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PSP 2. 3. 4.
detector Image Image Image
Reader Scaling Record
X-ray
system exposed
re-usable
phosphor
plate
1
ID terminal: select anatomy-specific exam Bar-code reader: identify exposed cassette
Dicom
• Technologist QC Workstation
• Modality Worklist Input
• Processed image output
CR vendors CR Trends
2
Conventional film/screen detector Digital x-ray detector 2. Display
1. A cqu isition, Display, Ar chiving Digital Pixel D ig ital to An al og
C on ve rsio n
1. A cqu isition Matrix
Transmitted x-rays
Transmitted x-rays
through patient
through patient
Film processing:
Digital
light to optical density processing
An al og to Di gi tal
C on ve rsio n
Gray Scale
encoded on X-ray converter
Charge
Intensifying film
Film collection x-rays → electrons
Screens device
x-rays → light 3. A rchi ving
τ =recombination
ph on on 63 3 nm
e- Laser
e- F/ F +
0.5
PSL stimulation 8.3 eV
3.0 eV τ =Eu 2.0 eV
Eu3+ / Eu 2+
e- Valence band
0.0
80 0 70 0 60 0 50 0 40 0 30 0 λ (n m)
Incident x-rays F centers proportional to
incident x-ray intensity 1.5 1.75 2 2.5 3 4 Ene rgy (eV)
3
Phosphor Plate Cycle
PSP
Base support
x-ray exposure
Sub -scan Direction
Plate translation plate exposure:
create latent image
reuse
laser beam scan
Typic al resolution:
35 x 43 cm -- 2.5 lp/mm plate readout:
24 x 30 cm -- 3.3 lp/mm extract latent image
18 x 24 cm -- 5.0 lp/mm light erasure
plate erasure:
Scan Direction remove residuals
Laser beam deflection
Characteristic Curve:
CR Image Manipulation
response of screen/film and CR
• Image pre-processing
4 10 ,0 00
CR pla te
– Scale the data to appropriate range (40 0 spe ed)
1,00 0
3
Ove rexposed
• Contrast enhancement 2 10 0
– Anatomy specific grayscale manipulation Corre ctly expo se d
1 10
Und erexpose d
• Spatial frequency enhancement 0 1
0.01 0.1 1 10 10 0 Exp osure , mR
4
Processing the Image Histogram analysis
• Contrast enhancement
• Frequenc y distribution of pixel values within a
– MUSIC A (Agfa)
defined area in the image
– Gradation (Fuji)
– Tonescaling (Kodak)
• Shape is anatomy specific
• Define dynamic range (histogram analysis)
• Sets minimum and maximum “useful” pixel values
• Transform to anatomy specific contrast
Collimated Exposure into digital number Input to outpu t dig ita l number
Open
area area 1,000
Anatomy
101 600
100 400
10-1 200
10-1 100 101 102 103 0 511 1023 0 200 600 1,000
Pixel value Exp osure input Raw Digital Outp ut Raw Input d igital numbe r
Useful signal Histogram
mi n max
The shape is dependent on radiographic study,
1. Find the 2. Scale to 3. Create film
positioning and technique signal range look-alike
600
400
200
0
0 200 400 600 800 100 0 Di gital valu e
Pre-processed no
Useful image range for anatomy Contrast enhanced
window/level
5
Data conversion for overexposure Data conversion for wide latitude
Exposure into digital number Exposure into digital number
Re du ce gai n Incre ase gr adi ent
1 02 1 02
Re la ti ve PSL
Exposure 10 -1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 0 51 1 10 23 Exposure
in put in put 10 -1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 0 51 1 10 23
Ra w Di gital Ou tp ut Ra w Di gital Ou tp ut
high kVp
overexposure (sca led a nd l og am pli fi ed) (sca led a nd l og am pli fi ed)
min max (w ide latitude)
min max
Screen- Film CR
80 kVp, 18 mAs 80 kVp, 18 mAs 80 kVp, 18 mAs
6
CR: Contrast Enhancement
Look-up-table transformation
1,000
Output digital number
M L E A
800
Fuji System
600 Example LUTs
400
200
0
0 200 400 600 800 1,000
Sum
lo w hi gh lo w hi gh lo w hi gh
Spatial frequency
“Black Bone” “Edge Enhanced”
Low Energy Image High Energy Image “Tissue only” Image “Bone only” Image
7
Image Performance Measures CR: Spatial Resolution
• Pho sph or p late sizes: impact on resolution
• Spatial res olution
– Dependent on IP size
– Less than corresponding speed screen-film
• Contrast sensitivity
– Dependent on exposure and SNR
• Exposure
35x43 (14x17) 24x30 (10x12) 18x24 (8x10)
– Variable speed detector
0.2 mm pixels 0.14 mm pixels 0.1 mm pixels
0.8 Pre-sampled MT F
Screen-film
Scan
0.6
MTF
Subscan
Hi res CR
0.4 Sampled MT F:
Standard CR Standard CR
0.2 2K x 2K matrix
35 x 43 cm
0
2 4 6 8 10
Spatial F requency (lp/mm)
1
Photon absorption fraction
0.4
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Energy (keV) 3.5 mR 70 kVp 0.5 mR
8
Image retake rates Other Repeated
Retake rate evaluation -- 1st half, 1992
12% Examinations with CR
Wrong exam
7 Screen-Fil m 5%
6 Motion
CR
Percent error
5 6% Positioning
4 Reprinting 46%
3 9%
2 Under exposure
10%
1
0 O verexposure
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun 12% Total # repeats = 1043
from Willis, RSNA 1996
Adu lt portable chest ca lcu lated exposures Adu lt portable chest ca lcu lated exposures
First half, 1994, 4572 exams Second half, 1994, 4661 exams
Target Target
expo sure expo sure
38.3% 5 3.9 % 7.8% rang e 23.1% 7 3.5 % 3.4% rang e
60 0 60 0
50 0 50 0
40 0 Q1
40 0
#exams
#exams
Q3
30 0 Q2 30 0 Q4
20 0 20 0
10 0 10 0
0 0
50 0
40 0
30 0
20 0
10 0
<50
50 0
40 0
30 0
10 0
<50
20 0
System speed (S #) System speed (S #)
Low Incident Exposure High Low Incident Exposure High
160
140 • >1000 <0.2 mR • Underexposed: repeat
120
100
Grid tec hnique • 600 - 1000 0.3-0.2 mR • Underexposed: QC exception
80
60 without a grid • 300 - 600 1.0-0.3 mR • Underexposed: QC review
40
20 • 150 - 300 1.3-1.0 mR • Acceptable range
0
• 75 -150 1.3-2.7 mR • Overexposed: QC review
0
50 9 9
35 4 9
30 7 4
20 7 4
15 2 4
4
00
54
32
17
12
-7
50
0-
0-
0-
0-
0-
0-
0-
0-
>1
0
60
40
25
10
9
Radiation Dose for CR New issues for the Medical Physicist:
Digital Projection Imaging
• Variable Speed Detector
• Differences between screen-film and PSP detectors
• Optimal dos e 2X higher than 400 speed screen/film
• Testing digital systems: vendor specific details
– Lower absorption efficiency • Indirect (CR) vs. direct (Flat-panel) detectors
– Quantum and electronic noise
• Exposure levels and SNR measurements
– Readout inefficiencies of latent image
• QC phantoms
• Anti-scatter grids needed • Soft-copy displays and workstations
Uniformity
Recommended acceptance tests
(Ta sk Group #10 -- AAPM)
10
Da te: 7/1 0/98 Lo ca tio n: UCDM C, ACC, 3
M ed ci al Phy si ci st: Antho ny Sei be rt, Ph.D. Sy ste m Ide ntif i ca tio n: CRu ni t 3
UC Da vi s Me dica l C ente r
CR R eader and Screens Recommended acceptance tests
Sig na l Resp on se: Calib r atio n a nd Beam Qu ality
(Ta sk Group #10 -- AAPM)
No te: Use mAs va u
l es to pro vid e a n ap pro xi ma te ex po su re of 1 mR to th e IP.
Re spon se
6 0. 00 100 .0 0
80 .0 0
4 0. 00
2 0. 00
60 0. 0
40 .0 0 • Throughput
S (1mR) 20 .0 0 S (1mR )
0. 00 0.0 0
50 70 90 110 13 0 n one 1 A /l 0. 5 Cu 1Al / 2. 5Cu
kV p Fi l trati on
Acceptable
1. Physica l Inspe ction - In vento ry Ye s
2. Imag ing Pla te Unif orm ity a nd Dar k No ise Ye s
3. Sig nal Respo nse: L inea rity and Slo pe Ye s
4. Sig nal Respo nse: C ali bra tion and Be am Qu ality Ye s
5. Laser Be am Fun ction Ye s
6. Hig h-C ontr ast R esolu tion Ye s
7. Noi se /Low -Co ntr ast Re sp onse Ye s
8. Disto rtio n Ye s
9. Era su re Thor ou ghne ss Y es*
10. Ant i-A liasing Ye s
11. Posit ionin g an d C olli mati on E rr ors Ye s
12. Thr oug hput Ye s
10 mAs 20 mAs Sprea dsheet from Ehsan Samei, Ph.D ., Med ical Un iversity o f South Caroli na
11
Periodic Quality Control Periodic Quality Control
12