   TDS 2  0.88    0.1217   TDS 2
 5.366   1
2 2
  2683   1  
 500 
  
0.88
0.88  1.136  TDS 2  TDS 2   0.77  TDS 2  0.8
1.136
The actual operating time of relay 2 (R2) for I3fmax and TDS2=0.8 is:
 28.2 
t p 2    0 . 1217   0.8  1.136  0.8  0.90 s
 5 . 366 2
 1 

The operating time of relay 2 (R2) for I2fmax = 4045A is:


 
 
 28.2   28.2 
t p2   0.1217   TDS 2    0.1217   0.9  0.50 s
 8.09   1
2 2
  4045   1  
 500 
   
The operating time of relay 2 (R2) for I4fmin = 2986A is:

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 
 
 28.2   28.2 
t p2   0.1217   TDS 2    0.1217   0.9  0.935  0.9  0.84 s
 5.972   1
2 2
  2986   1  
 500 
  

5. Choosing relay 1 (R1) parameters


I1fmax = 6274 A, I1fmin = 4049 A, I1pickup = 600 A, TDS1=?

The operating time of relay 2 (R2) for I2fmax = 4045A is 0.5 s. The relay 1 (R1) will pickup for I2fmax.
The operating time of relay 1 (R1) is:
tp1 = 0.5+0.4=0.9 s.
 
 
 28.2   28.2 
t p1    0.1217   TDS1  0.9    0.1217   TDS1
 6.74   1
2 2
  4045   1  
 600 
  
0.9
0.9  0.756  TDS1  TDS1   1.19  TDS1  1.2
0.756
The actual operating time of relay 1 (R1) for I2fmax and TDS1=1.2 is:
 28.2 
t p1    0.1217   1.2  0.756  1.2  0.90 8s
 6.74   1
2

The operating time of relay 2 (R2) for I1fmax = 6274A is:
 
 
 28.2   28.2 
t p1    0.1217   TDS1    0.1217   1.2  0.46 s
 10.46   1
2 2
  6274   1  
 600 
  
The operating time of relay 1 (R1) for I1fmin = 4049A is:
 
 
 28.2   28.2 
t p1    0.1217   TDS1    0.1217   1.2  0.755  1.2  0.905 s
 6.748  1
2 2
  4049   1  
 600 
  

Table 2.3: CT Ratio and Relay CS and TD Settings


Relay Selected Relay Current Setting Time Dial Setting
Location CT Percent Primary Current Secondary
Bus Ratio (A) Current (A) TDS
1 800/5 75 % 600 3.75 1.2
2 500/5 100 % 500 5 0.8
3 200/5 100 % 200 5 1.7
4 100/5 75 % 75 3.75 3
5 100/5 75 % 75 3.75 1

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Fig. 2.2: overcurrent relay operating characteristic of R1-R5

9
0.88s 0.9s

0.5s

10
Problem # 4:
Figure 3 shows a network that is protected by Normal Inverse Overcurrent IDMT relays whose t-I relay
characteristic and PS% are given by:
3 3
t  TSM   TSM
log( PSM )  If 
 
I 
 pickup 
PS%: 50%, 75%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175% and 200%.
j5 Bus 1
13.8 kV
Bus 4
Bus 2 Bus 3 Bus 5

CB1 100:5 j 9.6  j 6.4  j8 j 12.8 


CB2 100:5 CB3 50:5 CB4 50:5

R1 R3 R2 R4
j5

Fig. 3.
The minimum and maximum fault currents are given in Table 3-a.

Table 3-a: Minimum and Maximum Fault Currents


Bus No. 1 2 3 4 5
Minimum Fault Current (A), Ifmin 1380 472.6 328.6 237.9 165.1
Maximum Fault Current (A), Ifmax 3187 658 431 301 203

a. Select the plug setting multiplier (PSM) and time dial settings (TMS) for the relays R4, R3, R2, and R1 of
the above system and fill the results in Table Q3-b, by evaluating the minimum CT pickup current
( I pickup ), the plug setting multiplier (PSM), plug setting (PS%) and time setting multiplier (TMS). Set the
TMS of R4 at its minimum TMS=0.5. Use a grading margin (coordination time) of 0.3 seconds.
b. Sketch the o/c characteristics of the four relays on a t-I characteristic.
Table Q3-b: PS and TSM of O/C Relays
Parameter R1 R2 R3 R4
CT ratio 100:5 100:5 50:5 50:5
PS %
TMS 0.5

Setting for Relay R4: This relay must operate for a current above 165.1 A (the minimum fault current at Bus-
5). However for reliability, we must set this relay such that it picks up a current that is one third of the
minimum, i.e.,
I f min 165.1
I pickup 4    55.03 A
3 3
For a CT ratio of 50:5, the pickup current at the secondary of the CT will be
I pickup 4 55.03 5.5
I pickup 4     5.5 A  PS %   100  110%  Select PS%4=125%.
CTR4 50 5 5
 Pick up Current (Effective Current) =Rated CT Primary Current  PS

I Pickup  50  1.25  62.5 A (Secondary current) or I Pickup  5  1.25  6.25 A (Secondary current)
This means if the CT primary current exceeds 62.5 A (6.25 A secondary current), relay will start operating
after some time delay.
Since the relay R4 is located at the end of the network, i.e. does not coordinate with downstream relays. The
TMS is restricted to a minimum of ½ for electro-mechanical relays TMS4=0.5.
Setting for Relay R3: This relay must provide backup for R4. Therefore it must pick up the minimum current
seen by relay R4. We therefore choose the same CT ratio CTR4=50:5 and pick up current Ipickup3= 6.25 A. To
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determine the TMS3, we must provide a discrimination time of 0.3 s. This time is provided such that R3
operates 0.3 s after the highest (not lowest) fault current seen by R4. Therefore, R3 operates in no less than
0.3 s after every possible fault seen by R4.
For a maximum fault immediately after Bus 4, it will see a fault current that is equal to the fault current seen
by Bus 4. Therefore the highest fault current seen by R4 is 301 A (see Table 1). The current seen by both
secondary of CTS of relay R3 and R4 for this fault will be
I f max 4 301
I f max(sec)4    30.1 A
CTR4 50 / 5
I f max 4 30.1
Hence, PSM 4    4.82 . The tripping time with TMS4= 0.5 is
I pickup 4 6.25

3.0 3.0
t4   TMS 4   0.5  2.2 s , therefore for any failure of R4, relay R3 must operate
log( PSM 4 ) log(4.82)
at 2.2 + 0.3 = 2.5 s.
Since relay R3 also has PSM3= 1.25 (6.25 A), we can calculate the TMS3 from
3.0 3.0
t3   TMS 3   TMS 3  4.39  TMS 3  2.5 s
log( PSM 3 ) log(4.82)
,
2.5
 TMS 3   0.569  Let TMS 3  0.6
4.39
 TMS3= 0.6. This gives an operating time of
3.0 3.0
t3   TMS 3   0.6  2.64 s . This maintains a minimum discrimination time of
log( PSM 3 ) log(4.82)
0.3 s.
Setting for Relay R2: This relay must provide a backup for relay R3. The smallest fault current seen by R2 to
provide a backup for R3 is 237.9 A (see Table 1). For reliable operation, we choose one-third of this current,
i.e., 79.3 A. For a CTR2=100:5.
I f min 3 3 237.9 / 3 79.3 3.97
I pickup (sec) 2     3.97 A  PS %   100  79.3%
CTR2 100 5 100 5 5
 Select PS%2=100%.We now have to determine TMS2 of R2 from the maximum fault current seen by R3.
The maximum current seen by R3 is 431 A. Then, at R3, for a CT ratio of CTR3=50:5 and a PS3= 6.25 A, we
get a PSM3 of
 I f max 3   431 
 
 CTR   50 5 
 3 
   6.9 . For the above PSM =6.9 and a TMS =0.6, the operating time of relay
PSM 3  3 3
I pickup 3 6.25
R3 is
3.0 3.0
t3   TMS 3   0.6  2.15 s
log( PSM 3 ) log(6.9)
Thus, relay R2 should add discrimination time of 0.3 s., i.e., the operating time should be 2.15 + 0.3 = 2.45 s.
Now relay R2 is a backup for relay R3 and therefore, it will see the same fault current of 431 A.

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 I f max 3  431
 
Then, PSM2 for this fault is PSM 2 
 CTR2   100 5  4.31
I pickup 2 5
For this value of PSM2, we get a TMS2 from
3.0 3.0
t2   TMS 2   TMS 2  4.73  TMS 2  2.45 s
log( PSM 2 ) log(4.31)
2.45
 TMS 2   0.518  Let TMS 2  0.6
4.73
3.0 3.0
This gives an operating time of t 2   TMS 2   0.6  2.84 s
log( PSM 2 ) log(4.31)
Setting for Relay R1: This relay must provide a backup for relay R2. The smallest fault current seen by R2 to
provide a backup for R3 is 328.6 A. For reliable operation, we choose one-third of this current, i.e., 109.5 A.
A CT ratio CTR1=100:5 is suitable.
For a CTR1=100:5.
I f min 3 3 328.6 / 3 109.5 5.48
I pickup (sec)1     5.48 A  PS %   100  109.5%
CTR1 100 5 100 5 5
 Select PS%1=125% (PS1 =51.25=6.25 A).
We now have to determine TMS1 of R1 from the maximum fault current seen by R2. Thus we choose the
same CT ratio and PS% for this relay as well. The maximum fault current seen by R2 is 658 A. Then, at R2,
for a CT ratio of CTR2=100/5 and a PS2 of (5100=5.00 A), we get
 I f max 2  658
 
 CTR  100 5
PSM 2  
2 
  6.58 . For PSM2=6.58 and TMS2=0.6, the operating time of relay R2 is
I pickup 2 5
3.0 3.0
t2   TMS 2   0.6  2.2 s .
log( PSM 2 ) log(6.58)
Thus relay R1 should add discrimination time of 0.3 s., i.e., the operating time should be 2.2 + 0.3 = 2.5 s.
Now relay R1 is a backup for relay R2 and therefore it will see the same maximum fault current of 658 A.
Then for the same PS%1=6.25
 I f max 2  658
 
 CTR  100 5
PSM 1     5.26 . Then, TMS1 can be calculated from
1

I pickup1 6.25
3.0 3.0 2.5
t1   TMS1   TMS1  4.16  TMS1  2.5 s  TMS1   0.60 .
log( PSM 1 ) log(5.26) 4.16

Table Q3-b: PS and TSM of O/C Relays


Parameter R1 R2 R3 R4
CT ratio 100:5 100:5 50:5 50:5
PS % 125% 100% 125% 125%
TMS 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5

13
Problem # 4:
Figure 4 shows a simple ring main, with a single infeed at bus A bus and three load busbars (B, C
and D). The ring is protected with numerical (MiCOM P140 series) directional O/C relays R2 – R7
and non-directional O/C relays R1 and R8 with standard inverse (SI) characteristics
 0.14 
t p   0.02   TMS
 r
I  1 
Based on the maximum load current in the ring CT’s with CTR of 1000/1. The maximum fault
current (Ifmax) at the buses B, C and D with open ring at CB1 and CB8 ,CTRs and percentage plug
settings of relays R1 - R8 and the CTR of the CT’s are shown in Table 1.

a. Draw the radial networks when CB1 and CB8 are open.
b. If the TMS of R2 and R7 are set at 0.05, find the TMS settings for relays R1, R3, R5, R4, R6 and
R8. Use a grading time T of 0.3 sec. Fill the results in Table 2.

Grid

MVASC = 82.2 A
3.3 kV

CB8 52 52 CB1
1000/1
1000/1

R8 51 51 R1

B
D 1000/1 1000/1
CB7 CB2

3.3 kV
52 52
3.3 kV

67 67 R2
R7

1000/1 1000/1
52 52

CB6 CB3

67 67 R3
R6
1000/1

1000/1

R5 67 67 R4

CB5 52 52 CB4

C
3.3 kV

Fig. 4

Table 1: Maximum Fault Current with Ring Open


Clockwise (Open Point CB8) Anticlockwise (Open Point CB1)
Bus Ifmax (kA) CTR %PS Bus Ifmax (kA) CTR %PS
D 3376 1000/1 R7 80 B 3376 1000/1 R2 80
C 4259 1000/1 R5 88 C 4259 1000/1 R4 88
B 7124 1000/1 R3 97 D 7124 1000/1 R6 97
A 14387 1000/1 R1 107 A 14387 1000/1 R8 107

14
A` D C B A
3.3 kV
R7 R5 R3 R1

CB8 CB6 CB5 CB3 CB1

3376 4259 7124 14387 = Ifmax (A)

A D C B A`
3.3 kV
R8 R6 R4 R2

CB8 CB6 CB4 CB2 CB1

Ifmax (A)= 14387 7124 4259 3376

Table 2: Relay Settings


Relay R1 R3 R5 R7 R2 R4 R6 R8
TMS 0.237 0.163 0.105 0.05 0.05 0.105 0.163 0.237

15

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