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Key Stage 4 Year 10 Date:

Subject: CHEMISTRY
Name and Surname: Total Marks 100

Instructions

• Use black ink or ball-point pen.

• Fill in the box at the top of this page with your name.

• Answer all questions.

• Answer the questions in the spaces provided – there may be more space than you need.

Information

• The total mark for this paper is 100.

• The marks for each question are shown in brackets – use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on
each question.

Advice

• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.

• Keep an eye on the time.

• Try to answer every question.

• Check your answers if you have time at the end.


Questions
Q1. Atoms contain three different types of particle.
These are electrons, neutrons and protons.
(a) Which one of the three particles has a negative charge?
(1)
..............................................................................................................................................

(b) Which one of the three particles has the smallest mass?
(1)
..............................................................................................................................................

(c) Use words from the box to complete the sentences below.
Each word may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

(i) Atoms are neutral because they contain equal numbers of


.................................................................... and ....................................................................
(1)

(ii) Isotopes are atoms with the same number of ....................................................................


but different numbers of .................................................................... in the nucleus.
(2)

(d) An atom of magnesium can be represented by the symbol


Use numbers to complete these statements about this atom.
(i) The atomic number of this atom is ................................
(1)
(ii) The mass number of this atom is ................................
(1)
(iii) The electronic configuration of this atom is ................................
(1)

(Total for question = 8 marks)

Q2. The diagram shows the electronic configurations of six different atoms.

(a) You may use the Periodic Table on page 2 to help you answer this question.
Answer each part by writing one of the letters A, B, C, D, E or F in the box provided.
You may use each letter once, more than once or not at all.
Give the letter that represents an atom
(6)
(b) Atoms of A and D combine to form a compound containing covalent bonds.
(i) Complete the sentence to describe a covalent bond.
(2)
A covalent bond is the electrostatic attraction between a pair of

........................................................................

and the ........................................................................ of two atoms.

(ii) Suggest, with reference to electronic configurations, the most likely formula of the compound
formed between atoms of A and D.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 9 marks)

Q3. Neodymium is a metal used in powerful magnets.


(a) One stage in the extraction of neodymium from its ore is to heat neodymium fluoride with calcium.
The table shows the melting points of the substances in this stage of the extraction.

(i) Balance the equation for this reaction.


(1)
..........................NdF3 + ..........................Ca → ..........................Nd + ..........................CaF2
(ii) At one point in this extraction, the temperature of the reaction mixture is 1100 °C.
Which two substances are solids at this temperature?
(1)
............................................................ and ............................................................
(iii) Suggest the most likely type of bonding present in neodymium fluoride.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(iv) Neodymium reacts with oxygen to form neodymium oxide.
Suggest the formula of neodymium oxide.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

(b) The diagram shows the particles in neodymium

Explain, with reference to the diagram, why neodymium is malleable and a good conductor of
electricity.
(4)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 8 marks)

Q4. The diagram shows the apparatus a student uses to separate a mixture of salt and sand.
She adds the mixture to water in a beaker and then carries out the three stages shown.
(a) Give the names of the pieces of apparatus labelled X and Y.
(2)
X ..........................................................................................................................................

Y ..........................................................................................................................................

(b) (i) A liquid that dissolves substances is a


(1)
A solute
B solution
C solvent
D suspension

(ii) The clear liquid that forms in stage 1 is a


(1)
A solute
B solution
C solvent
D suspension

(c) (i) At which stage, 1, 2 or 3, is the sand collected?


(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) At which stage, 1, 2 or 3, is the salt collected?
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

(d) What happens to the water in stage 3?


(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 7 marks)


Q5. This question is about hydrochloric acid.
(a) Dilute hydrochloric acid, HCl(aq), reacts with many metals.

A student observes the reaction of dilute hydrochloric acid with four metals, P, Q, R and S.

She uses the same amount of metal in each case.

The table shows her observations.

(i) Use the information in the table to place the four metals in order of reactivity.
Place the most reactive first.
(2)

(ii) Give the names of the two products formed when magnesium reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid.
(2)
Product 1 .................................................................................................................
Product 2 .................................................................................................................
(b) Describe a test to show that dilute hydrochloric acid contains chloride ions.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 6 marks)

Q6. But-1-ene is a member of the homologous series of alkenes.


The displayed formula of but-1-ene is
The saturated compound cyclobutane is an isomer of but-1-ene.

The displayed formula of cyclobutane is

(a) (i) State what is meant by the term isomers.


(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Draw the displayed formula of another isomer of but-1-ene.
(1)

(iii) Describe a test that would distinguish between but-1-ene and cyclobutane.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(b) Using your knowledge of the reactions of ethene, complete the two chemical equations to show the
formula of the organic product.
(i) The reaction between but-1-ene and steam.
(1)
(ii) The polymerisation of but-1-ene.
(2)

(Total for question = 9 marks)

Q7. This question is about hydrogen (H2) and water.


(a) Hydrogen is a gas at room temperature. It exists as simple molecules.
(i) Draw a dot and cross diagram to show the arrangement of the electrons in a hydrogen molecule.
(1)

(ii) Explain why hydrogen has a very low boiling point.


(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(b) The symbols for the three isotopes of hydrogen are

(i) State what is meant by the term isotopes.


(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Complete the table to show the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in each of the three
isotopes of hydrogen.
(3)
(c) When hydrogen burns in oxygen, heat energy is transferred to the surroundings.
(i) State the name given to a reaction in which heat energy is transferred to the surroundings.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Write a chemical equation to represent the reaction that takes place when hydrogen burns in
oxygen.
(2)

.............................................................................................................................................
(iii) Describe a chemical test to show that the product is water.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
(iv) Describe a physical test to show that the product is pure water.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 15 marks)


Q8. Fractional distillation and cracking are important steps in processing crude oil.
(a) Place ticks ( ) in the columns to show which statements apply to each step.
You may place a tick in one column, in both columns or in neither column.
The first one has been done for you.
(5)

(b) The formula CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 represents one of the compounds in crude oil.
(i) Give the molecular formula of this compound.
(1)
..............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Give the displayed formula of this compound.
(1)

(iii) Give the empirical formula of this compound.


(1)
..............................................................................................................................................
(iv) Give the name of this compound.
(1)
..............................................................................................................................................
(v) Give the general formula of the homologous series that contains this compound.
(1)
..............................................................................................................................................
(c) The products of the complete combustion of hydrocarbons are carbon dioxide and water.
(i) Balance the equation to show the complete combustion of ethene (C2H4).
(2)
C2H4 + ...................O2 → ...................CO2 + ...................H2O
(ii) Draw a dot and cross diagram to show the bonding in an ethene molecule.
Show only the outer electrons in each atom.
(2)
(d) Ethanol can be manufactured by the hydration of ethene. The equation for this reaction is
C2H4(g) + H2O(g) → C2H5OH(g)
(i) Identify the catalyst and state the temperature used in this process.
(2)
Catalyst
........................................................................................................................................................................
.............
Temperature
........................................................................................................................................................................
......
(ii) A 20 mol sample of ethanol was produced using this reaction.
Deduce the amount, in moles, of ethene needed and the volume, in dm3, that this amount of ethene
would occupy at room temperature and pressure.
Assume that all of the ethene is converted into ethanol and that the molar volume of ethene is 24
dm3 at rtp.
(3)
Amount of ethene
................................................................................................................................................................ mol
Volume of ethene

Volume = ......................................... dm3


(Total for Question = 19 marks)
Q9. Decane is a hydrocarbon found in crude oil.
The diagram shows the structure of a decane molecule.

(a) (i) Explain why decane is described as a hydrocarbon.


(2)
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Give the molecular formula for decane.
(1)
..............................................................................................................................................
(b) Decane and ethene, C2H4, are produced during the cracking of eicosane, C20H42
Ethene is used to make poly(ethene).

(i) What is the name given to this type of polymerisation?


(1)
..............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Use the diagram to state two changes that occur during the formation of poly(ethene).
(2)
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
(c) Explain why cracking is an important process in the oil industry.
(4)
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
(Total for Question = 10 marks)

Q10. This apparatus is used to electrolyse a concentrated solution of sodium chloride.

(a) The ionic half-equations for the reactions at the electrodes are

(i) State how these ionic half-equations show that equal volumes of the two gases should be
collected.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(ii) Suggest why the volume of chlorine collected is less than expected.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
(iii) A sample of the solution near to the negative electrode is tested with phenolphthalein indicator.
Explain why the phenolphthalein turns pink.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(b) The table shows two methods of testing for chlorine.


Complete the table by giving the observation made in each test.
(2)

(c) (i) State why chlorine is sometimes added to water supplies.


(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(ii) Chlorine is used to manufacture hydrogen chloride gas, HCl(g).


Write a chemical equation to show the formation of hydrogen chloride from hydrogen and chlorine.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

(iii) How is hydrogen chloride gas converted into hydrochloric acid?


(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 9 marks)


Examiner's Report
Q1.

As the first questions in this paper were targeted at the lowest grades, high scores
in this question were expected from almost all candidates, which was the case.
Parts (a) and (b) were invariably correct, although a few seemed reluctant to
choose the same particle as the answer to both parts, with a handful choosing
neutron as the particle with a negative charge. Almost none chose elements or
molecules as their answers in (c), but several errors were seen, especially in the
selection of particles for isotopes. In (d)(i) and (ii) 12 and 24 were almost always
used as answers, although sometimes the wrong way round. The electronic
configuration was very often correct.

Q2.

Part (a) was generally answered well with many candidates scoring all six marks. Part (b)(i) proved to be
more challenging than expected, where some candidates did not seem to appreciate that a covalent bond
is the attraction between a (shared/bonding) pair of electrons and the nuclei of the two atoms involved.
'Nonmetals' was a frequent answer given in place of 'electrons'. Most candidates gave, in (b)(ii), a correct
formula of A2D or its acceptable alternative H2O.

Q3.

The vast majority could balance the equation in (a)(i) and gave both correct answers in (ii) although some
omitted fluoride in both names. In (iii) most correctly gave ionic but significant numbers suggested
covalent and occasionally metallic. Part (iv) was correctly answered by just over half of candidates.
Weaker candidates suggested incorrect formulae such as NdO2 or NdO and others used Nb or Ne as the
symbol for neodymium although Nd was given in the question.

Part (b) required explanations for the malleability and conductivity of neodymium metal. Although it
provided a good distribution of marks, it was pleasing to see an improvement on this type of question from
previous years, with fewer candidates giving incorrect references to the type of particles or bonding
present in a metal. However, some candidates just explained what malleable meant without any
explanation. Common mistakes made were in not mentioning layers or the equivalent, and simply stating
that delocalised electrons carry the charge.

Q4.

In part (a) almost all recognised Y as a Bunsen burner and although a large majority identified X as a
stirring rod, many others thought it was a thermometer. Parts (b)(i) and (ii) were well answered by the
majority although there is still some confusion concerning the terms solute and solvent. Parts (c)(i) and (ii)
were answered correctly by the large majority of candidates. In (d) almost all correctly responded with a
reference to the water evaporating but some just said the water is being heated, which was not an
acceptable answer to the question.
Q5.

Part (a) was generally well answered with the most common mistake being to quote water, instead of
hydrogen, as a product of the reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid.

In part (b), the test for chloride ions was generally well known. The solution was already acidic so it was
unnecessary to add nitric acid, however this was not penalised. Some candidates confused this test with
that for chlorine, so there were a significant number of 'bleaches litmus paper' given as answers.

Q6.

The meaning of the term isomers is quite frequently asked so it was disappointing that not more
candidates gained both marks in (a)(i) as they used the term chemical/general/empirical formula instead
of molecular formula. Occasionally confusion between the terms isomers and isotopes was evident.
Drawing another isomer of but-1-ene in part (ii) proved challenging with many just re-drawing the formula
of but-1-ene but showing it differently, often with the C=C bond on the right instead of on the left as shown
in the question. Other common errors were drawing carbon atoms with too few or too many bonds.

In (a)(iii) many candidates could describe the test using bromine water to distinguish between but-1-ene
and cyclobutane but a common error was to omit to give the result with cyclobutane. Incorrect responses
often used bromine in the presence of UV light but some students did give a very full answer including
explaining that the alkane and bromine mixture would not change unless UV light was used.

Part (b) required the candidates to predict the structure of the product of (i) the reaction between
but-1-ene and steam and (ii) the polymerisation of but-1-ene. In (i) it was common to see incorrect bond
linkages such as C-H-O whilst some just added an –O and others added H2O on to a carbon atom on the
end of the molecule. Some just added hydrogen atoms and others gave structures with the double bond
still present.

In (ii) a common mistake was again leaving the double bond in the structure which lost both marks, since
the structure shown could not be regarded as a near miss. Some either left out the n after the brackets or
placed it in front of the brackets. Others did not show continuation bonds going through the brackets.

Q7.

In (a)(i), the dot-and-cross diagram for the hydrogen molecule was drawn well by the vast majority of
candidates, although some who used overlapping or touching circles failed to place the two electrons in
the area of overlap, or where the two circles touched. These circles need not be included in a
dot-and-cross diagram and candidates are strongly advised not to include them.

Many candidates found part (a)(ii) difficult with large numbers of them confusing intermolecular forces
with covalent bonds. It might be useful for these candidates to consider what happens in a kettle: when
water boils it turns into water vapour, not into hydrogen and oxygen. Others decided to mention both the
covalent bonds and the intermolecular forces/bonds in their answer, and often then failed to state clearly
which of the two were overcome/broken when hydrogen boils. A typical answer along these lines was
'Hydrogen is covalently bonded with weak intermolecular bonds, so little energy is required to break the
bonds'. Since, in this answer, it is not clear which bonds are being referred to, the mark for 'little energy is
required to break the bonds' cannot be awarded.

The explanation of isotopes in (b)(i) was answered well and precisely by the better candidates, but many
did not refer to 'atoms' in their answer. A typical response was 'Isotopes are elements with the same
atomic number but different mass numbers'. Such responses failed to score the first of the two marks
available. Part (b)(ii) proved to be an easy three marks for most. The most common error was in the
number of neutrons, with the numbers 1,2,3 being seen far too often.

In (c)(i), most candidates realised that it is an exothermic reaction in which heat energy is transferred to
the surroundings, although some thought it was endothermic, and a minority came up with other
suggestions such as redox. The equation in (c)(ii) produced the usual errors of monatomic hydrogen and
oxygen, but a more common way to lose both marks was to give the formula of water as H2O2. The
chemical and physical tests for water, asked for in parts (iii) and (iv), have been set frequently, but still
some candidates decide to choose, for the chemical test, reacting the liquid with a reactive metal such as
sodium and, for the physical test, adding universal indicator or litmus.

Q8.

Parts (a) and (b) were well answered, with the commonest answers being in (b)(iii) (where there
seemed to be a reluctance to give the same answer as in (b)(i)), and with some ambiguous answers
(such as puntane and bentane in (b)(iv)). The ethene diagram in (c)(ii) was generally well done, with
few errors seen, such as the wrong number of carbon and/or hydrogen atoms shown. Part (d) was well
answered.

Q9.

The definition of a hydrocarbon was well known, with only a small minority failing to mention that only
hydrogen and carbon are present. However, some candidates described a hydrocarbon as a mixture of
hydrogen and carbon and others incorrectly referred to the hydrogen and carbon present as being
molecules rather than atoms. The molecular formula of decane was almost always given correctly, with
a few stating that there were twelve atoms of hydrogen present.
Almost everyone knew that the type of polymerisation was addition but many could not completely
describe how the polymer was formed. Most realised that the one of the bonds in the double bond
breaks, although this was usually described less accurately as 'the double bond breaks', but few were
then able to take the next step and state that the monomer molecules joined together to make a chain.
In part (c), there was a lot of confusion between cracking and fractional distillation, with many
describing the latter and the usefulness of the fractions obtained. Many answers lacked structure and
contained much irrelevant information about, for example, how cracking is achieved. However, very few
failed to score at least one or two marks and there were many fully correct descriptions of the
importance of cracking.

Q10.

This question was about chlorine and its formation in the laboratory by the electrolysis of sodium chloride
solution.

Part (a) caused the most problems, and candidates often found it hard to express what they were trying to
say in (a) (i), and there were many incorrect or irrelevant statements seen, including 'both equations have
2 electrons' and 'there is a 2 in H2 and Cl2'. Examples of acceptable answers included 'when 2 electrons
are used, one molecule of each gas forms' and 'there are equal volumes because the number of moles of
each gas is the same'.

In (a) (ii), although some answers referred to the gas escaping, most realised that chlorine was partially
soluble in water, or in sodium chloride solution; the reaction of chlorine with water, but not with sodium
hydroxide, was also accepted, because the sodium hydroxide would be formed in the left-hand tube.
Many scores of 2 in (a) (iii) were seen, with a few referring to only one of the formation of hydroxide ions
and the solution being alkaline; a small minority of candidates thought that the pink colour indicated
acidity.

In part (b), most knew the final colour in the litmus (ideally white, but colourless and bleached were also
accepted), although some did not go further than red; the result of the reaction with potassium chloride
solution was less well known, with a range of unacceptable colours appearing, including green and
purple, and also the formation of a white precipitate. The expectation was brown (or an intermediate
colour such as orange or yellow), or from those who thought solid iodine might be formed, a reference to
a black or grey solid.

Part (c) was generally well answered; the commonest wrong answers in (i) being 'to clean it', 'to remove
impurities' and 'to purify it'. The expectation was a reference to sterilisation or disinfecting, or killing
bacteria (or alternatives such as pathogens or microorganisms).

The equation in (c) (ii) was almost always correct, while in (c) (ii) a small minority of answers referred to
cooling or condensing rather than to water.
Mark Scheme
Q1.

Q2.
(Total for question = 9 marks)

Q3.
(Total for question = 8 marks)
Q4.

(Total for question = 7 marks)

Q5.
(Total for question = 6 marks)

Q6.
(Total for question = 9 marks)

Q7.
(Total for question = 15 marks)
Q8.
Q9.
Q10.

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