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Problem # 1:
Referring to Fig. 1.1, determine the CT ratio, pickup and time dial settings for the relay at the C.B, assuming
that no coordination with any other relay is required. Assume that the maximum load is 95 A, minimum fault
is 600 A and the maximum fault is 1000 A. Select a CT ratio to give 5.0 A secondary current for maximum
load.
?/5 C.B.
System
O/C R If
Fig. 1.1
Solution:
Maximum Load 95
CTR 19 : 1
Desired CT Secondary Current 5
Since this is not a standard CT ratio, select the nearest CT ratio of 20:1 or 100:5.
Current Ratios
50:5 100:5 150:5 200:5 250:5 300:5 350:5 400:5
450:5 500:5 600:5 800:5 900:5 1000:5 1200:5 1500:5
1600:5 2000:5 2400:5 2500:5 3000:5 3200:5 4000:5 5000:5
The relay pickup setting should be bracketed by twice the maximum load and one-third of the
minimum fault. Using the actual CT ratio, twice maximum load is 190 A divided by 20, or a relay current of
9.5 A.
2 I L max 2 95 190
CS I Pickup 9.5 A
CTR 100 / 1 20
Assuming the relay has taps 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 10.0 and 12.0 A, then select the 10.0 A tap, giving a primary
current relay pickup of 200A.
For this configuration no coordination is required, so one can set the time delay at the lowest dial setting
(fastest time) of ½.
1
Fig. 1.2: Time-delay overcurrent relay operating characteristic
2
Problem # 2:
Consider the 11-kV radial system shown in Fig P2-a. Assume that all loads have the same power
factor. Determine relay settings to protect the system assuming relay type CO-7 (with
characteristics shown in Fig P2-b) is used.
With the current transformer ratios given, the normal relay currents are
3
We can now obtain the current tap settings (C.T.S.) or pickup current in such a manner that the
relay does not trip under normal currents. For this type of relay, the current tap settings available are
4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, and 12 amperes.
For position 1, the normal current in the relay is 5.25 A; we thus choose (C.T.S.)1 = 6 A,
For position 2, the normal relay current is 8.53 A, and we choose (C.T.S.)2 = 10 A,
Similarly for position 3, (C.T.S.)3 = 10 A.
Observe that we have chosen the nearest setting higher than the normal current.
The next task is to select the intentional delay indicated by the time dial setting (T.D.S.). We utilize
the short-circuit currents calculated to coordinate the relays. The current in the relay at 1 on a short
circuit at 1 is
We choose the lowest T.D.S. for this relay for fastest action. Thus
By reference to the relay characteristic, we get the operating time for relay 1 for a fault at 1 as
To set the relay at 2 responding to a fault at 1, we allow 0.1 second for breaker operation and an
error margin of 0.3 second in addition to T11 . Thus,
From the characteristics for 0.55-second operating time and 6.25 ratio, we get (T.D.S.)2 2.
The final steps involve setting the relay at 3. For a fault at bus 2, the short-circuit current is 3000 A,
for which relay 2 responds in a time T22 obtained as follows:
Thus allowing the same margin for relay 3 to respond to a fault at 2, as for relay 2 responding to a
fault at 1, we have
Thus for T3 = 0.90, and the above ratio, we get from the relay’s characteristic, (T.D.S.)32.5
We note here that our calculations did not account for load starting currents that can be as high as
five to seven times rated values. In practice, this should be accounted for.
4
Problem # 3:
Relay coordination on radial feeders using Use Extremely Inverse Relay Characteristics
For the radial power system shown i, Fig. 2.1 the CTR of the CTs and the relay current settings at buses 1-5
are given in Table 2.1. The relay current setting (CS) are given in % and in primary Amperes. Also, the
minimum and maximum faults at buses 1-5 are given in Table 2.2.
Design an overcurrent protection for the above radial feeder using Extremely Inverse Relay
Characteristics:
28.2
t 2 0.1217 TDS
M 1
i.e. find the TDS considering a coordination time interval set to 0.4 s, and a TDS of relay at bus 5 (R5) set to
TDS5 = 1.0.
Figure 2.1: Radial system considered for relay overcurrent relay coordination study.
Solution:
The principle of backup protection with O/C relays is that for any relay X backing up the next
downstream relay Y, relay X must pick up:
a. For one third of the minimum fault current seen by Y.
b. For the maximum fault current seen by Y but not sooner than 0.4 s after Y should have picked
up for that current.
5
28.2
Extremely Inverse overcurrent characteristic: t p 0.1217 TDS
M 1
2
The operating time of relay 4 (R4) for I4fmax = 1603A is 0.55 s. The relay 3 (R3) will pickup for I4fmax.
The operating time of relay 4 (R4) is:
tp3 = 0.55+0.4=0.95 s.
6
28.2 28.2
t p3 0.1217 TDS 3 0.95 0.1217 TDS 3
8.015 1
2 2
1603 1
200
0.95
0.95 0.568 TDS 3 TDS 3 1.67 TDS 3 1.7
0.568
The actual operating time of relay 3 (R3) for I4fmax and TDS3=1.7 is:
28.2
t p 3 0.1217 1.7 0.568 1.70 0.965 s
8.015 1
2
The operating time of relay 3 (R3) for I3fmax = 2683A is:
28.2 28.2
t p3 0.1217 TDS 3 0.1217 1.7 0.48 s
13.415 1
2 2
2683 1
200
The operating time of relay 3 (R3) for I3fmin = 2172A is:
28.2 28.2
t p3 0.1217 TDS 3 0.1217 1.7 0.363 1.7 0.62 s
21.37 1
2 2
2172 1
200
The operating time of relay 2 (R2) for I3fmax = 2683A is 0.48 s. The relay 2 (R2) will pickup for I3fmax.
The operating time of relay 2 (R2) is:
tp2 = 0.48+0.4=0.88 s.
28.2 28.2
t p2 0.1217 TDS 2 0.88 0.1217 TDS 2
5.366 1
2 2
2683 1
500
0.88
0.88 1.136 TDS 2 TDS 2 0.77 TDS 2 0.8
1.136
The actual operating time of relay 2 (R2) for I3fmax and TDS2=0.8 is:
28.2
t p 2 0 . 1217 0.8 1.136 0.8 0.90 s
5 . 366 2
1
7
28.2 28.2
t p2 0.1217 TDS 2 0.1217 0.9 0.935 0.9 0.84 s
5.972 1
2 2
2986 1
500
The operating time of relay 2 (R2) for I2fmax = 4045A is 0.5 s. The relay 1 (R1) will pickup for I2fmax.
The operating time of relay 1 (R1) is:
tp1 = 0.5+0.4=0.9 s.
28.2 28.2
t p1 0.1217 TDS1 0.9 0.1217 TDS1
6.74 1
2 2
4045 1
600
0.9
0.9 0.756 TDS1 TDS1 1.19 TDS1 1.2
0.756
The actual operating time of relay 1 (R1) for I2fmax and TDS1=1.2 is:
28.2
t p1 0.1217 1.2 0.756 1.2 0.90 8s
6.74 1
2
The operating time of relay 2 (R2) for I1fmax = 6274A is:
28.2 28.2
t p1 0.1217 TDS1 0.1217 1.2 0.46 s
10.46 1
2 2
6274 1
600
The operating time of relay 1 (R1) for I1fmin = 4049A is:
28.2 28.2
t p1 0.1217 TDS1 0.1217 1.2 0.755 1.2 0.905 s
6.748 1
2 2
4049 1
600
8
Fig. 2.2: overcurrent relay operating characteristic of R1-R5
9
0.88s 0.9s
0.5s
10
Problem # 4:
Figure 3 shows a network that is protected by Normal Inverse Overcurrent IDMT relays whose t-I relay
characteristic and PS% are given by:
3 3
t TSM TSM
log( PSM ) If
I
pickup
PS%: 50%, 75%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175% and 200%.
j5 Bus 1
13.8 kV
Bus 4
Bus 2 Bus 3 Bus 5
R1 R3 R2 R4
j5
Fig. 3.
The minimum and maximum fault currents are given in Table 3-a.
a. Select the plug setting multiplier (PSM) and time dial settings (TMS) for the relays R4, R3, R2, and R1 of
the above system and fill the results in Table Q3-b, by evaluating the minimum CT pickup current
( I pickup ), the plug setting multiplier (PSM), plug setting (PS%) and time setting multiplier (TMS). Set the
TMS of R4 at its minimum TMS=0.5. Use a grading margin (coordination time) of 0.3 seconds.
b. Sketch the o/c characteristics of the four relays on a t-I characteristic.
Table Q3-b: PS and TSM of O/C Relays
Parameter R1 R2 R3 R4
CT ratio 100:5 100:5 50:5 50:5
PS %
TMS 0.5
Setting for Relay R4: This relay must operate for a current above 165.1 A (the minimum fault current at Bus-
5). However for reliability, we must set this relay such that it picks up a current that is one third of the
minimum, i.e.,
I f min 165.1
I pickup 4 55.03 A
3 3
For a CT ratio of 50:5, the pickup current at the secondary of the CT will be
I pickup 4 55.03 5.5
I pickup 4 5.5 A PS % 100 110% Select PS%4=125%.
CTR4 50 5 5
Pick up Current (Effective Current) =Rated CT Primary Current PS
I Pickup 50 1.25 62.5 A (Secondary current) or I Pickup 5 1.25 6.25 A (Secondary current)
This means if the CT primary current exceeds 62.5 A (6.25 A secondary current), relay will start operating
after some time delay.
Since the relay R4 is located at the end of the network, i.e. does not coordinate with downstream relays. The
TMS is restricted to a minimum of ½ for electro-mechanical relays TMS4=0.5.
Setting for Relay R3: This relay must provide backup for R4. Therefore it must pick up the minimum current
seen by relay R4. We therefore choose the same CT ratio CTR4=50:5 and pick up current Ipickup3= 6.25 A. To
11
determine the TMS3, we must provide a discrimination time of 0.3 s. This time is provided such that R3
operates 0.3 s after the highest (not lowest) fault current seen by R4. Therefore, R3 operates in no less than
0.3 s after every possible fault seen by R4.
For a maximum fault immediately after Bus 4, it will see a fault current that is equal to the fault current seen
by Bus 4. Therefore the highest fault current seen by R4 is 301 A (see Table 1). The current seen by both
secondary of CTS of relay R3 and R4 for this fault will be
I f max 4 301
I f max(sec)4 30.1 A
CTR4 50 / 5
I f max 4 30.1
Hence, PSM 4 4.82 . The tripping time with TMS4= 0.5 is
I pickup 4 6.25
3.0 3.0
t4 TMS 4 0.5 2.2 s , therefore for any failure of R4, relay R3 must operate
log( PSM 4 ) log(4.82)
at 2.2 + 0.3 = 2.5 s.
Since relay R3 also has PSM3= 1.25 (6.25 A), we can calculate the TMS3 from
3.0 3.0
t3 TMS 3 TMS 3 4.39 TMS 3 2.5 s
log( PSM 3 ) log(4.82)
,
2.5
TMS 3 0.569 Let TMS 3 0.6
4.39
TMS3= 0.6. This gives an operating time of
3.0 3.0
t3 TMS 3 0.6 2.64 s . This maintains a minimum discrimination time of
log( PSM 3 ) log(4.82)
0.3 s.
Setting for Relay R2: This relay must provide a backup for relay R3. The smallest fault current seen by R2 to
provide a backup for R3 is 237.9 A (see Table 1). For reliable operation, we choose one-third of this current,
i.e., 79.3 A. For a CTR2=100:5.
I f min 3 3 237.9 / 3 79.3 3.97
I pickup (sec) 2 3.97 A PS % 100 79.3%
CTR2 100 5 100 5 5
Select PS%2=100%.We now have to determine TMS2 of R2 from the maximum fault current seen by R3.
The maximum current seen by R3 is 431 A. Then, at R3, for a CT ratio of CTR3=50:5 and a PS3= 6.25 A, we
get a PSM3 of
I f max 3 431
CTR 50 5
3
6.9 . For the above PSM =6.9 and a TMS =0.6, the operating time of relay
PSM 3 3 3
I pickup 3 6.25
R3 is
3.0 3.0
t3 TMS 3 0.6 2.15 s
log( PSM 3 ) log(6.9)
Thus, relay R2 should add discrimination time of 0.3 s., i.e., the operating time should be 2.15 + 0.3 = 2.45 s.
Now relay R2 is a backup for relay R3 and therefore, it will see the same fault current of 431 A.
12
I f max 3 431
Then, PSM2 for this fault is PSM 2
CTR2 100 5 4.31
I pickup 2 5
For this value of PSM2, we get a TMS2 from
3.0 3.0
t2 TMS 2 TMS 2 4.73 TMS 2 2.45 s
log( PSM 2 ) log(4.31)
2.45
TMS 2 0.518 Let TMS 2 0.6
4.73
3.0 3.0
This gives an operating time of t 2 TMS 2 0.6 2.84 s
log( PSM 2 ) log(4.31)
Setting for Relay R1: This relay must provide a backup for relay R2. The smallest fault current seen by R2 to
provide a backup for R3 is 328.6 A. For reliable operation, we choose one-third of this current, i.e., 109.5 A.
A CT ratio CTR1=100:5 is suitable.
For a CTR1=100:5.
I f min 3 3 328.6 / 3 109.5 5.48
I pickup (sec)1 5.48 A PS % 100 109.5%
CTR1 100 5 100 5 5
Select PS%1=125% (PS1 =51.25=6.25 A).
We now have to determine TMS1 of R1 from the maximum fault current seen by R2. Thus we choose the
same CT ratio and PS% for this relay as well. The maximum fault current seen by R2 is 658 A. Then, at R2,
for a CT ratio of CTR2=100/5 and a PS2 of (5100=5.00 A), we get
I f max 2 658
CTR 100 5
PSM 2
2
6.58 . For PSM2=6.58 and TMS2=0.6, the operating time of relay R2 is
I pickup 2 5
3.0 3.0
t2 TMS 2 0.6 2.2 s .
log( PSM 2 ) log(6.58)
Thus relay R1 should add discrimination time of 0.3 s., i.e., the operating time should be 2.2 + 0.3 = 2.5 s.
Now relay R1 is a backup for relay R2 and therefore it will see the same maximum fault current of 658 A.
Then for the same PS%1=6.25
I f max 2 658
CTR 100 5
PSM 1 5.26 . Then, TMS1 can be calculated from
1
I pickup1 6.25
3.0 3.0 2.5
t1 TMS1 TMS1 4.16 TMS1 2.5 s TMS1 0.60 .
log( PSM 1 ) log(5.26) 4.16
13
Problem # 4:
Figure 4 shows a simple ring main, with a single infeed at bus A bus and three load busbars (B, C
and D). The ring is protected with numerical (MiCOM P140 series) directional O/C relays R2 – R7
and non-directional O/C relays R1 and R8 with standard inverse (SI) characteristics
0.14
t p 0.02 TMS
r
I 1
Based on the maximum load current in the ring CT’s with CTR of 1000/1. The maximum fault
current (Ifmax) at the buses B, C and D with open ring at CB1 and CB8 ,CTRs and percentage plug
settings of relays R1 - R8 and the CTR of the CT’s are shown in Table 1.
a. Draw the radial networks when CB1 and CB8 are open.
b. If the TMS of R2 and R7 are set at 0.05, find the TMS settings for relays R1, R3, R5, R4, R6 and
R8. Use a grading time T of 0.3 sec. Fill the results in Table 2.
Grid
MVASC = 82.2 A
3.3 kV
CB8 52 52 CB1
1000/1
1000/1
R8 51 51 R1
B
D 1000/1 1000/1
CB7 CB2
3.3 kV
52 52
3.3 kV
67 67 R2
R7
1000/1 1000/1
52 52
CB6 CB3
67 67 R3
R6
1000/1
1000/1
R5 67 67 R4
CB5 52 52 CB4
C
3.3 kV
Fig. 4
14
A` D C B A
3.3 kV
R7 R5 R3 R1
A D C B A`
3.3 kV
R8 R6 R4 R2
15