German-occupied Europe

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Europe at the height of German control in 1942

German-occupied Europe refers to the sovereign countries of Europe which were
occupied by the military forces of Nazi Germany at various times between 1939 and
1945 and administered by the Nazi regimes.[1]

Contents
1 Background
2 Occupied countries
2.1 Governments in exile
2.1.1 Allied governments in exile
2.1.2 Axis governments in exile
2.1.3 Neutral governments in exile
3 See also
4 References
5 Bibliography
6 External links
Background
Several German occupied countries entered World War II as Allies of the United
Kingdom[2] or the Soviet Union.[3] Some were forced to surrender before outbreak of
the war such as Czechoslovakia;[4] others like Poland (invaded on 1 September 1939)
[1] were conquered in battle and then occupied. In some cases, the legitimate
governments went into exile, in other cases the governments-in-exile were formed by
their citizens in other Allied countries.[5] Some countries occupied by Nazi
Germany were officially neutral. Others were former members of the Axis powers that
were occupied by German forces at a later stage of the war.[6][7]

Occupied countries
The countries occupied included all, or most of the following:

Country or territory of occupation Puppet state(s) or military administration(s)

Timeline of occupation(s) German annexed territory Resistance
movement(s)
Albania Albanian Kingdom Albanian Kingdom 8 September 1943 � 29 November
1944 None Albanian resistance
Guernsey Guernsey Nazi Germany Military Administration in France 30 June 1940 � 16
May 1945 None Guernsey people's resistance
Jersey Jersey Nazi Germany Military Administration in France 1 July 1940 � 9
May 1945 None Jersey people's resistance
Czechoslovakia Czechoslovak Republic
Czechoslovakia Czecho-Slovak Republic

Czechoslovakia Czechoslovak Republic

Slovak Republic
Nazi Germany German Zone of Protection in Slovakia

1 October 1938 � 11 May 1945 Nazi Germany Gau Bayreuth

Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
Nazi Germany Reichsgau Niederdonau
Nazi Germany Reichsgau Oberdonau
Nazi Germany Reichsgau Sudetenland Czechoslovakian resistance
Federal State of Austria Federal State of Austria None 12 March 1938 � 9 May
1945 Nazi Germany Reichsgau K�rnten
Nazi Germany Reichsgau Niederdonau
Nazi Germany Reichsgau Oberdonau
Nazi Germany Reichsgau Salzburg
Nazi Germany Reichsgau Steiermark
Nazi Germany Reichsgau Tirol-Vorarlberg
Nazi Germany Reichsgau Wien Austrian resistance
Free City of Danzig Free City of Danzig None 1 September 1939 � 9 May 1945
Nazi Germany Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia Danzig people's resistance
France French Republic
Free France

France Provisional Government of the French Republic

French State
Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France

Military Administration in France

Realm Commissariat of Belgium and Northern France

10 May 1940 � 9 May 1945 Gau Baden

Gau Western March
Reichsgau Wallonien French resistance
Governorate of Montenegro German occupied territory of Montenegro 26 September
1943 � February 1945 None Yugoslav resistance
Luxembourg Luxembourg Military Administration of Luxembourg
Nazi Germany Civil Administration Area of Luxembourg

10 May 1940 � February 1945 Nazi Germany Gau Moselland Luxembourg resistance
Independent State of Macedonia None 8 September 1944 � December 1944 None
Yugoslav resistance
Independent State of Croatia Independent State of Croatia German zone of
influence 10 April 1941 � 9 May 1945 None Yugoslav resistance
Kingdom of Italy Italian Islands of the Aegean Italian Social Republic Italian
Islands of the Aegean 8 September 1943 � 8 May 1945 None
Belgium Belgium Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France
Nazi Germany Realm Commissariat of Belgium and Northern France

10 May 1940 � February 1945 Nazi Germany Gau Cologne-Aachen

Nazi Germany Reichsgau Wallonien

Belgian resistance
Denmark Denmark None 9 April 1940 � 5 May 1945 None Danish resistance
Kingdom of Greece Kingdom of Greece Nazi Germany Military Administration in Greece
Hellenic State
6 April 1941 � 8 May 1945 None Greek resistance
Kingdom of Hungary Kingdom of Hungary
Government of National Unity
19 March 1944 � May 1945 None Hungarian resistance
Kingdom of Italy Kingdom of Italy Italian Social Republic Italian Social Republic
Nazi Germany Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral
Nazi Germany Operational Zone of the Alpine Foothills
Nazi Germany Military Administration in Kotor

8 September 1943 � 2 May 1945 None Italian resistance

Norway Norway Nazi Germany Realm Commissariat for the Occupied Norwegian
Territories
Norway National Government
9 April 1940 � 8 May 1945 None Norwegian resistance
Netherlands Netherlands Nazi Germany Reich Commissariat for the Occupied Dutch
Territories 10 May 1940 � 20 May 1945 None Dutch resistance
Kingdom of Yugoslavia Kingdom of Yugoslavia
Republic of U�ice

Bihac Republic

Albanian Kingdom
German occupied territory of Montenegro

Independent State of Croatia Independent State of Croatia

German zone of influence

Independent State of Macedonia

Nazi Germany Military Administration in Kotor

Nazi Germany Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia

Commissioner Government
Government of National Salvation
6 April 1941 � 15 May 1945 Nazi Germany Reichsgau K�rnten
Nazi Germany Reichsgau Steiermark Yugoslav resistance
Monaco Monaco None 8 September 1943 � 3 September 1944 None
Finland Finland None 15 September 1944 � 25 April 1945 None Finnish resistance
Lithuania Republic of Lithuania
Provisional Government of Lithuania

Nazi Germany Reich Commissariat East 22 March 1939 � 21 July 1940

23 June 1941 � 5 August 1941

Nazi Germany Gau East Prussia Lithuanian resistance

Republic of Poland Nazi Germany Military Administration in Poland
Nazi Germany Reich Commissariat East

Nazi Germany Reich Commissariat Ukraine

1 September 1939 � 9 May 1945 Nazi Germany Bezirk Bialystok

Nazi Germany Gau East Prussia
Nazi Germany Gau Niederschlesien
Nazi Germany General Government
Nazi Germany Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia
Nazi Germany Reichsgau Wartheland Polish resistance
San Marino San Marino None 17 September 1944 � 20 September 1944 None
Nazi Germany Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia Commissioner Government
Government of National Salvation

April 30, 1941 � January 1945 None Serbian resistance

Slovak Republic Nazi Germany German Zone of Protection in Slovakia 23 March
1939 � May 1945 None Slovakian resistance
Flag of Saar 1920-1935.svg Territory of the Saar Basin None 1 March 1935 �
April 1945 Nazi Germany Gau Palatinate-Saar
Nazi Germany Gau Saar-Palatinate
Nazi Germany Gau Westmark

Saar Basin people's resistance

Ukraine Ukrainian National Government
30 June 1941 � September 1941
Ukrainian resistance
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
the Soviet Union
Nazi Germany Reich Commissariat Ukraine
Nazi Germany General Government
Nazi Germany Military Administration in
Nazi Germany Reich Commissariat East

Nazi Germany Reich Commissariat Ukraine

22 June 1941 � 10 May 1945 Nazi Germany Bezirk Bialystok

Nazi Germany General Government Soviet resistance
Governments in exile
Allied governments in exile
Government in exile Capital in exile Timeline of exile Occupier(s)
Austria Austrian Democratic Union United Kingdom London 1941 � 1945 Nazi Germany
German Reich/Greater German Reich
Free France Free France United Kingdom London
(1940 � 1941)
Algiers, Algeria
(1942 � August 31, 1944)

1940 � August 31, 1944 France French State

Nazi Germany German Reich/Greater German Reich
Nazi Germany Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France
Nazi Germany Reich Commissariat of Belgium and Northern France

Poland Government of the Republic of Poland in exile France Paris

(September 29/30, 1939 � 1940)
France Angers, French Republic
(1940 � June 12, 1940)
United Kingdom London
(June 12, 1940 � 1990)

September 29/30, 1939 � December 22, 1990 Nazi Germany German Reich/Greater German
Reich
Nazi Germany Reich Commissariat East
Nazi Germany Reich Commissariat Ukraine
Slovak Republic
Soviet Union Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Poland People's Republic of Poland

Belgium Belgium United Kingdom London

(October 22, 1940 � September 8, 1944) October 22, 1940 � September 8, 1944
Nazi Germany German Reich/Greater German Reich
Nazi Germany Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France
Nazi Germany Reich Commissariat of Belgium and Northern France

Denmark Denmark 1943 � 1945 Nazi Germany German Reich/Greater German Reich
Luxembourg Luxembourg United Kingdom London 1940 � 1944 Nazi Germany German
Reich/Greater German Reich
Greece Kingdom of Greece Egypt Cairo, Egypt April 29, 1941 � October 12,
1944 Nazi Germany German Reich/Greater German Reich
Kingdom of Italy Kingdom of Italy
Bulgaria Kingdom of Bulgaria

Norway Norway United Kingdom London June 7, 1940 � May 31, 1945 Nazi Germany
Reich Commissariat for the Occupied Norwegian Territories
Kingdom of Yugoslavia Kingdom of Yugoslavia United Kingdom London June 7, 1941
� March 7, 1945 Flag of Albania (1943-1944).svg Albanian Kingdom
Commissioner Government
German occupied territory of Montenegro
Nazi Germany German Reich/Greater German Reich
Government of National Salvation
Flag of Independent State of Croatia.svg Independent State of Croatia
Flag IMARO.svg Independent Macedonia
Bulgaria Kingdom of Bulgaria
Kingdom of Hungary
Nazi Germany Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia

Netherlands Netherlands United Kingdom London 1940 � 1945 Nazi Germany Reich
Commissariat for the Occupied Dutch Territories
Czechoslovakia Provisional Government of Czechoslovakia France Paris
(October 2, 1939 � 1940)
United Kingdom London
(1940 � 1941)
United Kingdom Aston Abbotts, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
(1941 � 1945)

October 2, 1939 � May 8, 1945 Nazi Germany German Reich/Greater German Reich
Kingdom of Hungary
Slovak Republic

Axis governments in exile

Government in exile Capital in exile Timeline of exile Occupier(s)
Bulgarian government-in-exile Nazi Germany Vienna, Greater German Reich September
16, 1944 � May 10, 1945 Bulgaria Kingdom of Bulgaria
France French State Nazi Germany Sigmaringen, Greater German Reich 1944 � April
22, 1945 France Provisional Government of the French Republic
Montenegrin State Council Independent State of Croatia Zagreb, Independent
State of Croatia 1944 � May 8, 1945 Kingdom of Yugoslavia
Neutral governments in exile
Government in exile Capital in exile Timeline of exile Occupier(s)
Belarus Belarusian Democratic Republic Czechoslovakia Prague, Czechoslovak
Republic
(1923 � 1938)
Czechoslovakia Prague, Czecho-Slovak Republic
(1938 � 1939)

Nazi Germany Prague, German Reich/Greater German Reich

(1939 � 1945)

1919 � present Nazi Germany German Reich/Greater German Reich

Nazi Germany Realm Commissariat East
Nazi Germany Realm Commissariat Ukraine
Poland Republic of Poland
Soviet Union Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Estonia Republic of Estonia Sweden Stockholm, Kingdom of Sweden

(1944 � August 20, 1991)
United States New York City, United States of America

June 17, 1940 � August 20, 1991 Nazi Germany Realm Commissariat East
Soviet Union Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Ukrainian People's Republic Poland Warsaw, Republic of Poland

(1920 � 1939)
Nazi Germany Prague, German Reich/Greater German Reich
(1939 � 1944)

1920 � August 22, 1992 Nazi Germany German Reich/Greater German Reich
Kingdom of Hungary
Romania Kingdom of Romania
Nazi Germany Realm Commissariat Ukraine
Soviet Union Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

See also
Drang nach Osten ("The Drive Eastward")
Lebensraum ("Living Space")
Neuordnung ("New Order")
Areas annexed by Nazi Germany
Pan-Germanism
Greater Germanic Reich
Reorganization of occupied dioceses during World War II
Atlantic Wall
European Theatre of World War II
List of Nazi-German concentration camps
Wehrbauer
References
Encyclop�dia Britannica, German occupied Europe. World War II. Retrieved 1
September 2015 from the Internet Archive.
Prazmowska, Anita (1995-03-23). Britain and Poland 1939-1943: The Betrayed Ally.
Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521483858.
Moorhouse, Roger (2014-10-14). The Devils' Alliance: Hitler's Pact with Stalin,
1939-1941. Basic Books. ISBN 9780465054923.
Goldstein, Erik; Lukes, Igor (2012-10-12). The Munich Crisis, 1938: Prelude to
World War II. Routledge. ISBN 9781136328329.
Conway, Martin; Gotovitch, Jos� (2001-08-30). Europe in Exile: European Exile
Communities in Britain 1940-45. Berghahn Books. ISBN 9781782389910.
Hanson, Victor Davis (2017-10-17). The Second World Wars: How the First Global
Conflict Was Fought and Won. Basic Books. ISBN 9780465093199.
Cornelius, Deborah S. (2011). Hungary in World War II: Caught in the Cauldron.
Fordham Univ Press. ISBN 9780823233434.
Bibliography
Mazower, Mark (2008). Hitler's Empire: Nazi Rule in Occupied Europe. London: Allen
Lane. ISBN 9780713996814.
External links
Map of Europe in 1942
http://www.worldwar2history.info/war/Allies.html
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/events/germany_advances_through_europe
http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/nazioccupation?
[show] v t e
History of World War II by region and country
[show] v t e
Countries occupied by Germany during World War II
[show] v t e
German administrative territories 1939�1945
[show] v t e
World War II
Categories: World War II occupied territoriesGerman military occupations
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